ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE

Closing the Diesel DivideClosing the Diesel DivideProtecting Public Health and the Environment Protecting Public Health and the Environment

from Diesel Air Pollutionfrom Diesel Air Pollution

ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE

Why is Diesel Exhaust Why is Diesel Exhaust DangerousDangerous??• Diesel exhaust is ubiquitousDiesel exhaust is ubiquitous

• It always contains both particulate matter and a It always contains both particulate matter and a complex mixture of hundreds of gases, many of complex mixture of hundreds of gases, many of which are known or suspected to cause cancer.which are known or suspected to cause cancer.

Acetaldehyde* Chlorine Methyl ethyl ketone

Acrolein Chlorobenzene Naphthalene*

Aluminum Chromium compounds* Nickel*

Ammonia Cobalt compounds* 4-nitrobiphenyl*

Aniline* Copper Phenol

Antimony compounds* Cresol Phosphorus

Arsenic* Cyanide compounds POM (including PAHs)

Barium Dibenzofuran Propionaldehyde

Benzene* Dibutylphthalate Selenium compounds*

Beryllium compounds* Ethyl benzene Silver

Biphenyl Formaldehyde* Styrene*

Bis [2-ethylhexyl]phthalate* Hexane Sulfuric acid

Bromine Lead compounds* Toluene*

1,3-butadiene* Manganese compounds Xylene isomers and mixtures

Cadmium* Mercury compounds* Zinc

Chlorinated dioxins* Methanol   * This compound or class of compounds is known by the state of California to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. See California EPA, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, “Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity,” May 31, 2002.Note: Toxic air contaminants on this list either have been identified in diesel exhaust or are presumed to be in the exhaust, based on observed chemical reactions or presence in the fuel or oil. See California Air Resources Board, “Toxic Air Contaminant Identification List Summaries, Diesel Exhaust,” September 1997, available online at http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/tac/factshts/diesex.pdf.

Hazardous Components of Hazardous Components of DieselDieselMore than 40 constituents of diesel exhaust are listed by either the More than 40 constituents of diesel exhaust are listed by either the

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or the California Air U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or the California Air Resources Board as hazardous air pollutants or toxic air Resources Board as hazardous air pollutants or toxic air contaminants.contaminants.

Agency Year Determination

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

1988 Potential occupational carcinogen

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 1989 Probable human carcinogen

State of California (under provisions of Proposition 65) 1990 Known by the state to cause cancer

Health Effects Institute (HEI) 1995 Potential to cause cancer

World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety (WHO-IPCS)

1996 Probable human carcinogen

California Air Resources Board (CARB) 1998 Toxic air contaminant (determination based substantially on the cancer risk to humans)

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Toxicology Program (U.S. DHHS/NTP)

2000 Reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogen

American Council of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (proposed)

2001 Suspected human carcinogen

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) 

2002 Likely to be carcinogenic to humans

National and International Public Health National and International Public Health Bodies Have Consistently Determined that Bodies Have Consistently Determined that

Diesel Exhaust is a Probable or Likely Diesel Exhaust is a Probable or Likely CarcinogenCarcinogen

ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE

EPA Findings on the Dangers of EPA Findings on the Dangers of Diesel ExhaustDiesel Exhaust

• In 2002, EPA completed its years-long comprehensive review of In 2002, EPA completed its years-long comprehensive review of the potential health effects from ambient exposure to exhaust the potential health effects from ambient exposure to exhaust from diesel engines, and came to the following conclusionfrom diesel engines, and came to the following conclusion::

Available evidence indicates that there are human health Available evidence indicates that there are human health hazards associated with exposure to diesel exhaust. The hazards associated with exposure to diesel exhaust. The hazards include acute exposure-related symptoms, chronic hazards include acute exposure-related symptoms, chronic exposure-related noncancer respiratory effects, and lung exposure-related noncancer respiratory effects, and lung cancer.cancer.

• EPA also found that diesel exhaust “is EPA also found that diesel exhaust “is likely to be carcinogenic to likely to be carcinogenic to humanshumans by inhalation and that this hazard applies to by inhalation and that this hazard applies to environmental exposure conditions.”environmental exposure conditions.”

• EPA concluded in its National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment that EPA concluded in its National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment that “diesel exhaust ranks with the other substances that the national-“diesel exhaust ranks with the other substances that the national-scale assessment suggests pose the greatest relative risk.”scale assessment suggests pose the greatest relative risk.”

ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE

Rising Air PollutionRising Air Pollution• Diesel engines in construction, surface mining and Diesel engines in construction, surface mining and

industrial equipment, farm equipment, and commercial industrial equipment, farm equipment, and commercial marine vessels are a significant local and national marine vessels are a significant local and national source of pollution.source of pollution.

• PM emissions and NOx emissions from the nonroad PM emissions and NOx emissions from the nonroad sector have risen over the past two decades.sector have risen over the past two decades.National NOx Emissions from Diesel Construction, Mining, and Industrial

Equipment, 1970-2000

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSENonroad PM Exceeds Nonroad PM Exceeds OnroadOnroad

National PM10 Emissions from All Nonroad and Onroad Engines, 1980-2000

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

(th

ou

san

d s

ho

rt t

on

s)

Nonroad

Onroad

Depending on operating conditions, fuel quality and Depending on operating conditions, fuel quality and emission controls, light-duty diesel engines and heavy-emission controls, light-duty diesel engines and heavy-duty diesel engines can emit 50 to 80 times and 100 to duty diesel engines can emit 50 to 80 times and 100 to 200 times, respectively, more particle mass than typical 200 times, respectively, more particle mass than typical catalytically equipped gasoline-powered engines.catalytically equipped gasoline-powered engines.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE

High Sulfur Content of High Sulfur Content of Nonroad Diesel FuelNonroad Diesel Fuel

• Highway Diesel: Highway Diesel: 500ppm sulfur now 500ppm sulfur now 15ppm sulfur 200615ppm sulfur 2006

• Nonroad Diesel: Nonroad Diesel: 3300ppm sulfur now 3300ppm sulfur now (outside of California)(outside of California)

• Means high SO2 and Means high SO2 and interferes with NOx interferes with NOx and PM control and PM control technologytechnology

National SO2 Emissions from All Nonroad and Onroad Engines, 1980-2000

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Nonroad

Onroad

Ozone data: 1998-2000 (primarily)Ozone data: 1998-2000 (primarily)

PM 2.5 Data: 1999-2001

file=o300pm01 6/20/02e

Areas Not Meeting the 8-Hour Ozone or PM-2.5 Standards

PM-2.5 Area Only

8-hr Ozone and PM-2.5 Area

8-hr Ozone Area Only

Total: 375 counties, 113 millionAdditional Counties in CMSA: 244 counties, 48 millionNot Meeting Std: 131 counties, 65 millionPM-2.5

Total: 628 counties, 175 millionAdditional Counties in CMSA: 287 counties, 51 millionNot Meeting Std: 341 counties, 124 million8-hour Ozone

Glacier NP

Yellowstone NP

Theodore Roosevelt NP

Rocky Mountain NP

Mesa Verde NP

Big Bend NP

Chiricahua NM

Saguaro NP

Joshua Tree NP

Sequoia NP

Yosemite NP

Pinnacles NM

Death Valley NM

Grand Canyon NP

Olympic NPNorth Cascades NP

Mount Rainier NP

Craters of the Moon NM

Great Basin NP

Canyonlands NP In su ffic ien t d ata

Im p ro v in g; n o t sta tistica lly s ign ifican t

Im p ro v in g; sta tistica lly s ig n ifican t (p = 0 .1 5)

D egra d in g ; sta tistica lly s ign ifica n t (p = 0 .15 )

D egra d in g ; n ot sta tistica lly sig n ifican t

Lassen Volcanic NP

Chamizal NM

O zon e T ren d s in W estern U .S . N a tio n a l P ark s, 1 9 9 0 -1 9 99A v era g e o f th e M a y -S ep O zo n e D a ily M a x im a

Denali NP

ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE

POLLUTING SCENIC VISTASPOLLUTING SCENIC VISTAS

ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE

EPA’s Proposal is Important EPA’s Proposal is Important But Key Issues RemainBut Key Issues Remain

• Ultra low sulfur diesel fuel not Ultra low sulfur diesel fuel not required until 2010, which means required until 2010, which means pollution control technology-based pollution control technology-based engine standards can not begin engine standards can not begin until 2011 model year. until 2011 model year. 8 years is 8 years is too long to wait.too long to wait.

• Large and small engines must meet Large and small engines must meet same rigorous standards, especially same rigorous standards, especially mining equipment. mining equipment.

• At a minimum, EPA’s proposal At a minimum, EPA’s proposal should require 15ppm fuel for should require 15ppm fuel for locomotive and marine sectors and locomotive and marine sectors and should commit to an immediate should commit to an immediate rulemaking to establish enhanced rulemaking to establish enhanced engine standards for these sectors.engine standards for these sectors.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE

State and Local Governments Can State and Local Governments Can Make a DifferenceMake a Difference

• Contract specifications, e.g., Big Dig, NYC (“best Contract specifications, e.g., Big Dig, NYC (“best available retrofit technology”). available retrofit technology”).

• In-use restrictions and anti-idling programs.In-use restrictions and anti-idling programs.

• Programs to encourage voluntary retrofits, Programs to encourage voluntary retrofits, repowers and clean engine purchase, e.g., Carl repowers and clean engine purchase, e.g., Carl Moyer, TX. Moyer, TX.

• State low sulfur diesel fuel programs, e.g., TX. State low sulfur diesel fuel programs, e.g., TX.

• Procurement and maintenance of government Procurement and maintenance of government Equipment. Equipment.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE

The Diesel Generator Loophole The Diesel Generator Loophole • DDiesel generators: Currently not subject to any iesel generators: Currently not subject to any

federal emission standard or fuel content federal emission standard or fuel content requirements at all. requirements at all.

– Texas programTexas program

– California programCalifornia program

ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE

The Diesel DivideThe Diesel Divide• The 3300ppm sulfur levels for nonroad diesel are The 3300ppm sulfur levels for nonroad diesel are

200 times higher than the 15ppm for highway 200 times higher than the 15ppm for highway diesel that takes effect in 2006diesel that takes effect in 2006

• A medium-sized construction engine manufactured A medium-sized construction engine manufactured in 2007 will be allowed to release 30 times as much in 2007 will be allowed to release 30 times as much PM as a model year 2007 diesel truck or busPM as a model year 2007 diesel truck or bus

• Fuel for diesel locomotives and commercial marine Fuel for diesel locomotives and commercial marine vessels has no sulfur content limit and these vessels has no sulfur content limit and these engines are subject to mediocre emission engines are subject to mediocre emission standardsstandards

• Stationary diesel generators are not subject to any Stationary diesel generators are not subject to any federal emission or fuel content standards federal emission or fuel content standards

ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE

Closing the Divide: Closing the Divide: A Clean, Healthy Air A Clean, Healthy Air

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