ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

What’s this ?

Is it real ??

Aral SeaMan made environmental disaster

In this lecture

• Pollution and Pollutants• Types of Pollution• Effects of Pollution• Managing pollution

Pollution

• Introduction by man, waste matter or surplus energy into the environment, which directly or indirectly causes damage to man and his environment

Pollutant• A substance or effect

which adversely alters the environment by changing the growth rate of species, interferes with the food chain, is toxic, or interferes with health, comfort amenities or property values of people

The Issue

• We use Resources extensively and then are NOT responsible for

• The Consequences !!!

EFFECTS ON BIOSPHERE

1. Damage to human health by specific chemical substances present in the air, food, water and radioactive material

2. Damage to natural environment affecting vegetation, animals, crops, soil and water

3. Damage to visual quality by smoke, fumes, dust, noise and waste

4. Damage by carcinogens, radioactive materials and excessive noise

Bioaccumulation

Drinking water and death ! ..Woman diesafter water drinkingcontest

SACRAMENTO, Calif. .A woman who competed in a radiostation.s contest to see how muchwater she could drink without goingto the bathroom died of waterintoxication, the coroner.s office saidSaturday.2007 !

TYPES OF POLLUTION

• Air pollution, the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous air pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides

• Water pollution, by the release of waste products and contaminants into surface runoff into river drainage systems, leaching into groundwater, liquid spills, wastewater discharges, eutrophication and littering.

• Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage.

• Noise pollution, which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar.

• Light pollution, includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.

• Thermal pollution, is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence, such as use of water as coolant in a power plant.

Water Pollution

Organic water pollutants • Detergents• Disinfection by-products found in chemically disinfected drinking water,

such as chloroform• Food processing waste, which can include oxygen-demanding

substances, fats and grease• Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of organohalides and other

chemical compounds• Petroleum hydrocarbons, including fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels,

and fuel oil) and lubricants (motor oil), and fuel combustion byproducts, from stormwater runoff[15]

• Tree and bush debris from logging operations• Various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and cosmetic

products

Inorganic water pollutants • Acidity caused by industrial discharges (especially

sulfur dioxide from power plants)• Ammonia from food processing waste• Chemical waste as industrial by-products• Fertilizers containing nutrients--nitrates and phosphates--

which are found in stormwater runoff from agriculture, as well as commercial and residential use

• Heavy metals from motor vehicles (via urban stormwater runoff) and acid mine drainage

• Silt (sediment) in runoff from construction sites, logging, slash and burn practices or land clearing sites

Industrial Sources Responsiblefor Organic Pollution

• Distillery• Canning• Sugar • Cheese Making

organicmatter

Depletion of DO

Industrial SourcesResponsible for Inorganic

Pollution

Sources Effluent Problems

Fertilizer Soap and detergenRubber and latexAgricultural farms

Ammonia

Phosphates

algal bloomsreduced light penetrationre-aeration(eutrophication)

Eutrophication

Industrial Sources Responsible for HeavyMetal Pollution

Sources Effluent Problems

Paper and pulp Mercury Minamata disease

Tanneries IronNickel

Chromium toxic to aquatic life and self purifying

Textile LeadZinc

Toxic to humans

Coke-oven ArsenicCadmium -

Itai-itai disease

Metal plating CopperSilver

Bio accumulate

Air Pollution

Polluted air affects:• Humans• Animals• Vegetation• Materials

Major primary pollutants produced by human activity

• Sulfur oxides (SOx) - especially sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO2.

• Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - especially nitrogen dioxide• Carbon monoxide - is a colourless, odourless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. • Carbon dioxide (CO2) - a greenhouse gas emitted from combustion• Particulate matter - Particulates• Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper.• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products

currently banned from use.• Ammonia (NH3) - emitted from agricultural processes. • Odors — such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes• Radioactive pollutants - produced by nuclear explosions, war explosives, and natural

processes such as the radioactive decay of radon.

Effects from Air Pollution

•Global warming•Ozone depletion(Ozone hole)•Acid Rain•Various respiratoryillnesses

Air Pollution hasNoBoundaries

Pollution of air

Particulate Matter PM10 (<10 μm)• Dust (e.g. cement dust, bagasse,

foundry dust and wind blown solid dust)

• Mist• Smoke• Carbon black• Aerosols

Soil pollution • caused by the presence of man-made

chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment.

• underground storage tanks, • application of pesticides, • percolation of contaminated surface water to

subsurface strata• oil and fuel dumping,• leaching of wastes from landfills or direct

discharge of industrial wastes to the soil. • The most common chemicals involved are

petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead and other heavy metals

Land Pollution• Urbanization and

Concentration of Population• Municipal Solid Waste• Industrial Waste and

Hazardous Waste• Uncontrolled .Land Treatment.• Burning open dumps and forest

fires• Deforestation• Mining and Erosion

Noise Pollution

Exposure to prolong noise affects speech, hearing, general health and behaviour.

• Noise Levels . dB• Intensity• frequency• periods of exposure and• duration

• Noise pollution can cause annoyance and aggression, hypertension, high stress levels, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects. Furthermore, stress and hypertension are the leading causes to health problems, whereas tinnitus can lead to forgetfulness, severe depression and at times panic attacks.

Intensity (Loudness)

• Measure of acoustic energy of the sound vibrations

• Expressed in terms of sound pressure

• Decibels (dB) are the unit of measurement on the Loudness scale

Comparative Noise Levels (dB)

• Walkman (1/2 volume) 94• Telephone Dial tone 80• Talking at Three Feet 65• Quiet Urban Daytime 50• Quiet Urban Nighttime 40• Quiet Rural Nighttime 25

Industrial Noise Sources

• Metal fabrication (pressing, grinding, chipping etc.)• High pressure burners in furnaces• Turbines• Compressors• Pumps• Welding machines• Cranes and other vehicles• Pipe lines carrying high velocity fluids and solids• Vibrating and grinding equipment

Light pollution

health effects may be caused by light pollution

• increased headache incidence, • worker fatigue, • medically defined stress, • decrease in sexual function • increase in anxiety.Likewise, animal models have been studied

demonstrating unavoidable light to produce adverse effect on mood and anxiety.

Thermal pollution

• the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature

• impacts organisms by (a) decreasing oxygen supply, and (b) affecting ecosystem composition.

• decreases the level of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water• increase the metabolic rate of aquatic animals• organisms consuming more food in a shorter time• problem of compromising food chains• Biodiversity can be decreased

Electro pollution !

Pollution Management

• Wastewater Treatment

Physical Methods

• Solvent extraction• Evaporation• Distillation• Filtration• Reverse Osmosis• Electrodialysis• Adsorption

Biological waste water treatment

• Aerobic treatment• Anaerobic treatment

• The organic load is defined by the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD).

• In aerobic systems the water is aerated with compressed air (in some cases oxygen).

• Anaerobic systems run under oxygen free conditions . biogas is a useful product.

Air Pollution Control

• Use tall stacks• Source reduction by process and

raw material changes (eg. Improved furnace design and low S fuel)

• Recover valuable material (eg. Hg)• Bag filters, scrubbers, ESP, cyclone

separators• Absorption, adsorption,

combustion and catalytic reaction

Land Pollution Control

• Integrated Solid Waste Management• Good agricultural practices• Remediation of polluted soils• Prevention of erosion and silting• Containment of hazardous waste and waste

water treatment using land treatment techniques

3R Principle

• Reduce• Reuse• Recycle

Noise Pollution Control

• Control noise at source by proper choice of equipment, design modification, mounting and proper layout

• Isolation or use of baffles• Use of ear protection devices

Thank youSee ya

andKeep in touch

to earth