ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
What’s this ?
Is it real ??
Aral SeaMan made environmental disaster
In this lecture
• Pollution and Pollutants• Types of Pollution• Effects of Pollution• Managing pollution
Pollution
• Introduction by man, waste matter or surplus energy into the environment, which directly or indirectly causes damage to man and his environment
Pollutant• A substance or effect
which adversely alters the environment by changing the growth rate of species, interferes with the food chain, is toxic, or interferes with health, comfort amenities or property values of people
The Issue
• We use Resources extensively and then are NOT responsible for
• The Consequences !!!
EFFECTS ON BIOSPHERE
1. Damage to human health by specific chemical substances present in the air, food, water and radioactive material
2. Damage to natural environment affecting vegetation, animals, crops, soil and water
3. Damage to visual quality by smoke, fumes, dust, noise and waste
4. Damage by carcinogens, radioactive materials and excessive noise
Bioaccumulation
Drinking water and death ! ..Woman diesafter water drinkingcontest
SACRAMENTO, Calif. .A woman who competed in a radiostation.s contest to see how muchwater she could drink without goingto the bathroom died of waterintoxication, the coroner.s office saidSaturday.2007 !
TYPES OF POLLUTION
• Air pollution, the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous air pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides
• Water pollution, by the release of waste products and contaminants into surface runoff into river drainage systems, leaching into groundwater, liquid spills, wastewater discharges, eutrophication and littering.
• Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage.
• Noise pollution, which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar.
• Light pollution, includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.
• Thermal pollution, is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence, such as use of water as coolant in a power plant.
Water Pollution
Organic water pollutants • Detergents• Disinfection by-products found in chemically disinfected drinking water,
such as chloroform• Food processing waste, which can include oxygen-demanding
substances, fats and grease• Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of organohalides and other
chemical compounds• Petroleum hydrocarbons, including fuels (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels,
and fuel oil) and lubricants (motor oil), and fuel combustion byproducts, from stormwater runoff[15]
• Tree and bush debris from logging operations• Various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and cosmetic
products
Inorganic water pollutants • Acidity caused by industrial discharges (especially
sulfur dioxide from power plants)• Ammonia from food processing waste• Chemical waste as industrial by-products• Fertilizers containing nutrients--nitrates and phosphates--
which are found in stormwater runoff from agriculture, as well as commercial and residential use
• Heavy metals from motor vehicles (via urban stormwater runoff) and acid mine drainage
• Silt (sediment) in runoff from construction sites, logging, slash and burn practices or land clearing sites
Industrial Sources Responsiblefor Organic Pollution
• Distillery• Canning• Sugar • Cheese Making
organicmatter
Depletion of DO
Industrial SourcesResponsible for Inorganic
Pollution
Sources Effluent Problems
Fertilizer Soap and detergenRubber and latexAgricultural farms
Ammonia
Phosphates
algal bloomsreduced light penetrationre-aeration(eutrophication)
Eutrophication
Industrial Sources Responsible for HeavyMetal Pollution
Sources Effluent Problems
Paper and pulp Mercury Minamata disease
Tanneries IronNickel
Chromium toxic to aquatic life and self purifying
Textile LeadZinc
Toxic to humans
Coke-oven ArsenicCadmium -
Itai-itai disease
Metal plating CopperSilver
Bio accumulate
Air Pollution
Polluted air affects:• Humans• Animals• Vegetation• Materials
Major primary pollutants produced by human activity
• Sulfur oxides (SOx) - especially sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO2.
• Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - especially nitrogen dioxide• Carbon monoxide - is a colourless, odourless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. • Carbon dioxide (CO2) - a greenhouse gas emitted from combustion• Particulate matter - Particulates• Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper.• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products
currently banned from use.• Ammonia (NH3) - emitted from agricultural processes. • Odors — such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes• Radioactive pollutants - produced by nuclear explosions, war explosives, and natural
processes such as the radioactive decay of radon.
Effects from Air Pollution
•Global warming•Ozone depletion(Ozone hole)•Acid Rain•Various respiratoryillnesses
Air Pollution hasNoBoundaries
Pollution of air
Particulate Matter PM10 (<10 μm)• Dust (e.g. cement dust, bagasse,
foundry dust and wind blown solid dust)
• Mist• Smoke• Carbon black• Aerosols
Soil pollution • caused by the presence of man-made
chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment.
• underground storage tanks, • application of pesticides, • percolation of contaminated surface water to
subsurface strata• oil and fuel dumping,• leaching of wastes from landfills or direct
discharge of industrial wastes to the soil. • The most common chemicals involved are
petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead and other heavy metals
Land Pollution• Urbanization and
Concentration of Population• Municipal Solid Waste• Industrial Waste and
Hazardous Waste• Uncontrolled .Land Treatment.• Burning open dumps and forest
fires• Deforestation• Mining and Erosion
Noise Pollution
Exposure to prolong noise affects speech, hearing, general health and behaviour.
• Noise Levels . dB• Intensity• frequency• periods of exposure and• duration
• Noise pollution can cause annoyance and aggression, hypertension, high stress levels, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects. Furthermore, stress and hypertension are the leading causes to health problems, whereas tinnitus can lead to forgetfulness, severe depression and at times panic attacks.
Intensity (Loudness)
• Measure of acoustic energy of the sound vibrations
• Expressed in terms of sound pressure
• Decibels (dB) are the unit of measurement on the Loudness scale
Comparative Noise Levels (dB)
• Walkman (1/2 volume) 94• Telephone Dial tone 80• Talking at Three Feet 65• Quiet Urban Daytime 50• Quiet Urban Nighttime 40• Quiet Rural Nighttime 25
Industrial Noise Sources
• Metal fabrication (pressing, grinding, chipping etc.)• High pressure burners in furnaces• Turbines• Compressors• Pumps• Welding machines• Cranes and other vehicles• Pipe lines carrying high velocity fluids and solids• Vibrating and grinding equipment
Light pollution
health effects may be caused by light pollution
• increased headache incidence, • worker fatigue, • medically defined stress, • decrease in sexual function • increase in anxiety.Likewise, animal models have been studied
demonstrating unavoidable light to produce adverse effect on mood and anxiety.
Thermal pollution
• the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature
• impacts organisms by (a) decreasing oxygen supply, and (b) affecting ecosystem composition.
• decreases the level of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water• increase the metabolic rate of aquatic animals• organisms consuming more food in a shorter time• problem of compromising food chains• Biodiversity can be decreased
Electro pollution !
Pollution Management
• Wastewater Treatment
Physical Methods
• Solvent extraction• Evaporation• Distillation• Filtration• Reverse Osmosis• Electrodialysis• Adsorption
Biological waste water treatment
• Aerobic treatment• Anaerobic treatment
• The organic load is defined by the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD).
• In aerobic systems the water is aerated with compressed air (in some cases oxygen).
• Anaerobic systems run under oxygen free conditions . biogas is a useful product.
Air Pollution Control
• Use tall stacks• Source reduction by process and
raw material changes (eg. Improved furnace design and low S fuel)
• Recover valuable material (eg. Hg)• Bag filters, scrubbers, ESP, cyclone
separators• Absorption, adsorption,
combustion and catalytic reaction
Land Pollution Control
• Integrated Solid Waste Management• Good agricultural practices• Remediation of polluted soils• Prevention of erosion and silting• Containment of hazardous waste and waste
water treatment using land treatment techniques
3R Principle
• Reduce• Reuse• Recycle
Noise Pollution Control
• Control noise at source by proper choice of equipment, design modification, mounting and proper layout
• Isolation or use of baffles• Use of ear protection devices
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