EOC Test Preparation:Secession, Civil War, Reconstruction

States’ Rights

• Favoring stronger government– Unify national economy– Provide infrastructure– Pass legislation that states would need to follow

• Southern Politics– Did not like the idea of stronger federal government– Any power not delegated to fed. gov. by Constitution

went to state gov. • Slavery really had to do with property laws…which was a

state right.

South Carolina

• John C. Calhoun argued for states’ rights – You don’t need to follow a law that is

unconstitutional• Nullification Crisis in 1832

– High tariffs on British goods

• SC threatened to secede if tariffs were not repealed– President Andrew Jackson sent federal troops– Senator Henry Clay proposed a compromise • Tensions still existed

Conflict Over Slavery

• As new regions became US states, how would the nation balance free vs. slave territories? – Missouri Compromise

• 1820• All states admitted below

36 degrees north would be slave, all states above would be free– Missouri would be slave– Maine would be free

Conflict Over Slavery• As new regions became US

states, how would the nation balance free vs. slave territories? – Compromise of 1850

• Congress admitted California and unorganized western territories as free

• Utah and New Mexico could decided by popular sovereignty (vote) if they would be free or slave.

• Fugitive Slave Law-northern states must return escaped slaves to southern owners

Conflict Over Slavery

• Wilmot Provisio– War with Mexico reignited slave

debate– Summer of 1846, PA congressman

David Wilmot created the Wilmot Provisio (condition)

– Banning slavery from any land purchased from Mexico• Voted down, reopened sectional

divisions

Conflict Over Slavery

• Kansas-Nebraska Act– 1854 – Allowed previously free

and unorganized territories to choose whether or not to permit slavery• Basically: repealed Missouri

Compromise– “bleeding Kansas” because

violence erupted– Sumner-Brooks incident

• Sumner from MA, Brooks from SC

Dred Scott Decision

• Dred Scott v. Sanford– 1857

• Scott was a slave in Missouri, taken by owner into a free territory where he lived for 4 years– Later, they returned to

Missouri, owner died• Scott sued for freedom

Dred Scott Decision

• Supreme Court ruled that Scott had no right to sue b/c he was a slave, not citizen– Also ruled that slave owner could not be deprived

of his “property” w/o due process of law• Struck down Missouri Compromise because it

declared that it was a violation of 5th Amendment– Slave could not just leave his owner without due

process, even if they were in a free state

John Brown’s Raid• Oct. 1859• Abolitionists led by John Brown

attacked federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA.

• Wanted to seize weapons and give them to slaves– Rebellion

• Plan failed– US troops under Robert E. Lee

surrounded them and forced their surrender

– Brown was executed– Raid intensified southern

resentment of abolitionist movement

Free Blacks and Slaves (Mid 1800s)

• Life for slaves was not good• Free African Americans

existed because they had purchased their own freedom or masters had freed them– Worked as artisans, farmers,

laborers, some owned businesses, some even owned slaves

Abolitionist Movement

• William Lloyd Garrison• Grimke sisters• Frederick Douglass – Slave who escaped to freedom

• Harriet Tubman– Escaped slave– Underground RR

• Harriet Beecher Stowe

Republicans and Secession

• Election of 1860– Democratic party split along sectional lines over

free/slave• Northern Dems. Suppored popular soverignty

– Stephen Douglas• Southern Dems. Wanted federal protection of slavery in

all US territories– VP John Breckinridge

– Republicans chose Abraham Lincoln

Republicans and Secession• Election of 1860

– South felt threatened by Lincoln b/c he was against its expansion

– Lincoln won, SC seceded from the Union on Dec. 20, 1860.

– By February, 6 other states had seceded.

– Southern delegates from the seceded states met in Montgomery, AL• Confederate States of

America, Jefferson Davis

Republicans and Secession

• Fort Sumter– Union soldiers had only a

month’s worth of supplies– Lincoln told governor of SC that

he would be sending ships with food

– Confederate soldiers opened fire on the fort, forcing Union troops to surrender (April, 1861)

Republicans and Secession

• Fort Sumter (cont.)– Lincoln called for 75,000

volunteers – Border states had to decide

which side they would support– KY, MI, MD stayed with the Union– VA, NC, AK, TN went with

Confederacy• Capital was moved to Richmond,

VA

Key People in the Civil War

• Union– Lincoln– Ulysses S.

Grant– William T.

Sherman• Confederacy– Jefferson

Davis– Robert E. Lee

Advantages in the War

• North– More railway lines• Supplies can be transported

– More factories • Produce weapons and supplies

– Standing military force– 2/3 of nation’s population lived in the North• Labor force and soldiers

Advantages in the War

• South– Originally, better military commanders– War of Attrition• Defensive war designed to damage and wear down

enemy’s will to fight– Motivation• Believed they were defending their homeland, way of

life, right to govern themselves

Important Battles of the Civil War

• First Battle of Bull Run/First Manassas– First confrontation between two

armies– Big defeat for Union– Confederates were not organized

enough to invade Washington DC • Anaconda Plan– Surround Confederacy and cut of

supply lines• Coastal blockades

Important Battles of the Civil War• Naval Battles– Ironclad-warships used by

Confederacy with iron to protect it from enemy fire

– Union still used wooden ships– Confederate ship the Merrimack/Virginia vs. Union Monitor fought for several hours • Both ships were later destroyed

– Submarines were used• Union was the first to use

Eastern Theater• Second Battle of Bull Run

(Aug. 1862)/Second Manassas– Robert E. Lee commanded

Army of Northern VA– Success for Confederacy• Union couldn’t invade

Richmond• Lee made an attempt to

invade the North

Eastern Theater• Antietam (Sept. 1862)– Lee was ready to invade– General McClellan (Union’s

commanding general) was unaware of Lee’s position until they found his orders at a Confederate camp

– Antietam Creek, MD– Bloodiest single day of the

war– Halted Confederate advance– McClellan didn’t pursue,

Confederates got away

Eastern Theater• Chancellorsville (May, 1863)– “Lee’s perfect battle” – General Stonewall Jackson and Lee defeated over

70,000 Union troops• What happened to Jackson?

Eastern Theater• Gettysburg (July, 1863)

– Key turning point– Lee’s forces were not as aggressive as

usual• Couldn’t win high ground early in the

battle– Union forces under General George

Meade defeated Confederates and ended any hope for them to invade the North

– 51,000 soldiers killed, wounded, missing• Bloodiest battle in entire war

Western Theater

• Vicksburg (May-July 1863)– Mississippi– Last Confederate obstacle for Union control of the

river– General Grant (Union) laid siege (similar to

Anaconda Plan)• People were starving, eating animals like dogs and rats

Western Theater

• Sherman’s March (May-Dec. 1864)– William T. Sherman

commanding Union forces– Captured Atlanta• Secured reelection of

Lincoln– March to the Sea• Lots of destructions of

Southern areas

Political Issues of the War

• Issues with border states• Writ of habeas corpus-guarantee

that a person can’t be imprisoned w/o being brought before a judge– Lincoln suspended this and

declared martial law• Draft– Who was drafted?

• Copperheads: Union Dems. Who criticized Lincoln

Emancipation Proclamation• Freed slaves in states in

rebellion against the Union• But: allowed slavery in border

states loyal to the Union• Hope was that Confederate

states would return to union rather than risk losing slaves

• Get support from France and England

Emancipation Proclamation

• Encouraged free African Americans to serve in Union army

• Segregation existed in most military areas– Navy was the exception– Racism and discrimination still existed

• 54th Massachusetts– Movie: Glory– Led an assault on Fort Wagner near

Charleston, July 1863

Union Victory• March 1864– Grant in command of Union army

• Union troops outnumbered Confederates

• Grant’s armies lost 65,000 men in less than 2 months but Confederates were on the retreat

• April 9, 1865: Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse

• 2 weeks later: General Joseph Johnston surrendered to General Sherman in Durham, NC

Reconstruction

• Gov. attempted to rebuild (and punish) the South

• Lincoln wanted healing, not all felt that way– Lincoln killed on April 14, 1865

Reconstruction

• Andrew Johnson– New president– Sympathetic to the South– Presidential Reconstruction

plan• Radical Republicans-viewed

Johnson’s plan as too lenient

Reconstruction

• Radical Reconstruction: • African Americans will get full citizenship

rights,• Congress should oversee Reconstruction, • Majority of the voting population of a state

needs to pledge allegiance before being readmitted to the Union

Reconstruction

• Republicans ended up dominating southern govs. During Reconstruction– Drafted new state constitutions which reflected their

ideals• 14th Amendment– Recap: 13th ended slavery in the US– 14th: guaranteed that no person would be deprived of

life, liberty, or property without due process• Blacks got full citizenship• Bill of Rights applied to both state and federal gov.

Reconstruction

• Johnson’s Impeachment– 1868: tensions between

president and Congress– Radical Republicans led by

Thaddeus Stevens voted to impeach Johnson• Saved by 1 vote

Reconstruction

• 15th Amendment– Grant becomes president– No citizen can be denied right to

vote due to race, color, or previous condition (slavery)• Meant slaves had the ability to vote

in Southern elections

African Americans During Reconstruction

• Farming– No land– Sharecropping-farmed a

portion of a landowner’s land in return for housing and a share of the crops• Turned into its own form of

slavery– Tenant farming

• Paid rent to farm the land• Owned the crops they grew• Were not at the mercy of white

landowners

African Americans During Reconstruction

• Freedmen’s Bureau – First relief agency• Clothing• Medical attention• Meals• Education• Land granted to freed blacks

and some poorer whites– Disbanded in 1869

African Americans During Reconstruction

• Education and Church– Became the center of life and culture b/c it was

truly led by African Americans– Ministers were often political figures as well – First black schools established• Children and adults

African Americans During Reconstruction

• African Americans took on political roles through Republican policies– In Congress– State Legislatures– Lt. Governor

• Issues between blacks– Northern blacks and southern “elites” saw

themselves superior to poorer, uneducated blacks.

Racism During Reconstruction

• Black Codes• Ku Klux Klan

Compromise of 1877 and End of Reconstruction

• Compromise of 1877– 1876 election issues between dem.

& rep. candidates and votes– Dems agreed to rep Hayes

becoming president – Republicans agreed to end

Reconstruction– Southern states got federal money,

more power to govern themselves, withdrawal of federal troops.

• Solid South– Southerners supported Democratic

candidates for almost 100 years

Post-Reconstruction

• Jim Crow Laws• Literacy Tests• Poll Taxes• Grandfather Clauses• Segregation– De jure• Plessy v. Ferguson

– De facto

Important African Americans

• Booker T. Washington

• WEB DuBois• Ida Wells

Barnett