Erasing Pluriligulism

8/7/2019 Erasing Pluriligulism

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ErasingErasing

Pluriligulism,Pluriligulism,PromotingPromoting

MonolingualismMonolingualism


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A SECRET GUIDE TOA SECRET GUIDE TO

EXQUSITE MURDER OFEXQUSITE MURDER OFLINGUISTIC IMAGI-LINGUISTIC IMAGI-nationnation


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STATUTAROY WARNINGSSTATUTAROY WARNINGS

We will always question anyWe will always question any

imperatives or injunctions.imperatives or injunctions.

We must put wh-questionsWe must put wh-questions

against any injunctions.against any injunctions.

We will always challenge/be criticalWe will always challenge/be critical

against any testimony.against any testimony.

We are in the same boat, thereforeWe are in the same boat, thereforemust encourage horizontal mutualmust encourage horizontal mutual

ai.ai.


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WHY-QUESTIONS AREWHY-QUESTIONS ARE

PROHIBITED IN SCIENCEPROHIBITED IN SCIENCE Reasoning begins with facts. Facts are being observed and collected from the

objectied space. These corpus! is recorded in scienticnotations.

These facts are tested and scrutini"ed in a controlledenvironment. This is the stage of experiment. #bjectied subjects are now in an ideal laborator$ state. The tested facts are compounded in a more general

statements, i.e. natural lawis discovered! b$ appl$ing

rules for discover$. %fter completing this inductiveas well as empirical

investigations, the results are discussed withoutputting any why-questions.


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&eeping in mind all these warnings, let&eeping in mind all these warnings, let

us start our session on language.us start our session on language.


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LANGUAGELANGUAGE


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WHAT IS LANGUAGE?WHAT IS LANGUAGE?

'ignifer(signied'ignifer(signied

'ubstance(form'ubstance(form


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Signifer-signifieSignifer-signifie

The relationship between objectThe relationship between object

)signied* and name )signier* is)signied* and name )signier* is

ARBITRARYARBITRARY


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S!"s#$n%e-f&r'S!"s#$n%e-f&r' Ta+e for instance, the game of chess. The pieces ofTa+e for instance, the game of chess. The pieces of

chess ma$ be made from dierent raw materials.chess ma$ be made from dierent raw materials.-hatever ma$ be the character of the raw materials(( it-hatever ma$ be the character of the raw materials(( itma$ be made out of ivor$, cla$, wood or plastic, the rulema$ be made out of ivor$, cla$, wood or plastic, the ruleof the game is not disrupted and two pla$ers canof the game is not disrupted and two pla$ers can

continue the game if the$ have shared +nowledge aboutcontinue the game if the$ have shared +nowledge aboutthe rule. -e can pla$ chessthe rule. -e can pla$ chess formallyformallyeven if theeven if thesubstantive raw materials have been changed.substantive raw materials have been changed.

n case of /, the raw materials, arbitrar$ provisionaln case of /, the raw materials, arbitrar$ provisionalsigniers are epi(phenomenal substance and the$ var$signiers are epi(phenomenal substance and the$ var$

from one / to another, however the rule of the game,from one / to another, however the rule of the game,which has a formal ps$cho(ph$siological presence withinwhich has a formal ps$cho(ph$siological presence withinthe corporeal of the '01', is supposed to be universal!,the corporeal of the '01', is supposed to be universal!,b$ which we are pla$ing the / game b$ using dierentb$ which we are pla$ing the / game b$ using dierentsubstances0raw materials.substances0raw materials.


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Two male-speaker-hearer as represene! "n Sa#ss#re

$%&%'(


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These two ideal spea+er(hearer areThese two ideal spea+er(hearer are

engaged here in creating andengaged here in creating andcomprehending innite sets ofcomprehending innite sets of

sentences out of nite sets of words.sentences out of nite sets of words.

2homs+$ told us2homs+$ told usthat there is athat there is aph$sical organ! responsible for thisph$sical organ! responsible for this

creative activit$, i.e. /anguagecreative activit$, i.e. /anguage

%c3uisition 4evice )/%4*. 5ut, the%c3uisition 4evice )/%4*. 5ut, the

crucial 3uestion is,crucial 3uestion is, where is thewhere is the

locuslocus of these two MEN?of these two MEN?


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A1: L is a substitute response (r) of the initial hearer to the

substitute stimulus (s) of the initial speaker. Initial speaker

uttered, Put off the Light. She herself can perform it (as

Response or R to her need), but for some reasons, she is

ordering or reuesting it to another person and thus she is

substituting her R in a form of utterance, !hich goes to the

ears of the hear as s. "o this another person, the hearer, this

utterance acts as a #erbal stimulus (s) to perform something.

$nother person or hearer then performs the act after sa%ing orputting r, &es, madam, I am s!itching off the light. 'this is

the supplementar% #erbal r that precedes the act of s!itching

off the light (R). "he situation can be !ritten as follo!s

SsrR"he supplementar% s*r !ithin the block represents #erbal

beha#iour or L that can be learned b% the !a% of conditioning

and can be controlled b% the operant conditioning. "hus to the

empiricist cum beha#iourist, L is a beha#iour that is

controlled b% e+ternal stimulus.


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A2:-hen an%one is talking about something called L,

one must keep in mind that !hat sort of Ls she is talkingabout is it /+ternali0ed Language (/L) or Internali0ed

Language (IL)12n the one hand, L is a bundle of arbitrar% substanti#e

signifiers, b% means of !hich e+ternal ob3ects or feelings

are e+pressed4on the other hand, L is a part of cogniti#e domain or

genetic endo!ment b% means of !hich an% human being

can createinfinite sets of sentences out of finite sets of

signifiers b% using the innate ph%sical organ Language

$cuisition 5e#ice or L$5.


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The freeomof / spo+en b$ the creative

'01' is missing in the behaviourism.2homs+ian innateness h$pothesis, b$negating behaviourist model of /ac3uisition, asserts the creativerecursive characteristics of humancognition following 2artesianRationalism. Thus 2homs+ian proposal

oers scientic! denition of linguisticcreativit$ and it also creates thefoundation of scientic! biolinguistics.


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Sk"nner h"msel) *ap"+ae! "n h"s ,la*k ,o


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This is not a normal6 position withThis is not a normal6 position with

enough space to stretch or be in an inenough space to stretch or be in an in

an erect position. The spinal cord hasan erect position. The spinal cord hasbent more than can be tolerated. Thisbent more than can be tolerated. This

abnormalit$ of positioning in a space ofabnormalit$ of positioning in a space of

stimulus(response shows the defeat ofstimulus(response shows the defeat ofthe ph$si3ue. This delimiting ofthe ph$si3ue. This delimiting of

ph$si3ue bars the subject fromph$si3ue bars the subject from

participating in an inter(subjectiveparticipating in an inter(subjectivediscourse, free from manipulation.discourse, free from manipulation.


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"Of course one can design a restrictedenvironment in which such control andsuch atterns!can e demonstrated#

ut there is no reason to suose thatan$ more is learned aout the range ofhuman otentialities $ such methodsthan would e learned $ oserving

humans in prison or an army- or inin prison or an army- or inmany a schoolroommany a schoolroom%" &'homs($#)*+,-))./


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What are ExternalizedWhat are Externalized

Language (EL) andLanguage (EL) andInternalized Language (IL)?Internalized Language (IL)?

/L contains the substanti#e arbitrar% con#entional and

pro#isional sign of L*it is a social fact orcon#ention. /L acts as an input to the innate scheme of

human mind4 on the other hand, IL is formal

algorithmic site of human brain and it is the biological

competence of human being, who can create andcomprehend infinite sets of sentences out of finite

sets of words.


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Externalized Language (EL) andExternalized Language (EL) and

Internalized Language (IL)Internalized Language (IL)

E0TERNA1I2E3E0TERNA1I2E31AN45A4E1AN45A4E

'ubstantive, arbitrar$,'ubstantive, arbitrar$,provisional, shifting,provisional, shifting,

heterogeneous signsheterogeneous signs 'ocial fact based on'ocial fact based on

conventional pactconventional pact Particular signiers,Particular signiers,

Performance, ParolePerformance, Parole

!"#$%"&'!($)!"#$%"&'!($)'&"*+&*$'&"*+&*$

Rule(governed formal s$stemRule(governed formal s$stemof human cognitive domainof human cognitive domain

nnate capacit$ )as it is foundnnate capacit$ )as it is foundin 2artesian Rationalism*,in 2artesian Rationalism*,Ps$cho(ph$siological orPs$cho(ph$siological orneuro(biological fact,neuro(biological fact,genetic endowmentgenetic endowment

7niversal feature endowed7niversal feature endowedwith denite inbuiltwith denite inbuilt

algorithms, that constitutesalgorithms, that constitutesthe notion of 7niversalthe notion of 7niversal8rammar )78*8rammar )78*

2ompetence, /angue2ompetence, /angue


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What is Dialect?What is Dialect?

'ome E/s are de(sign(ated as dialects! or'ome E/s are de(sign(ated as dialects! orfol+!0!tribal! languages on the basis of somefol+!0!tribal! languages on the basis of somenon(linguistic factors, though, variation(non(linguistic factors, though, variation(phenomenon of / are merel$ arbitrar$,phenomenon of / are merel$ arbitrar$,

substantial, and epi(phenomenal social facts.substantial, and epi(phenomenal social facts.5ut these de(sign(ations are necessar$5ut these de(sign(ations are necessar$factors for constructing the linguistic nationfactors for constructing the linguistic nationstate under the purview of print capitalismstate under the purview of print capitalismand linguistics as a disciplinar$ technolog$and linguistics as a disciplinar$ technolog$

legitimates the ascriptions of values on E/s.legitimates the ascriptions of values on E/s. /et us nd out the hidden fact behind the/et us nd out the hidden fact behind the

value(loaded academio(politics of naming ofvalue(loaded academio(politics of naming ofother! e9ternali"ed variations.other! e9ternali"ed variations.


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DIALECTDIALECT

epi*phenomenal substantive arbitrary isoglossesepi*phenomenal substantive arbitrary isoglossesbundles isoglosses- are attested on the basis ofbundles isoglosses- are attested on the basis ofdistribution of homogenous phoneme*morpheme*distribution of homogenous phoneme*morpheme*lexeme etc. in a given geographical area.lexeme etc. in a given geographical area.

%he homogeneity of isoglosses determines the area of%he homogeneity of isoglosses determines the area ofa so*called dialect/.a so*called dialect/. Some arbitrarySome arbitrary isoglossesisoglossesare considered as moreare considered as more

valuvaluable than other/. %he valuable isoglosses areable than other/. %he valuable isoglosses arede*sign*ated as standard 0 vis a vis other/ varieties,de*sign*ated as standard 0 vis a vis other/ varieties,

which are de*which are de*signsign*ated as dialects/, the defeated 0*ated as dialects/, the defeated 0of the captive S#1Ss, to whom the supposedof the captive S#1Ss, to whom the supposedstandard/ arbitrary signs are transmitted through thestandard/ arbitrary signs are transmitted through thetool prescriptive grammar/, a pac"aged commoditytool prescriptive grammar/, a pac"aged commodityin the context of +rint 2apitalism.in the context of +rint 2apitalism.


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GRIERSON(S DILE))AGRIERSON(S DILE))A

n the course of surve$, it has sometimesn the course of surve$, it has sometimesbeen di:cult to decide where a given formbeen di:cult to decide where a given formof speech is to be loo+ed upon as anof speech is to be loo+ed upon as anindependent language, or as a dialect ofindependent language, or as a dialect ofsome other denite form of speech. nsome other denite form of speech. npractice, it has been found that it ispractice, it has been found that it issometimes impossible to decide thesometimes impossible to decide the3uestion in a manner, which will gain3uestion in a manner, which will gain

universal acceptance. The two words,universal acceptance. The two words,;language< and ;dialect


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GRIERSON(S DILE))AGRIERSON(S DILE))A

%C#T1ER 4FF27/TD -%' T1E FC4C8 #F /#2%/%C#T1ER 4FF27/TD -%' T1E FC4C8 #F /#2%/C%ME #F % 4%/E2T. 7'T %' M. #7R4%C 44C%ME #F % 4%/E2T. 7'T %' M. #7R4%C 44C#T &C#- T1%T 1E 1%4 5EEC 'PE%&C8 PR#'EC#T &C#- T1%T 1E 1%4 5EEC 'PE%&C8 PR#'E%// 1' /FE , '# T1E %ER%8E C4%C //%8ER%// 1' /FE , '# T1E %ER%8E C4%C //%8ER4#E' C#T &C#- T1%T 1E )'2* 1%' 5EEC4#E' C#T &C#- T1%T 1E )'2* 1%' 5EEC'PE%&C8 %CDT1C8 -T1 % C%ME %TT%21E4 T#'PE%&C8 %CDT1C8 -T1 % C%ME %TT%21E4 T#T . 1E )'2* 2%C %/-%D' P7T % C%ME T# T1ET . 1E )'2* 2%C %/-%D' P7T % C%ME T# T1E4%/E2T 'P#&EC 5D '#ME5#4D FFTD M/E'4%/E2T 'P#&EC 5D '#ME5#4D FFTD M/E'#FF , 57T , ( %' F#R 1'#-C 4%/E2T G ;# , T1%T#FF , 57T , ( %' F#R 1'#-C 4%/E2T G ;# , T1%T1%' C C%ME . T ' 'MP/D 2#RRE2T /%C87%8E .?@A=> *%/-%D' 2#MP/MECT%RD.!)=>?@A=> *


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! am asserting0dening m$self b$ the! am asserting0dening m$self b$ the

assertion of others.assertion of others.

! am asserting0dening m$self b$ the! am asserting0dening m$self b$ the

negation of others.negation of others.

#thers are naming me, when was a child.#thers are naming me, when was a child.

%hey are not li"e us. %hey are doing so%hey are not li"e us. %hey are doing so

and so. $e are doing it doing it in our ownand so. $e are doing it doing it in our ownway./way./


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STANDARD LANGUAGESTANDARD LANGUAGE

Standard 0*dialectStandard 0*dialect 2entre*periphery relation in the2entre*periphery relation in the

context of nation state.context of nation state. 2entre*periphery relation entails2entre*periphery relation entails

internal coloni3ation.internal coloni3ation.


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I)AGI-I)AGI-NATIONNATION

&n imagined nation*state: Nation is&n imagined nation*state: Nation isimagiimaginationnation

magined linguistic communitymagined linguistic community

6ations are imaginedinto being in the $sia,

$frica, Latin $merica depending on certain

modular forms like race, language, religion etc.!ithin the ambit of print capitalist de7sign

supplied b% the -est /urope, Russia and the

$mericas.


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P$r#*$ C*$##er+i- A'$r#,$ SenP$r#*$ C*$##er+i- A'$r#,$ Sen

&.e'i%&.e'i%

f nationalism in the rest of the worldf nationalism in the rest of the world

have to choose their imaginedhave to choose their imagined

communit$ from certain ;modular>@AJ, emphasisI.! )2hatterji, =>>@AJ, emphasisadded*added*


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A'$r#,$ Sen(s Res&nse/A'$r#,$ Sen(s Res&nse/

The conceptual forms of ;the nationThe conceptual forms of ;the nation

as an imagined communit$LA =(=N, fn. =@*concern.! )=>>LA =(=N, fn. =@*


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O!r Res&nse0s12I'$gin$#i&n0s1O!r Res&nse0s12I'$gin$#i&n0s1

Three evidences of pre(colonialThree evidences of pre(colonial

imagined boundariesimagined boundaries

F t d 5 d f th 1 l M th 5h tF t d 5 d f th 1 l M th 5h t


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Fragmented 5od$ of the 1ol$ MotherA 5haratFragmented 5od$ of the 1ol$ MotherA 5haratis a bod$Ka female bod$K'ati


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T*e %e.e"r$#i&n &f )e.$T*e %e.e"r$#i&n &f )e.$

2ertain 'outheast %sian a3uatic regions are2ertain 'outheast %sian a3uatic regions areselected in connection with certain congurationsselected in connection with certain congurationsin the celestial sphere )though, one mustin the celestial sphere )though, one mustremember, the placement of constellation doesremember, the placement of constellation doesnot follow contemporar$ astronomical account* tonot follow contemporar$ astronomical account* tocelebrate ritualistic fairs. Pilgrims from dierentcelebrate ritualistic fairs. Pilgrims from dierent

part of 'outh(East %sia gather )in whichpart of 'outh(East %sia gather )in whichlanguage! do the$ communicateH* in thelanguage! do the$ communicateH* in theparticular region and the$ are forming certainparticular region and the$ are forming certaint$pe of s$mbolic solidarit$. -hat is noticeablet$pe of s$mbolic solidarit$. -hat is noticeablehere is the association among geographicalhere is the association among geographical

region, a3uatic region and celestial sphere. Theregion, a3uatic region and celestial sphere. Thegathering of dierent margis )O marga or road* orgathering of dierent margis )O marga or road* orpanthis )Opantha or road, both means followers ofpanthis )Opantha or road, both means followers ofcertaincertain margamargaororpanthapantha*, again ma+es us*, again ma+es usremember the connected pathwa$s in the 'outh(remember the connected pathwa$s in the 'outh(east %sia.east %sia.


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3&!r )$#*$s &f S*$n4$r%*$r,$3&!r )$#*$s &f S*$n4$r%*$r,$

t was told that the adi 'han+archar$a )Nth 2.*t was told that the adi 'han+archar$a )Nth 2.*established four mathas in four dierent partsestablished four mathas in four dierent partsof ndiaA )=*of ndiaA )=*thethe 4ttar5mn5ya matha4ttar5mn5ya matha, or, ornorthern matha at oshimath northern matha at oshimath )B*)B*thethe+6rvamnaya matha+6rvamnaya mathaor eastern matha, theor eastern matha, the8ovardhana matha, at Puri, at Puri )@*)@*thethe7a"shin5mn5ya matha7a"shin5mn5ya matha, or the 'ringeri 'harada, or the 'ringeri 'haradaPeetham, the southern matha, at 'hringeriPeetham, the southern matha, at 'hringeri )Q*)Q*thethe +a8chim5mn5ya matha+a8chim5mn5ya matha, or the 4wara+a, or the 4wara+aPitha, the western matha, at 4war+a . ThePitha, the western matha, at 4war+a . The

cartographical account of such plannedcartographical account of such planneddistribution of mathas also provides us adistribution of mathas also provides us aconcept of imagined boundar$, though that isconcept of imagined boundar$, though that isnot a mimicr$ of European nation statist model.not a mimicr$ of European nation statist model.


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SCHE)ATIC DE)ONSTRATIONSCHE)ATIC DE)ONSTRATION

O3 I)AGINED LANGUAGE-O3 I)AGINED LANGUAGE-DIALECT BOUNDARIESDIALECT BOUNDARIES


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'ome E/s, on the basis of certain homogenous'ome E/s, on the basis of certain homogenousmodular form, are within 6our6 nation, and some E/smodular form, are within 6our6 nation, and some E/sare the 6outsider6 and are considered as inferior! toare the 6outsider6 and are considered as inferior! to

that selected E/. This triggers thethat selected E/. This triggers the inclusion-inclusion-eclusioneclusionof E/ factor of the nation.of E/ factor of the nation. %re these insiders! homogenous comple9H f not, tr$%re these insiders! homogenous comple9H f not, tr$

to homogeni"e them b$ standardi"ing, appropriating,to homogeni"e them b$ standardi"ing, appropriating,codif$ing, grammaticali"ing one variet$ )religious orcodif$ing, grammaticali"ing one variet$ )religious or

linguistic* for the sa+e of monolingual nation state.linguistic* for the sa+e of monolingual nation state.1ere comes the 3uestion of1ere comes the 3uestion of stanarizationstanarizationandandgrammaticalizationgrammaticalizationof chosen module. nsideof chosen module. nside6others6 should be considered under such standard6others6 should be considered under such standardgrammatical0 shastric module.grammatical0 shastric module.

'uch standard grammatical0 shastric module is'uch standard grammatical0 shastric module isconsidered as classic.considered as classic. earching classical heritageearching classical heritageentails enumerated and imagined fantastic genealog$,entails enumerated and imagined fantastic genealog$,histor$ and a tribute to the predecessors, b$ whom thehistor$ and a tribute to the predecessors, b$ whom theprivate propert$ of the module is transmitted to theprivate propert$ of the module is transmitted to the

inheritors, the present inhabitants of the nation.inheritors, the present inhabitants of the nation.


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-e are here tal+ing about E/ )endowed-e are here tal+ing about E/ )endowedwith social values*, and not about /.with social values*, and not about /.

For pragmatic reason, we are assigningFor pragmatic reason, we are assigningessence! to some categories presented inessence! to some categories presented innotational forms. n fact, the essentialnotational forms. n fact, the essential

construction of an$ E/ )such as 5angla orconstruction of an$ E/ )such as 5angla orEnglish* cannot escape the trap ofEnglish* cannot escape the trap ofmetaph$sical totalit$ that subscribesmetaph$sical totalit$ that subscribespolitico(administrative construction of /.politico(administrative construction of /.

%lphabetic notations are used here%lphabetic notations are used heredeliberatel$ to avoid the value(loadeddeliberatel$ to avoid the value(loadedterms li+e dialect!, tribal! / etc. 1owever,terms li+e dialect!, tribal! / etc. 1owever,the notions are important rather thanthe notions are important rather than

notations.notations.


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'uppose, there is an ideal land called . There are'uppose, there is an ideal land called . There areve linguist variations )v* e9isted in this (land, vi".ve linguist variations )v* e9isted in this (land, vi".Cv, 'v, -v, Ev and Mv. %ll of them have use value.Cv, 'v, -v, Ev and Mv. %ll of them have use value.

%ll the ve vs are supposed to be derived from%ll the ve vs are supposed to be derived fromsinglesingle! prestigious ancient / P. )This presupposition! prestigious ancient / P. )This presuppositiondepends on the metaph$sical conjecture of origin!0depends on the metaph$sical conjecture of origin!0source!*.source!*.

n one historical juncture, was occupied b$ an one historical juncture, was occupied b$ a

Foreign D )sa$ its / is F*, who has a deniteForeign D )sa$ its / is F*, who has a denitecivili"ing mission.civili"ing mission.

Foreign D, a mercantile 2apitalist enterprise, ndsForeign D, a mercantile 2apitalist enterprise, ndssimilarities of E/s with P with their ancient Foreign Psimilarities of E/s with P with their ancient Foreign P

or FP. This is the beginning ofor FP. This is the beginning of genealogical fantasygenealogical fantasyinstigated b$ nation(statist programme. 1ere theinstigated b$ nation(statist programme. 1ere thediscipline, 2omparative Philolog$ emerged as adiscipline, 2omparative Philolog$ emerged as adisciplineKe9ternal coloni"ers are negotiating withdisciplineKe9ternal coloni"ers are negotiating withthe coloni"ed through the similarities of /.the coloni"ed through the similarities of /.

D switches over to ndustrial capitalism PrintD switches over to ndustrial capitalism Print


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D switches over to ndustrial capitalism. PrintD switches over to ndustrial capitalism. Print

2apitalist notion of Cation 'tate! is gifted to2apitalist notion of Cation 'tate! is gifted to

(land.(land.

Then D tries to dene the boundar$ of theThen D tries to dene the boundar$ of theland. can beland. can be extendedextendedor can beor can be s9uee3eds9uee3ed..

D adopts a polic$ ofD adopts a polic$ of inclusion*exclusioninclusion*exclusiontotopositivel$! dene and enumerate (land as apositivel$! dene and enumerate (land as a

nation state. -ho is , and who is non(H -honation state. -ho is , and who is non(H -hois host and who is the guestH -hat are theis host and who is the guestH -hat are the

conditions for these relationsHconditions for these relationsH

D has chosen Mv as an 6authentic6, pure6D has chosen Mv as an 6authentic6, pure6representation of P. )if Mv is not pure! in therepresentation of P. )if Mv is not pure! in the

ga"e of D, it is to be authenticated andga"e of D, it is to be authenticated and

appro9imated b$ appropriation andappro9imated b$ appropriation and

codication.*codication.*

n fact the area where M is spo+en it isn fact the area where M is spo+en it is


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n fact, the area where M is spo+en, it isn fact, the area where M is spo+en, it is

the main industrial centre. Cv, 'v, -v, Evthe main industrial centre. Cv, 'v, -v, Ev

are peripherali"ed. )Cote the notationalare peripherali"ed. )Cote the notational

change from Mv to M*. That is, valueschange from Mv to M*. That is, valuesrelated to e9tra0non(linguistic socio(related to e9tra0non(linguistic socio(

economic condition are superimposed oneconomic condition are superimposed on

the selection of M, which is now valuedthe selection of M, which is now valuedas 6'tandard6 /, the signs of whichas 6'tandard6 /, the signs of which

6other6 vs are supposed to follow.6other6 vs are supposed to follow.

2f. The term 6standard6 was ta+en from the2f. The term 6standard6 was ta+en from thevocabular$ of industrial societ$, wherevocabular$ of industrial societ$, where

the concept of protot$pical 6standardthe concept of protot$pical 6standard

tool6 is used.tool6 is used.


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nstigated b$ the print capitalistnstigated b$ the print capitalist

imagination of communities and /(jealous$imagination of communities and /(jealous$

)born out of inferiorit$ comple9, as there is)born out of inferiorit$ comple9, as there issuperior(inferior / hierarch$*, -v revoltssuperior(inferior / hierarch$*, -v revolts

against this metaph$sical totalit$ of M.against this metaph$sical totalit$ of M.

'ome of the -v(spea+ers, mainl$ newl$'ome of the -v(spea+ers, mainl$ newl$

educated mediators, are not happ$ with theeducated mediators, are not happ$ with thestatus 6dialect6 or 6defeated /6. The$ wantstatus 6dialect6 or 6defeated /6. The$ want

to withdraw themselves from the M(to withdraw themselves from the M(

a:liation. This isa:liation. This is withdrawal syndromewithdrawal syndromethatthatis based on the notion ofis based on the notion of copyrightcopyrightofofimagined E/. t leads to an / movementKimagined E/. t leads to an / movementK

spea+ers of -v are desirous for a newspea+ers of -v are desirous for a new

linguistic nation state.linguistic nation state.

'ome grammatical rules are ta+en from P('ome grammatical rules are ta+en from P(


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'ome grammatical rules are ta+en from P('ome grammatical rules are ta+en from P

corpus some were from D or FP. Thus,corpus some were from D or FP. Thus,

grammar boo+ has become a constitution ofgrammar boo+ has become a constitution of

epistemologicall$ amalgamated rules, b$epistemologicall$ amalgamated rules, b$which violent internal linguistic coloni"ation0which violent internal linguistic coloni"ation0genocide is possible.genocide is possible.

1owever, M is too local! as per D


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4issenters are granted the status of 6/6 b$4issenters are granted the status of 6/6 b$the administration and are e9cluded from thethe administration and are e9cluded from the

(land. %nd if not granted as 6/6, revolution(land. %nd if not granted as 6/6, revolution

or willing subjection continues....or willing subjection continues....

Then M wasThen M was grammaticali3edgrammaticali3ed. 'v, Cv, Ev. 'v, Cv, Evwere supposed to learn M from the tutorwere supposed to learn M from the tutor

who fragmented the M(standard withwho fragmented the M(standard withprescriptive rules. t is internal linguisticprescriptive rules. t is internal linguistic

coloni"ation, where M is centre(/ and 'v,coloni"ation, where M is centre(/ and 'v,

Cv, Ev are marginali"ed peripher$(/ endowedCv, Ev are marginali"ed peripher$(/ endowed

with value(loaded signs li+e 6dialect6, 6fol+ /6,with value(loaded signs li+e 6dialect6, 6fol+ /6,6patois6 etc. The result of such internal6patois6 etc. The result of such internal

linguistic coloni"ation0 terroriali"ation islinguistic coloni"ation0 terroriali"ation is

internal linguisticinternal linguistic genociegenocie..


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'ome grammatical rules are ta+en from P('ome grammatical rules are ta+en from P(

corpus some were from D or FP. Thus,corpus some were from D or FP. Thus,

grammar boo+ has become a constitution ofgrammar boo+ has become a constitution of

epistemologicall$ amalgamated rules, b$epistemologicall$ amalgamated rules, b$which violent internal linguistic coloni"ation0which violent internal linguistic coloni"ation0genocide is possible.genocide is possible.

1owever, M is too local! as per D


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The peripherali"ed vs are given someThe peripherali"ed vs are given some

e9on$ms according to the 6free will6 of De9on$ms according to the 6free will6 of D

and satellite native D(i"ed )and satellite native D(i"ed )civilcivili"ed*i"ed*elite )mimic M%C*, such as, apart fromelite )mimic M%C*, such as, apart from

SdialectS, there are Sfol+ /S, Stribal /S,SdialectS, there are Sfol+ /S, Stribal /S,

SpatoisS, Scoc+ne$S etc. The /(object isSpatoisS, Scoc+ne$S etc. The /(object is

evaluated according to dominant ga"e.evaluated according to dominant ga"e.


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'v, Cv, Ev, -v do not have their choice of'v, Cv, Ev, -v do not have their choice ofMother Tongue )MT*. The$ have to learn twoMother Tongue )MT*. The$ have to learn two6other6 tongues, vi". M )that is perceived as6other6 tongues, vi". M )that is perceived as

a MT!* and D(tongue.a MT!* and D(tongue.%.%. Though M is in their immediate environmentThough M is in their immediate environment

and though the$ could ac3uire M followingand though the$ could ac3uire M followingthe pluriligual ethos, M is alienated b$ thethe pluriligual ethos, M is alienated b$ the

introduction of 8rammar boo+ b$ the tutor.introduction of 8rammar boo+ b$ the tutor.5.5. n case of D, which is introduced as second /n case of D, which is introduced as second /

in the school )deological 'tate %pparatus*in the school )deological 'tate %pparatus*order b$ the o:cial literac$ campaigners,order b$ the o:cial literac$ campaigners,6other6 peripherali"ed vs also learned this6other6 peripherali"ed vs also learned thisForeign D via pac+aged tools. #ther vs areForeign D via pac+aged tools. #ther vs areeither committing linguistic suicide or victimseither committing linguistic suicide or victimsof linguistic genocide.of linguistic genocide.


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Though we +now the fact that -alsh orThough we +now the fact that -alsh or

&apil 4ev do not need to +now rules of&apil 4ev do not need to +now rules of

aerod$namics to swing the ball, so alsoaerod$namics to swing the ball, so alsono one needs to +now fragmented rulesno one needs to +now fragmented rules

and norms of grammar via prescriptiveand norms of grammar via prescriptive

grammar boo+, a feeding bottle or agrammar boo+, a feeding bottle or apac+aged commodit$.pac+aged commodit$.


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4RAMMATI'A1I2ATION4RAMMATI'A1I2ATION

6 META789EA:IN4 ON6 META789EA:IN4 ON89EA:IN489EA:IN4


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ey-wors )ialect, 0tribal1 ',ey-wors )ialect, 0tribal1 ',

0fol21 language, marginalization,0fol21 language, marginalization,

efeate language, captive /3,efeate language, captive /3,othering, genealogical fantasy,othering, genealogical fantasy,

withrawal synrome, hegemonywithrawal synrome, hegemony

an ominance 4*ramsci5,an ominance 4*ramsci5,)ialectology, bunles of isogloss,)ialectology, bunles of isogloss,

6rain of language, ub-altern,6rain of language, ub-altern,

linguistic genocie, linguisticlinguistic genocie, linguistic

suicie, linguistic ecology,suicie, linguistic ecology,

linguistic cannibalism.linguistic cannibalism.


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What is Standard Language?What is Standard Language? E/, in terms of economics, has a use value and in theE/, in terms of economics, has a use value and in the

conte9t of technocratic industriali"ed capital(incentiveconte9t of technocratic industriali"ed capital(incentivesociet$, it has got e9change value. That e9changesociet$, it has got e9change value. That e9changevalue(loaded commodit$ is called 'tandard /. Thus,value(loaded commodit$ is called 'tandard /. Thus,when an E/(variet$ has got ascribed e9change valuewhen an E/(variet$ has got ascribed e9change valuein addition to its use value, the supposed E/(variet$in addition to its use value, the supposed E/(variet$has become standardi"ed as well as commoditi"ed.has become standardi"ed as well as commoditi"ed.

'tandardi"ation! has a distinct connection with the'tandardi"ation! has a distinct connection with theindustriali"ed or technocratic societ$, where oneindustriali"ed or technocratic societ$, where onee9ternali"ed linguistic variet$ is selected,e9ternali"ed linguistic variet$ is selected,appropriated, codied and appro9imated at the cost!appropriated, codied and appro9imated at the cost!of other! defeated! and captive! varieties )so(of other! defeated! and captive! varieties )so(called dialect! * within the stipulated boundar$ of ancalled dialect! * within the stipulated boundar$ of animagined linguistic nation state. The term standardimagined linguistic nation state. The term standard)tool*! is a term used in the technocratic mar+et)tool*! is a term used in the technocratic mar+eteconom$ and it is borrowed in the realm of linguisticeconom$ and it is borrowed in the realm of linguisticepistemolog$ along with other terms li+e, /epistemolog$ along with other terms li+e, /management!, / development!, / planning! etc.management!, / development!, / planning! etc.


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'tandardi"ation also invo+es'tandardi"ation also invo+esgrammaticali"ation as grammar, as agrammaticali"ation as grammar, as a

school te9tboo+, a pac+aged commodit$ orschool te9tboo+, a pac+aged commodit$ ora tool for linguistic coloni"ation, e9tendsa tool for linguistic coloni"ation, e9tendsand transmits a particular selectedand transmits a particular selectedstandard variet$ b$ captivating other!standard variet$ b$ captivating other!varieties.varieties.

The process of standardi"ation, in theThe process of standardi"ation, in theconte9t of print capitalistic nation buildingconte9t of print capitalistic nation buildingprocess, helps to create internal coloniesprocess, helps to create internal colonies

with the imagined boundar$ as captivewith the imagined boundar$ as captivespea+ers of peripheral E/(varieties orspea+ers of peripheral E/(varieties ordialects! are coloni"ed b$ the standard!dialects! are coloni"ed b$ the standard!variet$.variet$.


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.rokr#sean ,e!.rokr#sean ,e!

1ost who adjusted his guests to their bed1ost who adjusted his guests to their bed
http://www.mythweb.com/encyc/entries/procrustes.html


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1ost who adjusted his guests to their bed.1ost who adjusted his guests to their bed.9rocrustes9rocrustes, whose name means 6he who stretches6,, whose name means 6he who stretches6,was arguabl$ the most interesting of TheseusSswas arguabl$ the most interesting of TheseusSschallenges on the wa$ to becoming a hero. 1e +ept achallenges on the wa$ to becoming a hero. 1e +ept ahouse b$ the side of the road where he oeredhouse b$ the side of the road where he oeredhospitalit$ to passing strangers, who were invited inhospitalit$ to passing strangers, who were invited infor a pleasant meal and a nightSs rest in his ver$for a pleasant meal and a nightSs rest in his ver$special bed. Procrustes described it as having thespecial bed. Procrustes described it as having the

uni3ue propert$ that its length e9actl$ matcheduni3ue propert$ that its length e9actl$ matchedwhomsoever la$ down upon it. -hat Procrustes didnStwhomsoever la$ down upon it. -hat Procrustes didnStvolunteer was the method b$ which this 6volunteer was the method b$ which this 6one7si;e7one7si;e7


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One7si;e7


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eywors 7entre- peripheryeywors 7entre- peripheryrelation, colonialism, internalrelation, colonialism, internal

colony, eternal colony,colony, eternal colony,'inguistic !mperialism,'inguistic !mperialism,

tanarization an 7apitalism,tanarization an 7apitalism,

8rint 7apitalism, !magine8rint 7apitalism, !magine7ommunities, "ation tate, use7ommunities, "ation tate, use

value an echange value 4of anvalue an echange value 4of an

$'5, $' as a pac2age$'5, $' as a pac2age

commoity, linguistic fetishism,commoity, linguistic fetishism,'inguistic terrorism.'inguistic terrorism.

Wh t i i l t?Wh t i i l t?


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What is sociolect?What is sociolect?

%part from the geographical distribution of homogenous%part from the geographical distribution of homogenous

bundles of isoglosses, there are other factors thatbundles of isoglosses, there are other factors thatinuence E/. The E/(variations according to age, se9,inuence E/. The E/(variations according to age, se9,

social group, class and professions constitutes thesocial group, class and professions constitutes the

notion of sociolect. %nother conceptKthe concept ofnotion of sociolect. %nother conceptKthe concept of

register! is also important to note in connection withregister! is also important to note in connection withsociolect.sociolect.

f so called dialect! is dened as an E/(variet$f so called dialect! is dened as an E/(variet$

according to users of denite geographical area,according to users of denite geographical area,

register is E/(variations according to users


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What is Mother Tongue?What is Mother Tongue?

The term was used b$ 2atholic mon+s toThe term was used b$ 2atholic mon+s todesignate a particular / the$ used, instead ofdesignate a particular / the$ used, instead of/atin, when the$ are 6spea+ing from the pulpit6/atin, when the$ are 6spea+ing from the pulpit6

That is, the hol$ mother of the 2hurch!That is, the hol$ mother of the 2hurch!

introduced this term and it was inherited fromintroduced this term and it was inherited fromthe 2hristianit$, than+s to the eort made b$the 2hristianit$, than+s to the eort made b$foreign missionaries in the colonial period inforeign missionaries in the colonial period inndia. The word MT was introduced into 'ans+ritndia. The word MT was introduced into 'ans+ritin the eighteenth centur$ as a translation fromin the eighteenth centur$ as a translation from

English. t is not onl$ a derivative technical term,English. t is not onl$ a derivative technical term,born out of translation, but it was also altered asborn out of translation, but it was also altered asthe ndian mother(cult had also an impact on thisthe ndian mother(cult had also an impact on thistranslation.translation.


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MT was introduced into ndian languagesMT was introduced into ndian languages

in the eighteenth centur$ as a translationin the eighteenth centur$ as a translation

from English6. Thusfrom English6. Thus matrbhasamatrbhasa)0mattribha'a0 or 0mattrubha'a0* is a)0mattribha'a0 or 0mattrubha'a0* is a

derivative technical term, born out ofderivative technical term, born out of

translation translatiotranslation translatio


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Bre$s# #& B#.e s5i#%* &6er/Bre$s# #& B#.e s5i#%* &6er/

3r&' 0)1*er-#&ng!e #&3r&' 0)1*er-#&ng!e #&

)!'',2A!n#ie- T&ng!e)!'',2A!n#ie- T&ng!e*enering language*enering language


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ami cay SawMtal tar bhaSay "tha bolbeami cay SawMtal tar bhaSay "tha bolberas%ropun!eras%ropun!e

ami cay mo#ul phu%be Sow"hintarami cay mo#ul phu%be Sow"hintargolappun!e.golappun!e.

6 demand 'antals shall spea+ their6 demand 'antals shall spea+ their

language in the 7nited Cations0 demandlanguage in the 7nited Cations0 demand

madhuca indica will blossom in themadhuca indica will blossom in the

lu9urious garden of roses.6lu9urious garden of roses.6

((song sung and composed by Sumansong sung and composed by Suman2hattopadhyay2hattopadhyay

UU h d ! ! di # t d Smhommder !nmo !odi #oto edeSe


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UUmhommder !nmo !odi #oto edeSemhommder !nmo !odi #oto edeSe

be#ester "on bhaSa #oto bolto eSebe#ester "on bhaSa #oto bolto eSe

matribhaSa te!e SobaymatribhaSa te!e Sobay;arbi bhaSa Si"hlere bha


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The composition highlights theThe composition highlights the

arbitrariness of e9ternali"ed language inarbitrariness of e9ternali"ed language in

an elo3uent matter. 'econdl$ itan elo3uent matter. 'econdl$ itemphasi"es the linguistic human right asemphasi"es the linguistic human right as

mentioned in article B of thementioned in article B of the

nternational 2ovenant on 2ivil andnternational 2ovenant on 2ivil andPolitical Rights)=>LL* and in the draftPolitical Rights)=>LL* and in the draft

universal declaration on indigenousuniversal declaration on indigenous

rights)document E02C.Q0'ub.0=>NN0BJ*,rights)document E02C.Q0'ub.0=>NN0BJ*,


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The dierence between 'umanSs song and thisThe dierence between 'umanSs song and this

baulSs songbaulSs song

lies in the fact that 'umanSs song islies in the fact that 'umanSs song iselectronicall$ transmitted b$ magnetic tape andelectronicall$ transmitted b$ magnetic tape and

the later one transmitted orall$.the later one transmitted orall$.

Even more, 'umanSs song is sponsored b$ theEven more, 'umanSs song is sponsored b$ the

multinational cassette compan$ and a cigarettemultinational cassette compan$ and a cigarette

compan$.compan$.

Furthermore, the demand for spea+ing in 'antaliFurthermore, the demand for spea+ing in 'antali

in the 7C#, legitimi"es the state(controlledin the 7C#, legitimi"es the state(controlledlanguage(use that entails the proliferation oflanguage(use that entails the proliferation ofcapital(incentive linguistic industr$.capital(incentive linguistic industr$.


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n describing S-est to #rientS projectn describing S-est to #rientS project

of 2olumbus, llich mentioned anof 2olumbus, llich mentioned anoverloo+ed name, Elio %ntoniodeoverloo+ed name, Elio %ntoniode

Cebrija )=Jth c., contemporar$ toCebrija )=Jth c., contemporar$ to

2olumbus* who oered Vueen2olumbus* who oered Vueensabella a 6tool6 to coloni"e thesabella a 6tool6 to coloni"e the

language spo+en b$ her own subjects.language spo+en b$ her own subjects.

n fact, Cebrija wanted to replace then fact, Cebrija wanted to replace the

people


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internal W e9ternal coloni"ation ofinternal W e9ternal coloni"ation of

language began with this attemptlanguage began with this attempt

to grammatical"e VueenSs tongueto grammatical"e VueenSs tongue

in a 8rammar boo+, 68rammaticain a 8rammar boo+, 68rammatica

de la 2astellana6 )=Q>B*, the rstde la 2astellana6 )=Q>B*, the rst

in an$ European tongue.in an$ European tongue.


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%nd thus begun the con3uest b$ means of%nd thus begun the con3uest b$ means ofthis engineered tool, 68rammar boo+6,this engineered tool, 68rammar boo+6,

chemicall$ s$nthesi"ed weapon to suppresschemicall$ s$nthesi"ed weapon to suppress6untutored barbaric6 speech in home and6untutored barbaric6 speech in home andabroad. n this wa$ the e9ternalabroad. n this wa$ the e9ternalcoloni"ation began. Cebrija himself spea+scoloni"ation began. Cebrija himself spea+s

about the marriage of Empire and languageabout the marriage of Empire and language)i.e. sword and MT and grammar boo+*. 'o)i.e. sword and MT and grammar boo+*. 'oMT )'tandard language* now needs tutors.MT )'tandard language* now needs tutors.

Cebrija argued for standardi"ing a livingCebrija argued for standardi"ing a living

language for the benet of the newl$language for the benet of the newl$invented Printing Press. 2onse3uentl$ theinvented Printing Press. 2onse3uentl$ the#:cial deolog$ of 6literac$6 came into#:cial deolog$ of 6literac$6 came intolight.light.

1ere is a switch over from peopleSs vernacular1ere is a switch over from peopleSs vernacular


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1ere is a switch over from peopleSs vernacular1ere is a switch over from people s vernacularto 8rammariansS language )VueenSsto 8rammariansS language )VueenSslanguage*, or from vernacular learning to MTlanguage*, or from vernacular learning to MT

education.education. 5$ this monopol$ of the 8rammariansS5$ this monopol$ of the 8rammariansS

language compulsor$ education could belanguage compulsor$ education could beimplemented in the public schools through aimplemented in the public schools through a

homogenous language of power. %nd in thishomogenous language of power. %nd in thiswa$ the 62aptive 'pea+ers6 of 6other6wa$ the 62aptive 'pea+ers6 of 6other66dialects6 )the$ are, in fact, defeated6dialects6 )the$ are, in fact, defeatedlanguageslanguages* have been born internall$.* have been born internall$.

8rammar rules the language and as well as8rammar rules the language and as well asrules the captive spea+ers of other! defeatedrules the captive spea+ers of other! defeatedlanguages b$ prescribing dos and don


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6...switch from breast to bottle, from6...switch from breast to bottle, from

subsistence to welfare, from productionsubsistence to welfare, from production

for use to production for the mar+et, fromfor use to production for the mar+et, frome9pectations divided between 'tate ande9pectations divided between 'tate and

2hurch to a world where the 2hurch is2hurch to a world where the 2hurch is

marginal, religion is privati"ed, and themarginal, religion is privati"ed, and the'tate assumes the material functions'tate assumes the material functions

hitherto claimed onl$ b$ the 2hurch. 6hitherto claimed onl$ b$ the 2hurch. 6

)llich in Pattana$a+,=>N=A=J*.)llich in Pattana$a+,=>N=A=J*.

simultaneous occurrence of 2olumbus


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simultaneous occurrence of 2olumbus


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t is estimated currentl$ that there ma$t is estimated currentl$ that there ma$

have been about N? million nativehave been about N? million native

%mericans in /atin %merican when%mericans in /atin %merican when2olumbus ;discovered< the continentK2olumbus ;discovered< the continentK

as we sa$Kand about =B to =J millionas we sa$Kand about =B to =J million

more north of the Reo 8rande. 5$ =LJ?,more north of the Reo 8rande. 5$ =LJ?,

about >J percent of the population ofabout >J percent of the population of

/atin %merica had been wiped out ,/atin %merica had been wiped out ,

and b$ the time the continental bordersand b$ the time the continental borders

of the 7nited 'tates had beenof the 7nited 'tates had beenestablished, some B??, ??? were left ofestablished, some B??, ??? were left of

the indigenous population.the indigenous population.


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T*e C$se &f S$ns4ri#T*e C$se &f S$ns4ri# !a"arana!a"arana

Patanjali begun hisPatanjali begun his mahabhasyamahabhasyawith thewith thee9pression e9pression atha sabdanusasanamatha sabdanusasanam!.!.

1emachandraERNMENTA1ITY


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W*, 5ere #*e, 5ri#ingW*, 5ere #*e, 5ri#ing #!a"arana#!a"arana??

To protect 'ans+rit from others )To protect 'ans+rit from others )non*non*brahmins,mleccha, sudra, pisaca,brahmins,mleccha, sudra, pisaca,

ra"sasara"sasa**To preserve the special content ofTo preserve the special content of

vidyavidya, so that it cannot be, so that it cannot be

contaminated b$ others.contaminated b$ others.


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#nce upon a time, in ancient ndia, brahmanistic#nce upon a time, in ancient ndia, brahmanisticculture prescribed to cut out aculture prescribed to cut out a SudrasSudras tongue or atongue or a'udra could get an iron nail ten ngers long... .thrust'udra could get an iron nail ten ngers long... .thrust

red hot into his mouth, or have hot oil ....poured intored hot into his mouth, or have hot oil ....poured intohis mouth and ear for penalt$ for spea+ing ill.his mouth and ear for penalt$ for spea+ing ill. This ancient recipe,Ifor dealing with verbalThis ancient recipe,Ifor dealing with verbal

delin3uenc$ b$ destro$ing the organs of speech oerdelin3uenc$ b$ destro$ing the organs of speech oersome idea of linguistic control in an authoritariansome idea of linguistic control in an authoritarian

societ$.societ$. This is an attac+ on the E/ one can also postulate theThis is an attac+ on the E/ one can also postulate theattac+, the subjugation of / in an authoritarianattac+, the subjugation of / in an authoritariansociet$, full$ industriali"ed to control b$ means ofsociet$, full$ industriali"ed to control b$ means ofimperialistic medicine, media and other such devices.imperialistic medicine, media and other such devices.

The blue print of 5enthamian pan(opticonism is read$The blue print of 5enthamian pan(opticonism is read$to be implemented or has alread$ been implementedto be implemented or has alread$ been implementedthrough the all pervading capitalist mar+et b$ whichthrough the all pervading capitalist mar+et b$ whichfree ow of private capital and mass media.free ow of private capital and mass media.


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)a*The mother to other or breast(to()a*The mother to other or breast(to(

bottle switch(over.bottle switch(over.

)b* The proliferation of Mother(tongue)b* The proliferation of Mother(tongue

ndustr$ aided b$ professionals.ndustr$ aided b$ professionals.

)c* Mother(children d$ad in relation to)c* Mother(children d$ad in relation tolanguage ac3uisition.language ac3uisition.

)ONEY-SIGN/)ONEY-SIGN/


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)ONEY-SIGN/)ONEY-SIGN/

)A7ING UNEQUALS EQUALS)A7ING UNEQUALS EQUALS

= goats> cow= goats> cow apartment> Rs. @ lacs apartment> Rs. @ lacs

%#S S & 7&NABR4S%#S S & 7&NABR4S

S4++0BMBN%S4++0BMBN%

Wh! do $e ha#e to understand the exchange o%Wh! do $e ha#e to understand the exchange o%


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! g! g

EL in the ter&s o% Econo&ics' Sociolog! andEL in the ter&s o% Econo&ics' Sociolog! and

olitical Science?olitical Science?

%ristotle )%ristotle )+olitics+olitics, =BJ@a, Q*, =BJ@a, Q* )-o*man is one of the living animals with an)-o*man is one of the living animals with an

additional capacit$ for political e9istenceKs0he isadditional capacit$ for political e9istenceKs0he ispoliti+on "oon. To sustain its political e9istence )b$politi+on "oon. To sustain its political e9istence )b$

terminating its living e9istence through bio(terminating its living e9istence through bio(politics a la Foucault*, state power tries topolitics a la Foucault*, state power tries tocapture ever$thing under the s+$ through thecapture ever$thing under the s+$ through themeans of dierent academic disciplines of theirmeans of dierent academic disciplines of theirideological state apparatuses. Therefore, whenideological state apparatuses. Therefore, when

an$one is composing meta(discourse on thean$one is composing meta(discourse on thediscourse of academic(communit$ , preached b$discourse of academic(communit$ , preached b$the ideological state apparatus, the deplo$ment ofthe ideological state apparatus, the deplo$ment ofpolitics, economics or sociolog$ are inevitable.politics, economics or sociolog$ are inevitable.


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What is plurilingualism?What is plurilingualism?

Plurilingualism is a uni3ue feature ofPlurilingualism is a uni3ue feature of'outh(East %sia, where a spea+er('outh(East %sia, where a spea+er(

hearer use dierent varieties of E/ tohearer use dierent varieties of E/ to

communicate without being de(sign(communicate without being de(sign(ated0bothered b$ the nation(statistated0bothered b$ the nation(statist

paradigm of enumerated /.paradigm of enumerated /.


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f one draws a straight line betweenf one draws a straight line between

&ashmir and &an$a+umari )from Corth to&ashmir and &an$a+umari )from Corth to

'outh ndia* and mar+s, sa$, ever$ ve or'outh ndia* and mar+s, sa$, ever$ ve or

ten miles, then one will nd that there isten miles, then one will nd that there is

no brea+ in communication in an$ twono brea+ in communication in an$ two

consecutive points of the scale.! Theconsecutive points of the scale.! Thecommunication disrupts onl$ when thecommunication disrupts onl$ when the

gaps are larger.gaps are larger.

2ourtse$A 4.P. Pattana$a+2ourtse$A 4.P. Pattana$a+


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1owever, the problem of larger gaps is1owever, the problem of larger gaps is

e9cellentl$ managed, as apart from thee9cellentl$ managed, as apart from the

uninterrupted in(group communication, peopleuninterrupted in(group communication, peopleinnovates uni3ue / for -ider communicationinnovates uni3ue / for -ider communication

)/-2* for out(group interaction. 'ome of these)/-2* for out(group interaction. 'ome of these

/s are so(called pidgins! li+e Cagamese,/s are so(called pidgins! li+e Cagamese,

Cephamese, 'adari, and 1alabi etc. %nd someCephamese, 'adari, and 1alabi etc. %nd someare regionall$ mar+ed out group / li+eare regionall$ mar+ed out group / li+e

%ssamese, Tamil, #ri$a, &annada, Marathi etc.,%ssamese, Tamil, #ri$a, &annada, Marathi etc.,

and some other are / of diusion belt )8ujarati,and some other are / of diusion belt )8ujarati,

Mala$alam, 5angla, Punjabi, Telugu etc.*Mala$alam, 5angla, Punjabi, Telugu etc.*2ourtes$A R.C. 'rivastava.2ourtes$A R.C. 'rivastava.

% 8ujarathi 5usinessman )spice merchant*% 8ujarathi 5usinessman )spice merchant*


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% 8ujarathi 5usinessman )spice(merchant*% 8ujarathi 5usinessman )spice(merchant*

who spo+e &acchi apart from his MT andwho spo+e &acchi apart from his MT and

used a variation of Marathi to converse withused a variation of Marathi to converse with

vegetable(sellers, who had migrated fromvegetable(sellers, who had migrated from

&olaba region he seldom read newspapers&olaba region he seldom read newspapers

in English he went to see 1indi lms within English he went to see 1indi lms with

his famil$ to converse with the %nglo(his famil$ to converse with the %nglo(ndian 'uburban Railwa$ emplo$ees, hendian 'uburban Railwa$ emplo$ees, he

switched over to 5a"aar 1industani or aswitched over to 5a"aar 1industani or a

t$pical mi9ed 1indi last of all, he usest$pical mi9ed 1indi last of all, he uses

&on+ani, 8ujarathi and Marathi for his own&on+ani, 8ujarathi and Marathi for his ownbusiness purpose.business purpose.

2ourtes$A Probodh Pandit2ourtes$A Probodh Pandit

See%* *$"i# &f $ R$+!# inSee%* *$"i# &f $ R$+!# in


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See%* *$"i# &f $ R$+!# inSee%* *$"i# &f $ R$+!# in

)eie6$. Ini$)eie6$. Ini$

This Rajput spo+e 1arauti in hisThis Rajput spo+e 1arauti in hisdomestic environment educateddomestic environment educated

himself in 'ans+rit for religioushimself in 'ans+rit for religious

purpose he switched over topurpose he switched over to5rajabha+ha for writing poetr$ and5rajabha+ha for writing poetr$ and

went through philosoph$ in Pra+rit.went through philosoph$ in Pra+rit.

2ourtes$A 7. C. 'ingh2ourtes$A 7. C. 'ingh

th ll d ' + it d ! it i th ll d ' + it d ! it i


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n the so(called 'ans+rit drama!, it isn the so(called 'ans+rit drama!, it is

found that 4usmanta and 'a+untalafound that 4usmanta and 'a+untala

continued their loving communicationcontinued their loving communicationin spite of their /(dierence. t is alsoin spite of their /(dierence. t is also

to be noted that, in spite of at leastto be noted that, in spite of at least

ve or si9 varieties, which were usedve or si9 varieties, which were usedin the drama, the audience stillin the drama, the audience still

enjo$ed the message of the dramaticenjo$ed the message of the dramatic

performance.performance.

th t ill i % dh P d hn the remote village in %ndhra Pradesh


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n the remote village in %ndhra Pradesh,n the remote village in %ndhra Pradesh,adjacent to Tamilnadu, ndia the farmeradjacent to Tamilnadu, ndia the farmer

spea+s in Tamil, the landowner spea+s inspea+s in Tamil, the landowner spea+s inTelugu, and no one bothers about theirTelugu, and no one bothers about theirlanguage(identit$. M$ own e9periencelanguage(identit$. M$ own e9perienceconrms the same fact in &uppam, aconrms the same fact in &uppam, a

hamlet of %ndhra Pradesh, where thehamlet of %ndhra Pradesh, where thenewl$ established 4ravidian 7niversit$ isnewl$ established 4ravidian 7niversit$ issituated. People are carr$ing thissituated. People are carr$ing thisplurilingual ethosplurilingual ethos without spening awithout spening a

single rupee.single rupee.This ma$ be referred toThis ma$ be referred toas the shadow economics ofas the shadow economics ofplurilingualism.plurilingualism.

T*e %&nse8!en%es &fT*e %&nse8!en%es &f


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T*e %&nse8!en%es &fT*e %&nse8!en%es &f

P.!ri.ing!$.is'P.!ri.ing!$.is' #ne / can borrow linguistic items from#ne / can borrow linguistic items from

another. There ma$ be e9tensive code mi9ing.another. There ma$ be e9tensive code mi9ing. #ne can maintain her0his / and in a denite#ne can maintain her0his / and in a denite

conte9t and in another situation ma$ shift toconte9t and in another situation ma$ shift to

second /.second /. '01's ma$ submit to the second / b$ adopting'01's ma$ submit to the second / b$ adopting

it as MT. n that case, it is a linguistic suicide.it as MT. n that case, it is a linguistic suicide.The power relationship between /= and /BThe power relationship between /= and /Bdetermines the non(dominant /(spea+ers


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C&.&ni$. R$+ 9 P.!ri.ing!$.is'C&.&ni$. R$+ 9 P.!ri.ing!$.is'

./ASE I./ASE I


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./ASE-I./ASE-I

%t rst, when the Europeans came here%t rst, when the Europeans came herein ndia the$ did not adopt the polic$ ofin ndia the$ did not adopt the polic$ of

intervening in the realm of native cultureintervening in the realm of native culture

in spite of the instigation b$ thein spite of the instigation b$ the

Evangelist religious philosophers. ThisEvangelist religious philosophers. This

was the phase of Mercantile 2apitalism.was the phase of Mercantile 2apitalism.

#ne could carr$ on their business without#ne could carr$ on their business without

bothering about the construction andbothering about the construction andappropriation of the coloni"ed asappropriation of the coloni"ed as

according to the coloni"ers< norm.according to the coloni"ers< norm.

./ASE II./ASE II


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./ASE-II./ASE-II

% crucial change occurred in =>@,% crucial change occurred in =>@,when the indigenous land waswhen the indigenous land was

commerciali"ed b$ thecommerciali"ed b$ the

implementation of the Permanentimplementation of the Permanent'ettlement of land i.e. land was to'ettlement of land i.e. land was to

be measured from the standpoint ofbe measured from the standpoint of

demograph$. %t this time, state anddemograph$. %t this time, state andstatistics were e3uated as a part ofstatistics were e3uated as a part of

5io(politics.5io(politics.

./ASE III./ASE III


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./ASE-III./ASE-III

n =N=@, it was decided in the English Parliament,n =N=@, it was decided in the English Parliament,that the project of legitimate control over the nativethat the project of legitimate control over the nativeculture should be ta+en up b$ introducing ndustrialculture should be ta+en up b$ introducing ndustrial2apitalism along with 2hristianit$.2apitalism along with 2hristianit$.

n =N@, it was decided b$ the 5ritish 8overnment ton =N@, it was decided b$ the 5ritish 8overnment tointroduce dierent vernacular tongues inintroduce dierent vernacular tongues inadministration instead of Persian or 'ans+rit.administration instead of Persian or 'ans+rit.

%t this time and for the rst time in ndia, the%t this time and for the rst time in ndia, thelanguage(consciousness arose with the e3uation oflanguage(consciousness arose with the e3uation of

land and language, both of which were to be wellland and language, both of which were to be welldened, well determined b$ erasing thedened, well determined b$ erasing theindeterminac$, fu""iness of boundaries, as it wasindeterminac$, fu""iness of boundaries, as it wase9isted before the introduction of Cation 'tate.e9isted before the introduction of Cation 'tate.

The concept of Cation 'tate as 5enedictThe concept of Cation 'tate as 5enedict


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The concept of Cation 'tate, as 5enedictThe concept of Cation 'tate, as 5enedict

%nderson )=>N@* pointed out, is a result%nderson )=>N@* pointed out, is a result

of print capitalistic imagination madeof print capitalistic imagination madeavailable b$ Europe and the %mericas.available b$ Europe and the %mericas.

#ne has to choose and imagine their#ne has to choose and imagine their

communit$ from certain modular formscommunit$ from certain modular forms

li+e language, ;race< or religion.li+e language, ;race< or religion. 5$ this derivative imagination, the5$ this derivative imagination, the

linguistic(nation(state boundaries arelinguistic(nation(state boundaries are

solidied and scheduled in thesolidied and scheduled in theindependent ndian constitution.independent ndian constitution.

The newl$ evolved language(The newl$ evolved language(


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The newl$ evolved language(The newl$ evolved language

communities0ethnic groups that couldcommunities0ethnic groups that could

aord to invest in the outputs ofaord to invest in the outputs of8utenberg revolution had the privilege8utenberg revolution had the privilege

to achieve the prestige of standardto achieve the prestige of standard

language.language.

2f. The term standard! was ta+en from2f. The term standard! was ta+en from

the vocabular$ of industriali"ed,the vocabular$ of industriali"ed,

societ$, where the concept ofsociet$, where the concept of

protot$pical standard tool! is used.protot$pical standard tool! is used.

INDEPENDENT INDIAINDEPENDENT INDIA


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INDEPENDENT INDIAINDEPENDENT INDIA

%part from these enlisted0scheduled BB%part from these enlisted0scheduled BBlanguages, there are also other! privilegedlanguages, there are also other! privileged

languages, which are included in the list oflanguages, which are included in the list of'ahit$a %cadem$ )BB languages*. There are'ahit$a %cadem$ )BB languages*. There are

@Q languages in which newspapers are@Q languages in which newspapers are

published almost L languages are used inpublished almost L languages are used in

primar$ education C/M decided to use N?primar$ education C/M decided to use N?

languages for promoting literac$ %R useslanguages for promoting literac$ %R uses

=?Q languages for transmitting=?Q languages for transmittingprogrammes.programmes.


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INDIAN CENSUSINDIAN CENSUS


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MA0ING OF ,OUNDARIES1MA0ING OF ,OUNDARIES1

,IRT/ OF NATIONS,IRT/ OF NATIONS

%22% CENSUS%22% CENSUS


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%22% CENSUS%22% CENSUS

1AN45A4E81AN45A4E8

%ssameseY%ssameseY #ri$aY#ri$aY #ri$a W Mi9ed 1indiY#ri$a W Mi9ed 1indiY #ri$a W Mi9ed 5anglaY#ri$a W Mi9ed 5anglaY #ri$a W Mi9ed TeluguY#ri$a W Mi9ed TeluguY

5anglaY5anglaYZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ TOTA1TOTA1

9O951ATION9O951ATION

=@L=J>=@L=J>

@N>LJQBN@N>LJQBN

BL=BL=

=B=B

@@

LN=LQ>JLN=LQ>JZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

Q=QL@=QQ=QL@=Q

%2&% CENSUS%2&% CENSUS


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%2&% CENSUS%2&% CENSUS

/%C87%8E'/%C87%8E'

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

%ssameseY%ssameseY

#ri$aY#ri$aY 5anglaY5anglaY

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

TOTA1TOTA1

9O951ATION9O951ATION =@J?NQL=@J?NQL

>LNQB>>LNQB> QQLBQ?QNQQLBQ?QN

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ JJLLB@B@JJLLB@B@

GRIERSON(S LINGUISTICGRIERSON(S LINGUISTIC


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SUR:EY O3 INDIA0;1SUR:EY O3 INDIA0;1 /%C87%8E'/%C87%8E'

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

%ssameseY%ssameseY

#ri$aY#ri$aY 5anglaY5anglaY

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

TOTA1TOTA1

9O951ATION9O951ATION

=Q@J>J?=Q@J>J?

N>JBQ=@N>JBQ=@ Q=L>L@Q@Q=L>L@Q@

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

@,.+C@,.+C


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R&.."$%4 *en&'en&n2Wi#*r$5$.R&.."$%4 *en&'en&n2Wi#*r$5$.


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s,nr&'es,nr&'eB!ne.4*$ni

=

?====

@====

A====

====

;=====

;?====

;@====

;A====

;====

;


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The immediate result is 4rain ofThe immediate result is 4rain of/anguages6. This notion of 4rain of/anguages6. This notion of 4rain of

language!, which is analogous tolanguage!, which is analogous to4rain of wealth! supplements the4rain of wealth! supplements thenotion ofnotion of Sun)ower Syndrome/Sun)ower Syndrome/. The. Thecase of language(drain, where onecase of language(drain, where oneselected variet$ is developed! asselected variet$ is developed! asCational or standard /anguage.Cational or standard /anguage.

Mediators as language(managers0(Mediators as language(managers0(

polices0judges tr$ to encash suchpolices0judges tr$ to encash suchdiscontent b$ instigating insurgenc$.discontent b$ instigating insurgenc$.

What isWhat is Sun%lo$er S!ndro&e?Sun%lo$er S!ndro&e?


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What isWhat isSun%lo$er S!ndro&e?Sun%lo$er S!ndro&e?

$hen 2entre B0 is imposed by the investment$hen 2entre B0 is imposed by the investmentof capital on the other/ B0s by marginali3ingof capital on the other/ B0s by marginali3ingthem and marginali3ed vs do not loo" atthem and marginali3ed vs do not loo" ateach other, instead they loo" vertically to theeach other, instead they loo" vertically to the

supposed sun, the centre, the C. %his situationsupposed sun, the centre, the C. %his situationconcentrating on the supposed sun C as aconcentrating on the supposed sun C as acentre- is called Sun)ower Syndrome/ bycentre- is called Sun)ower Syndrome/ bysome ndian linguists. %his situation may besome ndian linguists. %his situation may becalled 0inguistic mperialism. Bmpire Ccalled 0inguistic mperialism. Bmpire C

deprives colony vs either internally e.g.deprives colony vs either internally e.g.Standard 0 vs. dialects- or externally e.g.Standard 0 vs. dialects- or externally e.g.nternational 0 vs. native 0s-nternational 0 vs. native 0s-

1owever as 8andhi and Tagore1owever as 8andhi and Tagore


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1owever, as 8andhi and Tagore1owever, as 8andhi and Tagore

pointed out, there is an impenetrablepointed out, there is an impenetrable

inner domain! that preserves itsinner domain! that preserves itsessential! character of grassrootsessential! character of grassroots

plurilingual ethos in spite of suchplurilingual ethos in spite of such

monolingual appropriation frommonolingual appropriation fromabove.above.

GANDHI(S POSITION IN HINDGANDHI(S POSITION IN HIND


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SWARASWARA

do not wish to suggest that because we were one do not wish to suggest that because we were onenation we had no dierences, but it is submittednation we had no dierences, but it is submittedthat our leading men traveled throughout ndiathat our leading men traveled throughout ndia

either on foot or in bulloc+(carts. The$ learned oneeither on foot or in bulloc+(carts. The$ learned oneanotherSs languages and there was no aloofnessanotherSs languages and there was no aloofnessbetween them. -hat do $ou thin+ could have beenbetween them. -hat do $ou thin+ could have been

the intention of those farseeing ancestors of oursthe intention of those farseeing ancestors of ours

who established 'etubandha )Rameshwar* in thewho established 'etubandha )Rameshwar* in the'outh, agannath in the East and 1ardwar in the'outh, agannath in the East and 1ardwar in theCorth as places of pilgrimageH Dou -ill admit the$Corth as places of pilgrimageH Dou -ill admit the$

were no fools.were no fools.

./ASE I3./ASE I3


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./ASE-I3./ASE-I3

-hat we have seen under the Print-hat we have seen under the Print2apitalism is the hegemonic2apitalism is the hegemonic

coercive selving of other! varietiescoercive selving of other! varieties

under the one umbrella, vi". 7nderunder the one umbrella, vi". 7nderthe umbrella of 1indi, almost JBthe umbrella of 1indi, almost JB

languages are incorporated )=>>=languages are incorporated )=>>=

census* ignoring the 3uestion ofcensus* ignoring the 3uestion of/inguistic 1uman Right as proposed/inguistic 1uman Right as proposed

b$ 7C#.b$ 7C#.

What is Linguistic Human Right?What is Linguistic Human Right?


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What is Linguistic Human Right?What is Linguistic Human Right?

/inguistic 1uman Right as mentioned in/inguistic 1uman Right as mentioned in%rticle B of the nternational 2ovenant on%rticle B of the nternational 2ovenant on2ivil and Political Rights )=>LL* is as followsA2ivil and Political Rights )=>LL* is as followsA

n those States in which ethnic, religious orn those States in which ethnic, religious or

linguistic minorities exist, persons belonginglinguistic minorities exist, persons belongingto such minorities shall not be denied theto such minorities shall not be denied theright, in community with the other membersright, in community with the other membersof their group, to en!oy their own culture, toof their group, to en!oy their own culture, to

profess and practice their own religion, or toprofess and practice their own religion, or touse their own languageuse their own language.!.!

OTHER SIDE O3 THE RIGHTOTHER SIDE O3 THE RIGHT


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OTHER -SIDE O3 THE RIGHTOTHER -SIDE O3 THE RIGHT

%he old sovereign of Dth century might%he old sovereign of Dth century mightmercilessly punish those, who weremercilessly punish those, who weredemanding some sorts of right or forming ademanding some sorts of right or forming amovement for legal right. #owever ,in themovement for legal right. #owever ,in the

present context of post*industriali3ed*present context of post*industriali3ed*society, each and every demand ofsociety, each and every demand ofsubalterns are legali3ed. %hus the apparentsubalterns are legali3ed. %hus the apparentantithetical EothernessE is at a time as wellantithetical EothernessE is at a time as wellas paradoxically selved and hegemonicallyas paradoxically selved and hegemonically

preserved. %hat is, there is hegemonicpreserved. %hat is, there is hegemoniccontrol as well as satisfaction of desire ofcontrol as well as satisfaction of desire ofsubalterns in the form legitimi3ed ErightsE,subalterns in the form legitimi3ed ErightsE,once unimagined by the old sovereign.once unimagined by the old sovereign.

n fact, no buer "one that is be$ond the ga"e ofn fact, no buer "one that is be$ond the ga"e of


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n fact, no buer "one that is be$ond the ga"e ofn fact, no buer "one that is be$ond the ga"e ofPanopticon remains. n the ever$da$ space, in thePanopticon remains. n the ever$da$ space, in theever$da$ domain the presence of omnipotenceever$da$ domain the presence of omnipotence

mar+et(sponsored minimal state is felt. Even themar+et(sponsored minimal state is felt. Even thecounter("one of public action is within the graspcounter("one of public action is within the graspof state as state now oers the agitators eachof state as state now oers the agitators eachand ever$ right! that was once totall$and ever$ right! that was once totall$

unimaginable for the past sovereign[ Foucaultunimaginable for the past sovereign[ Foucault)=>NNA=QJ* remar+ed, Iand be$ond all the)=>NNA=QJ* remar+ed, Iand be$ond all theoppressions and alienations!, the right! tooppressions and alienations!, the right! torediscover what one is and all that one can be,rediscover what one is and all that one can be,this right!I. was the political response to allthis right!I. was the political response to all

these new procedures of power which did notthese new procedures of power which did notderive, either from traditional right ofderive, either from traditional right ofsovereignt$.!sovereignt$.!

P$ni%&nP$ni%&n


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P$ni%&nP$ni%&n

The Panopticon is a t$pe of prison buildingThe Panopticon is a t$pe of prison buildingdesigned b$ English philosopher and socialdesigned b$ English philosopher and socialtheorist erem$ 5entham in =NJ. The concept oftheorist erem$ 5entham in =NJ. The concept ofthe design is to allow an observer to observe )(the design is to allow an observer to observe )(opticon* all )pan(* prisoners without theopticon* all )pan(* prisoners without the

incarcerated being able to tell whether the$ areincarcerated being able to tell whether the$ arebeing watched, thereb$ conve$ing what onebeing watched, thereb$ conve$ing what onearchitect has called the 6sentiment of an invisiblearchitect has called the 6sentiment of an invisibleomniscience.6omniscience.6

5entham himself described the Panopticon as 6a5entham himself described the Panopticon as 6anew mode of obtaining power of mind over mind,new mode of obtaining power of mind over mind,in a 3uantit$ hitherto without e9ample.in a 3uantit$ hitherto without e9ample.

2ourtes$A -i+ipaedia2ourtes$A -i+ipaedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panopticon.jpg


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Pris&n Presii& )&e.& insie &nePris&n Presii& )&e.& insie &ne
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panopticon.jpg


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&f #*e "!i.ings De%e'"er ==&f #*e "!i.ings De%e'"er ==

The pr"son 4.res"!"o Mo!elo4 on he "slan!The pr"son 4.res"!"o Mo!elo4 on he "slan!

Isla !e la 5#+en#!Isla !e la 5#+en#!$$C#6aC#6a((
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presidio-modelo2.JPGhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isla_de_la_Juventud&action=edit&redlink=1http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isla_de_la_Juventud&action=edit&redlink=1http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isla_de_la_Juventud&action=edit&redlink=1


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T/E DESIRES FORT/E DESIRES FOR

/IG/7LO8 CODE/IG/7LO8 CODET=E ME3IATOR8D 3OMAINT=E ME3IATOR8D 3OMAIN

ansangh0'angh parivar A %nti(7rdu.ansangh0'angh parivar A %nti(7rdu.


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'ans+riti"ed 1industhani'ans+riti"ed 1industhani

8andhi, 'ocialist li+e Rammonahar /ohia,8andhi, 'ocialist li+e Rammonahar /ohia,Rahul 'an+rit$a$anA ndigenousRahul 'an+rit$a$anA ndigenous

1industani and contradicted English and1industani and contradicted English and

'ans+riti"ed 1indi.'ans+riti"ed 1indi.

CehruA was obviousl$ 10 Foreign,CehruA was obviousl$ 10 Foreign,

'ans+riti"ed 1industhani'ans+riti"ed 1industhani

A e%!.i$r i$.e%#i% &f %&..$"&r$#i&nA e%!.i$r i$.e%#i% &f %&..$"&r$#i&n$n n&n-%&..$"&r$#i&n$n n&n-%&..$"&r$#i&n


112/138

$n n&n-%&..$"&r$#i&n$n n&n %&..$"&r$#i&n

05i#* #*e &'in$n# ie&.&g,105i#* #*e &'in$n# ie&.&g,1 =>N>A Mula$um 'ingh Dadav began=>N>A Mula$um 'ingh Dadav began

6aCreji 1#Taw6 )banish English*6aCreji 1#Taw6 )banish English*

movement.movement. =>>=A /allo Prasad Dadav propagated=>>=A /allo Prasad Dadav propagated

6aCreji le a-6)introduce English*6aCreji le a-6)introduce English*

Movement.Movement.

The desire of /allo Dadav triggersThe desire of /allo Dadav triggers


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gggg

Formal Elaboration of 'ocial 1ierarch$Formal Elaboration of 'ocial 1ierarch$

)FE'1*.)FE'1*. /allo DadavSs logic was e9pressed in a/allo DadavSs logic was e9pressed in a

rhetoric,rhetoric,

93ini is our mother, but $nglish is93ini is our mother, but $nglish isa beautiful prostitute.9a beautiful prostitute.9

)2ited in 'onntag, =>>*)2ited in 'onntag, =>>*

Though o:ciall$ 1indi is /allo


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Though o:ciall$, 1indi is /allo sThough o:ciall$, 1indi is /allo s

Mother Tongue, it is not his MotherMother Tongue, it is not his Mother

Tongue in true sense of the term asTongue in true sense of the term asunder the 1indi(umbrella, there areunder the 1indi(umbrella, there are

almost JB )including 61indi6, B??=almost JB )including 61indi6, B??=

census* full(edged languages whocensus* full(edged languages whohave lost their identities as separatehave lost their identities as separate

languages )/allo Dadav is a spea+er oflanguages )/allo Dadav is a spea+er of

one such lost! language*.one such lost! language*.


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THE MYTH OF NATIONALTHE MYTH OF NATIONAL

LANGUAGELANGUAGE

f Aod had so wished, he could have madef Aod had so wished, he could have madeall ndians spea" one language the unity ofall ndians spea" one language the unity of


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all ndians spea" one languageF the unity ofall ndians spea" one languageF the unity ofndia has been and shall always be a unity inndia has been and shall always be a unity in

diversity./ G Rabindranath %agorediversity./ G Rabindranath %agore

ne can hardly spea" of a national unity inne can hardly spea" of a national unity inthe ndian pastH nationhood, as in some otherthe ndian pastH nationhood, as in some other

land, is a recent phenomenon with us. t mayland, is a recent phenomenon with us. t maybe claimed that it is still in the ma"ingH itbe claimed that it is still in the ma"ingH itmay even be argued that ndia is a congeriesmay even be argued that ndia is a congeriesof nationalities with separate histories ofof nationalities with separate histories oftheir own..../** Susobhan Sar"ar IDI:JI-their own..../** Susobhan Sar"ar IDI:JI-

NATIONAL AND OFFICIALNATIONAL AND OFFICIAL

G G S O S


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LANGUAGES 1 RUMOURSLANGUAGES 1 RUMOURS

Vuite contrar$ to the pluralistic as well asVuite contrar$ to the pluralistic as well asmultilingual language planning polic$multilingual language planning polic$prescribed b$ the ndian linguists monisticprescribed b$ the ndian linguists monisticm$ths are created to impose one languagem$ths are created to impose one language

for the ndian nation. This section highlightsfor the ndian nation. This section highlightsthese m$ths. These m$ths are li+e rumoursthese m$ths. These m$ths are li+e rumoursand are spread b$ manipulating our age(oldand are spread b$ manipulating our age(oldoral tradition as well as modernoral tradition as well as modernadvertisement techni3ues. t also reveals theadvertisement techni3ues. t also reveals theparado9ical and simultaneous e9istence ofparado9ical and simultaneous e9istence ofde !urede !urecode andcode and de factode facto imagination of theimagination of themass.mass.

.. #indi is the only National 0anguage of ndia./#indi is the only National 0anguage of ndia./


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'ed contraA %s per the eighth schedule, there'ed contraA %s per the eighth schedule, there

are B= more national /anguages in the eighthare B= more national /anguages in the eighthschedule.schedule.

@. Kcial 0anguage/, and even National@. Kcial 0anguage/, and even National

0anguage/ are popularly translated and called0anguage/ are popularly translated and calledas Ra!bhaSa/. %hese two terms are oftenas Ra!bhaSa/. %hese two terms are oftenused synonymously.used synonymously.

'ed contraA Tough there is no de facto raja or'ed contraA Tough there is no de facto raja or+ing in our countr$, the concept of Raj or+ing in our countr$, the concept of Raj or

d$nest$ is still in vogue. Thus #:cial languaged$nest$ is still in vogue. Thus #:cial languageis translated as rajbhasa! and it is e3uatedis translated as rajbhasa! and it is e3uatedwith Cational /anguage. Popular notion is thatwith Cational /anguage. Popular notion is thatthere is onl$ one Cational /anguage, i.e. 1indi.there is onl$ one Cational /anguage, i.e. 1indi.

=. #indi*spea"ers are highest in numberL.=. #indi*spea"ers are highest in numberL.


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Sed contraSed contraA Co one e9cept a linguistA Co one e9cept a linguist

3uestions how the number is3uestions how the number ise9aggerated. %t least JB E(languages,e9aggerated. %t least JB E(languages,

which are often referred to as dialects ofwhich are often referred to as dialects of

1indi )e.g. Pahari, 2hattisgari,1indi )e.g. Pahari, 2hattisgari,

5undel+handi, Maithili, 5hojpuri , Magahi5undel+handi, Maithili, 5hojpuri , Magahi

etc.etc.

. #indi bears the authentic legacy of Sans"rit. #indi bears the authentic legacy of Sans"ritand therefore mother of all ndian languages /and therefore mother of all ndian languages /


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and therefore mother of all ndian languages. and therefore mother of all ndian languages.

his notion is often e9pressed in 1indihis notion is often e9pressed in 1indi

1aphta


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is often expressed in the discursiveis often expressed in the discursive

formation li"e Non*#indi lms are regionalformation li"e Non*#indi lms are regionallms and #indi lms are non*regionallms and #indi lms are non*regionalNational- lms. &nd also #indiNational- lms. &nd also #indiprogrammes in 7oordarshan are shown inprogrammes in 7oordarshan are shown in

the national programmes vis*a*vis other/the national programmes vis*a*vis other/languages in regional programmes in thelanguages in regional programmes in thenon*#indi area.non*#indi area.

Sed contra:Sed contra:nstigated b$ these t$pes ofnstigated b$ these t$pes ofarrangements, one ma$ thin+ that non(arrangements, one ma$ thin+ that non(

regional 1indi is above the space(time andregional 1indi is above the space(time and

thus an incarnation of supreme beingthus an incarnation of supreme being

./ASE-3./ASE-3

.OST INDUSTRIALI9ED SOCIET:.OST IND

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Erasing Pluriligulism