ErgonomicsA science that focuses on human capabilities and limitations in the design of work tasks,workstations, tools and equipment.

People Are Different

People Have Physical Limitations

People Have Emotional Limitations

Cumulative Trauma Disorders

Cumulative Trauma Disorders300,000 disorders associated with repeated trauma according to BLS.$27 billion annually in direct workers compensation costs.

Cumulative Trauma DisordersA group of musculoskeletal and nerve disorders often caused by long-term exposure to repeated,forceful, awkward movements of the limbs and/or joints.These injuries occur slowly over time and frequently affect the upper extremities and back.

Types of Cumulative Trauma DisordersTendonitisCarpal Tunnel SyndromeCubital Tunnel SyndromeEpicondylitisThoracic Outlet SyndromeDeQuervains Disease

Symptoms of Cumulative Trauma Disorders DiscomfortPainSwellingNumbnessPins and NeedlesReduced range of motionLoss of strength

Costs to the EmployerInsurance PremiumsMedical CostsAbsenteeism/TurnoverRe-TrainingDecrease in ProductionDecrease in Quality

Costs to the EmployeesPain/SufferingStressLoss of ability to workLoss of wagesLoss of ability to enjoy life

Indicators of Need

Indicators of NeedEmployee Generated ChangeManual Material HandlingSeasonal HiringDownsizingOver-timeIncentive Programs

Indicators of NeedComplaintsAbsenteeismTurnoverAccident TrendsPoor QualityDecrease in Production

Why Now?

Ergonomics Program Management GuidelinesFor Meatpacking Plants

Meatpacking Guidelines Program ElementsWorkplace AnalysisHazard Prevention and ControlMedical ManagementEducation and Training

Management Commitment and Employee Involvement

Management CommitmentWritten policies and proceduresResources to support programAssign and communicate responsibilitiesProvide adequate authorityAccountabilityVisibility

Employee ParticipationProvide suggestionsParticipate in inspections and JHAsActively participate in trainingReport hazards immediatelyBecome involved in committeesWork safely

Workplace Analysis

Objectives of Workplace AnalysisIdentifies existing hazards and conditions, operations that create hazards, and areas where hazards may develop.

Risk Factors

Risk FactorsThe conditions of a job that contribute to the risk of developing CTDs.Presence of risk factors does not indicate that injuries are going to occur.

Posture

Awkward PostureDeviations from neutral positions.The greater the degree of deviation, the higher the risk.

Awkward PostureChanging or altering the tool or equipmentMoving or changing the orientation of the part or work surfaceChanging the position of the worker

Static/Sustained PostureWhen a worker must maintain an unsupported position for an extended period of time.Identification of risk through observation

End Range PostureRefers to moving a joint as far as it will go or close to its maximum.Stress is on the muscles,tendons and ligaments as they are stretched to end range.

Forceful Exertions

Forceful ExertionsThe amount of work the joints,muscles, and tendons must do to perform the task.The higher the force, the more risk of fatigue, loss of strength, and injury to muscles, tendons and joints.

Forceful ExertionsMaintain neutral postureReduce the force Spread the force Maintain toolsPower with motors not musclesReduce the weightAdd hand holds

RepetitionRefers to a task or series of motions performed over andover again with very little variation.

RepetitionAutomation MechanizationJob RotationTask EnlargementFrequent breaks

Contact Stress

Contact StressAn outside force coming in contact with the soft or unprotected part of the employees body.The amount of damage is dependent on the sensitivity of the exposed body part.

Vibration

VibrationDamage to blood vesselsIncreased muscle fatigueDamage to spineVision problemsHeadachesInsomnia

VibrationReduce the vibration/modify speed Equipment maintenanceVehicle suspension systems Reduced exposure Rest breaksAdequate padding/absorption system Education

Environmental

Environmental FactorsTemperatureNoiseLightingAir Quality

Parts of a Workplace AnalysisGathering InformationBaseline Screening SurveysJob Hazard AnalysisFollow-ups

Gathering InformationOSHA Form 200Medical RecordsInsurance RecordsSafety RecordsPersonnel Records

Baseline Screening SurveysShould be conducted on all jobs showing potential ergonomic risk exposure.Identifies jobs that place workers at risk of developing CTDs.

Job Hazard AnalysisSelect the jobStep by Step BreakdownIdentification of HazardsRecommendationsImplementationFollow-up

Periodic ReviewUnnoticed risk factorsFailures in engineering and/or work practice controls

Hazard Prevention and Control Design of the Work StationDesign of the Work TaskDesign of the Tools/Equipment

Design for Adjustability

Design for Extremes

Engineering ControlsThe preferred methodMakes the job fit the personWorkstation Design/modificationWork Method Design/modificationTool/Equipment Design/modification

Work Practice ControlsProcedures for safe workInstruction in proper work techniquesTraining and conditioningMaintenance schedulesMonitoringEnforcementFeedback

Administrative ControlsMeant to reduce the duration, frequency and severity of exposures.Decreasing production ratesLimiting overtimeProvide rest breaksJob RotationTask enlargementIncrease number of employees

Personal Protective EquipmentAssess your hazardsProvide in a variety of sizesShould not contribute to extreme postures and excessive forces.Braces, splints, back belts, and other similar devices are not PPE.

Medical Management

Purpose of Medical ManagementTo eliminate or reduce the risk of injuries through early identification and treatment.To prevent future problems through rehabilitation and training.

Medical Management Program ElementsAccurate injury and illness recordingEarly recognition and reportingConservative treatment/ReferralMonitoringBaseline Health AssessmentLight-Duty/Restricted Duty

Education and Training

Education and TrainingTo ensure that employees are informed about the ergonomic hazards to which they might be exposed, and therefore able to participate in their own protection.

Education and TrainingGeneral TrainingJob Specific TrainingManagers and SupervisorsMaintenance Personnel

ObjectivesDescribe the elements of an effective ergonomic program.Describe the impact of workplace design on the development ergonomic disorders.Recommend workplace improvements to reduce risk factors.

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