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06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Nonrenewable EnergyResources
andEnergy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy
Environmental Engineering Class
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Nonrenewable Energy Resources
• Definition• Evaluating Energy resources• Oil• Natural Gas• Coal• Nuclear Energy
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Energy is the Ability To Do WorkAll of these sources provide us the energy we need to live
our busy lives.
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Definition: Non-renewableEnergy Resource
Non-renewable energy resource: an energy resourcethat is not replaced or is replaced only very slowly bynatural processes.Primary examples of non-renewable energy resourcesare the fossil fuels oil, natural gas, and coal. Fossil fuelsare continually produced by the decay of plant and animal matter, but the rate of their production isextremely slow, very much slower than the rate at whichwe use them. Any non-renewable energy resources thatwe use are not replaced in a reasonable amount of time (our lifetime, our children's lifetime,...) and are thusconsidered "used up", not available to us again.
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Different Sources of Energy:
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
The Different Sources of Energy
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Sources of Energy in Mexico
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Sources of Energy in Germany
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
World‘s Energy Consumption
1 Watt is approximately 3.41 BTU/h1000 BTU/h is approximately 293 W
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
U.S. Energy Consumption
With only 4.6% of the population in 2002 the U.S. used 26% of theworld‘s commercial energy. This is more energy than the toal usedthe next four largest energy consuming countries.
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Energy Consumption of Mexico
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Energy Consumption of Germany
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Oil:
Petroleum, or crude oil, is a thick liquid consisting of hundreds of combustiblehydrocarbons, along with small amounts of sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen impurities. This organic fuel was produced by theremains of plants and animals that wereburied under lake and ocean sediments 2-140 million years ago.
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Different Products beingextracted from Crude Oil:
•Gases
•Gasoline
•Aviation fuel
•Heating Oil
•Diesel Oil
•Naphtha
•Grease and Wax
•Asphalt
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
One barrel of crude oil, when refined, produces about 20 gallons of finished motor gasoline, and 7 gallons of diesel, as well as other petroleum products.
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
=>Fossil fuels like Oil need to be substituted in the future for conservationof the environment and to ensure availability of energy for all human activities
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
=>Considering theCO² Emissions Oil has an averagePollution-EnergyRatio
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Natural Gas
• Natural Gas is a fossil fuel foundunderground in gaseous State
• It ussually lies above reservoirs of CrudeOil
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
=>Natural Gas is a cleaner Energysource than p.e. Oil but it still conributes to thedecay of theenvironment
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Coal
• Coal is a fossil fuel formed in severalstages as buried remains of land plantsthat lived 300-400 million years ago weresubjected to intense heat and pressureover many millions of years. Coal containssmall amounts of sulfur, released into theatmosphere as it is burned. Traceamounts of mercury and radioactivematerials are also released.
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Carbon is widelyused as an electricity producingfuel, but it is also a very large source of the worlds airpollution, however, projects are still being developed forcoal burninggeneration plantsworldwide.
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Synthetic Fuels:Synthetic fuel or synfuel is anyliquid fuel obtained from coal, natural gas, or biomass.
=>plays a minor role as an energyresource
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Reaction: • Inside the reactor of an atomic power plant,
uranium atoms are split apart in a controlledchain reaction. In a chain reaction, particlesreleased by the splitting of the atom go off and strike other uranium atoms splitting those. Thoseparticles given off split still other atoms in a chain reaction. In nuclear power plants, controlrods are used to keep the splitting regulated so itdoesn't go too fast.
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
=>Biggest Disadvantage of NuclearPower is radioactive Waste and itslong-term storage
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Energy Efficiency and RenewableEnergy
• Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency• Ways to Improve Efficiency• Solar Energy• Water• Wind• Car Technologies
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Video
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Importance of Improving EnergyEfficiency
• Definition: It is the percentage of total energy input into an energy conversiondevice that does useful work. And it‘s notconverted to low quality, essentiallyuseless heat.
• Improving this efficiency involves usingless energy to do more useful work.
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
=>43% of the energyis unnecessarily lost!
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
=> The Advantage of using Solar Power Technology for SpaceHeating is obvious.
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Heat Loss to the environmentcaused by insufficient insulation:
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Superinsulated House:=>Little or no
need for a backupheatingsystem
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Net Energy Efficiency for Heating:
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Two Kinds of Solar Heating:
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Using Solar Cells to provideElectricity:
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Hydropower:
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Hydropower in Germany:
Turbine Hall of a Hydropower Plant in Southern Germany
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Hydropower in Mexico• There are 21 government
Hydropower damsoperating in the country
• They add close to 10% of the total electricgeneration of the country(without counting theprivate dams)
“El cajon“ The newest hydro-electric dam, which has a capacityof 750 MW. Located in the state of Nayarit.
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Wind Power:
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Windpower generation in Mexico
• Wind farm in La Venta, Oaxaca : 105 wind turbines, with a capacity of 84.875 MW
• One wind turbine operating in Southern Baja California, with a .6 MW Capacity
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Distribution of Windparks in Germany =>
Windpark in Mecklenburg Vorpommern, North-East of Germany
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Windpower Generation in Germany
• Germany is the leading producer of wind power, with28% of the total world capacity in 2006 and a total outputof 38.5 TWh in 2007 (6.3% of German electricity);
• The official target is for renewable energy to meet 12.5% of German electricity needs by 2010 — this target maybe reached ahead of schedule.
• Germany has 18,600 wind turbines, mostly in the northof the country — including three of the biggest in theworld, constructed by the companies Enercon (6 MW), Multibrid (5 MW) and Repower (5 MW). Germany'sSchleswig-Holstein province generates 36% of its powerwith wind turbines.
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Development of Installed Windpower in Germany and Europe
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Car Technologies:
• Hybrid Cars• Hydrogen-Hybrid• Bio-Ethanol / Methanol
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Hybrid Car:
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Toyota Prius:
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Toyota Prius:
CombustionEngine on the left side; ElectricalEnginepowered byBatteries
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Hydrogen-Hybrid Car:A hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle that uses hydrogen as its on-board fuel formotive power. The term may refer to a personal transportation vehicle, such as an automobile, or any other vehicle that uses hydrogen in a similarfashion, such as an aircraft. The power plants of such vehicles convert thechemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical energy (torque) in one of twomethods:combustion, or electrochemical conversion in a fuel-cell:
In combustion, the hydrogen is burned in engines in fundamentally the samemethod as traditional gasoline cars.
In fuel-cell conversion, the hydrogen is reacted with oxygen to produce waterand electricity, the latter of which is used to power an electric traction motor.
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Principle of the Hydrogen-Cell:
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
Hydrogen Combustion Principle: BMW Clean Energy
left: filler neck of a BMWfor hydrogenright: filler neck for fuel
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
BMW CleanEnergy vehicles• BMW CleanEnergy vehicles have both a hydrogen and a petrol
tank. If one of the tanks is empty, the bivalent BMW engine unitswitches over automatically to the other fuel system.
• One decisive advantage of the combustion engine is bivalence. Itenables both hydrogen and petrol to be used, thus creating the ideal conditions for a transition from non-regenerative to regenerative drive energies.
• During electrolysis water is split into its components of hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is stored and the oxygen is needed in thevehicle for the combustion of the hydrogen. The combustion processgenerates energy and water as a waste product, which returns to the natural water cycle. And so with the aid of regenerative energysuppliers, an emission-free fuel is obtained.
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
The main difference of Bio-Fuelsto regular Gasoline is that theyare renewable and therefore notlimited by amount available.
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz
06.05.2008 Presentation by Jose Pablo de Castilla and Florian Schmalz