Europe Industry and Urbanization

1750 - 1900

Unit Outline

• Revolution in Industry–Cause– Impact (including social themes)–Response

• Urbanization• Realism and Romanticism

New Terms(write the down)

• Proletariat – – Working class

• Bourgeoisie – – Wealthy middle class that have

accumulated wealth through working; use that wealth to invest in charter companies and joint-stock companies via the BOURSE, a kind of stock exchange.

Industrial Revolution?

• Industrial – yes• Revolution – no• Not a violent, drastic change, BUT, it

has larger effect on Europe (and that’s what we focus on in this class for the AP test) than the French Revolution

Industrial Revolution

• Began in Britain (representative of other nations who will industrialize)

• Spread elsewhere quickly via new communication and transportation

• Four “factors of production” necessary for industrialization:– Land-– Labor-– Capital-– Entrepreneurship-

Agricultural Revolution (part II)

• New crops (potatoes, corn) introduced (so what?)

• Farmers rotated crops (so what?)• Enclosure movement privatized land

(so what?)• New Machines and Fertilizers

developed (so what?)• Why is this slide here?

Answer : Industrial and Agricultural Revolutions are Connected

(can you figured out why?)

Technological Innovations of the “First” Industrial Revolution:

Textiles, Railroads, Iron and Coal• Spinning Jenny• Water Frame• Cotton Gin• Steam Engine

– Factory power– Steamships– Locomotives (marriage of iron and coal)

How and Why did the locomotive change society?• Drivers in here? Anyone?

Wait – there’s moreSecond Industrial Revolution

• Age of steel – Bessemer’s process• Chemicals• Electricity• Petroleum• Hydroelectric power

Communication and Transportation Revolutions

• Telegraph• Telephone• Lightbulb• Internal Combustion Engine• Radio• Airplane• Dynamite

And more(another scientific revolution)

• Pasteurization• Vaccination• X-rays• Natural Selection• We could go on – but we won’t

More Improvements in Agriculture

• Chemical fertilizers• Refrigeration, railroad transport• Canning (tin)• Mechanized threshers, reapers• (necessary in Britain and Germany

where farm labor was scarce)• Farm cooperatives for small farmers

to help them purchase new equipment and fertilizer

European Industry – A Comparison

• Page 736• Who took the lead in industry in

1750?• Who is in the lead in 1913? Why

might this be?• What are the 3 leading European

industrial cities by 1913?• Who were they in 1860?

New Leaders in Industry• Britain found it difficult to implement changes of

the second industrial revolution into it’s established plants

• British investors were wary of new innovations and new industries, and did not encourage scientific or technical education

• Germany, on the other hand, being a late comer in the age of industry, built the most modern, efficient industrial plants and was eager to invest in new industries and education

The Great Economic Divide• Advanced industrial European nations that had a

high standard of living, decent transportation, healthy, educated population:– Great Britain– France– Northern Italy– West side of Austria-Hungary– Belgium– Netherlands– Germany

• Backward, non-industrialized Europe:– Southern Italy– East Austria-Hungary– Russia– Spain– Portugal– Balkan kingdoms

What About The Middle Class?

Social lines are no longer distinct or easily recognizable – The beginnings

of MASS SOCIETY(Think: Mass Production = Mass

Society)

Wealthy Elite – Aristocrats and Upper Middle Class

• Consisted of industrialists, bankers, merchants and “plutocrats” (former aristocrats who invested in industry). 73% of millionaires in 1850 came from the aristocratic class, by 1900, only 27% will be aristocrats

• Aristocrats and the wealthy upper middle class mingled – often marrying, with the upper class gaining “titles” and the aristocrats gaining cash

The New Middle Class• Make up about 20% of the population, 50-60% of the national

wealth (old aristocracy makes up about 5%, 33% of the wealth, very poor working classses make up the rest – 75-80% of the population, less than 10% of the wealth)

• Sharp divisions exited in the middle class– Upper middle class – successful industrialists, banking families

• Upper middle class– Wealthy (multiple homes, noble lifestyles– Often married into the noble aristocracy

• Solid middle class– Business professionals, moderately successful industrialists and

merchants, engineers, doctors and lawyers– Comfortable, but not excessive, wealth

• Lower Middle class– Small traders, shopkeepers and manufacturers, white-collar workers

• Lack of income taxes on the wealthy meant a large gap between the wealthy and the poor

Social Consequences: “New” Social Classes

• Pre-industry upper class– Who– What– Where– Why

• Pre-industry lower class– Who– What– Where – Why

• Industrial Age upper class– Who– What– Where– Why

• Industrial Age lower class– Who– What– Where – Why

Middle Class Culture – How the Diverse Middle Class was

Thinly United• Ate well (use of servants), housed well,

dressed well – department stores carried cheaper clothing

• Advanced education was growing expenses and was highly encouraged as a way to get ahead

• CODE OF EXPECTED BEHAVIOR– Christian morality, hard work, discipline and

personal achievement stressed– Emulated by the Aristocratic and Working

classes

Era of the Middle Class• The family was the central institution - men worked outside the

home and women, having fewer children and household servants, had more domestic leisure time which they were expected to use constructively:– British “Victorians” fostered the idea of family togetherness, such as

the “family Christmas” and picnics – They participated in craft and music education to help them provide

the proper home environment– In reality, however, women worked very hard to keep up the middle

class “façade”• Ideas of the late 18th century promoted the idea of a long

childhood and that their environment had a lot to do with their development; mothers were to oversee the proper development of children. New children's toys promoted education and traditional gender roles

• Sons were expected to follow in their fathers footsteps, engage in sports to “toughen them up”, and other activities promoted their role in the military and character-building (boys scouts, for example)

• Ideas of the middle class will be copied by others, especially the working class

Marriage and Family Patterns

• For the working class, romantic love replaced long courtships and mercenary love by the mid-19th century

• For middle class men, economics weighed heavily on the decision to marry therefore many married at an older age to wives much younger– Young ladies were well-supervised as parents schemed

for the proper marriage– Young boys had considerable sexual experience by the

time they were married (with maids, prostitutes) • Prostitution

– Thinking of wives in terms of money, middle and upper class men also looked at working poor women the same way and used prostitutes before and after marriage

– For working class women, prostitution was a stage of life, like domestic service, they engaged in before, but not after, marriage

Working Class Recreation and Leisure

• Consumption of alcohol a favorite pastime– Seen as the curse of the modern age– Women engaged in social drinking with men– Heavy drinking seen as socially unacceptable by the upper working

classend of the 19th century• Music Halls, Vaudeville Theaters (equivalent to middle class

opera/theater)– Mixed audience– Themes of social (especially marital) comedy

• Sports– Blood sports on the decline – replaced with spectator sports like

soccer and racing– Gambling (encouraged literacy!)

• Religious zeal of later 18th century carried over into the 19th century, however church attendance for the urban masses declines– Construction of Churches had slowed– Politically conscience urban working poor associated the church with

the “old order”– Religion was seen as socially restrictive

Mid-Century Change

• Illegitimacy explosion continued through 1850 (1 in 3 children were illegitimate)

• After 1850 – more babies will be born to married women again (though many brides were pregnant)– The working classes economic

conditions improve, men were more likely to marry

– Cheap condoms and diaphragms were developed during the industrial age

Working Class Recreation and Leisure

• Consumption of alcohol a favorite pastime– Seen as the curse of the modern age– Women engaged in social drinking with men– Heavy drinking seen as socially unacceptable by the upper working

classend of the 19th century• Music Halls, Vaudeville Theaters (equivalent to middle class

opera/theater)– Mixed audience– Themes of social (especially marital) comedy

• Sports– Blood sports on the decline – replaced with spectator sports like

soccer and racing– Gambling (encouraged literacy!)

• Religious zeal of later 18th century carried over into the 19th century, however church attendance for the urban masses declines– Construction of Churches had slowed– Politically conscience urban working poor associated the church with

the “old order”– Religion was seen as socially restrictive

Industry and Gender• Women and children made up a large population

of workers in the factories• By 1850, jobs of husbands and wives became

distinct “separate spheres”:– Men became wage earners in businesses and factories– Women stayed home to manage the household– The “family” economy of the cottage industry declined– Only poor families expected women to work outside the

homes, and equal or well-paying jobs were not available• Women were subordinated to men in their homes

and society– Women had few legal rights– Education discrimination was the norm

Women’s Work• After 1870, the growth of white

collar jobs provided more opportunities for women, including secretaries, clerks, teachers, nurses

• Rural, naïve working-class girls were sometimes drawn into prostitution for a short time, which was licensed and regulated by the government

Working Women• Following in the footsteps of Wollstonecraft (18th

century), by the late 19th century middle-class feminist movements picked up speed– Campaigned for legal, professional and education rights

• Working class women often joined Marxist, socialist movements to gain rights for the working class as a whole

• Late 19th century success– 1882 – English women receive property rigs and more

women had professional, white collar opportunities in the workplace

• Working class women were also domestic servants– Dangers still evident (overwork, abuse)– Marriage prospects were better– Training ground for life as a wife and mother

At Home

• “Cult of Domesticity”– Women pampered their husbands– Women tried to create a warm shelter for her

family– This ideology was seen in the “Victorian Age”

of England• Middleclass women had substantial

control in the home– Women usually controlled money making and

child-rearing decisions (both time-consuming)– Working outside the home was rejected by

most women

Seurat – Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande

Jatte

Children• Mothers and fathers continued to bond

with their children• Fewer children were born by parents

because they wanted to adequately take care of them

• Middle class families sought to limit the number of children to improve their economic position in society, as well as properly care for their children

• Fewer children were sent to foundling homes

• By 1870, couples averaged 4 children, by 1920 – 2 children

Factory System

• efficiency (cough) – *division of labor– *interchangeable parts

• new products (choke)– *more variety, cheaper!

• BIG money (gag)– *mass production of goods– *mass wealth to be had at the expense

of the workers

Conditions in Factories

• Dark and polluted• Dangerous, especially to children• Monotonous work• Low (or no) pay• No benefits

What Should Be Done About the Conditions in

Factories?

New Economic/Social Philosophies

(some you have seen before)• Adam Smith,in Wealth of Nations,

proposed:• Influential “others” (enlightened

aristocrats and middle class) proposed reform:– Blake– Wordsworth– Luddites

• Friedrich Ingles, in The Condition of the Working Class, proposed:

• Karl Marx, in The Communist Manifesto, proposed:

Outcome

• Opinion 1 – Reform the System– Factory Act of 1833, Mines Act of 1824– Unionize– Women’s suffrage– Migration

• Opinion 2 – Abolish the System – Socialism– Revolution (more on that later)

Urbanization – A By-Product of Industrialization

• Conditions – bad housing, lack of sanitation, infectious diseases, densely populated

• Causes:– Pressure of growing populations and

the absence of transportation– Government intervention was slow– ignorance

Population Growth• Between 1850 and 1880, population

increase was due to a rising birthrate, however after 1880 it was due to a lower death rate

• Medical discoveries and environment stand out as two main reasons

• In the cities, population almost doubled in Britain and France, and almost tripled in Germany

• Other demographic shifts include people emigrating:– out of poorly industrialized to industrialized

regions– from Austria-Hungary due to minority

persecution– from Russia due to religious persecution

(Jews)

Reform• 1842 – Edwin Chadwick connects disease to

filthy conditions in English cities• Public health laws become the responsibility of

governments, clean water is a main goal of reform

• Urban planning improves by 1850– Napoleon III rebuilds France in 20 years – it becomes a

model for other European cities• Wider streets• Walls were replaced by large boulevards with office

buildings, opera houses, etc (attractive to the middle class)• Parks, museums• Improved sewer systems and aqueducts

• Mass transit (street cars) allows for the development of better housing outside of the city

Romanticism

• Emerged at the end of the 18th century

• Challenged enlightened ideas preoccupied with reason (rejects Post-classical ideology/art), by emphasizing emotion, intuition, feeling and imagination as a source for knowing

Realism• Openly rejects Romanticism, preferring to deal

with ordinary characters in real life rather than romantic heroes in unusual settings

• Realism will be replaced later in the era by “Impressionism” (rejects Realism).

• Define:– Romanticism, Realism and Impressionism– Research one artist for each era and print/copy a

picture of one of their most famous (or your personal favorite) works. Write a short critique of the artwork, describing how it reflects Romanticism, Realism or Impressionism

– Research one writer (each) of Romantic and Realist literature. List one piece of literature they wrote and what it was about. Write a short critique of the artwork, describing how it reflects Romanticism or Realism

Global Consequences : Industry and Imperialism

(You Can’t Separate the Two)• Wanted: natural resources• Idea: Stealing is cheaper than dealing

– Establish colonies and take resources without compensating the natives

– While we’re at it – destroy the local culture, landscape and pollute the environment

– Bring resources back to the factories at home– Make and then sell manufactured goods back

to colonies and elsewhere– Make BIG BUCKS

MORE ON THIS LATER

The Industrial Revolution Will IMPACT EVERYTHING!

• Politically by….

• Socially by….

• Economically by.…