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Europe Looks Outward 800 - 1300
We see more and farther than they...because we are elevated and supported by their great stature.
- John of Salisbury d. 1180
Medieval Climate Optimum
- ca. 850 - 1300
Carolingian Renaissance
Serfdom declines in Western Europe- “yeomen”
B. England
1. Norman Conquest 1066- Anglo-Saxons- William the Conqueror
2. Medieval cash cow- shire reeves
Magna Carta 1215
II. Medieval life
Rage for order….
Pressure to build stronger states vs. Nobility
Church
The Crusades: Clash of Civilizations
A. City life
1. Urban Italy - part of Byzantine Empire
2. Urban social orders- merchants, craftsmen
- “class,” not hereditary obligations
3. Alternative to feudal orders- tweaking of theology
B. Aristotelianism (New Logic)
1. Resurgent dialectic Gerbert of AurillacPope Sylvester II
empiricism and faith
- transubstantiation substance v. attribute
2. Thomas Aquinas 1225-1274
- Summa 1265
- dialectical / rational proof of God
- “universal”
Reason supports universal truth
C. Scholasticism
1. Towns replacing monasteries- universitas
2. Peter Abelard- education, logic key to understanding
- academic star
Peter & Heloise
A. The Plantagenets
1. Henry of Anjou (II) r. 1154-1189Angevin Empire
2. Legal reform- Norman Conquest- feudalism weakened- “circuit” courts
3. Eleanor of Aquitaine 1124-1202- dowry and power- Crusader- married 2 kings- mother of 2 kings
Troubadours
“courtly love”
Cult of Chivalry
B. Rambunctious nobility
1. Running out of fiefs- primogeniture
2. Peace of God / Truce of God - Chivalry
C. Church v. state
1. Otto the Great r. 936-973Holy Roman Empire
2. Problem of inheritance - investiture
3. Cluny & the Cluniacs 910
- Gregory VII 1073-1085“Gregorian Revolution”
4. Investiture Controversy 1075
B. Third Crusade 1189-1192
1. Saladin 1138-1193- unified Muslims
1. King’s CrusadeRichard Coeur de LionFrederick BarbarossaPhilip Augustus
C. Consequences
1. Church & state
1. Moral authority- 1212 “Children’s Crusade”
1. Byzantine fall- 1204 sack of Constantinople
1.Things to come- reacquainted Western Europeans with Eastern goods, classical learning
- “stalemate” allows for trade, pilgrimages
- Euro rivalries