European HistoryPowerPoint Presentation

Rise of Absolutism in France-

Enlightenment

Rise of Absolutism in France

King Henry IV to Louis XIV

Henry IV(r. 1598-1610)

Henry of Navarre, first Bourbon to wear French Crown, became King in 1598 after Wars of Religion

Began process of reestablishing power of monarchy

Converted to Catholicism but gave Edict of Nantes-limited toleration to Hugenots

Duke of Sully(1560-1641)

Henry IV’s finance minister

Tax-exempt nobility and clergy

Sent royal officials to provinces to deal with local government-reduced power of nobility

Prosperity of French economy and financial strength of monarchy

King Louis XIII(r. 1610-1643)

Henry IV assasinated

Mother, Marie de Medicis, was regent for Louis XIII

She arranged marriage with Spanish Princess and dismissed Sully

Cardinal Richelieu(1585-1642)

1621-became Louis XIII’s chief minister

With the strong support of the king, he developed and executed policies designed to reassert royal control over the nobility, destroy the political privileges of Hugenots, and increase French power in Europe

Cardinal Richelieu’s Policies

Reduced power of nobility by establishing office of intendant-royal officials into provinces

Appointed more middle class to royal administration

1629-deprived Hugenots the right to hold fortified cities, but preserved freedom to practice religion

Revived traditional French opposition to the Hapsburgs

King Louis XIV(r. 1643-1715)

Only 5 years old when he became king

Regent-queen Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin

Cardinal Mazarin(1602-1661)

Succeeded Richelieu in 1642Continued policies of both domestic & foreign affairsAfter 30 Years’ War, France remained at war with Spanish Hapsburgs & acquired part of Spanish Netherlands

The Fronde

From 1648-1653, it involved a series of rebellions against royal power by nobility and townspeople

Began June 1648 when Parlement of Paris objected to Mazarin’s financial policy

Led to infighting among nobility

Represented threat to crown’s power and its failure showed success of Cardinals to withstand nobility’s opposition

Personal Rule of Louis XIV(1661-1715)

Absolute Monarch “L’etat c’est moi” (I am the state)

1660-married Marie Therese, daughter of King Philip IV of Spain

Distrusted nobility (esp. after Fronde) and destroyed their power

Middle class to royal office by selling titles

Versailles

Louis XIV’s palace

Located outside of Paris

The “Sun King”

Louis XIV surrounded by servants, courtiers, and French nobility

Also area of political decisions

Wars of Louis XIVThe War of Devolution

The Dutch WarThe War of the League of AugsburgThe War of the Spanish Succession

The War of Devolution(1667-1668)

Began with French invasion of the Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comte (also Spanish possession) on France’s eastern border

The Triple Alliance of England, Holland, and Sweden intervened to force Louis to withdraw

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) awarded France part of Spanish Neterlands

The Dutch War(1672-1678)

Louis XIV broke up Triple Alliance by signing Treaty of Dover with King Charles II of England (1670)Louis invaded Holland (1672)William of Orange defended country by opening dikes, flooding HollandPeace of Nijmegen (1678-79) France gained Franche-Comte and more of Spanish Netherlands

The War of the League of Augsburg(1688-1697)

Nine Years’ WarEfforts of Louis XIV to push France’s frontier to northeast into territory along Rhine RiverWilliam of Orange (King William III of England) formed new alliance against FranceTreaty of Ryswick-deprived Louis of most of his gains though France kept Alsace.

The War of the Spanish Succession(1701-1714)

Last of Louis XIV’s wars-longest & hardeestEngland played majo role in war against Louis XIVDuke of Marlborough joined with Prince Eugene of Savoy to defeat French in 1704France signed Peace of Utrecht (1713)Recognized Philip of Anjou as King Philip V but none of his successorsFrance lost number of coloniesElector of Brandenburg-King of Prussia

Britain’s Constitutional Struggle Between

Parliament and the Stuarts

(1603-1714)

King James I

First of Stuart kings, formerly King James VI of Scotland

Insisted on divine right & rejected traditional English Parliamentary government

King James’ PoliciesConducted foreign affairs without consulting Parliament

Establish alliance with Catholic Spain

Ardent AnglicanDistrusted Presbyterianism

Problems against Catholics

Wrote King James Bible

Conflict between the King and ParliamentWhen James asked Parliament to approve taxes, Parliament demanded that king recognize authority

King James increased income without Parliament’s approval

King Charles I (r. 1625-1649)More inflexible and inept than James IParliament passed Petition of RightRuled England from 1629-1640 w/o ParliamentShip money taxesSupported Archbishop Laud-strict observance of Anglican doctrine

Petition of Right

Passed by ParliamentKing signed in exchange for moneyKing could not…

Levy taxes without approval of ParliamentImpose forced loans on his subjectsDeclare Martial law in peacetimeImprison citizens without trialQuarter troops in private homes

However…King usually ignored these rules

Revolt in Scotland

Revolt against Charles I

1637-English government ordered Anglican worship in Presbyterian churches of Scotland

1638 Solemn League and Covenant-pledged to defend Calvinist religion

1639 Scots rose to revolt

Short LongParliament Parliament

Charles I desperately needed $ to suppress Scottish revolt

Called Parliament into session 1640

Lasted only 3 weeks

Dissolved Parliament when it insisted on tax approval and Protestantism

1640-Scots defeated Charles I’s army (Newburn)

King’s need for $ more desperate

Met in 1640, not dissolved until 1653

Impeached Earl of Strafford and Archbishop Laud

Conflict with the King

Long ParliamentBarred king from levying taxes without approval

Passed acts-Parliament should meet at least every 3 years

Limited King’s power to dissolve Parliament

Grand Remonstrance (1641)Political and Religious grievances against king

Outbreak of Civil WarSummer of 1642Puritans and Roundheads v. King

1643 Roundhead-alliance with ScotlandRoundheads led by Oliver CromwellNew Model Army (Ironsides) defeated the Cavaliers at Marston Moor and Naseby

Pride’s Purge and the Rump ParliamentAbolish monarchy, House of the Lords, and Anglican churchOrdered Charles to be tried for treason

1649 Charles I beheaded

Oliver Cromwell- Commonwealth & Protectorate

Commonwealth sought to reestablish order in England

Restricted freedom of Anglicans & Catholics

Enforced public morality strictly

Aggressive foreign policy-war with Holland & Spain

His conflicts and endCrushed radicals

Dissolved Council of State and Rump Parliament

Replaced them with Barebone’s Parliament

“Lord Protector”: one-man rule supported by army

When Cromwell died, his son Richard succeeded but resigned

King Charles II

Restored in 1660 by General George Monk because failure of Republican gov’t

No attempt to reestablish royal absolutism

Generally avoided conflicts with Parliament

Charles II’s Policies

ReligionClarendon Code-reestablished Church of England

Placed restrictions on Roman Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants (Nonconformists)

Foreign Policy1665-7 war against Dutch

Accepted subsides from King Louis XIV, supported French in war against Dutch

King James II (r. 1685-1688)

Succeeded brother Charles II (1685)

Attempted to impose royal absolutism & promote restoration of Roman Catholicism

Issued Declaration of Liberty of Conscience- granted religious freedom

The Glorious Revolution: William and Mary

Whigs and Tories joined to drive James from the throne

William of Orange (Protestant son-in-law of James II) became William III of England

James fled to France

William III ruled with his wife, Mary

Important Policies of William and Mary

The Bill of RightsParliament required W&M to accept it

Guaranteed Parliament freedom of speech and immunity from prosecution in debate

King barred from levying taxes w/o approval

Could not maintain standing army or interfere in Parliamentary elections

Right of trial by jury guaranteed

Frequent meetings of Parliament

Some more important policies…

Toleration Act (1689)Some freedom of worship to Nonconformists

Restricted on office holding

Provision for the successionCrown passed on to James II’s daughter, Anne

After Anne’s death, crown passed to Sophia, granddaughter of James I (electress of German state of Hanover)

The Development of Parliamentary Government

The CabinetMinisters who developed policies and directed the conduct of government affairs

The Prime MinisterRobert Walpole

Leader of the cabinet

The Declining Powersof Europe

Poland

HRE-Spanish Hapsburgs

Ottoman Empire

POLAND

The fall of Poland

Poland is a Republic, even though they have a kingNo strong central bureaucracyDiverse populationsHad robots/serfs-feudalismLocated between ambitious countries

More reasons

Polish liberties-Liberun veto (anyone could veto a legislative measure they did not like)Exploding diet (legislature)Entry of foreign governments on Poland because kings were from other countriesJohn Sobiesky is the only king from Poland

The Ottoman Empire

The fall of the Ottoman Empire

Division by religionTheocracy

Christians could worship if they paid tribute

People who were not Muslim were restricted from certain offices

Army is weakMade up of mercenaries and jansenaries (men taken from war when young boys)

More reasons

Lost a lot of territory to Russia and Austria, the surrounding countries because they want to control Vulcan sea

Absence of national diets

Spanish Hapbsburgs

The fall of the Spanish Hapsburgs

Huge territory of land300 small kingdoms

Localism/regionalism

Fragmented, disconnected

Emperor is elected, so has no power

Diet- princes sat by religion

More reasons

1/3 of civilian population died in 30 Year’s War

Commercial strength disappeared

Lost vitality in Middle Class

Each state sovereign, can make its own treaties

Heterogeneous population

Religious divisions

Loyalty divisions

Economic hardship

The Rising Powers in Europe

In Central and Eastern Europe, three major powers

—Austria, Prussia, & Russia—

emerged.

The Emergence of Austria

Leopold I (r. 1657-1705)Successfully resisted Ottoman Empire and King Louis XIVImposed his authority over Hungary’s Magyar aristocracyVictory over French at Battle of Blenheim confirmed Austria’s position as one of greatest powers of Europe

Charles VI (r. 1711-1740)

Succeeded Joseph I (who succeeded Leopold I) in 1711

Holy Roman emperor and ruler of Austria

Failed to produce male heirPragmatic Sanction (1713)

Provided for inheritance of Hapsburg holdings by daughter, Maria Theresa

Sought to win support of nobility and great powers of Europe

Maria TheresaLost Silesia to PrussiaDefended other Austrian Hapsburg domainsCreated centralized bureaucracy to control local affairsGerman became official languageTaxes imposed on nobility and clergyEstablished state control over Roman Catholic Church

Joseph IIMaria Theresa’s sonElected Holy Roman emperor on father’s death (1765)Enlightened despotism – program of reformsGoal: increase crown’s authority over diverse domains and establish royal power over church and nobility

Joseph II’s Reforms

Catholic ChurchGranted limited religious toleration to other Christians

Abolished hundreds of monasteries, covenants & confiscated land from the church

Revenues to church now went to state

Reduced power of papacy in Austria

Made bishops swear obedience to ruler

Other reforms by Joseph II

Eliminated many internal tariffs

Encouraged road building and improvements in river transportation

Freed the serfs in Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, and Transylvania

Abolished the robot- which obliged peasants to perform services to nobility- and replaced with tax

Leopold II and the End of Reform

Saw the turmoil that Joseph’s reforms had created

Repealed most of Joseph’s reforms to conciliate the nobility

Serfdom, feudal obligations, & robot remained in effect (until 1848)

The Emergence of Prussia

The Emergence of Prussia

The Hohenzollern family

1415-began to rule as electors of Brandenburg in North Germany

Gradually increased their holdings

Confronted with task of bringing scattered lands together to form united state

Frederick William, the Great Elector

Reigned 1640-1688

After the Hohenzollern domains were devastated by 30 Years’ War

Reduced autonomy of the Junkers (nobility) and the estates (nobility’s assemblies)

Frederick William’s Alliance with the Junkers

Frederick William recruited members of nobility to serve in civil service and as army officers

Let Junkers have complete control of serfs

Had an alliance with aristocracy instead of opposing it

Taxed nobility to support army

Frederick I (r. 1688-1713)

Enjoyed living in luxury

During war of the Spanish Succession, he supported the Hapsburg Holy Roman emperor

Became King in Prussia

Frederick William I (r. 1713-1740)

Austerity, strict economies, and sound managementKnown as Drill Master or Sergeant KingDoubled sized of Prussian army between 1713-1740Nobility-army officersAvoided war; just sign of Prussian power and unity

Frederick the Great(r. 1740-1786)

Frederick IIInvaded Silesia in 1740Began War of the Austrian SuccessionRetained Silesia in 7 Years’ WarEnlightened despot-wanted to increase power of Prussian monarchy

The Emergence of Russia

The Romanovs

Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)

Became tsar at age 10Ruled with sickly brother, Ivan VVisited Western Europe and was impressedMoved to establish control over boyars, promote economic development, centralize administration, and extend control over Russian Orthodox Church

Peter the Great’s WesternizationNobility serve in civil service or military

Clean-shaven apparel

Economic development-learn skills from Western Europe

Subsidies for industries

Created college and Senate

Controlled Russian Orthodox Church

Wars of Peter the Great

Attempt to gain territory on Black Sea and Baltic

Fought against Ottoman Empire and Sweden

Captured Black Sea in 1696

Victory over SwedenBattle of Poltava

Peace of Nystad (1721) Russia got many provinces on Baltic

However….

1. Peter the Great hostile to son, Alexis

2. Imprisoned Alexis in 1718

3. Alexis died

4. Peter the Great failed to name his successor

Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796)

German princess from Pomerania

Succeeded Peter the Great

Admired reform ideas of Enlightenment

Legislative Commission formed, but dismissed in 1768

Charter of the Nobility (1785) rewarded nobility of certain rights

The Scientific Revolution

By early 17th century, exciting new developments were under way in astronomy and physical sciences

How it started

People began to question the ancient view of the Universe

Saw obvious problems in Ptolemaic system

Planets could be observed moving in noncircular patterns around the Earth

Is Earth really the center of the universe?

The Revolution in Astronomy

New Ideas

Nicolaus Copernicus

Heliocentric Theory

Tycho Brahe

Astronomical Discoveries

New Ideas

Johannes Kepler

Laws of Planetary Motion

Galileo Galilei

Proof of Heliocentric Theory

New Ideas

Sir Issac Newton

Law of Universal Gravitation

Scientific Methodology and Promotion of Science

Francis Bacon

Inductive Method

Rene Descartes

Deductive Method

Creation of Scientific Societies

Academy of Experiments

Florence 1657

Established by the Medici

Royal Society for Improving Natural Knowledge

England 1662

French Academy of Science

France 1666

Berlin Academy

Germany 1701

Anatomy and Physiology

Andreas Vesalius

The Structure of the Human Body

William Harvey

On the Movement of the

Heart & Blood in Animals

Chemistry

Robert Boyle

Father of modern chemistry

Joseph Black

Proved air was made up of

several gases

Biology

Count of Buffon

French zoologist

Carolus Linnaeus

Classification of

living things

Physics

William Gilbert

Father of modern electricityBenjamin Franklin

Presence of electricity in

lightning

Social and Economic conditions in the 1700

Ancient Regime

Tradition, hierarchy, corporate feeling, and privilege

Pre-Revolutionary Europe based on…

1. Aristocratic elites possessing a wide variety of inherited legal privileges

2. Established churches intimately related to the state and aristocracy

3. Urban labor force organized into guilds

4. Rural peasantry subject to high taxes and feudal dues

Family structure

Household was basic unit of production and consumption

Small towns and cities had farms, artisans’ workshops, and small merchants’ shops

Northwestern Europe- nuclear families

Central/Eastern Europe-extended families

Family economy

Dominated life of skilled urban artisansFather usually artisan

Passed down the skill to his children

Everyone in household worked

Had a high mortality rateMany households reconstituted second-family groups that included stepchildren.

Women and Children in the Family Economy

WomenBy age 7, girl would have begun to help with household workBasic goal is to get enough dowry for marriageFound many occupations and professions closed to them

ChildrenLeft homes when they were pre-teens to look for laborWere not always welcome, many illegitimate children

Agricultural Revolution

New crops and new methodsMade farming a lot easier

Machines run by men• Women lost their jobs in the fields

Enclosure replaces open-field methodAristocrats and land owners began blocking off the fields

Prevented small farmers from tilling land

Industrial Revolution (18th century)

Production of more goods and more services than ever before in human historyOvercame the economy of scarcityRevolution in Consumption

Mass productionMachines that produced many times faster than humans

Industrial leadership in Great Britain

New Methods of Textile Production

The Spinning Jenny

The Water Frame

Other important developments

Steam EnginePromoted trade and production

Iron productionInstead of using pure iron, they used iron ore

Made product much more inexpensive and durable

Impact of Industrialization in Europe

Many women were displace in their jobs by machines

The cities grew rapidly

The development of an urban class

The rise of the middle class-merchants, tradespeople, bankers, professionals

Decline of artisans

Enlightenment

The Age of Reason

Intellectual Movement in 18th century

Spurred by Scientific Revolution

John LockeEnglish political philosopherEssay Concerning Human Understanding- All knowledge comes from experience (tabula rasa)Second Treatise of Government – social contract theory: life, liberty and property

VoltaireCritic of the Old RegimeWrote essays, letters, stories, plays to popularize ideas of EnlightenmentWas Enlightened DespotDeism-rational approach to religion Promoted tolerance

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

Rebelled against restrictions imposed by Calvinist traditionUrged reforms in education/governmentEmile- learning from direct experienceThe Social Contract- men should be free but they are in chainsPromoted democratic ideology

Baron de Montesquieu

French attorney and philosopher

Advocated establishment of constitutional monarchy in France

The Spirit of the Laws- separation of powers: executive, legislative, & judicial branches

Other developments

The Encyclopedia Written and edited by many French philosophers

Compendium of knowledge and means for spreading ideas

Law and Justice

Economic thought- “laissez faire”Economic self-interest

Physiocrat theory