Unit 5

AbsolutismEnlightenment

Scientific RevolutionDemocratic Revolutions

Absolute Monarchs Ruled by “divine right” – power

from God Pros - Increased country’s power;

economic growth; efficient, quick decisions

Cons – Costly wars; disregard for the people, taxes, social inequality, corruption

Monarchs France – Bourbon; Louis XIV – “The Sun King”; L’etat

c’est moi (I am the state); palace at Versailles Spain – Phillip II – most Catholic king; lost Spanish

Armada to England in 1588 Russia – Romanovs; Peter the Great – westernized

Russia; “windows” (ports); men shaved beards; Catherine the Great

Prussia – Hohenzollerns; Frederick the Great; expanded military

Austria – Hapsburgs – Maria Theresa, Joseph II; expanded Austria, fought Protestants

England – Tudors – Henry VIII, Elizabeth I

Absolutism - Summary Achievements – weakened the nobles,

provided strong central government, wealth and power to nations, generally furthered growth of nation states

Weaknesses – nation’s welfare depended on one person, sacrificed national well-being for personal or family interests, led nations into costly wars, disregarded the rights of the common people

Enlightenment ideas will challenge absolutism and lead to revolutions

English Revolution (Civil War) Stuart family follow popular Tudors James I and Charles I

Divine right, ruled without Parliament Parliament issues Petition of Right

No taxes w/out Parliament Can’t imprison without charge – habeas corpus No quartering of troops

Oliver Cromwell (Puritan) leads Parliament (Roundheads) to victory over Stuarts (Cavaliers); Charles beheaded!

Cromwell rules as a dictator – hated by many

England cont. Cromwell dies; Stuarts return (Restoration) Charles II and James II Reforms – pledges to observe Magna

Carta; Petition of Right; Habeas Corpus Act James II antagonizes Parliament Glorious Revolution - William and Mary

become king and queen; bloodless revolution; Bill of Rights

English Civil War Summary James I Charles I

War - Cromwell (Parliament) rules Charles II James II A “James” sandwich

Scientific & Intellectual Rev. Renaissance spirit

Questioning leads to scientific achievements Use of reason and logic (not medieval superstition) Scientific method and experimentation

Ptolemy's (geocentric) theory that planets revolve around the earth is disproved

Copernicus – earth revolves around sun (heliocentric)

Kepler – laws of planetary motion; elliptical orbit Galileo – telescope; confirmed Copernicus Newton – laws of motion and gravity

Cont. Boyle – chemistry; gases Leeuwenhoek – microscope;

discovered previously invisible world of bacteria, cells

Vesalius – dissections; science of anatomy

Harvey – blood circulation Bacon – scientific method

Enlightenment (Intellectual Revolution) Based in the Scientific Rev. and Renaissance Focus on reason, questioned governments Could apply scientific method to real life The Philosophes: John Locke – (Two Treatises of Government)

Natural rights – life, liberty, property Governments exist through “consent of governed” Government should protect these rights If they fail, people can replace government

Enlightenment cont. Montesquieu – (The Spirit of the Laws)

Separation of powers 3 Branches - legislative, executive, judicial Checks and balances

Foundation of U.S. system (Constitution) Rousseau – (The Social Contract)

Society agreed to be governed Individuals must abide by majority

Enlightenment cont. Adam Smith – (The Wealth of Nations)

Natural law should apply to the economy People should pursue economic interests Government should protect people but

leave the economy alone Laissez faire – “hands off” Foundation of capitalism

Enlightenment Voltaire

Free speech Religious equality

Foundation of U.S. Bill of Rights Speech, press, religion, bear arms,

jury, attorney, etc.

Enlightenment Mary Wollstonecraft – feminist;

criticized men in government; women should be educated

If using “reason” then women should have equal rights to men

Salons – elegant rooms where philosophes met, discussed, etc.

American Revolution Democratic reforms long part of English history

(thus the colonists) Mercantilism – trade with GB for 150 years;

mutually beneficial – resources for products Salutary Neglect – ignored colonists, allowed

self government Many disconnected from England 1607 – Jamestown; 1733 - Georgia French & Indian War – GB gains new territory;

begins to tax and control colonies No taxation without representation

American Revolution cont. Boston Tea Party, Boston Massacre Enlightenment Ideas Declaration of Independence

(1776) – Thomas Jefferson George Washington in command of

Continental Army Victory in 1781 – new country &

new govt.

American Revolution cont. Constitution creates framework for

govt. Based on

Separation of Powers – 3 branches Checks and Balances – Each branch

limits the other Federalism – We live under federal

and state govt. Bill of Rights – Added to protect rights

American Revolution cont. Speech, religion, press, assembly,

petition, bear arms, warrant, speedy trial, confront witnesses, no self incrimination, attorney (counsel), jury, no double jeopardy, no cruel or unusual punishment

French Revolution - 1789

3rd - 97%

Doctors, Lawyers,

“Bourgeoisie”, Merchants, Peasants

Everyone Else!

1st – Clergy 1%

2nd – Nobles 2%

ESTATES SYSTEM

French Revolution - Causes Estates System

1 – Clergy 2 – Nobles 3 – Everyone else (97%)

Included bourgeoisie (middle class), educated, wealthy; NOT JUST PEASANTS

Weak, incompetent king – Louis XVI Excessive spending on Versailles,

American Revolution; extravagant lifestyle (Marie too)

French Revolution People had no voice in government Estates General not used in 175 years Inflation 1st and 2nd Estates exempt from taxes,

military service, etc. Unemployment Poor harvests Starvation 3rd Estate bore tax burden

Events Louis XVI calls Estates General –

needed $ 3rd Estate declared themselves

National Assembly Tennis Court Oath – won’t disband

until a constitution is created (Am. Rev.)

Bastille is destroyed Revolution begins

Events Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

beheaded Reign of Terror (radical phase) Robespierre executes thousands of

“enemies of the Revolution” Guillotine

Events Napoleon Bonaparte – coup d’etat Economic reforms; education;

Napoleonic Code (legal rights); public works; makes peace with Church (Concordat)

At war constantly - neighboring monarchs feared revolution

Invaded Russia – big mistake (“scorched earth”)

Defeated at Waterloo

Events Revolutions in Haiti, Latin America

– many nations revolt against Spain

Overall leads to new nations, democratic governments, constitutions, defeat of monarchs, spirit of nationalism

The Congress of Vienna Meetings to restore peace and stability Russia, Prussia, Austria, GB, France Dominated by Klemens von Metternich

(Austria) Create a balance of power so no one was a

threat Restore royal families to the throne

Legitimacy – restore “legit” monarchs Limit the power of France Stop the spread of revolutions

Congress of Vienna Concert of Europe – each pledged to help

one another if revolutions broke out Conservatives happy – return to the old

ways Liberals (wanted democratic change,

revolution, etc.) – not happy Leads to nationalism where countries will

demand independence, revolution Latin America – successful Europe - unsuccessful