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Objectives. Examine how friendships among the Allies broke down after the war. Discover how the United States tried to limit the spread of communism. Learn about three new international organizations. Understand how the events of 1949 shook America’s confidence. Terms and People. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
• Examine how friendships among the Allies broke down after the war.
• Discover how the United States tried to limit the spread of communism.
• Learn about three new international organizations.
• Understand how the events of 1949 shook America’s confidence.
Objectives
Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
Terms and People
• iron curtain– a barrier to understanding and information
• satellite– a country ruled by another nation
• containment– President Truman’s policy of limiting Soviet expansion
• airlift– to send supplies on cargo planes
• veto– to reject
Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
The United States took measures to stop the spread of Communism.
How did the United States respond to the early stages of the Cold War?
After World War II, the Allies’ wartime alliance was replaced by the Cold War, a struggle between Communist and non-Communist nations.
Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
Differences arose among the wartime Allies even before the war had ended.
Josef Stalin had promised to hold free elections in the parts of Eastern Europe under his control.
Instead, he set up Communist governments in these nations.
Russia
Josef Stalin
U.S.
Franklin Roosevelt
Britain
Winston Churchill
Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
Stalin wanted to protect the Soviet Union by surrounding it with a ring of friendly countries.
Winston Churchill referred to this threat as the iron curtain.
Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
The Cold War began at a time when many Americans worried about the nation’s leadership.
President Franklin Roosevelt died suddenly in April 1945.
Truman’s leadership had not yet been tested.
Vice President Harry S. Truman took over as President.
Harry S. Truman
Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
President Truman soon faced several Cold War challenges.
A Communist-led revolt in Greece
Truman declared that the U.S. would block the spread of Communism, a principle known as the Truman Doctrine.
Soviet threats to Turkey and
Iran
Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
European countries needed money to repair damages from
the war.
Communists said the capitalist system
was too weak to make these repairs.
Communist parties gained strength in nations including Italy and France.
Military force alone would not contain Communism.
Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
To meet this crisis, the United States developed the Marshall Plan.
The U.S. loaned 16 European countries more than $12 billion.
The plan was a success. It helped France, West Germany, and Italy recover from the war.
Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
The focus of the Cold War next shifted to Germany.
The Allies had split Germany into four zones after the war.
Germany’s capital, Berlin, lay inside Soviet territory.
American Zone
French Zone
Soviet Zone
British Zone
Germany
In 1948, the Western Allies wanted to reunite Germany.
Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
Stalin opposed the reunification of Germany.
The Soviets set up a blockade around Berlin,
preventing food from reaching
residents.
The Allies responded with a massive airlift
to bring supplies to the people of
Berlin.
The Soviets called off the blockade in May 1949.
Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
Germany was partially reunified in May 1949.
The Western Allies combined their zones to form West Germany. The Soviet zone became East Germany.
Berlin was also divided. The Soviets kept control of East Berlin.
Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
A divided Germany and Berlin remained a focus of Cold War tensions.
Thousands of East Germans fled to West Germany.
In 1961, the East German government built a wall around West Berlin.
The Berlin Wall stood for 28 years.
Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
Cold War threats led the United States to join two international organizations.
The U.S. helped form the United
Nations to maintain world peace.
The U.S. joined NATO for
protection against an attack from the
Soviets.
These actions signaled a turn away from U.S. isolationism.
Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
The United States played a leading role in creating the United Nations, or UN.
The UN had two
main goals.
Maintain peace.
Settle international disputes.
The UN has two parts: the General Assembly and the Security Council.
Each country in the General Assembly gets one vote.
Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
The UN has been successful in fighting hunger and disease and improving education.
All UN nations are supposed to follow its
decisions.
The five permanent members (U.S.,
Russia, China, Britain and France) can veto
UN proposals.
The fifteen countries on the Security Council hold most of the power.
Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
In 1949, the U.S. and other Western nations established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
The Soviets and their satellites formed their own alliance, the Warsaw Pact.
NATO nations agreed to protect one another against a Soviet attack.
Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
In 1949, two events shook America’s confidence.
The Soviet Union exploded its own atomic bomb.
Now, the Cold War seemed much more deadly.
China fell under the control of the Communists.
The most populous nation was now Communist.
Americans were haunted by Cold War fears, but held hopes for a better life.
Chapter 25 Section 1
Roots of the Cold War
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