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Differentiated Instruction
836 Chapter 25
Section 1Step-by-Step Instruction
Review and PreviewStudents have read about the Allied vic-tory over the Axis Powers. Now they will learn about the onset of the Cold War.
Section Focus QuestionHow did the United States respond to the early stages of the Cold War?Before you begin the lesson for the day, write the Section Focus Question on the board. (Lesson focus: Truman instituted a policy of containment of communism and sup-port for non-Communist nations.)
Prepare to Read
Build Background KnowledgeIn this section, students will learn about the origins of the Cold War. Have them preview the section by skimming over the headings and the visuals. Ask: What hap-pened to international relations after World War II? (Possible answers: Fighting continued, new alliances formed, tensions grew.)
Set a Purpose! Read each statement in the Reading
Readiness Guide aloud. Ask students to mark the statements as True or False.
Teaching Resources, Unit 8, Reading Readiness Guide, p. 74
! Have students discuss the statements in pairs or groups of four, then mark their worksheets again. Use the Numbered Heads participation strategy (TE, p. T24) to call on students to share their group’s perspectives. The students will return to these worksheets later.
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English Language Learners L1
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Special Needs
Take Good Notes Students may have dif-ficulty determining what section content is most important. You can assist students by providing verbal cues during the lesson. Preface key points with simple phrases
such as, “This is important,” and “You need to write this in your notes,” to alert students that the content is significant. This strategy can improve student alert-ness during lectures and discussions.
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836 Chapter 25 The United States in the Cold War
Roots of the Cold WarObjectives• Explain how the friendships among the
Allies broke down after the war.
• Discover how the United States tried to limit the spread of communism.
• Learn about three new international organizations.
• Understand how the events of 1949 shook America’s confidence.
Reading Skill
Analyze Underlying Causes An event is the effect of a previous cause. However, some causes are not directly stated in the text. To identify these causes, you may need to collect information about how people’s emotions affected their actions. For example, think of how the Cold War affected the attitude and actions of the nation.
Key Termsiron curtainsatellitecontainment
airliftveto
The Threat of Communism“The American people desire, and are determined to workfor, a world in which all nations and all peoples are free togovern themselves as they see fit. . . . In the pursuit of theseaims, the United States and other like-minded nations findthemselves directly opposed by a regime with . . . a falsephilosophy. . . . That false philosophy is communism.”
—Harry S Truman, inaugural address,January 20, 1949
Why It Matters Shortly after the Allies defeated the Axispowers in World War II, the Allies’ wartime alliance brokedown. The alliance was replaced by a struggle betweenCommunist and non-Communist nations. This struggle,known as the Cold War, would impact American life fornearly half a century.
! U.S. President Harry Truman (left) and Soviet dictator Josef Stalin (right)
Section Focus Question: How did the United Statesrespond to the early stages of the Cold War?
Growing DistrustDifferences arose among the wartime Allies even before
the war had ended. In the final months of the war, WinstonChurchill, Josef Stalin, and Franklin Roosevelt had met atYalta, a resort in the Soviet Union. There, Stalin promised tohold free elections in the parts of Eastern Europe under hiscontrol. At the time, Soviet troops were occupying most ofEastern Europe. Instead, Stalin proceeded to establishCommunist governments in these nations. He realized thatfree elections would result in non-Communist govern-ments. Stalin wanted to construct a ring of friendly countriesto protect the western borders of the Soviet Union. After thering had been built, Stalin hoped to make the Soviet Unionthe world’s dominant power.
Churchill expressed the fears of many in the West.Speaking at a college in Fulton, Missouri, he warned of theSoviet threat:
“[A]n iron curtain has descended across the conti-nent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe . . . all these famous cities and populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere.”
—Winston Churchill, speech, Westminster College,March 5, 1946
Chapter 25 837
Teach
Growing Distrustp. 836
Instruction! Vocabulary Builder Before teaching this
section, preteach the High-Use Words hostile and respond, using the strategy on TE p. T21.Key Terms Following the instruction on p. 7, have students create a See It–Remember It chart for the Key Terms in this chapter.
! Read Growing Distrust with students using the Oral Cloze strategy. (TE, p. 22)
! Discuss with students the Yalta meeting. Ask: What agreement did Stalin make at Yalta? (He agreed to hold free elections in Eastern European countries under his con-trol.) Ask: Did he keep his agreement? (No, Stalin broke his agreement by establish-ing Communist governments in these nations.)
! Have students complete the worksheet One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. Have students discuss life in Stalin’s Soviet Union.
Teaching Resources, Unit 8, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, p. 78
Independent PracticeHave students begin to fill in the Study Guide for this section.
Monitor Progress
As students begin to fill in the Notetaking Study Guide, circulate to make sure stu-dents understand the reasons why alli-ances changed after World War II. Provide assistance as needed.
Answers
Reading Skill The West saw that Stalin’s word could not be trusted, and feared the spread of communism.
Stalin wanted to spread
communism and make the Soviet Union the dominant power in the world.
Truman dismissed Mac-Arthur for insubordination because Mac-Arthur issued threats to China while Tru-man was trying to negotiate a peace treaty to end the war in Korea.
Use the information below to teach students this section’s high-use words.
High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence
hostile, p. 837 adj. unfriendly; opposingIn the early 1940s, relations between the United States and Japan gradually became hostile.
respond, p. 838 v. to act in return, as if in answerThe United States entered World War II in response to Japan’s unprovoked attack on Pearl Harbor.
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Section 1 Roots of the Cold War 837
Biography Quest
The term iron curtain is a way of referring to a barrier to under-standing and information. Churchill’s use of the term became apopular way of describing the conflict between the democraticnations of the West and the Soviet Union and the Communist-controlled nations of Eastern Europe.
By 1948, most of the nations of Eastern Europe had become satel-lites of the Soviet Union. A satellite is a country ruled by anothernation. In addition, hostile Communist threats loomed in Southernand Western Europe. The wartime alliance among the Allies was nomore.
Why did nations of the West consider Stalin’s actions a threat?
Containing Soviet ExpansionThe Cold War began at a time when many Americans worried
about the nation’s leadership. Harry S Truman had become Presidentafter the sudden death of Franklin Roosevelt in April 1945. Trumanwas not well known; and, as Vice President, his leadership had notbeen tested. However, President Truman wastedlittle time in showing his leadership qualities. Thefirst Cold War challenges he faced were in Greece,Iran, and Turkey. After the war, a Communist-ledrevolt broke out in Greece. Greek Communiststhreatened to take over the government. At thesame time, the Soviet government began tothreaten two nations on its southern border,Turkey and Iran.
The Truman Doctrine and the MarshallPlan In March 1947, President Truman made anurgent request to Congress to aid Greece andTurkey. He declared that the United States wouldoppose the spread of communism. He stated aprinciple that became known as the TrumanDoctrine:
“[I]t must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjuga-tion by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”
—Harry S Truman, message to Congress,March 12, 1947
Truman’s policy of blocking Communist expan-sion was known as containment. The goal ofcontainment was to contain, or limit, Sovietexpansion.
Harry S Truman 1884–1972
Harry S Truman became President upon the death of Franklin Roosevelt in 1945. During Truman’s time in office, he acted decisively against the growing threat of communism in Eastern and Southern Europe. His policy of containment was adopted and expanded upon by the next presidential administrations. Truman served as President until 1953, then remained active in politics.
Why did Truman dismiss MacArthur from his East Asian command in 1951?For: The answer to the question about Truman and MacArthurVisit: PHSchool.comWeb Code: mvd-8251
Analyze Underlying CausesWhy was the West worried
about Soviet actions? Use the heading on page 836 to help you infer the underlying cause.
Vocabulary Builderhostile (HAHS tihl) adj. unfriendly; opposing
Differentiated Instruction
838 Chapter 25
Containing Soviet Expansionp. 837
Instruction! Have students read Containing Soviet
Expansion. Remind students to answer the reading Checkpoint question.
! Discuss with students the qualities Americans want in a President. (Stu-dents may say courage, diplomacy, decisive-ness, power, honesty, and experience.) Ask: Did President Truman have these qual-ities? (At first, people did not know whether he did, but he soon showed himself to have some of these qualities through his actions.)
! Ask: What tools did the Truman admin-istration use to contain communism? (military aid and economic support) Ask: Which do you think was most effec-tive? (Possible answers: Military aid pro-duces quick results and intimidates the enemy; economic aid is a good way to gain long-term allies.)
! Show the History Interactive transpar-ency The Berlin Airlift. Ask: Why was the Berlin Airlift important? (Possible answers: It saved the people of West Berlin from falling under the control of Communist dictatorship; it demonstrated the resolve of the United States to be resilient in difficult situations.)
Color Transparencies, The Berlin Airlift
Independent PracticeHave students continue filling in the Study Guide for this section.
Monitor Progress
As students fill in the Notetaking Study Guide, circulate to make sure students understand the threat posed by the Soviet Union to democratic nations. If students do not seem to have a good understand-ing, have them reread the section. Provide assistance as needed.
Answers
Reading Skill The stated cause was disagreement over whether Germany should be reunited. The underlying cause was Stalin’s desire to take over West Berlin.
Truman provided aid to
Greece and established the Truman Doc-trine. He also set up the Marshall Plan to economically help struggling countries so they wouldn’t fall under Communist control.
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Advanced Readers L3
Gifted and Talented
Give a Presentation Have students choose a partner with whom they can research an international organization. Students may select one of the groups discussed in this section or a specific UN agency such as the World Health Organi-zation, UNESCO, or UNICEF, or other organizations such as NATO. Partners can
work together to find out why their chosen group was formed, who its members are, and what it has accomplished since its formation. Encourage students to prepare and give a three-minute presentation in any format in which they present their information to the class.
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838 Chapter 25 The United States in the Cold War
Vocabulary Builderrespond (rih SPAHND) v. to act in return, as if in answer
Military aid alone could not contain communism. After WorldWar II, much of Europe lay in ruins. Communists said the capitalistsystem was powerless to repair the damaged economies. Manydesperate Europeans believed them. Communist parties gainedstrength in both Italy and France.
To meet this crisis, Secretary of State George Marshall proposed aplan in June 1947 that called for the United States to provideeconomic assistance to European nations. Between 1948 and 1951, theUnited States loaned 16 Western European countries more than$12 billion.
The Marshall Plan was a huge success. It helped countries such asFrance, West Germany, and Italy recover from the war. Americandollars built new factories, schools, hospitals, railroads, and bridges.
The Berlin Airlift The focus of Cold War hostility now shifted toGermany. At the Yalta Conference, the Allies had agreed to divideGermany into four zones. American, British, French, and Soviettroops would each control one of the zones. Germany’s capital city,Berlin, which lay inside Soviet-controlled territory, was also dividedinto four zones.
By 1948, the Western powers believed that it was time to reuniteGermany. Stalin was bitterly opposed to this move. In June 1948, theSoviets set up a blockade around Berlin. They prevented delivery offood supplies to West Berlin’s two million residents. Stalin gambledthat the Western Allies would accept the Communist takeover ofWest Berlin. However, the Allies responded with a massive airlift—sending cargo planes to deliver tons of supplies to the people. Foralmost a year, Western planes delivered supplies to West Berlin.
The Soviets finally called off the blockade in May 1949. InOctober, France, Britain, and the United States combined their zonesinto one country, called the Federal Republic of Germany, or WestGermany. The Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic,or East Germany.
Cold War Crisis A divided Germany and Berlin remained a focusof Cold War tensions. Between 1949 and 1961, thousands of EastGermans fled to West Berlin. From there, they went to WestGermany. Suddenly, in August 1961, the East German governmentbegan building a wall between East and West Germany. For28 years, the wall stood as a symbol of a divided Germany and adivided Europe.
How did Harry Truman respond to attempts by Greek Communists to seize control of Greece?
International OrganizationsAfter World War II, the United States played a leading role in
creating the United Nations (UN). This move signaled a turn awayfrom isolationism.
Analyze Underlying CausesWhat was the stated cause
of the Berlin blockade? What was the underlying, or overall, cause?
History Background
Chapter 25 Section 1 839
International Organizationsp. 838
Instruction! Have students read International Orga-
nizations. Remind students to answer the Section Focus Question.
! Remind students of the struggles Presi-dent Wilson had after World War I con-vincing Americans to support the League of Nations. Discuss the outcome of U.S. isolationism following that war. (Many believe that it led to World War II, since the aggressor nations would likely have been stopped earlier had the United States been involved in the League of Nations.)
! Ask: Why do you think Americans did not support isolationism after World War II? (Possible answers: They saw its effects after World War I; they realized the potential in international cooperation; the United States had become a major world power.)
! Show students the transparency The United Nations and discuss the General Assembly and the Security Council.
Color Transparencies, The United Nations
Independent PracticeHave students continue filling in the Study Guide for this section.
Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 25, Section 1 (Adapted Version also available.)
Monitor Progress
As students fill in the Notetaking Study Guide, circulate to make sure students understand why international organiza-tions were formed at this time. If students do not seem to have a good understand-ing, have them reread the section. Provide assistance as needed.
AnswerDraw Conclusions Possible answers: He feared an all-out war with democratic nations.
The Berlin Wall After World War II, near-ly 2.5 million people fled the GDR for non-Communist West Germany. To prevent further losses, the government built a wall of cinder blocks and barbed wire in 1961 between East Berlin and West Berlin, which, although controlled by the West, was surrounded by Communist-controlled East Germany. Over time, the wall was
strengthened with cement and raised to 15 feet high in some places.
Isolated from any geographically natu-ral source of supplies that a city needs, West Berlin depended on supplies from the West. West Berlin’s population dropped by over 340,000 people from 1961 to 1983.
L2Visit: PHSchool.comWeb Code: mvl-8251
Learn More Aboutthe Berlin Airlift
Medal worn byBerlin Airlift workers
A delivery of fresh milk
Residents of West Berlin watch an approaching cargo plane loaded with food and other goods. At one point, nearly 13,000 tons of goods arrived in West Berlin each day.
BerlinTH
E
Airlift
INFOGRAPHIC
During the Berlin Airlift, British and U.S. forces made more than 200,000 flights to deliver goods to the people in West Berlin. Critical Thinking: Draw ConclusionsWhy do you think Stalin chose not to prevent the airlift?
Section 1 Roots of the Cold War 839
Differentiated Instruction
840 Chapter 25
The Shocks of 1949p. 841
Instruction! Have students read The Shocks of 1949.
Remind students to look for effects of competition between the United States and the Soviet Union.
! Ask: Why did Americans fear that the Soviet Union had atomic bombs, since the United States also had them? (When the United States was the only nation with atomic weapons, it had an advantage. Now the Soviet Union was more evenly matched with the United States.)
! Ask: What difficulties resulted from the takeover of China by Communists? (They were a threat to United States and other western interests in the region, and provided support for further Soviet influence in the East.)
Independent PracticeHave students complete the Study Guide for this section.
Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 25, Section 1 (Adapted Version also available.)
Monitor Progress
! As students complete the Notetaking Study Guide, circulate to make sure stu-dents understand how the Soviet Union’s actions affected American pol-icy. Provide assistance as needed.
! Tell students to fill in the last column of the Reading Readiness Guide. Probe for what they learned that confirms or invalidates each statement.
Teaching Resources, Unit 8, Reading Readiness Guide, p. 74
Answer
(a) West Germany, Turkey, and Greece (b) Possible answer: Yes, because it separated Albania from the other Warsaw Pact nations.
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English Language Learners L1
Less Proficient Readers
Make a Chart Organize students into three groups and assign each group one of the international organizations discussed in this section. (the United Nations, NATO, and the Warsaw Alliance) Have groups work
together to fill in a three-column chart listing the name of the organization, its founding members, and its purpose. Stu-dents can use their charts as a study aid for the Section and Chapter Reviews.
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840 Chapter 25 The United States in the Cold War
A T L A N T I CO C E A N
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Warsaw Pact, 1955
Neutral nationsAreas added to the SovietUnion after World War II
K E Y
The United Nations The main goals of the UN were to maintainpeace and settle international disputes. Under the UN Charter,member nations agreed to bring disputes before the UN.
At the core of the United Nations are the General Assembly andthe Security Council. Every nation, large or small, has a single vote inthe General Assembly. However, the General Assembly has no wayto enforce its decisions. The Security Council has far more power. Itsdecisions are supposed to be followed by all UN nations. The Secu-rity Council has 15 members. Five of them are permanent members—the United States, Russia, China, Britain, and France. Each permanentmember has the power to veto, or reject, any proposal before theSecurity Council. If only one permanent member votes no, the Secu-rity Council cannot act.
The UN’s greatest successes have been in fighting hunger anddisease and improving education. Through relief programs, the UN hasprovided tons of goods, clothing, and medicine to victims of disaster.
NATO and the Warsaw Alliance In April 1949, as Cold Wartensions rose, the United States and other Western nationsestablished the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), aformal military alliance to guard against a Soviet attack. Members ofNATO agreed that an attack on one member would be considered anattack against the entire group.
The Cold War in Europe
For: Interactive mapVisit: PHSchool.comWeb Code: mvp-8251
By 1955, the Cold War divided Europe into two camps: those nations belonging to NATO and those nations belonging to the Warsaw Pact.(a) Read a Map Which
NATO nations bordered Warsaw Pact nations?
(b) Apply Information Doyou think it would be difficult for Yugoslavia to remain neutral? Explain.
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Special Needs
Chapter 25 Section 1 841
Assess and Reteach
Assess ProgressHave students complete Check Your Progress. Administer the Section Quiz.
Teaching Resources, Unit 8, Section Quiz, p. 82
To further assess student understanding, use the Progress Monitoring Transparency.
Progress Monitoring Transparencies, Chapter 25, Section 1
ReteachIf students need more instruction, have them read this section in the Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide and complete the accompanying question.
Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 25, Section 1 (Adapted Version also available.)
ExtendTo help students expand their understand-ing of the Berlin airlift, have them com-plete the History Interactive activity The Berlin Airlift online.
For: Extend OnlineVisit: PHSchool.comWeb Code: mvp-0171
Progress Monitoring OnlineStudents may check their comprehen-sion of this section by completing the Progress Monitoring Online graphic organizer and self-quiz.
Answer
The powerful nations of the Security Council make decisions that are supposed to be accepted by other UN member nations.
The Soviet Union tested an
atomic weapon, and Communists took over China. These events made the Cold War much more dangerous.
Section 1 Check Your Progress
1. (a) Stalin hoped to make the Soviet Union the dominant power in the world.(b) In response to Stalin, the United States created the Marshall Plan and supported the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
2. (a) to maintain peace and to settle inter-national disputes
(b) Possible answers: Yes; member nations all have a say and the most powerful members can veto. No, partic-ipation and compliance are voluntary.
3. The United States joined the UN to pre-vent wars, and joined NATO to halt the spread of communism.
4. to block the spread of communism and limit the expansion of Soviet power
5. The satellite country falls under the con-trol of the other country.
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Section 1 Roots of the Cold War 841
Section 1 Check Your Progress For: Self-test with instant helpVisit: PHSchool.comWeb Code: mva-8251
Comprehension and Critical Thinking1. (a) Recall What were Stalin’s
goals for the Soviet Union after World War II?(b) Apply Information Howdid Stalin’s goals affect the goals of U.S. foreign policy?
2. (a) Recall What is the purpose of the United Nations?(b) Evaluate Information Doesthe organization of the UN make it possible for it to be successful? Explain.
Reading Skill3. Analyze Underlying Causes
Reread the text under the heading “International Organizations.” Identify the underlying causes for the U.S. decision to join the UN and participate in NATO.
Key TermsAnswer the following questions in complete sentences that show your understanding of the key terms.4. What was the goal of the Ameri-
can policy of containment of the Soviet Union after World War II?
5. What happens when one country becomes a satellite of another?
Writing6. Organize the following elements
for a multimedia presentation about the UN. Explain the reasons for your choices.• Audiotape of opening ceremo-
nies at the UN in 1945• Current photograph of the UN• Film clip of the Yalta Confer-
ence in 1945• Audiotape of translators at a
General Assembly session
Dr. Leo Szilard, who participated in the development of the atomic bomb, reads about the Soviet Union’s test bomb.
In response, the Soviet Union and the satellite nations of EasternEurope formed their own alliance, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955.
How does the Security Council help the UN meet its goals?
The Shocks of 1949Until 1949, most Americans were confident that the United States
was safe because it alone knew how to build the atomic bomb.However, in September 1949, the Soviet Union exploded its ownatomic bomb. Now, the Cold War seemed much more deadly. Eachnation had within its reach the power to destroy the other.
Shortly after, Americans received a second shock. Since the 1930s,China had been a battleground between the Chinese Nationalists andthe Chinese Communists. In the final months of 1949, the Nationalistgovernment collapsed. China fell under the control of the Communists.
Under their leader, Mao Zedong, the Chinese Communists estab-lished the People’s Republic of China. The Chinese Nationalists fledto the island of Taiwan. The United States insisted that the Taiwangovernment was the legal government of China. It refused to recog-nize the People’s Republic and kept the UN from admittingCommunist China to China’s seat on the Security Council.
How did events in the Soviet Union and China in 1949 affect the Cold War?
Looking Back and Ahead The United States faced aworld in which the world’s largest nation, the Soviet Union, and theworld’s most populous nation, China, were under Communist rule.While fears stemming from the Cold War haunted Americans, theystill held hopes for a better life after 15 years of depression and war.
6. Students’ responses will vary, but stu-dents should give reasonable explana-tions of their presentations.
