Executive Summary

Dr. Randy Zelick, PSU Biology department, has requested the design of a flow

tank to aid in the testing of specific species of tropical fish. The main criteria of the

design, is to obtain a fully developed, laminar and simulated stream flow that is capable

of reaching velocities up to 20 cm/s. The design is constrained mainly by flow channel

size, cost, and materials.

To aid in the brainstorming method an internal and external search was

performed. The internal search focused on intellectual ideas that would assist in the

design selection process. Colleagues of the sponsor in Germany have already created a

limited flow tank channel that lacked a flow altering device to study the fish response to

flow orientation. The tank, however, set a baseline for the design team on what the

sponsor was looking for.

External searches were performed to discover new products that might be used, as

well as to get material specifications and pricing information so that the design

constraints were kept. This search includes a holding reservoir capable of sustaining the

constant flow needed to perform the experiment, as well as being constructed from a

material deemed safe to hold the treated water and prevent fish poisoning. The channel

flow tank will be constructed due to the customized nature of the project.

The selection process involved 3 different models that were scored with a

weighted value. The chosen reservoir was the 55 gallon barrels due to the food grade

material they are constructed of and the inexpensive financial impact on the rest of the

project budget. The flow tank testing channel will be of a piped in type design as

opposed to a complete channel flow design. This will allow for higher flow rates, while

maintaining the sponsors’ conditions of fully developed and laminar flow.

Table of ContentsExecutive Summary............................................................................................................iTable of Contents...............................................................................................................2Table of Figures..................................................................................................................3Table of Tables...................................................................................................................3Introduction and Background..........................................................................................4Mission Statement..............................................................................................................5Design Requirements.........................................................................................................5Design Concepts.................................................................................................................7Design Selection..................................................................................................................9

Flow Channel Design.......................................................................................................9Weir Design......................................................................................................................9Reservoir and Return System Design...............................................................................9Supply Barrel Rack Design............................................................................................10

Top Level Design Justification........................................................................................10Overview........................................................................................................................10Flow Channel Geometry................................................................................................10Adjustable Weir..............................................................................................................12Reservoir System............................................................................................................15

Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................16Works Cited......................................................................................................................17Appendices........................................................................................................................18

Appendix A: Moody Diagram........................................................................................18............................................................................................................................................Appendix B: Weir Design Proportions..........................................................................19Appendix C: Experimental Raw Data............................................................................20Appendix D: Bill of Materials (BOM)...........................................................................22Appendix E: Detailed Drawings....................................................................................23

2" Coupling.................................................................................................................232" Valve......................................................................................................................234" to 2" Coupling Reducer.........................................................................................246" to 4" Coupling Reducer.........................................................................................24Flow Channel..............................................................................................................25Weir Body..................................................................................................................25Adjustable Weir Gate.................................................................................................26Turn Table Channel Cradle........................................................................................27Turn Table Channel Cradle Stress Analysis...............................................................27Turn Table Base.........................................................................................................28Turn Table Base Stress Analysis................................................................................28Turn Table..................................................................................................................28Reservoir Stand..........................................................................................................29

Appendix F: Equations...................................................................................................30Appendix G: Pump Selection.........................................................................................31Appendix H: PDS Adherence........................................................................................32Appendix I: Flow Analysis............................................................................................33Appendix J: Assembly Drawings...................................................................................34

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Table of FiguresFigure 1: Old Flow Tank Model.........................................................................................Figure 2: Re Vs. Velocity.....................................................................................................Figure 3: Simple Test Weir.................................................................................................Figure 4: Inclined Plane Weir.............................................................................................Figure 5: Weir Position vs. Fluid Velocity.........................................................................Figure 6: Guillotine Weir (Final Design)...........................................................................Figure 7: Moody Diagram...................................................................................................Figure 8: Weir Design Proportions....................................................................................Figure 9: 2” Coupling Drawing..........................................................................................Figure 10: 2” Valve Drawing..............................................................................................Figure 11: 4” to 2” Coupling Reducer Drawing...............................................................Figure 12: 6” to 4” Coupling Reducer Drawing...............................................................Figure 13: Flow Channel (Final Design)............................................................................Figure 14: Guillotine Weir Body (Final Design) Drawing...............................................Figure 15: Guillotine Adjustable Weir Gate (Final Design) Drawing............................Figure 16: Turn Table Channel Cradle Drawing (Final Design)....................................Figure 17: Stress Analysis of Turn Table Channel Cradle..............................................Figure 18: Turn Table Base (Final Drawing)....................................................................Figure 19: Stress Analysis of Turn Table Base.................................................................Figure 20: Turn Table Drawing (Final Design)................................................................Figure 21: Reservoir Stand Drawing (Final Design)........................................................Figure 22: Pump Curve.......................................................................................................Figure 23: Fluid Flow Analysis...........................................................................................Figure 24: Collapsed/Exploded Assembly of Flow Channel (Final Design)...................Figure 25: Collapsed/Exploded Assembly of Turn Table (Final Design).......................

Table of TablesTable 1: Summary of PDS...................................................................................................Table 2: Water Delivery/Recover System PDS Requirements........................................Table 3: Flow Channel System PDS Requirements..........................................................Table 4: Cradle and Turn Table PDS Requirements.......................................................Table 5: Wooden Weir Raw Data.......................................................................................Table 6: Inclined Weir Raw Data.......................................................................................Table 7: Bill of Materials (BOM).......................................................................................Table 8: PDS Adherence.....................................................................................................

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Introduction and Background

This design project is an outgrowth of several existing flow tank designs. These

tanks are used to test the response of neurological reactions in fish to the changes in

stream flow rate. The redesign of the flow tank was requested by our client, Professor

Randy Zelick of the Portland State University biology department. The previous designs

for flow tanks were circular

and had some kind of motor

inserted into the tank to

simulate stream flow. The

previous designs used a

spinning propeller to drive

water around the tank. The

motor created a detectable

electrical frequency that testing probes transferred to recording equipment. Some other

results of using propellers were that a harmonic vibration was created in the water and the

flow was turbulent. Our team was given the opportunity to design a tank that did not use

a motor to propel water and

preferably minimize flow

turbulence within the testing region.

The redesign criteria given to us included specific details. During testing the fish

must remain static with the minimum vibration possible. This is critical because a small

electrode is inserted into the fish brain. Any movement could dislodge the probe and the

test would have to be rerun. The flow is required to be laminar, or as close to laminar as

possible, while having an adjustable velocity between 0 to 20 cm/s (Blake, 2007). The

flow channel and/or the water flow will be designed to be adjustable to ±15° from the

centerline of the fish (Braithwaite, 2003). The adjustability is used in testing the neural

response to changes in flow direction. The water is treated to sustain fish life and

subsequently should be recycled to the reservoir for future tests. Finally the testing

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Figure 1: Model of current flow channel being used in Bonn, Germany

equipment will be required to allow mounting as close to 90° above the fish as possible,

all while staying within a $600 budget. The testing equipment includes the electrode

assembly, a microscope, the fish holder, and an ultrasonic vibrator.

A linear tank design was found to be the simplest and most cost effective design

compared to a circular tank. The tank design consists of an elevated reservoir with a

piping system that flows into the testing channel. The water in the flow channel runs

close to laminar flow, as requested. The flow is straightened as it approaches the fish by

diffusers so the fish feels laminar water flow. The piping has a set of swivel couplers that

allow the flow from the pipe to be aligned at angles to the fish. The channel will be

designed so that steady flow occurs in the tank while testing is conducted. Final sizing of

the channel was not specified. The maximum size of the piping is constrained to no more

than four inch diameter tubing. The system will be designed to accept calibration

instruments and leave room for additional instrumentation to be added as required.

Mission Statement

The project is to design a flow tank used by PSU biologists to test fish neuron

responses from the lateral line sensory organs. It is predicted that specific neurons fire in

response to the angle and velocity (speed) of water flow, but this has not been shown.

The tank will have the capabilities of a variable water flow speed and variable flow angle.

The ideal flow tank design will allow constant laminar flow, adjustable flow rate and

angle, vibration minimization, portability, and static control over fish so that sensory

organs remain under water without full submersion. Completion of the project will be in

June of 2010.

Design Requirements

Specifications for the flow tank redesign were provided to the project team by the

sponsor Dr. Randy Zelick. These specifications were based off the current design already

in use by Dr. Zelicks’ collegues in Bonn Germany. These requirements have been

categorized in Table 1 on the following page.

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Table 1 Summary of Product Design Specifications

  *** - High Priority ** - Medium Priority * - Low PriorityPriority Requirement Metric TargetPerformance

*** Minimal Frequency Interference - 0*** Fluid Flow - Laminar*** Minimum Flow Velocity cm/s 20*** Maximum Flow Velocity (min) cm/s 40** Test Duration s 30

Environment* Resistant To Oxidation yes/no yes** Cost To Produce $ 600

Size and Shape*** Fish Holding Tank Depth (static flow) cm ~7.5

** Rotation of TankAngle (positive or negative degrees) 15

Maintenance* Off-The-Shelf Parts yes/no yes

* Ease of RepairPeople Required to

Fix 1* Life In Service years 5

Installation** Fits On Existing Air Table yes/no yes

**Does not Interfere With Testing Equipment yes/no yes

Ergonomics*** Allows Visual Observation of Fish yes/no yes

Safety

** Fluid Containment yes/noWater Properly

Contained

** Ergonomic Safety yes/no

Free of Tripping Hazards and Sharp

Corners

*** Specimen Safety yes/noWater Level Above Fish

Gills at all TimeMaterials

** StructureBio

Compatible/Leakage yes, none* Visual yes/no Industrial, Heavy duty

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Design Concepts

The project can be broken down into three different parts that work with each

other to achieve the specifications developed by the end user. Both internal and external

searches were done to determine the best fit for our sponsor. This section of the report

details the extents of this search and the selection process.

The first is a water delivery and recovery system. The water delivery and

recovery system is necessary to recycle the water in the system. The water will be treated

with anti-bacterial and fungicide to keep the habitat clean. The water will pumped back to

the upper reservoir after spilling through the gravity fed channel so that another test can

be run. Requirements of this system are detailed in Table 2 below.

Table 2: Water Delivery/Recovery System PDS Requirements

Specification Priority Metric Target

Electrical Interference highyes/no no

Test Length high time 60 s

Maximum Flow Velocitymedium

velocity 10 cm/s

The second part of the design is the flow channel itself. The flow channel is the

most important portion of the design because it is where the experiment takes place. It is

this portion of the design product where the user, the testing equipment, and the fish all

interface. Requirements of this system are detailed in Table 3 on the following page.

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Table 3: Flow Channel System PDS Requirements

Specification Priority Metric TargetFluid Flow high - LaminarMinimum Flow Velocity high velocity 0 cm/sMaximum Flow Velocity (min) high velocity 20 cm/sTest Duration medium time 30 sResistant To Oxidation low yes/no yesFish Holding Tank Depth (static flow) high length 7.5 cmRotation of Tank medium angle +/- 15 degreesOff-The-Shelf Parts low yes/no yesFits On Existing Air Table medium yes/no yesDoes not Interfere With Testing Equipment medium yes/no yesAllows Visual Observation of Fish high yes/no yesFluid Containment medium yes/no yesErgonomic Safety medium yes/no yesSpecimen Safety high yes/no yes

The last part of the system entails a cradle and turntable. The cradle supports the

flow channel in a level horizontal position and allows horizontal rotation of ±15° per side

from the centerline of the sensor implanted in the fishes head. The requirements for this

system are detailed in Table 4.

Table 4: Cradle and Turntable PDS Requirements

Specification Priority Metric TargetResistant To Oxidation low yes/no yesRotation of Tank medium angle +/- 15 degreesOff-The-Shelf Parts low yes/no yesEase of Repair low # of People 1Fits On Existing Air Table medium yes/no yesDoes not Interfere With Testing Equipment medium yes/no yesErgonomic Safety medium yes/no yes

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Design Selection

Flow Channel Design

The channel is constructed of a 6” diameter PVC pipe section. A gate valve

controls the water entry to the system. The valve is used to meter the flow –rate. The

water level and velocity in the channel are controlled by a weir located at the outflow end

of the channel. The depth is held constant for all velocities and this is done by adjusting

the weir to pre-calibrated position prior to opening the valve. Once the valve is opened,

the water level can be adjusted to the proper depth. See Table 3 above for a detailed list

of the flow channel design and their priorities.

Weir Design

The weir design is a simple gate style system that is held inside a sealed

rectangular box frame. The weir gate slides up and down between seals to prevent water

loss prior to test starts. The gate is indexed with specific velocities so that they can be

preset. This allows the tester to concentrate on the level of the water only. The weir is

installed at the end of the flow channel where it can spill out into the return reservoir. The

illustration shown below represents the weir design used for the system.

Reservoir and Return System Design

The reservoir and return tanks are food grade 55 gallon polyurethane barrels. The

inlet supply side barrel lays horizontally supported on a steel rack designed to hold the

outlet three feet above the channel centerline. The water is gravity fed to the channel. The

horizontal positioning of the barrel allows the least variance in velocity for the longest

time span. The return reservoir is positioned vertically at the outlet of the channel. The

water is returned to the elevated supply tank by a 3900 gallon per hour (69 gal/min) sump

pump through a 1.5 inch PVC pipe. There is a 15 foot head loss from the pipe, elbows,

couplers and fittings.

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Supply Barrel Rack Design

The water for the flow channel is supplied by an elevated barrel. The barrel lays

horizontally on a 10 gage metal cabinet rack. The rack keeps the inlet water 3 feet above

the entry to the flow channel. The overall elevation of 6 feet at the outlet of the barrel

allows for a wide velocity range in the flow rates. The target velocities range from 0 cm/s

up to 20 cm/s, without reaching turbulent conditions.

The rack used is sturdy enough to carry more weight than the two 55 gallons (860

lbs.) of water. The initial design employed two55 gallon barrels so constant flow can be

maintained for longer than thirty seconds in the 20 cm/s. A single barrel was determined

to supply a flow of 20 cm/s for 35 seconds without a significant loss of velocity. A

second barrel can be added later if longer flow time periods are needed.

The stress on the horizontal end rails is 573 psi assuming a point load of half the

total weight of the barrels. This is far below the average published values for carbon steel

of 20.0 ksi (LETCO Ind). This gives a factor of safety of 35. The legs of the rack have a

stress of 287 psi per leg.

The stress equation is of the form:

PA

=σ (Equation 1 from Appendix F)

Top Level Design Justification

Overview

At the beginning of our project, the main criteria of the flow channel design was

to obtain fully developed laminar fluid flow that would simulate stream flow capable of

reaching velocities up to 20 cm/s. Client also desired flow channel to be compatible with

biological research tools including a microscope, electrode with signal amplifier, actuator

that calibrates vibrations, and fish holding shelf with respirator. Prototype components

for analysis included flow channel, control weir, and fluid reservoir system

Flow Channel Geometry

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Initial design specifications were slightly adjusted to comply with fluid conditions

inside the flow channel during operation. Original customer requirement for laminar

flow was modified to allow wider range of fluid velocities during operational procedure.

Spatial restrictions governed by interfacing equipment limits the overall foot-print our

designed product is permitted. Several biological research tools like microscopes,

electrode with signal amplifier, calibrating vibrator, and fish respirator has precedence in

access to fish and channel operation must not hinder integrated equipment. Additional

restrictions on channel geometry included a 3-ft by 3-ft isolating air table in which the

interfaced equipment is oriented and the channel is mounted on the support frame.

Consideration of spatial variables, manufacturing costs, and a velocity profile with

minimal variation across the channel’s cross-sectional area influenced the parametric

shape of the designed flow channel. A comparison between cross-sectional geometries

and flow conditions was done using a plot, Figure 2, of Reynolds Number versus fluid

flow velocities for three different shapes.

Figure 2: Represents the bulk velocity behavior within different cross-sectional geometries having equal wetted areas.

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Evaluating flow condition as a function of channel geometry using the previous

figure provides clarification that a triangular cross-sectional area is best scenario for

limiting the onset of turbulance. Though turbularnt flow is undesirable the velocity

profile is least variable from the streamline center to channel wall surface. Completely

eliminating turbulance at velocities greater than 10 cm/s can not be accomplished due to

the requirement of a rotational channel and maintaining that the test specimen remains

unobstructed by the channel’s wall surface. To help mitigate any rotational obstruction

or interference with existing operational equipment the overall channel length was

restricted to 40-inches. Continued analysis shows that circular flow areas demonstrate

smooth velocity profiles and offer minimal frictional losses along the radial perimeter.

Without flow sensing equipment to measure fluid velocity or pressure change in

the streamline, a velocity profile with minimal variation across channel area is optimal.

Introducing gradual expansion diffusers from 2-inch ID to 6-inch ID provided better

steady-state flows entering the operational test area of the channel. Consequently, an

optimal entrance length of six times ID (L = 6*(ID)) is restricted and the use of gradual

expansion diffusers and upstream flow collimators better conditioned entering fluid flow.

Additionally, manufacturing cost were severly compromised by alotted budget and

become the design team’s responsibility. Fully developed flow, consistent fluid velocity

profile, and cost specifications coupled together helped propogate the decision to select a

circular flow channel with 6-inch nominal ID rigid PVC pipe.

Adjustable Weir

Development of weir control to

enable changes in fluid velocity while

holding a constant instantaneous fluid

volume within the flow channel was

considered throughout the detailed design

process. A gate valve was selected to

12 | P a g eFigure 3: Simple weir design to test flow channel performance at various fluid velocities.

control inlet flow-rates and provides best adjustability to maintain consistent fluid

volume inside the flow channel at different weir heights. It was decided the inlet flow

adjustment would be used to match the outlet flow weir condition and help keep fluid

volume inside channel generally constant, allowing for small transient response to occur

when fluid velocity changes and a minimal decrease in fluid volume. An increase in

water volume above the steady-state datum is detremental to channel effectiveness and

proves useless. Adjustment of weir must preceed gate valve adjustment in order to

prevent volume overflow inside the flow channel. To ensure constant fluid volume was

indeed acheivable with variable weir heights and an adjustable gate valve, initial

experimental tests were conducted using a semi-perminant wooden weir with

interchangable plastic gates varying in height.

Experiments using a removable semi-circular wooden weir with 2” rectangular

cut from center initially started empirical process. Clear plastic inserts enabled variable

speed experimentation with steady channel volume to occur. Results considered with

admiral promise as adjustable-weir design targets specifications. Figure 3 is a simple

representation of the initial weir design used to test our assumption that constant fluid

depth could be controlled by adjusting inlet gate valve in correlation with the weir. The

observed experiments provided conclusive evidence that a constant volume condition is

satisfied for the duration of time required for flow channel operation.

Further development of designing a weir that could be easily adjusted without the

exchange of actual inserts was first resolved using an inclined ramp at the channel’s

outlet. This design is represented in Figure 4 and was implemented for experimental

evaluation. Changing the angle θ alters the outlet flow-rate, and setting the vertical

projection to the steady-state volume datum provides the initial weir starting condition.

From the steady-state position a change in θ was recorded by measuring the change in

string length from the top of the inclined plane to the channel’s upper surface wall.

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Figure 4: An inclined plane weir; increasing the angle θ decreases the flow-rate.

The recorded length was used to plot weir postion versus average flow velocity,

shown in Figure 5. Fluid flow-rates were determined by timing the volumetric discharge

using a stop watch and the reservior’s volumetric sight gage. Equations 2 and 3

(Appendix F) provide a means to calculate average fluid velocity given the experimental

flow rate and the channel’s wetted area. The graphical representation in Figure 5 shows

that weir scaling resolution is to finite over a narrow band of angles (θ) and the entire

range of performance velocities occurs within approximately 1cm of measurable length.

Figure 5: The entire range of performance velocities occurs over a narrow band of string lengths.

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Improving weir control and attempting to offer a wider range of operational

heights was accomplished by introducing a third weir design. Both previous weir designs

provided valuable information and guided the final weir selection made. The refined

weir design follows guidelines provided in Appendix B under

rectangular weir reference. Given the results of our

experimental trials it’s assumed a rectangular weir will allow

flow-rate adjustments to be made and also provide improved

operational performance. Figure 6 shows a modeled example

of the final weir design selected and manufactured for our

flow channel.

Reservior System

Suppling and recirculating working fluid for the flow

channel required two main specifications to be considered.

First the supply reservoir needed to provide a continuous flow rate for at least 30 seconds

duration and the supply needed to be done without any pumps or electrical interference.

Using a 55 gallon supply tank with an elevation head of three feet was determined

appropriate to maintain continuous fluid flow at a maximum velocity of 20cm/s, or

approximately 0.70gal/s for a wetted area of 129cm2. Recognizing a change in elevation

head will occur as water leaves the supply reservoir a second supply reservoir was

suggested to the customer.

Despite our recommendation it was the customer’s decision to attempt a final

design without an additional head supply. The velocity potential lost due to variable head

supply was calculated using the three foot elevation datum and the maximum fluid

elevation represented by a full supply reservoir. The percentage difference between the

maximum (full supply tank) head and the minimum (3ft datum height) head was

calculated and a loss of 20% was iterated back to the customer. Since velocity potential

follows the square-root function, Equation 6 (√2 gh=V ) the relationship between

velocity and elevation is not linear and loss over the tank height is considered acceptable

by the customer. Consequently, the final design includes only one supply reservoir and a

slight potential energy loss is evidenced.

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Figure 6: A rectangular guillotine-style weir selected as the final design for flow channel.

Designing the fluid recirculation system considered the specification that refilling

the supply reservoir needed to happen as quickly as possible. The main constraint here

was sizing a pump that could refill the supply reservoir within 1 minute and maintaining

a reasonable cost below $200. Calculating the frictional losses and the required head

needed are provided in Appendix G. Giving precedence to cost rather than performance

we settled on a pump selection that provided 70% the specified flow-rate of 50gpm and

had a total cost under $200. A pump performance curve for the final design selection is

represented in Appendix G.

Acknowledgements

The Fish Testing Flow Tank Team would like to thank our sponsor, Dr. Randy

Zelick, for trusting us with this project and providing us with such a learning opportunity.

We would also like to thank our Capstone Advisor, Dr. Lemmy Meekisho, for his support

and guidance through the course of the last two terms. Special thanks to Dr. VanWinkle

for the lab space he let us use, Dr. Cal for flow modification ideas, and Dr. Kohles for

facilitating this project with the PSU Biology Department.

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Works Cited

Blake, Robert W. "Biomechanics of Rheotaxis in Six Teleost Genera." NRS Research

Press (2006). Print.

Braithwaite, V. A., and J. R. Girvan. "Use of Water Flow Direction to Provide Spatial

Information in a Small-scale Orientation Task." Journal of Fish Biology A

2003.63 (2003): 74-83. Print.

Budynas, Richard G., J. Keith. Nisbett, and Joseph Edward. Shigley. Shigley's

Mechanical Engineering Design. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2008. Print.

"Engineering Tables - CMC Letco Ind." Letco Incorporated | Stainless Steel and Alloy

Fabricators | Pressure Vessels, Tanks, and Reactors. 2000. Web. 06 June 2010.

<http://www.cmc-letco.com/engineeringtables.php?value=5>.

Hofmann, Volker, Randy Zelick, and Horst Bleckmann. "Response of Midbrain Lateral

Line Units in Goldfish, Carassius Auratus, to Bulk Water Flow." Print.

"Moody Diagram." Http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com. Web. 6 June 2010.

Munson, Bruce Roy, Donald F. Young, and T. H. Okiishi. Fundamentals of Fluid

Mechanics. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley & Sons, 2006. Print.

"The Water Measurement Manual." Bureau of Reclamation Homepage. Web. 06 June

2010. <http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/hydraulics_lab/pubs/wmm/>.

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Appendix A: Moody Diagram

Figure 7: Moody Diagram

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Appendix B: Weir Design Proportions

Figure 8: Weir Proportion from the Bureau of Reclamation

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Appendix C: Experimental DataTable 4: Raw Data for Comparison of Different Channel Geometries

Cross-sectional Geometry Description

Ac (cm^2)

P (cm) D (m) V (m/s) v (m^2/s) Re

Round r = 7.62 cm Fixed area 130 29.110.04465819

3 0.2 0.00000112 7970

 0.04465819

3 0.175 0.00000112 6980

 0.04465819

3 0.15 0.00000112 5980

 0.04465819

3 0.125 0.00000112 4980

 0.04465819

3 0.1 0.00000112 3990

 0.04465819

3 0.075 0.00000112 2990

 0.04465819

3 0.05 0.00000112 1990

       0.04465819

3 0.025 0.00000112 1000

Square d = 11.4 cm Fixed area 130 34.20.03801169

6 0.2 0.00000112 6790

 0.03801169

6 0.175 0.00000112 5940

 0.03801169

6 0.15 0.00000112 5090

 0.03801169

6 0.125 0.00000112 4240

 0.03801169

6 0.1 0.00000112 3390

 0.03801169

6 0.075 0.00000112 2550

 0.03801169

6 0.05 0.00000112 1700

       0.03801169

6 0.025 0.00000112 850

Triangulard = w = 16.12 cm Fixed area 130 36.1 0.03601108 0.2 0.00000112 6430

  0.03601108 0.175 0.00000112 5630  0.03601108 0.15 0.00000112 4820  0.03601108 0.125 0.00000112 4020  0.03601108 0.1 0.00000112 3220  0.03601108 0.075 0.00000112 2410  0.03601108 0.05 0.00000112 1610        0.03601108 0.025 0.00000112 800

Where: Ac = Fluid Area

P = Wetted Perimeter

D = Hydraulic Diameter

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V = Fluid Velocity

v = Dynamic viscosity

Re = Reynolds number

Table 5: Wooden Weir with Plastic Inserts Raw Data

Start Volume (gal)

Area (cm^2)

Weir Insert Size Q (gpm) Q (cm^3/s)

Velocity (cm/s)

25 129 medium 0.2231 844.56 6.55

35 129none (wood only) 0.6044 2288.01 17.74

30 129none (wood only) 0.6015 2277.33 17.65

30 129 small 0.3036 1149.4 8.91

Table 6: Inclined Weir String Length vs. Fluid Velocity

Flow Rate (cm/s)

Area (m^2)

gal

Seconds

gal/sec

m^3/sec

String Length (in)

Velocity (cm/s)

20.35690467 0.0129 30 43.24 0.6938 0.002626 6.4375 20.4

19.59119871 0.0129 30 44.93 0.6677 0.002527 6.25 19.6

18.50005377 0.0129 30 47.58 0.6305 0.002387 6.15625 18.5

18.51172572 0.0129 20 31.7 0.6309 0.002388 6.125 18.5

2.934108527 0.0129 30 300 0.1 0.000379 5.75 2.9

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Appendix D: Bill of Materials (BOM)Table 7: Bill of Materials (BOM)

Part Description Qty Unit Cost Total Cost6" ABS Basin Extsn 2 $ 14.54 $ 29.08 Flex Cplg (6" to 4") 1 $ 7.60 $ 7.60 ABS Reducer (4" to 3") 1 $ 3.42 $ 3.42 ABS Adptr (Male 2") 4 $ 1.31 $ 5.24 ABS Adptr 1 $ 8.37 $ 8.37 Sump Pump 1 $ 179.00 $ 179.00 Teflon Tape 1 $ - $ - Weather Stripping 1 $ 3.57 $ 3.57 5 gal Bucket 1 $ 2.34 $ 2.34 ABS Reducer (5" to 3") 1 $ 8.37 $ 8.37 Adapter (sight glass) 2 $ 2.37 $ 4.74 ABS Adptr Elbows (2") 4 $ 1.33 $ 5.32 Gate Valve 2" 1 $ 28.99 $ 28.99 Hose Clamp 6" 2 $ 0.85 $ 1.70 Hose Clamp 3" 2 $ 2.29 $ 4.58 Turn Table 5" 1 $ 2.75 $ 2.75 10 ft. Hose (2") 1 $ 9.48 $ 9.48 Garden Hose 1 $ - $ - Sight glass tubing 1 $ - $ - 5' X 2" PVC Piping 1 $ 9.90 $ 9.90 Rope 1 $ 2.49 $ 2.49 Cutting Board 4 $ 2.19 $ 8.76 Ring Hanger 1 $ 1.31 $ 1.31 Calking Adhesive 2 $ 5.99 $ 11.98 Duct tape 2 $ 3.99 $ 7.98 ABS Reducer (4" to 2") 1 $ 3.42 $ 3.42 1 1/2" to 2" ABS adapter 2 $ 1.64 $ 3.28

Grand Total Cost $ 353.67 Budget $ 600.00

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Surplus $ 246.33

Appendix E: Detailed Drawings

Figure 9: 2" Coupling

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Figure 10: 2" Valve

Figure 11: 4" to 2" Coupling Reducer

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Figure 12: 6" to 4" Coupling Reducer

Figure 13: Flow Channel

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Figure 14: Weir Body

Figure 15: Adjustable Weir Gate

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Figure 16: Turn Table Channel Cradle

Figure 17: Stress Analysis for Turn Table Cradle

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Figure 18: Turn Table Base

Figure 19: Stress Analysis for Turn Table Base

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Figure 20: Turn Table

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Figure 21: Reservoir Stand

Appendix F: Equations

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Calculate Stress on member:

PA

=σ Equation 1

Conservation of Mass:

Q¿=Qout Equation 2

Where Q=A i∗V i Equation 3

Reynolds Number Calculation:

ℜ=Dh∗V

V H 2 O@ 270CEquation 4

Where Dh=Aw

PwEquation 5

Bernoulli’s:

√2gh=V Equation 6

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Appendix G: Pump Selection

Figure 22: Pump curve for selected pump design

Head LossOperating Pt.→ Q=50gpmTank Head → 8ft 1½ inch Schedule 80 Plastic Pipe (22.8-ft)- 16 ft. head loss / 100 ft. of pipe = Six 90° Fittings @ Vavg = 2.25-ft/s- 4 ft equivalent pipe length / fittingNeglect Pump LossTotal Loss = (4 ft. * 6 fittings + 22.8 ft.)*(16 ft. head loss/100 ft. of pipe) + 8 ft.

= 15.5 ft. head loss

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Selected Pump Ideal Pump

33.3 GPM 50 GPMMinutes to Fill Reservoir

1.5 1

Appendix H: PDS Adherence

Table 8: PDS Adherence

Specification Priority Metric Target Satisfaction of

CompletionFrequency Interference *** yes/no no ***Fluid Flow Profile *** yes/no yes ***Minimum Flow Velocity * cm/s 0 ***Maximum Flow Velocity (min) *** cm/s 10 ***Test Duration ** s 60 ***Resistant To Oxidation * yes/no yes ***Cost To Produce ** $ 600 ***Fish Holding Tank Depth (static flow) *** cm ~7.5 ***

Rotation of Tank * Angle (positive or negative degrees) +/-15 *

Off-The-Shelf Parts * yes/no yes ***

Ease of Repair * People Required to Fix 1 ***

Durable * yes/no yes **Fits on Existing Air Table ** yes/no yes **Spatial Interference with Testing Equipment ** yes/no no **

Allows Visual Observation of Fish *** yes/no yes ***

Fluid Containment ** yes/no yes **User Ergonomic Safety *** yes/no yes **Specimen Safety ** yes/no yes ***Structure Bio-Compatible ** yes/no yes ***Visually Aesthetic * yes/no yes *

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Appendix I: Flow Analysis

Figure 23: An example of the simulated flow model used in SolidWorks. This form of simulation was shown to be quite inaccurate and therefore was omitted from final calculations.

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Appendix J: Assembly Drawings

Figure 24: Collapsed (upper) and Exploded (lower) Views of Final Flow Channel

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Figure 25: Collapsed (upper) and Exploded (lower) views of Turn Table

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