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133

eqspertis azri

133

ioseb arCvaZe

saqarTvelos ekonomika ssrk-is daSlis wina periodSi

eqspertis azri

ioseb arCvaZe

saqarTvelos ekonomika ssrk-is daSlis wina periodSi

2020

133

ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÔÒÀÔÄÂÉÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÖÒÈÉÄÒÈÏÁÀÈÀ ÊÅËÄÅÉÓ ×ÏÍÃÉGEORGIAN FOUNDATION FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

publikacia daibeWda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos finansuri mxardaWeriT. gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvnis avtorebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saelCos Tvalsazriss.

teqnikuri redaqtori: artem meliq-nubarovi

saavtoro uflebebi daculia da ekuTvnis saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis fonds. werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe publikaciis arc erTi nawili ar SeiZleba gadaibeWdos aranairi, maT Soris eleqtronuli an meqanikuri, formiT. gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da daskvnebi ekuTvnis avtors/ebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis

fondis Tvalsazriss.

© saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa kvlevis fondi 2020 weli

ISSN 1512-4835 ISBN

3

Sesavali

miuxedavad imisa, rom ssrk-is daSlis Semdeg TiTqmis sami aTwleulia gasuli, mecnierebisa da politologebis in-teresi am sistemisa da misi ngrevis mizezebis mimarT, ro-gorc postsabWoTa sivrceSi, ise mis farglebs gareT, sak-maod maRalia.

amasTan, am ganvlil periodSi erT dros erTiani qvey-nis calkeul respublikebs Soris gaRrmavda ekonomikuri da politikuri uTanxmoebani, warmoiSva winaaRmdegobebi. yvela am eqscesSi, sxvadasxva formiTa da intensivobiT, CarTulia ssrk-is samarTalmemkvidre _ ruseTis federacia, romelic jerac ver/ar ganTavisuflebula imperiis fantomuri tkivi-lebisa da ambiciebisagan. is problemebi, romlebsac TavianT ganviTarebaSi „erTiani Sinelidan“ (anu ssrk-dan) gamosuli respublikebi awydebian, ruseTi eqskluziurad maT „damsaxu-rebad“ miiCnevs, Tumca am problemaTa formirebasa da zrda Si sakuTar solidur „Rvawls“ kategoriulad ar amCnevs. ru-seTis mizania yvela postsabWoTa qveyana iyolios „mokle Rvedze“ Tavis orbitaSi. amisaTvis ki igi, sxva mraval meTod-Tan erTad, iyenebs sabWoTa periodis romantizacias, axdens ra am qveynebis sabWoTa periodis ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis monacemebis Selamazebas.

bolo periodSi saqarTvelosTan warmoebuli hibrid-uli omi ruseTma gaaZliera propagandistuli aspeqtiT _ saqarT velos mosaxleobaze fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebiT or-komponentiani narativis safuZvelze, TiTqos:

1. saqarTvelo sabWoTa periodSi arsebobda sxva respub-likebis (pirvel rigSi, ruseTis) xarjze, riTac saSualo suladobrivi moxmareba saqarTveloSi saSualo sakavSiro dones ramdenjerme aRemateboda;

2. postsabWoTa periodSi saqarTvelos ekonomikis arasax-arbielo mdgomareoba uSualod da eqskluziurad Tavad qarT velTa „damsaxurebaa“ da kidev imisa, rom ruseTi aRar inaxavs saqarTvelos.

es ori Tezisi aqtiurad „daxetialobs“ rusul gamo-cemebSi _ akademiuridan dawyebuli da bulvaruli, yviTeli presiT damTavrebuli. amiT cdiloben sakuTari da saqa-

4

rTvelos mosaxleoba daarwmunon, rom sabWoTa periodSi saqarT velos macxovreblebi eqskluziurad centris (e.i. ru-seTis) damsaxurebiT „kargad cxovrobda“, xolo saqarTvelos amJamindeli ekonomikuri situacia, romlic marTlac arcTu ise saxarbieloa, aseve eqskluziurad qarTvelTa arakompe-tenturobisa da cudi, araefeqtiani marTvis damsaxurebaa. Sesabamisad, Tu saqarTvelos mosaxleobas kvlavac unda „kar-gad cxovreba“, ekonomikurad, politikurad da mentalurad ruseTze unda gaxdes „mibmuli“ da damokidebuli...

aRniSnuli midgoma mTlianad ewereba rusuli politi-kuri istebliSmentis cnobili warmomadgenelis _ anatoli Cubaisis mier jer kidev 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gaJRere-bul e.w. „liberaluri imperiis“ koncefciaSi.1

qvemoT mogvyavs informacia, romelic fantavs zemoT warmodgenil rusul narativebs, miTebs sabWoTa drois saqa-rTveloze, saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT ruseTis politi-kaze da iZleva obieqtur suraTs saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi sabWoTa periodSi arsebul realur mdgomareobaze.

saqarTvelos makroekonomikuri mdgomareoba

hibriduli omis klasikur niSans atarebs rusul me-diaSi sakmaod xSiri periodulobiT gameorebuli Tezisi, TiTqos sabWoTa periodSi saqarTvelos TiToeuli mcxovrebi sakuTar respublikaSi warmoebulTan SedarebiT 4-jer met dovlaTs moixmarda (Sesabamisad, 41,9 aTasi aSS dolari da 10,6 aTasi aSS dolari)2.

es monacemebi TiTidanaa gamowovili, radgan SeuZlebe-lia 1990 wels saqarTvelos, rogorc Rrma da gaWianurebul krizisSi myofi sabWoTa kavSiris nawils, aseTi masStaburi moxmareba hqonoda, rodesac TviT aSS-Si mosaxleobis erT sulze warmoebuli mTliani samamulo produqti3 (GDP) im wels mxolod 24,0 aTas dolars aRwevda da rusuli mediis mier saqarTvelosaTvis miweril „41,9-aTasian“ dones mxolod sabWoTa kavSiris daSlidan 13 wlis Semdeg, 2004 wels, miaR-wia.

da mainc, ramdeni iyo saqarTvelos GDP mosaxleobis erT sulze ssrk-is bolo periodSi?

5

ramdenadac sabWoTa kavSiris dros ar arsebobda ma-neTi/dolaris erTiani kanonizebuli sakonvertacio (gada-m yvani) meTodologia, sxvadasxva SefasebiT, ssrk-is GDP, aSS-is GDP-sTan mimarTebiT, 36,5%-dan 46,5%-mde4 meryeobda. Cveni azriT, WeSmaritebasTan ufro axlos unda iyos pirveli _ 36,5%-iani maCvenebeli. miT ufro, rom 1990 wels sabWoTa ekonomika, wina welTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovnad, 4%-iT, Sem-cirda5. 1990 wlisTvis, mosaxleobis raodenobis gaTvalis-winebiT (ssrk _ 288,6 mln. kaci, aSS _ 248,7 mln. kaci), mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze ssrk-Si myidvelobiTi unariano-bis paritetiT Seadgenda aSS-is analogiuri donis mxolod 31,3%-s6.

1990 wels saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erT sulze warmo­ebuli erovnuli Semosavali, analogiuri saSualo sakavSiro maCveneblis mxolod 79,1% iyo, xolo moxmarebisa da dagro­vebisaTvis gankuTvnili erovnuli Semosavali _ kidev ufro naklebi _ 76,5%. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze gaweuli momsaxurebis sagrZnobi nawili Camo-sul turistebze modioda, xolo momsaxurebis komponenti arsebiTad zrdis GDP-s, sabWoTa meTodikiT gaangariSebul erovnul SemosavalTan SedarebiT, mosaxleobis erT sulze saqarTvelo gacilebiT naklebad CamorCeboda sssrk-s warmo-ebuli GDP-iT, vidre erovnuli SemosavliT. ramdenadac rom saSualod, wliurad, saqarTvelos arsebuli mosaxleoba mudmiv mosaxleobas daaxloebiT 7-8%-iT aRemateboda, unda vivaraudoT, rom 1990 wlisTvis mosaxleobis erT sulze GDP saqarTveloSi ssrk­is daaxloebiT 85 procents Seadgenda. 1990 wlisTvis mosaxleobis erT sulze warmoebuli GDP iyo (aSS dolarebSi): ssrk-Si _ 7563, saqarTveloSi _ 6420, aSS-Si _ 24000. Sesabamisad, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doniT saqarT­velo ssrk­is dones daaxloebiT 15%­iT, xolo aSS­isas TiTqmis 3,8­jer CamorCeboda. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sabWoTa kav-Siri cdilobda aSS-sTan samxedro-strategiuli paritetis miRwevas da SenarCunebas, pirdapiri socialuri saWiroebi-saTvis resursebi monarCenobis principiT gamoiyofoda, ris gamoc keTildReobis faqtobrivi done ssrk/saqarTveloSi aSS-isas kidev ufro metad CamorCeboda.

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qvemoT moyvanili cxrilis monacemebi ssrk-is respub-likebSi 1990 wels mosaxleobis erT sulze warmoebuli da moxmarebisaTvis gamoyenebuli erovnuli Semosavalis Sesaxeb maqsimaluri sisruliT warmoaCens saqarTvelos ekonomikur CamorCenas saSualo-sakavSiro donesTan SedarebiT.7

cxrili 1

warmoebuli erovnuli Semosavali da moxmarebisa da dagrovebisaT­vis gamoyenebuli erovnuli Semosavali ssrk­sa da masSi Semaval re­

spublikebSi mosaxleobis erT sulze 1990 wels(ssrk = 100)

warmoebuli erovnuli Semosavali

moxmarebisa da dagrovebisaTvis gamoyenebuli erovnuli Semosavali

estoneTi 126,3 estoneTi 144,5

latvia 123,0 latvia 129,4

belarusi 121,3 rsfsr 115,2

rsfsr 118,2 belarusi 109,5

ssrk 100,0 litva 106,2

litva 99,9 ssrk 100,0

ukraina 92,6 ukraina 92,9

somxeTi 83,9 somxeTi 92,3

moldova 81,9 yazaxeTi 91,9

saqarTvelo 79,1 moldova 89,1

yazaxeTi 74,8 saqarTvelo 76,5

azerbaijani 66,0 yirgizeTi 73,0

TurqmeneTi 59,7 TurqmeneTi 65,3

yirgizeTi 56,6 uzbekeTi 55,1

uzbekeTi 47,5 azerbaijani 48,8

tajikeTi 36,4 tajikeTi 44,3

unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umrav-lesobisaTvis keTildReobis kriteriumis „simZimis centri“ materialur dovlaTze (saxli, bina, aveji, avtomobili...) ga-dioda, maSin, rodesac miRebuli/SeZenili momsaxurebiT (ro-

7

gorc keTildReobis monetizebul gamoxatulebaSi, ise kompo-nentTa ranJirebaSi) saqarTvelo mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda ruseTis federacias.

makroekonomikuri monacemebi ar adastureben keTil­dReobis mxriv saqarTvelos raime privilegias da upirateso­bas sakavSiro donesTan SedarebiT. warmoebuli erovnuli Se-mosavliT mosaxleobis erT sulze ssrk-is 15 respublikas Soris saqarTvelos IX adgili ekava, xolo moxmarebisa da dag-rovebisaTvis gankuTvnili erovnuli SemosavliT _ X adgili. am maCveneblebiT saqarTvelo CamorCeboda ssrk-s, Sesabami-sad, 20.9%-iT da 23.5%-iT, ruseTis federacias _ 33,1%-iT da 33,6%-iT, xolo pirvel adgilze myof estoneTs _ 37,4%-iT da 47,1%-iT.

Tezisi, rom TiTqos saqarTvelo moixmarda mis mierve warmoebul dovlaTze mets, baTildeba produqciis warmoe-bisa da ganawilebis dargTaSorisi balansis monacemebiT, romelTa mixedviTac, moxmarebis mTlian moculobaSi saqarT-veloSi Semotanili produqciis wilad mxolod 26,2 procen-ti modioda, xolo gatanili produqciis wilad _ qveyanaSi warmoebuli produqciis 25,1%8. amasTan, uaryofiTi saldo (Semotanis metoba gatanasTan SedarebiT) Seadgenda 380 mil­ion maneTs9 _ saqarTveloSi warmoebuli erovnuli Semosav-lis mxolod 3.8 procents. faswarmoqmnis sabWoTa periodis meqanizmis gamo 15 respublikidan mxolod 2-s (belarusi, azerbaijani) hqonda dadebiTi savaWro saldo (produqciis gatana aWarbebda Semotanas), danarCeni 13 respublikis sal-do ki uaryofiTi iyo (Semotana aWarbebda gatanas). amasTan, saqarT velos Semotana-gatanis uaryofiTi saldos mqone 13 respublikas Soris aRniSnuli saldos Tanafardoba erovnul SemosavalTan yvelaze mcire zomis saqarTvelos hqonda. SeadareT: saqarTvelo _ 3,8%, ruseTis federacia _ 8,4%, somxeTi _ 17,5%, yirgizeTi _ 30,4%10... faqtobrivad, saqarT­velos wvlili sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikaSi iseve, rogorc misgan miRebuli sargebeli, nacvalgebaSi ekvivalenturobis gaTvaliswinebiT, TiTqmis yvelaze optimaluri iyo (belarusis Semdeg, romelsac hqonda +0,9 p.p.).

8

Sromis anazRaurebamiuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoTa periodSi saqarTvelos

hqonda 100-ze meti dargi da warmoeba, igi mainc, Tu ar CavTv-liT TiTo-TiTo msxvil saavtomobilo, saaviacio, CarxmSeneb-el da metalurgiul sawarmos, ar iyo daxunZluli industri-uli gigantebiT. saqarTvelos realur seqtorSi sWarbobdnen msubuqi da kvebis mrewvelobis sawarmoebi, sadac anazRaureba SedarebiT dabali iyo. es didwilad ganapirobebda erovnul meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa saSualo xelfasis sidides, rom-lis mixedviTac (1990 w. _ 214,0 maneTi), saqarTvelos 15 res-publikas Soris ekava XIII adgili, uswrebda ra am indikato-riT mxolod tajikeTsa da azerbaijans. sabWoTa meurneobis muSakTa Sromis anazRaurebiT (196,3 maneTi) saqarTvelo iyo mxolod XII adgilze (uswrebda mxolod somxeTs, tajikeTsa da azerbaijans), xolo kolmeurneTa Sromis anazRaurebis mixedviT (233,4 maneTi) _ XI adgilze (uswrebda ukrainas, yir-gizeTs, uzbekeTsa da tajikeTs).

cxrili 2

Sromis anazRaureba saqarTvelos, ruseTis federaciisa dasaukeTeso maCveneblis mqone estoneTSi 1990 wels11

(procentobiT saSualo sakavSiro donesTan; ssrk = 100)

muSa

-mosa

msax

ureT

a sa

Sual

o x

elfas

i

sabW

oTa

meurne

obi

s mu

SakT

a xe

lfas

i

kol

meurne

Ta

Sromi

s an

azRau

reb

a

saqarTvelo 77,9 69,8 96,8

rsfsr 108,1 111,3 109,9

estoneTi 124,1 118,1 145,8

9

mosaxleobis fuladi Semosavlebi da maTi dasaqonlianeba

CamorCena Sromis anazRaurebaSi adekvaturad aisaxe-boda mosaxleobis fulad Semosavlebzec. 1990 wels mosaxle-obis saSualo suladobrivma Semosavlebma Seadgina (maneTi): ssrk-Si _ 2262,0 (100%), ruseTis federaciaSi _ 2584,1 (114,2%), saqarTveloSi _ 2216,1 (98%).

ekonomikur CamorCenasTan SedarebiT, saqarTvelo saSualo-sakavSiro dones gacilebiT naklebad CamorCeboda fuladi SemosavlebiT, rac rusul wyaroebSi erT-erT argu-mentad gamoiyeneba saqarTvelos sakavSiro „kmayofaze“ yof-nis Tezisis gasamarTleblad. Tumca, 1980-iani wlebis bolos, rodesac fulma faqtobrivad dakarga Tavisi sayovelTao ekvivalenturobisa da proporciuli gacvlis absoluturi unari12 da misi myidvelobiTi unarianoba damokidebuli gaxda calkeuli regionebis dasaqonlianebis donesa da totaluri deficitis pirobebSi saqonlis xelmisawvdomobaze, amgvarma sxvaobam dasaxelebul CamorCenebs (ekonomikur da fuladi Semosavlebis mixedviT) Soris faqtobrivad dakarga arse-biTi mniSvnelobac.

aseTi gansxvaveba ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli iyo ssrk-Si Sromis e.w. sakavSiro danawilebiT, samxreTuli da sub-tropikuli kulturebis (Cai, xili, citrusebi) warmoebis specializaciiT. ssrk-is bolo periodSi saqarTvelo awar-moebda sabWoTa kavSirSi warmoebuli Cais 93,2% da citru-sebis 96,7%-s13. es garemoeba ramdenadme amsubuqebda qarT-veli glexebis ekonomikur mdgomareobas, Tumca arsebiTi gardatexa mainc ver Sehqonda. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis im 1.3 milioni mcxovrebis Semosavlebi, romlebic CarTuli iyvnen samxreTuli da subtropikuli kulturebis warmobaSi, Sead­genda: Caidan _ daaxloebiT 200 mln. maneTs,14 xolo citrusebi­dan _ 270­300 mln. maneTs, anu aRniSnuli kategoriis mosaxleo-baze gaangariSebiT, saSualod TveSi _ 32 maneTs, respublikis TiToeul mcxovrebze ki _ mxolod 7,6 maneTs. Sedarebisa-Tvis: imave periodSi saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa mxolod xelfasis fondi 5,3 mlrd. maneTi iyo.15 mxedvelobaSia misaRebi isic, rom e.w. sakavSiro fonds mtkice (sabazrosTan SedarebiT sagrZnoblad dabali) fase-biT yovelwliurad miewodeboda 50,1 aTasi tona kartofili,

10

45,2 aTasi tona bostneuli, 99,8 aTasi tona xili da kenkra da 95,8 aTasi tona citrusi16. es faqtobrivad warmoadgenda centris mier respublikebisaTvis dawesebul Ralas.

saqarTvelos CamorCena saSualo sakavSiro donisagan gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemi iyo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZenis mxriv. sacalo saqonelbrunvis mixedviT, saqarTvelos saSualo suladobrivi Tanafardoba (CamorCena) sakavSiro donesTan (78,4%) faqtobrivad iseTive iyo, rogorc ekonomi-kuri CamorCena, anu mosaxleobis zemoxsenebuli SefardebiTi siWarbe fuladi Semosavlebisa ekonomikuri ganviTarebis do-nesTan SedarebiT (98,0%vs.76,5%) praqtikulad nivelirdebo-da fuladi Semosavlebis dasaqonlianebisas. SedarebisaTvis: analogiuri maCvenebeli ruseTSi _ 109,5%, xolo estoneT-Si (am mxrivac saukeTeso maCveneblis mqone republikaSi) _ 166,9%.17. Tu sabWoTa kavSirSi mosaxleobis erT sulze yoveli 100 maneTis fulad Semosavlebze modioda 76,2 maneTis saqon­lisa da momsaxurebis SeZena, saqarTveloSi aRniSnuli maCvene­beli iyo mxolod 64,5 maneTi (84,6%). 1990 wels, erT sulze gaangariSebiT, saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis mier SeZenili saqonlis (fasiani momsaxurebis gareSe) moculoba iyo nakle-bi, vidre ssrk-Si (232,6 maneTiT _ 12,4%-iT), ruseTis federa-ciasa (424,0 maneTiT _ 20,5%-iT) da estoneTSi (1452,3 maneTiT _ 46,9%-iT). aRniSnuli indikatoriT saqarT velo 15 respub-likas Soris ikavebda bolos wina, me-14, adgils. fasi ani mom-saxurebis komponentis gaTvaliswinebas mcireodeni koreqti-vi ki Sehqonda aRniSnul proporciebSi, magram arsebi Tad ar cvlida arc situacias da arc saqarTvelos adgils ssrk-is respublikebs Soris (ix. qvemoT diagrama).

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diagrama

ssrk­sa da masSi Semaval respublikebSi mosaxleobis fuladi Semosavlebis dasaqonlianebis done

1990 wels(yovel 100 maneT fulad Semosavalze gaweuli xarjebi

saqonlisa da fasiani momsaxurebis SesaZenad; procenti sssrk-is saSualo maCvenebelTan; ssrk = 100)

faqtobrivad, saqarTvelo ormagad diskriminirebul mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda, orgvarad CamorCeboda sakavSiro dones: erTi _ saSualod erT sulze fuladi SemosavaliT da meore _ mosaxleobis Semosavlebis yoveli maneTis dasaqon-lianebiT (am ukanaskneliT _ daaxloebiT 1/6-iT).

ra Tqma unda, jer kidev erTiani saxelmwifos, er-Tiani fuladi sistemis pirobebSi, ziari WurWlis principiT xdeboda mosaxleobis fuladi resursebis gadadineba daba-li dasaqonlianebis regionebidan maRali dasaqonlianebis regionebSi. am mxriv arc saqarTvelo da misi mosaxleoba warmoadgendnen gamonakliss. 1981-1989 wlebSi mosaxleobam saqarT velodan dasaqonlianebis mizniT sxva respublikebSi 5,3 miliardze meti maneTi gaitana.18 es SesaZleblobas aZlevda dabali dasaqonlianebis mqone saqarTvelos mosaxleobas ram-denadme gaeumjobesebina sakuTari materialuri mdgomareoba. Sesabamisad, es, marTalia, zrdida saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

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fuladi Semosavlebis dasaqonlianebis dones (Cveni Sefase-biT, yoveli maneTis fuladi Semosavlebis dasaqonlianebas daaxloebiT 5,2%-iT, 64,5%-dan 69,7%-mde), magram arsebiTad ver spobda gansxvavebas (CamorCenas) saSualo-sakavSiro do-nesTan. Tanac, sxva regionebSi erTeuli saqonlis SeZena (zed­met fasad), misi transportirebisa da rigis sxva xarjebis gaT­valiswinebiT, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs 1,5­2,0­jer ufro Zviri ujdebodaT, anu saqarTvelos farglebs gareT gatanili fu-ladi masis erTeulis mixedviT, dasaqonlianobis done kidev ufro dabali iyo saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis sakuTar respub-likaSi gamoyenebuli fuladi saxsrebis dasaqonlianebasTan SedarebiT _ sakavSiro donesTan SedarebiT, daaxloebiT, 2,4-4,0-jer ufro dabali.19 amasTan, ssrk-is sxva regionebSi erTeuli deficituri saqonlis SesaZenad zedmetad gadax-dili Tanxa im regionebis adgilobriv mosaxleobas uqmnida yalb, iracionalur warmodgenas saqarTvelos mosaxleobis viTomda maRal Semosavlebsa da „naxevari ruseTis SeZenis“ SesaZleblobaze.

eleqtroenergiis warmoeba da moxmarebaekonomikis ganviTarebasa da mosaxleobis keTldReoba-

ze sakmaod sando informacias iZleva eleqtroenergiis war-moebisa da moxmarebis saSualo suladobrivi maCveneblebi. mo sax leobis erT sulze eleqtroenergiis warmoebiT 1990 wels saqarTvelo (2604,5 kvt.sT) 15 respublikas Soris me-14 adgil ze iyo, rac Sesabamisi sakavSiro maCveneblis (5992,2 kvt.sT) mxolod 43,5 procents Seadgenda20. marTalia, erTiani energetikuli sistemis pirobebSi calkeul respublikaSi mosaxleobis erT sulze warmoebis sidides ar hqonda gada-mwyveti mniSvneloba _ respublikaTaSoriso gadanawilebis Sedegad saqarTveloSi erT sulze eleqtroenergiis moxmare-ba daaxloebiT 1,3-jer sWarbobda mis warmoebas, Tumca es gazrdili moxmarebac ki mainc TiTqmis 1,8-jer CamorCeboda sakavSiro maCvenebels.

samarTlianobisaTvis unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos mrewvelobis dabali energotevadobis gamo respublikis eko-nomikas im dros faqtobrivad ar hqonia eleqtroenergiis deficiti da ar saWiroebda ufro meti eleqtroenergiis moxmarebas.

13

soflis meurneobasaqarTvelos soflis meurneoba, misi mwarmoebluro-

bis gaTvaliswinebiT, ekonomikis aqilevsis qusls warmoad-genda. dResac ki mwarmoebluroba am dargSi saqarTvelos ekonomikis danarCeni dargebis saSualo maCvenebels 9-jer, xolo 1990 wlisas 2,3-jer CamorCeba21. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarT velos agrarul seqtors mowinave poziciebi arc maSin eWira. magaliTad, xorcis suladobrivi warmoebiT (31,2 kg.) saqarTvelos 15 respublikas Soris X adgili ekava, kverc xis warmoebiT _ XI adgili, rZis warmoebiT ki (121,1 kg.) iyofda XIII-XIV adgilebs22. saqarTvelo CamorCeboda litvas erT sul-ze warmoebuli xorciT (saukeTeso maCveneblis mqone respub-likas) 4,4-jer, rZis warmoebiT _ 7,0-jer, xolo estoneTs (kvercxis warmoebiT saukeTeso maCveneblis mqone respub-likas) _ 2,5-jer.

xorblis damzadebis fasebi saqarTveloSi mniSv-nelovnad CamorCeboda ara marto sakavSiro dones (20,1%-iT), aramed, faqtobrivad, imave bunebriv-klimatur pirobebSi myof azerbaijansa (5,3%-iT) da somxeTs (27,1%-iT)23. amas-Tan, Sromis dabali mwarmoeblurobis gamo, mecxoveleobis seqtori saqarTveloSi sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT yvelaze dabalefeqtiani da dabalrentabeluri iyo. mecxoveleobis produqciis yoveli centneri namatis Rirebuleba saqarT-veloSi analogiur sakavSiro maCvenebels 2,5-2,7-jer aRe-mateboda.24.

kvebis produqtebis suladobrivi moxmarebaCamorCena mecxoveleobis produqciis warmoebaSi moq-

medebda maT suladobriv moxmarebazec. ssrk 15 respublikas Soris saqarTvelos yvela mimarTulebiT ZiriTadad qveda pozicia ekava (puris garda): rZisa da rZis produqtebis moxmarebiT _ VIII adgili, Tevzeulis moxmarebiT _ IX, kar-tofilisa da kvercxis _ XI, mcenareuli zeTis mixedviT _ XIII adgili. mosaxleobis erT sulze moxmarebul yovel 1 kg. pur sa da purproduqtebze xorcisa da xorcis produqtebis mox mareba Seadgenda: saqarTveloSi _ 239 gr, saSualod ssrk- Si _ 466 gr, xolo estoneTSi _ 967 gr.

saqarTvelo bolo, me-15, adgilze iyo rogorc mosax-leobis erT sulze, ise erT dasaqmebulze Sromis energoSei-

14

araRebiT agrarul seqtorSi (CamorCena saSualo-sakavSiro donesTan, Sesabamisad, 29%-iT da 26%-iT). soflis meurne-o baSi TiToeuli dasaqmebulis Sromis energoSeiaraRebiT saqarT velo 5,0-jer CamorCeboda ruseTis federacias da 8,1-jer _ estoneTs.25

sacxovrebeli farTobis eqspluataciaSi SeyvanasaqarTvelo saSualo sakavSiro dones uswrebda mosax-

leobis erT sulze mosaxleobis saxsrebiT aSenebuli saSua-lo binis farTobiT _ daaxloebiT 1/3-iT, xolo individual-uri binTmSeneblobis mixedviT _ 26,2%-iT26.

aq mxedvelobSi unda miviRoT ori garemoeba: erTi, rom individualuri binaTmSenebloba ssrk-Si iyo mosaxleo-bis iseTi „nebayoflobiTi“ arCevani, romelic maT uyalibde-bodaT saxelmwifos xarjze binebis miRebis Soreuli perspeq-tivisa Tu, saerTod, uperspeqtivobis gamo. am dros ojaxebi gadaanawilebdnen sakuTar finansur resursebs, axdendnen moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis rigiTobis koreqcias da gamoTavisuflebul resursebs mimarTavdnen sakuTari sabi-nao pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad. rac Seexeba mosaxleobis erTnairi raodenobisTvis aSenebuli binebis saerTo raode-nobas, saqarTvelos am mxriv bolo, me-15, adgili ekava res-publikebs Soris, rac, bunebrivia, ar Seesatyviseba Taname-drove rusi eqspertebis mier tiraJirebul zemoxsenebul informacias, rom sabWoTa saqarTveloSi warmoebulTan Seda-rebiT oTxjer mets moixmardnen.

yoveli kvadratuli metri sacxovrisis eqspluata-ciaSi Seyvana saqarTveloSi 8 procentiT naklebi jdeboda sakavSiro donesTan SedarebiT, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, mosax leobis erT sulze eqspluataciaSi saqarTveloSi mainc 1,5-jer naklebi farTobi Sedioda (Sesabamisad, 1,41 m2 da 2,19 m2 _ me-14 adgili)27.

mosaxleobis erT sulze saqarTvelo CamorCeboda sakavSiro dones kapitaluri mSeneblobis moculobiTac (29,9%-iT)28. amasTan, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ssrk bolo, XII xuTwledSi (1986-1990 ww.) respublikaSi ganxorcielebuli kapitaluri dabandebebis 30% modioda miuseraSi (saqarTve-lo, afxazeTi) ssrk prezidentis saxelmwifo agarakis mSeneb-

15

lobaze, realuri CamorCenis masStabi, sul cota, 1,4-jer mainc unda gaizardos.

skolamdeli dawesebulebebiT, avtomobilebiT, televizore­biT mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofa

Sobadobis done (mosaxleobis yovel 1000 sulze) saqarT veloSi, faqtobrivad, saSualo-sakavSiro doneze iyo: Sesabamisad, 1980 w. _ 17,6 da 18,3, 1990 w. _ 17,0 da 16,829. miuxedavad amisa, skolamdeli dawesebulebebiT uzrunvelyo-fa saqarTveloSi 1/4-iT CamorCeboda saSualo-sakavSiro do-nes (skolamdeli dawesebulebebiT Sesabamisi asakis bavSvebis uzrunvelyofa, Sesabamisad, 42% da 55%30).

msubuqi avtomobilebis raodenobiT yovel 100 Sinameurneobaze saqarTvelo uswrebda saSualo-sakavSiro maCvenebels, Tumca mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda baltiis res-publikebs (Seadare: saqarTvelo _ 32, ssrk _ 23, estoneTi _ 40).

amave dros, saqarTvelo mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda televizorebis raodenobiT mosaxleobis Tanabari raodeno-bis sakavSiro dones: yovel 1000 sulze televizorebis rao-denoba Seadgenda: ssrk-Si _ 1035, saqarTveloSi _ 690.31.

amrigad, rogorc zemoT moyvanili informacia adas-turebs, saqarTvelo sabWoTa periodSi ar yofila arc privi­legirebuli da arc centris kmayofaze myofi respublika. misi warmoebisa da moxmarebis masStabebi maqsimalurad Seesabame-boda erTmaneTs, xolo erT sulze Sesabamisi maCveneblebi sakavSiro maCveneblebs daaxloebiT 1/4-iT CamorCeboda.

16

dan

arT

i

saqa

rT

vel

os

eko

nomi

kur

i ma

Cven

ebl

ebi

1990

wel

s d

a ma

Ti

Tan

afar

do

ba s

srk­

is,

ru

seT

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eder

acii

sa d

a Se

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keT

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res

publ

ikis

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vene

bel

Tan

mosa

xleo

bis

erT s

ul

ze,

ma

neTi

Tan

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mosa

xleo

bis

erT s

ul

ze,

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li

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ubl

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ris

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maCv

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ovn

ul

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val

i17

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66.9

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(es

tone

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moxm

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da

dag

rove

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vis

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bul

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ul

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val

i16

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tone

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meurne

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alo T

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saSu

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viuri

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aneT

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tone

Ti)

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ful

adi

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savl

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das

aqonl

iane

bis

done

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84.6

85.7

75.7

(l

atvi

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cal

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itva

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cxi

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lar

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.512

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Ti)

XV

20

SeniSvnebi

1. А. Чубайс. Миссия России в XXI веке. _ «Независимая газета», 1.10.2003

2. Константин Крылов. Согласно законов гостеприимства. Апн.ру. 27.06.2019. www.apn.ru/index.php?newsid=37897; Калабеков И.Г. СССР и страны мира в цифрах. Справочное издание. М., 2019, 359 с. www.su90.ru/su465.pdf

3. papava v., silagaZe a. rogor unda iTargmnos qarTulad termini ”Gross Domestic Product”. globalizacia da biznesi, #7.

4. A Comparison of Soviet and US Gross National Produqts. W., 1999. www.cia.gov/li-brary/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000498181.pdf; Maddison Project Database 2018. Groning Growth and Development centre Faculty of Economics and Business, 2018, <www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2018>; Tim Vlandas T., Evolution of GDP per capita in USSR versus over de-veloped countries, 2016, <www.timvlandas.com/2016/01/15/evolution-of-gdp-per-capita-in-ussr-versus-over-developed-countries/>;

5. Народное хозяйство СССР в 1990 году. М., «Финансы и статистика», 1991. gv. 7. Economic Syrvey of Europe, 2004, N2

6. A Comparison of Soviet and US Gross National Produqts. W., 1999. www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000498181.pdf

7. Статистический бюллетень Госкомстата СССР, 17.12.1990, gv. 21, 29, 30.

8. Народное хозяйство СССР в 1990 году. М., «Финансы и статистика», 1991, gv. 639.

9. iqve, gv. 640.

10. Народное хозяйство СССР в 1990 году. М., «Финансы и статистика», 1991, gv. 640; Статистический бюллетень Госкомстата СССР, 17.12.1990, gv. 29, 30.

11. Народное хозяйство СССР в 1990 году. М., «Финансы и статистика», 1991, gv. 38-39.

12. ssrk-Si am dros gaCnda Semdegi Sinaarsis xumroba: „ganviTarebuli so-cializmi _ esaa xangrZlivi etapi sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi, rode-sac ufulod jer arafers ar iZlevian, xolo fuliT ukve SeuZlebelia raimes yidva“.

13. Народное хозяйство СССР в 1990 году. М., «Финансы и статистика», 1991, gv . 486, 488.

14. 1990 wels saqarTveloSi warmoebuli Cais moculobam 516.1 aTasi tona Seadgina. 1 kg. Cais foTlis damzadebis Rirebuleba daaxloebiT 0.41 maneTs Seadgenda, Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis Semosavlebi Cais damzade-bidan daaxloebiT 200 mln. maneTs aRwevda.

15. Основные показатели роста доходов и благосостояния населения Грузинской ССР. Статистический сборник. Тбилиси, 1988, gv. 16.

21

16. Народное хозяйство Грузинской СССР в 1988 году. Статистический ежегодник. Тбилиси, 1990, gv. 237.

17. Народное хозяйство СССР в 1990 году. М., «Финансы и статистика», 1991, gv. 121-122б 152.

18. i. arCvaZe „ra Rirs maneTi?“, „respublika“, 6.10.1990 w.

19. iqve.

20. Народное хозяйство СССР в 1990 году. М., «Финансы и статистика», 1991, gv. 395;

21. i. arCvaZe, agraruli seqtoris roli da mniSvneloba Tanamedrove saqarT velos ekonomikaSi, „ekonomikuri profili“, 17, 2017, gv. 22.

22. Народное хозяйство СССР в 1990 году. М., «Финансы и статистика», 1991, gv. 03-504.

23. iqve, gv. 162.

24. iqve, gv. 457.

25. iqve, gv. 441-442.

26. iqve, gv. 183-184.

27. iqve, gv. 177, 187.

28. iqve, gv. 553.

29. iqve, gv. 89.

30. iqve, gv. 244.

31. iqve, gv. 634.