FIBRE TESTING

INTRODUCTION

Testing has never been more important in textile industrythan at present, with the increasing accent and premiumon high quality products, whether it is for domestic markets or export trade

Textile testing is carried out in fibre, yarn, fabric and sometimes in garment stage.

There are numerous testing techniques in use throughoutthe textile industry.

For any technique selection of a sample to be testedis very important

SAMPLING:

The selection of small quantity of material to be testedis known as sampling. As textile testing is both time consuming and destructive in nature in many cases, it is necessary that we select samples for conductingtests for various quality characteristics

Sampling Procedure:Since only a small sample from a lot is tested for estimatingthe properties of the lot, it is essential that the sample so drawn should be truly representative of the lot. In the Textile Industry, sampling of cotton has to be carried out at three distinct stages 1. Bulk Samples 2. Basic Samples 3. Laboratory samples

Bulk

Bulk Sample: Sampling taken from the Bales

When a large no. of bales of cotton belonging to a variety is purchased, a few bales may be chosen at random as representing the bulk.

Bulk Size (Bales) Sample size (Bales)

Up to 50 251-100 4101-150 7151-300 13

Basic Sample:

Basic sample is prepared from the chosen bales

Draw handful of cotton from different places of the balesso that a representative sample is drawn. These tufts of fibresmay be mixed up thoroughly to form a homogenous sample.

Finally homogenous samples prepared from all the bales are pooled together to form one representative sample of theWhole bulk.

The total quantity of sample prepared should be about 1 Kg.

Laboratory sample:

The final sample on which the tests are to be carried out iscalled the laboratory sample which is drawn from theBasic sample.

The basic sample is divided in to 32 equal parts and small tufts of fibres are drawn from each part to form a small sample weighing 200 to 500mg.

The sample so drawn is opened and drafted several times to form a representative sample for performing laboratory tests like fibres length, fineness and maturity.

Accuracy of the test data:

The accuracy of the test data depends on the no. of tests carried out.

The no. of tests required for each property and the Reliability of the mean so obtained in terms of Critical Differences are calculated as given in the table:

Type of Test No. of test CD% Instrument

Effective length 2patterns/sample 4 Baer SorterMean length 2patterns/sample 4 Baer SorterMicronaire value 4 plugs/sample 6 MicronaireFibre Strength 10 breaks/sample 5 Stelometer or PresslyMaturiry 600 fibres /sample 7 Microscope

Example: Data of span length of two types of cotton

Cotton A - 35mmCotton B - 31mm

Difference between A &B = 4mmThe CD = % of the mean of A&B

Mean of A&B = 35+31 = 33mm 2

CD % = 33 x 4 = 1.32mm 100

Since the CD of Cotton A (4mm) is greater thanthe CD of 1.32mm, Cotton A is longer than Cotton B.

Testing Atmosphere:

As many of the important properties of a textile fibre areinfluenced by the ambient atmospheric conditions, thefollowing standard atmosphere is adopted for testing textile materials:

65% + 2% Relative Humidity and27o C + 2o C Temperature

The sample should be conditioned at least for 18 to 24 hoursbefore commencing the test.

Interpretation and application of fibre test results:

The test results need to be interpreted properly and by applying those the properties of its products i.e yarn or fabrics should be predicted or controlled.

The benefits of proper application of test results are:1. The cost of the product can be minimised2. With proper selection of fibres the yarn properties can be engineered3. Consistent yarn and fabric quality can be maintained4. Proper process parameters can be selected to obtain

optimum quality of products

FQI: Fibre Quality Index:

For cotton fibre properties an index combining most important properties is being used frequently.This index is termed as Fibre Quality Index (FQI),which is given by

FQI = LSM Where L=50% span length in mm f S= Fibre Bundle strength tested on HVI expressed in g/tex

M = Maturity ration measured by Shirley FMTf = Fibre fineness

(maicronaire value)

Important tests for Fibre Properties:

• Fibre length• Fibre Strength• Fibre Fineness• Fibre Maturity• Moisture content• Neps• Trash Content

FIBRE LENGTH

Length of staple fibre is one of the most important characteristics.

The length and finess are sometimes related in natural fibreswhereas for man made fibres, length and fineness can becontrolled separately.

The cut length of manmade fibres is often influenced by theFibre length of natural fibres.

The measurement of natural fibres is a task as there isa greater variation in the length of different types ofsame material and even within the same type.

The properties of cotton fibre vary •for different varieties of cotton•for different growth areas• for different climatic conditions• from year to year

Measurement of individual fibre length:

A representative sample is taken and the individualfibre length is measured. These values are arranged accordingly and the mean & coefficient of variation are calculated.

This method is mainly used for the man made staple fibresas the variation in length is not much.

The fibres are straightened and placed on an oil plateand the individual length of fibres (around 300-500)is measured

Stapling Method: (Group of fibres)

An earlier method used by classers to make a rough estimate of staple length

With the right hand a layer of fibres are drawn from the cotton held in the left hand.

The same operation is repeated 4-5 times and the layers offibres are placed one on top of each other on a black velvetboard.

Block off the ends of the fibres with a cotton stapling ruleso as to indicate the length of the bulk of fibres and distance between the blocked off ends is measured

Combsorter Method:

This is the method in which distribution of different length groups of fibres, can be judged visually and numerically.

It is much less laborious than single fibre methodbut gives a fairly accurate measurement when followedproperly.

In this method, a cotton sample of around 15gm is chosento represent the bulk. Generally in 15gm of cotton there arearound 3000 hairs.

The instruments used are 1. Baer sorter 2. Comb sorter

Where, the working principle is the same for both.

The instrument consists of a bed of 9 bottom combsand 8 top combs which control the fibres and enable the sample to be fractionalised in to length groups

The hairs are pulled down from the tufts by means of grip, the longest first, the combs being successively dropped as required and combed, straightened and laid down on velvet pad with the straight edge against the marked line.

Analysis of Sorter Diagram:

From the comb sorter diagram, various parameters can be analysed.

Mean length:

To determine the area of the comb sorter diagram usingeither the special transparent scale or a planimeter. Divide the area expressed in square mm by the length of the base in mm to obtain mean fibre length.

Area of comb sorter diagram (mm)Mean fibre length (mm) = -----------------------------------------

Length of the base (mm)

Maximum length: The length OA can be measured by scale from the tracing.

Effective length:A geometric construction over the area of sorter diagramwill give the effective length of the fibre. It is the length which contributes more effectively in the yarn formation.

Percent short fibres:Percent short fibres = RB x 100, where OB is the totallength of the OB diagram.

Other advanced test methods include:

• Optical scanning method using Digital fibro graph:It is an optical instrument which scans a randomly

Aligned tuft of fibres and to ensure the length of specification of the length frequency distribution. It employs a totally newConcept of fibre length called “Span length”

• High Volume Instrument (HVI)• The WIRA fibre diagram machine (Wool Industries Research

Association)• Advanced fibre information system

FIBRE STRENGTH:

Fibre strength is generally considered to be next to fibre length and fineness in the order of importance amongstfibre properties.

Fibre strength denotes the maximum tension the fibre is able to sustain before breaking.

It can be expressed as breaking strength or load, tenacity etc.

Elongation denotes elongation percentage of fibre at break.

Factors affecting the strength of fibres:

• Molecular structure• No. and intensity of weak places• Coarseness or fineness of fibre• Relative humidity• Elasticity

The strength or tenacity is expressed as breaking load for unit fineness of the fibres

The tensile testing instruments can be classified in to threegroups depending on their working principle.• Constant Rate of Load• Constant Rate of Extension• Constant Rate of Traverse

Fibre strength is determined by either testing individualfibres or group of fibres

Manmade fibres are usually tested for their individual strength as there is very less variation in length and fineness of the fibres.Natural fibres are tested for their bundle strength due to highvariation in terms of length and fineness.

Bundle fibre strength testing: A bunch of fibres are put in to two jaws. The jaws are moveduntil the fibres break. The breaking load and elongation at breakare noted

Tensile strength/ Breaking load in kg x Length of sampletenasity of the fibre = ------------------------------------------------

in g/tex mass of the fibres in mg

Bundle strength of cotton: The “Stelo”meter – the name coined from strength and elongation

which functions on pendulum lever principle.

Pressley fibre strength tester - functions on pivoted beam balance principle.

Uster spinlab High Volume Instrument:

FIBRE FINENESS:

The mass of a known length of fibre is termed as linear density and this can be expressed as weight per unit length.

Widely used units are:

• Micron – Microgram /Inch• Denier – Weight in grams of 9000meters• Tex – Weight in grams of 1000 meters• Decitex – Weight in grams of 10,000meters.

There are different methods to assess the fineness of the fibres:

Gravimetric method: The basic principle of this method is to count the number of fibres in a given bunch, measure the length and weigh them.

Considering the cylindrical material, the ld can be calculatedusing the formula:

n x l x m Where, F –linear densityF Denier = ----------- n – Number of fibres

9000 x100 l – Average length of fibresm – mass in grams

*: Mostly used for man made fibres.

Microscopic method:

In this method, fibres are mounted on the microscope and the diameter is measured after magnification. This methos iswidely used for wool fibres and man made fibres havingcircular diameter.

To avoid error due to swelling, the mounting medium likeLiquid paraffin can be used for effective results.

The latest instruments can measure the diameters of 5000-10000 samples in a minute by using micro processor.

It can calculate linear density also along with fineness.

Air flow method: based on air flow principle.

A sample of known weight is compressed in a cylinder of known volume and subjected to an air of known pressure.The rate of air flow through the compressed fibres is measured.

The rate of air flow will depend much on the surface area of the material.

Most commonly used instruments are Micronaire, HVI etc.

The resistance of the specimen to the flow of air is related toThe average fineness of fibre in the specimen. The rate of flow of air is indicated on a scale graduated in absolute units ofmicronaire value, a combined measure of fineness and maturity.

FIBRE MATURITY:

A measure to express the development of cotton fibres.The maturity can vary within fibres of the same seed.

A cotton fibre consists of a cuticle, a primary wall andsecondary wall surrounding the lumen or central canal.

The growth of secondary cell wall i.e., deposition of cellulose in a fibre is the reason for variation in maturity.This growth is dependent on the fertilizer used in cotton plant, weather etc.

The material with higher number of immature fibres causesfibre damages during processing causing higher number of neps and irregular absorption of dyes.

There are several methods for determining the maturityof fibres. They are classified in to direct and indirect methods.

Direct methods:

Microscopic analysis by caustic soda swelling

Maturity Coefficient: Mostly used in India.

The fibres are classified in to three groups.1. Mature – lumen width/ wall thickness < 12. Half-mature – 1< lumen width/ wall thickness < 23. Immature- lumen width/ wall thickness >2

(M + 0.6 H + 0.4 i)Mc = ----------------------------

100

Percentage of Mature fibres is calculated byM

Pm = ------ x 100 M- matured fibres T T- total fibres

Normal (N)- Dead (D)Maturity ratio (Mr) = ------------------------------ + 0.7 200

Indirect methods:

•Polarised light method•Differential dyeing test•Air Flow Method (Micronaire / Shirley fineness & maturity tester• Digital Fibrograph• Advanced Fibre Information System

MOISTURE TESTING:

Some properties of the textile fibres like strength,Extension and electric conductivity are being affected by the presence of moisture in the material

Most of the textile fibres are hygroscopic in nature.They have the capacity to absorb moisture from theatmosphere.

The amount of moisture present in a cotton sample can be expressed in two ways.1. Moisture content (M)2. Moisture regain (R)

Moisture Content = 100W / (D+W) Moisture regain = 100W/ D

D= Oven dry whightW= Weight of waterR= Regain

Instrument used: Automatic moisture oven

Relative Humidity:If two samples of the same material are taken in to a given atmosphere, one completely wet and the other dry,the regain values will be different. The sample which wasOriginally wet will have more regain value.

At higher relative humidity the moisture regain of theMaterial will be higher than that of lower relative humidity.

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