Fina 1 Ramesh 4th rear seminar - CO2 paper report 21 May 2010swcdis.nchu.edu.tw/AllDataPos/AdvancePos/8095042009... · esterification 2nd Semester 1st Semester 4th Semester 6th Semester

Water Chemistry

Algae Sp.

Chlorophyll

ProteinConsumption

efficiency

Algal Ingredient

Growth Conditions

Reactor Design & Culture

CO2

biofixation

Biodiesel

Algae growth (Biomass)

BiodieselProduction

Trans-

esterification

2nd Semester

1st Semester

4th Semester

6th Semester

7th Semester

Fresh water Algae

CSTR , Plug flowHigh rate Pond

Mixed culture

Pure culture

Chemistry

pH, DO

Fresh wateralgae

Protein

Lipid

Carbohydrate

Oil

efficiency

Uptake rate

Results

Literature

COD, TN, TP

TSS, FSS,VSS

3rd Semester

4th Semester

5th Semester

05/21/2010 1Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group

TodayToday

Instructors :

Dr. Su-Chin Chen Dr. Jack Jie-Dar Cheng

Carbon dioxide mitigation by microalgae

on natural water medium

Dr. Su-Chin Chen Dr. Jack Jie-Dar Cheng

Dr. Paris Honglay Chen Dr. Der-Guey LIN

Speaker : Ramaraj Rameshprabu

Course 9114：：：：4th Year Seminar

Advisor : Prof. Paris Honglay Chen, PhD MPH PE

Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research Group

CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

3. MATERIALS & METHODS

4. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

5. CONCLUSION


1.IntroductionClimatic changes - global warming - emission

increase of greenhouse gases

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the key gas

Niche of algae in ecosystem

Ecological approach - the most effective way -Ecological approach - the most effective way -

obliging to life-support systems

Research Purpose:

Natural water resource as a medium to reduce

and to utilize the atmospheric CO2


2. Literature review

CO2 is the prime gas - increasing industrial &

energy production sectors(Worrell et al., 2001)

CO2 Fixation techniques

Physicochemical methods Physicochemical methods

Biological fixations

Advantage of algal biofixation

Algal CO2 sequestration


Mixed microalgae culture – SRSE LAB

(Sustainable Resources and Sustainable

Engineering lab)

3. Materials and methods

3.1.Experimental setup

Engineering lab)

Department of Soil and Water Conservation,

National Chung Hsing University, Taichung.

Study period : 16 July 2007 until now.


4L flask – 3 Photo bio reactors

Light source – white fluorescent lamps



(Avg.30.12 [µmol-1m-2])

Autotrophic condition

CSTR : algal/bacterial system


continuously stirred tank reactor

“residence time distribution function”

Water collection at Fu-Te Dao temple - Green

river, Taichung, Taiwan.



Filtered by 0.45 µm filter paper to be medium.

Batch-fed & Detention time – 10 days

Conditions

05/21/2010 8Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research

group

3.2. Methods

Mass balance of carbon.

This calculation method was used (Green et


CO2 mass/algae biomass ratio

Unit: CO g / algae g = %al., 1995; Sawyer et al., 2003).

CO2 Indexes:

CO2 consumption efficiency

CO2 uptake rate05/21/2010

9Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group

2

Unit: CO2 g / algae g = %

(Kurano et al., 1995)CO2 mass/reactor volume/time

Unit: mg/L/day

(Cheng et al., 2006, Hirata et al., 1996)

Biomass is very important - carbon mass

balance calculation.

4. Results and discussion

4.1 CO2 consumption efficiency

There are two indexes, TSS and VSS available

currently. (2nd SCI submitted)


Biomass of algae growth on natural water medium;

Plant Biosystems, Manuscript ID: TPLB-2010-0021

Under review


consumption efficiency

based on TSS

consumption efficiency

based on VSS

11

Fig. 1 biomass production and CO2 consumption efficiency

based on TSS

Mean = 315%

Range = 307 - 335%

based on VSS

Mean = 323%

Range = 307 - 370%

TSS & VSS basis - not much different through the

whole growth period


there is no any algae paper available -natural

medium


calculated - from literature on artificial

medium.

Results : 10 to 200%

05/21/2010 Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group 12

Culture/

systemSpecies Medium

Medium / Reactor

volume

CO2

source

Biomass

growth rate

CO2 con-

sumption

efficiency

Reference

pure

Batch

Chloro-

coccum

littorale

ESM

medium

Small reactor

(10ml)

Addition

of CO2

14400 mg/L/d

Dry Weight28%*

Kurano et

al.

(1995)

Medium reactor

(4L)

addition

of CO2

4900 mg/L/d

Dry Weight13.3%*

Large reactor

(20L)

Addition

of CO2

4300 mg/L/d

Dry Weight19.8%*

pure

Batch

Synecho-

coccus

BG11

mediumflat flasks

5% of

CO2

cell mass

6864 mg/L/d8.7%* Kajiwara et

al. (1997)

16.1 mg dry

Table 2 : Comparison of algae CO2 consumption efficiencies

13

pure

Batch

Chlorella sp.

(UK001)

C -

medium Plexiglas

Addition

of CO2

16.1 mg dry

cells /L/d197.5%*

Hirata et al.

(1996)

368 mg dry

cells /L/d197.8%*

437 mg dry

cells /L197.9%*

pure

Batch

C. vulgaris

(UTEX 259)

N-S

medium0.12 L

Addition

of CO2

2.82 mg/L/d

(maximum)185.84%* Yun et al

(1997)

mixed

Batch -

feed

fresh water

mixed algae

filtered

natural

water

medium

photobioreactor

(4L)from air

80 mg/L/d323%

(by VSS)This study

140 mg/L/d315%

(by TSS)This study

2 times to 36 times higher

CO2 consumption efficiency-

enormously high

It’s related to the carbon sources

Artificial medium


gaseous phase



It could encourage algae to achieve more

biomass growth

Nutrient balance which was inorganic and

available for algae use immediately,

It possibly hindered the usage of gaseous

CO2 from air.

gaseous phaseaqueous phaseincluding feeding

System - carbon limitations - natural water

medium

Photosynthesis - the driving force of air CO



Photosynthesis - the driving force of air CO2

withdrawal, to dissolve CO2 & to compensate

the carbon shortage.

Carbon limitation - best explanation of the

massive consumption efficiency of the results.


Biomass - carbon mass balance calculation

TSS and VSS basis


4.2 CO2 uptake rate

TSS and VSS basis

Mass/reactor volume/time (Cheng et al.,

2006, Hirata et al., 1996) which was

specified as CO2 uptake rate by author.



Uptake rate by TSS Uptake rate by VSS

17

Fig. 2 biomass production and CO2 uptake rate

Uptake rate by TSS

Mean = 421 mg/L/day

Range = 286-645

Uptake rate by VSS

Mean = 239 mg/L/day

Range = 143-372

Based on TSS & VSS uptake rate - have much

differences

Culture /

System / SpMedium

Medium /

Reactor

volume

Mixing CO2 sourceBiomass

growth rate

CO2 uptake

rateReference

Pure-Batch

Chloro-

coccum

littorale

ESM

medium

Small vessel

reactor(10ml)aeration

addition of

CO2

14400

mg/L/d(DW)4000 mg/L/d

Kurano

et al.

(1995)

Medium

reactor (4L)aeration

addition of

CO2

4900


Large reactor

(20L)aeration

addition of

CO2

4300


Pure-Batch

Chlorella sp

Mineral

medium

Photo-

bioreactoraeration

addition of

CO2

2.0 ×××× 10 7

cells ml− 1 6240 mg/L/dCheng et al.,

(2006)

Pure-Batch

S.coccus

BG11

mediumflat flasks

CO2 gas

sparger5% of CO2

6864 mg/L/ d

cell (con)

600 mg/L/d

(maximum)

Kajiwara et

al. 1997)

Table 3 : Comparison of algae CO2 uptake rates

most of the uptake rates

- much lower than

biomass produced except

Hirata et al. (1996) & Yun

et al. (1997).

>>>

All literature - CO2

uptake rate high

>

18

S.coccus medium sparger 2 cell (con) (maximum) al. 1997)

Pure-Batch

Chlorella sp.

UK001,

C

medium

rotary shaker gaseous

mixture

addition of

CO2

16.1 mg dry

cells/ L/d31.8 mg/L/d

Hirata et al.

1996)Plexiglas

368 mg dry

cells /L/d728 mg/L/d

Pure-Batch A.

M . N¨̈̈̈ageli

BGN

mediumthick glass

air

diffuser15% CO2

0.04 h− 1/L

(maximum)2621 mg/L/d

E. Lopes,

(2008)

Pure-Batch

C. vulgaris

(UTEX 259)

N-S

medium0.12 L

air

bubbling

addition of

CO2

2820 mg/L/d (maximum)

3360 mg/L/dYun et

al.(1997)

mixed

Batch- feed

natural

water

medium

Photo-

Bioreactor

(4L)

magnetic

mixer

absorption

from air

80 mg/L/d239 mg/L/d

(by VSS)This study

140 mg/L/d421 mg/L/d

(by TSS)This study

Our result was uptake

rate was higher than

biomass

et al. (1997).

<<

<<

<

Further explain the

confusing CO2 uptake

rate data in mass

balanced discussion

>

The major reason - all the literature tried to create

an optimized conditions for algae growth

artificial medium with the single species

4. Results and discussion4.2 CO2 uptake rate

artificial medium could successfully

promote algae growth with available

balanced nutrition supplements

CO2 gas addition etc.

Theoretically promote the biomass production.

CO2 uptake rate?05/21/2010 19Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group

promote algae growth with available

carbon source in medium

lessen the CO2 absorption from air

4.3.1. Regression of consumption efficiency


4.3 Statistical analyses of system change

4.3.1. Regression of consumption efficiency

with time

4.3.1. Regression of uptake rate with time

05/21/2010Sustainable Resources & Sustainable Engineering Research group

20

4. Results and discussion4.3.1. Regression of consumption efficiency

with time

consumption efficiency - stable over 300% all consumption consumption statistically accepted by F-testsstatistically accepted by F-tests

Consumption efficiency

= CO2 mass/ biomass

=(biomass + ∆COD)/ biomass

= 1+ (∆ COD/ biomass)

Fig. 3 Regression of CO2 consumption efficiency with time

Index Regression coefficient F test p-valueTSS -0.0003 16.514 0.0004VSS -0.0001 14.167 0.0009

consumption efficiency - stable over 300% all

the time of study

consumption

efficiency based on

VSS

Mean = 323%

Range = 307 - 370%

consumption

efficiency based on

TSS

Mean = 315%

Range = 307 - 335%

clear trends with time existed and the slightly

negative trend might possible come from

(1) the increasing biomass of systematical

maturation.

(2) reactor effect of CSTR

4. Results and discussion4.3.2. Regression of uptake rate with time

Fig. 3 biomass production and CO2 uptake rate

Fig. 4 Regression of CO2 uptake rate with time

indexRegression coefficient

F test p-value

TSS 0.25 32.686 5.12x10-6

VSS 0.15 25.197 3.19x10-5

the uptake rate was increasing along with the

systematical change.

statistically accepted by F-tests

clear positive trends with time existed

Uptake rate by TSS

Mean = 421 mg/L/day

Range = 286-645

Uptake rate by VSS

Mean = 239 mg/L/day

Range = 143-372

4.4 Comparison between algae and

terrestrial plants

Algae is the best candidate -

atmospheric CO utilization


atmospheric CO2 utilization

High consumption efficiency


23

land use/ reactor uptake

rate

(mg/m2/d)

terrestrial plant

/ algae uptake

rate ratio

Consumption

efficiency as C

(w/w)

reference

Algae (CSTR) 63191 105.2% 103% This study

Algae (HRP 1) 60044 100.0% 100% Tsai 2010a (our group)

Algae (HRP 2) 35612 59.3% 101% Tsai 2010a (our group)

Algae (HRP) 732 a 1.2% 5% a Hase et al., 2000

Algae (HRP) 9533 a 15.9% 34% a Green et al., 1995

Algae (HRP) 42167 a 70.2% 113% a Weissman & Tillett, 1992

Grasslands 0 0.0% -

Rice 0 0.0% -

Abaca/banana 0 0.0% -

Table 4: Comparison between algae and terrestrial plants

Lasco et al., 2002

Abaca/banana 0 0.0% -

Shrubs/brushlands 4310 a 7.2% -

Coconut 4802 a 8.0% -

Natural forests 924a 1.5% -

A. mangium

plantation

18856 a 31.4% -

Forests 7173 a 11.9% 157% a

Vesterdal et al., 2007Forests 2371 a 3.9% 197% a

Forests 1959 a 3.3% 117% a Hamburg, 1984

Forests 5264 a 8.8% 123% a Richter et al., 1999

Forests 1216 a 2.0% 126% a Johnston et al., 1996

-CSTR application-

-algae CO2 Consumption efficiency & uptake rate

- best

Calculation difference , addition of CO2 (Weissman)

Only members of Prof. Oswald group- best results

All estimations were based on carbon mass balance calculation.


4.5 Carbon mass balance calculation

Two major processes of the calculation:

(1) closed reactor

(2) open reactor


CO2(gas) as C + COD as C + bicarbonate as C = COD as C + algae as C + bi-carbonate as C

(input ) (output)

5. Conclusion

Natural water medium - ecological prudence

Carbon limited medium is good practice to utilize

the atmospheric COthe atmospheric CO2

The linear model could successfully describe the

maturation process of our system.


5. Conclusion

The almost constant of consumption efficiency

The positive trend of uptake rate are exhibited

The best CO2 consumption efficiency is The best CO2 consumption efficiency is

demonstrated

Natural water medium - potential alternative of

greenhouse gas reduction.


Journal submission

Journal

The ISME Journal (nature ecology)

28

The ISME Journal (nature ecology)

Process

Going to Submit – 24 May 2010

ReferenceAbe K., Hattori H. and Hirano M., (2007). “Accumulation and antioxidant activity of secondary carotenoids in the aerial microalga Coelastrella striolata var. multistriata,” Food chemistry,100: 656– 661.

APHA, AWWA, WPCF, 1985. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 16th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington DC, USA.

Lihua Cheng, Lin Zhang, Huanlin Chen, Congjie Gao (2006) Carbon dioxide removal from air by microalgae cultured in a membrane-photobioreactor Separation and Purification Technology 50 324–329

Eduardo Jacob-Lopes, Lucy Mara Cacia Ferreira Lacerda, Telma Teixeira Franco(2008) Biomass production and carbon dioxide fixation by Aphanothece microscopica N¨ageli in a bubble column photobioreactor, Biochemical Engineering Journal 40 27–34

F.B.Green, T.J.Lundquist and W.J.Oswald, (1995) Energetic of advanced integrated wastewater pond systems, Wat.Sci.Tech. Vol.31,No.12,pp.9-20

H. Sugimoto, T. Kimura and S. Inoue, Photoresponsive molecular switch to control chemical fixation of CO2, J. Am.


H. Sugimoto, T. Kimura and S. Inoue, Photoresponsive molecular switch to control chemical fixation of CO2, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (1999), pp. 2325–2326.

Hirata, S., Hayashitani, M., Taya, M., Tone, S., 1996. Carbon dioxide fixation in batch culture of Chlorella sp. using a photobioreactor with a sunlight-collection device. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 81, 470–472.

Jacob-Lopes, E., Scoparo, C.H.G., Franco, T.T., 2008. Rates of CO2 removal by Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli in tubular photobioreactors. Chem. Eng. Process. 47, 1365–1373.

Jeong, M.J., Gillis, J.M., Hwang, J.-Y., 2003. Carbon dioxide mitigation by microalgal photosynthesis. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 24 (12), 1763–1766.

Kajiwara, S., Yamada, H., Narumasa, O., 1997. Design of the bioreactor for carbon dioxide fixation by Synechococcus PCC7942. Energy Convers. Manage. 38, 529– 532.

KURANO, N., IKEMOTO, H., MIYASHITA, H, HASEGAWA, T. HATA, H., and MIYACHI, S. (1995) Fixation and Utilization of Carbon Dioxide by Microalgal Photosynthesis Energy, Convers. Mgmt Vol. 36, No. 6-9,689-692

Lin, C.C., Liu, W.T., Tan, C.S., 2003. Removal of carbon dioxide by absorption in a rotating packed bed. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42, 2381–2386.

ReferenceMurakami and Ikenouchi, (1997) Marukami, M., Ikenouochi, M., 1997. The biological CO2 fixation and utilization project by RITE (2) – screening and breeding of microalgae with high capability in fixing CO2. Energy Convers. Mange. 38, 493–497.

Otto and Wolfgang, (2004). Otto Pulz and Wolfgang Gross 2004 Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , 65: 635–648

Rishiram Ramanan, Krishnamurthi Kannan, Ashok Deshkar, Raju Yadav, Tapan Chakrabarti(2010) Enhanced algal CO 2 sequestration through calcite deposition by Chlorella sp. and Spirulina platensis in a mini-raceway pond, Bioresource Technology 101 2616–2622

Sawayama, S., S. Inoue, Y. Dote and S.Y. Yokoyama., (1995). “CO2 fixation and oil production through microalga,” Energy Conversion and Management, 36:729-731.

Sawyer Clair N. et al., (2003) Clair N Sawyer, Perry L McCarty and Gene F Parkin. (2003) Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science, 5th Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company. Inc, New York, pp.557.

Sydney et al. (2010) Sydney, E.B., et al. Potential carbon dioxide fixation by industrially important microalgae. Bioresour. Technol. (2010),doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.088

Usui, N., Ikenouchi, M., 1997. The biological CO 2 fixation and utilization project by RITE(1) – highly-effective photobioreactor system. Energy Convers. Manage. 38, S487–S492.

V. Schimming, C.G. Hoelger, G. Buntkowsky, I. Sack, J.H. Fuhrhop, S. Rocchetti and H.H. Limbach, Evidence by 15N CPMAS and 15N–13C REDOR NMR for fixation of atmospheric CO2 by amino groups of biopolymers in the solid state, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (1999), pp. 4892–4893.

Wang, B., Li, Y., Wu, N., Lan, C.Q., 2008. CO2 mitigation using microalgae. Appl.Microbiol. Biotechnol. 79, 707–718.

Yeoung-Sang Yun’. Jong Moon Park, and Ji-Won Yang’ (1996) enhancement of co, tolerance of chlorella vulgar/s by gradual increase of co, concentration biotechnology techniques volume 10 no. 9 september pp.713-716

Yun, Y.S., Lee, S.B., Park, J.M., Lee, C.I., Yang, J.W., 1997. Carbon dioxide fixation by algal cultivation using wastewater nutrients. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 69, 451–455.


Thanks Thanks Thanks Thanks forforforfor your attentionyour attentionyour attentionyour attentionThanks Thanks Thanks Thanks forforforfor your attentionyour attentionyour attentionyour attention

Widely employed

CO2 was up-taken by separation,

purifications with different processes (Schimming et al.,1999; Sugimoto et al.,1999).

Physicochemical methods

(Schimming et al.,1999; Sugimoto et al.,1999).

Chemical based CO2 mitigation approaches

Energy consuming (Lin et al., 2003)

Expensive (Wang et al., 2008)

CO2 biological fixations have been developed

(Mikkelsen et al., 2010) & reduce CO2 in the

atmosphere efficiently

Alternative to associate with both

Biological fixations

Alternative to associate with both

environmental and economical interests

(Sydney et al., 2010).

Microalgae has attracted a great deal of

attention (Gleick et al., 2010)

Advantage of algal biofixation

the best growth rate among the plants (Minowa et

al., 1995; Demirbas, 2009)

low impacts on world’s food supply (Schenk et al.,

2008)

high value of algae biomass including of nutrition,

pharmaceutical material, fertilizer, aquaculture, pharmaceutical material, fertilizer, aquaculture,

biofuel, etc. (Tsai and Chen, 2009a)

specificity for CO2 sequestration without gas

separation to save over 70% of total cost (Lee and

Lee, 2003)

excellent treatment for combustion gas exhausted

with NOx and SOx (DOE, 2006)

Algal CO2 sequestration

Microalgae was used to sequestrate the quantity of

CO2 in the air with artificial medium (Ramanan etal.,

2010; Jeong et al., 2003; Apt & Behrens, 1999;

no any algae literature available to study on

natural medium2010; Jeong et al., 2003; Apt & Behrens, 1999;

Sawayama et al., 1995; Eduardo J. Lopes, 2008; Cheng

et al., 2006; Mijeong Lee Jeong et al.,2003; Kajiwara et

al.,1997) .

natural medium

biofixation of microalgae to utilize the

atmospheric CO2 directly to imitate the

natural ecosystem.

Table 1. Algae Culture conditionsParameter Conditions

Growth environmental parameter

Temperature Avg. 27.5 °°°°CpH Avg. 10.36

DO Avg.0 7.59 (mg/L)

COD Avg. 14.88 (mg/L)

NO3- -N Avg.0 0.24 (mg N/L)

NO2--N Avg.0 0.08 (mg N/L)

TKN Avg.0 2.00 (mg N/L)TKN Avg.0 2.00 (mg N/L)

TN Avg.0 2.33 (mg N/L)

TP Avg.0 0.14 (mg/L)

Algae biomass

TSS Avg. 130 (mg/L)

FSS Avg. 60 (mg/L)

VSS Avg. 50 (mg/L)

Chl-a Avg. 1.63 (mg/L)

Chl-b Avg. 0.59 (mg/L)

Chl(a+b) Avg. 1.05 (mg/L)

Ref: Standard Methods, 1985

Parameter Analysis Method

pH SUNTEX Digital pH Meter, Model: SP-7

DO TOA-DKK DO Sensor, Model: WQC-24

COD Method 508B

NH4+-N Method 417B for final ammonia

TKN Method 420A for final ammonia

Standard Methods (APHA, AWWA & WPCF, 1985)

TKN Method 420A for final ammonia

NO3--N Method 418A

NO2--N Method 419

TN = [TKN] + [NO2--N] + [NO3

--N]

TP Method 424E following sulfuric acid-nitric acid digestion of Method

TSS Method 209C with Whatman GF/C filter paper

FSS & VSS Method 209D

The most of researchers estimate the carbon

source - injected into the reactor continuously,

and calculated from the constant CO2

concentration by volume to calculate CO2 uptake

Closed reactor

concentration by volume to calculate CO2 uptake

rate (Hase et al., 2000; Ramanan et al., 2010).

Some researchers measured the carbon content

of algae which present the CO2 consumption

directly (Chae et al., 2006).

38

Culture /

System / SpMedium

Medium /

Reactor

volume

MixingCO2

source

Biomass

growth rate

CO2 uptake

rateReference

Pure-Batch

Chloro-

coccum

littorale

ESM

medium

Small vessel

reactor(10ml)aeration

addition

of CO2

14400

mg/L/d(DW)4000 mg/l/d

Kurano

et al.

(1995)

Medium

reactor (4L):aeration

addition

of CO2

4900


Large reactor

(20L):aeration

addition

of CO2

4300


Pure-Batch

Chlorella sp

Mineral

medium

Photo-

bioreactoraeration

addition

of CO2

2.0 ×××× 10 7

cells ml− 1 6240 mg/ l/dCheng et al.,

(2006)

Pure-Batch

S.coccus

BG11

mediumflat flasks

CO2 gas

sparger5% of CO2

6864 mg/L/ d

cell (con)

600 mg/l/d

(maximum)

Kajiwara et

al. 1997)

Table 3 : Comparison of CO2 uptake rates

most of the uptake rates

- much lower than

biomass produced except

Hirata et al. (1996) & Yun

et al. (1997).

>>>

39

S.coccus medium sparger 2 cell (con) (maximum) al. 1997)

Pure-Batch

Chlorella sp.

UK001,

C

medium

rotary shaker gaseous

mixture

addition

of CO2

16.1 mg dry

cells/ l/d31.8 mg/l/d

Hirata et al.

1996)Plexiglas

368 mg dry

cells /l/d728 mg/l/d

Pure-Batch A.

M . N¨̈̈̈ageli

BGN

mediumthick glass

air

diffuser15% CO2,

0.04 h− 1/l

(maximum)2621 mg/l/d

E. Lopes,

(2008)

Pure-Batch

C. vulgaris

(UTEX 259)

N-S

medium0.12 L

air

bubbling

addition

of CO2

2.82 g/l /d (maximum)

3360 mg/l/d

(20% of CO2

Yun et

al.(1997)

mixed

Batch- feed

natural

water

medium

Photo-

Bioreactor

(4L)

magneti

c mixer

absorptio

n from air

80 mg/L/d239 mg/L/d

(by VSS)This study

140 mg/L/d421 mg/L/d

(by TSS)This study

<<

<<

<

Explaination the

confusing CO2 uptake

rate data

Exception literature:

Hirata et al. (1996) & Yun et al. (1997).

Calculation process problems:

Closed reactor

it is difficult to differentiate the exact CO2

in closed reactor: they didn’t remove the (1) Didn’t count liquid phase carbon source

(2) Estimate CO2 uptake from gaseous phase

directly

40

in closed reactor: they didn’t remove the

carbonate/bicarbonae dissolved in water phase

and the source from the artificial medium.

all the researchers used carbon mass balance to

eliminate all the possible carbon sources except

Open reactor

our study - the open reactor process on natural water medium with mass balance calculation to eliminate all the possible carbon sources except

the CO2 from air and to calculate the CO2 amount

utilized by algae.


water medium with mass balance calculation to eliminate all other possible sources and to make sure the atmospheric CO2 is the only carbon source in system

Documents

Fina 1 Ramesh 4th rear seminar - CO2 paper report 21 May 2010swcdis.nchu.edu.tw/AllDataPos/AdvancePos/8095042009... · esterification 2nd Semester 1st Semester 4th Semester 6th Semester