Final Chapter 4 (for Printing)

8/10/2019 Final Chapter 4 (for Printing)

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CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter provides the gathered data which has been written in statistical tables, a

narrative analysis and interpretation based on the relevant literature of the study.

There are 36 tables presented and arranged according to the objectives of the study.

Descriptive analysis has given after each table, and has formulated by the researchers in order to

fulfil the demands of the research objectives.

Frequency and percentage distribution tables are used by the researchers to maximize the

presentation of sample and awareness, then describe the results in a clear manner. The mean score

and over all weighted mean of knowledge, attitude, practice and preparedness are also explained

through table presentation. Moreover, the significant differences among variables are presented

and analyzed through the use of inferential statistics, Independent Samples t-test under the

supervision of a certified statistician to find accurate results from the collected data.


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Presentation, Interpretations and Analysis of Data |

I. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

The following section provides an overview of the socio-demographic profile of residents

and barangay officials of Marikina City.

Table 1.1aRespondents Age (Residents)

Age Frequency Percentage16 - 24 years old 52 13.025 - 33 years old 63 15.834 - 42 years old 87 21.843 - 51 years old 87 21.8

52 - 60 years old 46 11.561 years old and above 29 7.3

Non-response 36 9.0Total 400 100.0

Table 1.1a presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents age

(residents). Out of 400 respondents, 87 or 21.8% are between 34-42 years old, same goes to 43-51

years old, while 63 or 15.8% are between 25-33 years old, 52 or 13% are between 16-24 years

old, and 46 or 11.5% are between 52-60 years old. Moreover, 29 of the respondents, embraces

7.3% are in the age bracket of 61 years old and above, and 36 or 9% did not answer this part.

It shows that the greatest number of the respondents (residents) are belonged to the age

bracket of 34-43 years old and 43-51 years old, and the least consists only 7.3% from the age

bracket of 61 years and above. Therefore, the age bracket of 34-43 and 43-51 years old are the

most accessible and available in time of data gathering.

In 2012, it was recorded that the population of Marikina was 513,370 along with its

estimated population based on 1.14% growth rate. According to National Statistics Office, the

household population of Marikina City which has 424,150 as of 2010 is comprised of 67.85%

working age population or age group 15 to 64 years old, 4.28% old age population or age group


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65 and over, and the rest portion is the young dependents which has 27.74% or age group 0 to 14.

The household population refers to all persons who are members of the household.

Table 1.1bRespondents Age (Barangay Officials)

Age Frequency Percentage23 - 29 years old 8 8.330 - 36 years old 11 11.537 - 43 years old 20 20.844 - 50 years old 16 16.7

51 years old and above 31 32.3 Non-response 10 10.4

Total 96 100.0

Table 1.1b shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents age

(barangay officials). Thirty one of the total respondents or 32.3% are in the age bracket of 51

years old and above, 20 or 20.8% is between the age of 37-43 years old, 16 or 16.7% are between

the age of 44-50 years old, 11 or 11.5% are between the age of 30-36 years old, the least is 8 or

8.3% are from the age bracket of 23-29 years old, and 10 of the respondents or 10.4% did not

answer this part.

The greatest number of the respondents (barangay officials) are belonged in the older

ages from 51 years old and above. According to Department of Interior and Local Government

(DILG), there are over 700 barangay officials nationwide, including 89 village chiefs, are already

senior citizens aged 71 years and older. In 2010, there are about a total of 4,410 of 42,028

barangay chairpersons served their third or even fourth terms.

Furthermore, the DILG National Barangay Operations Office Leocadio Trovela stated

that some of barangay officials are senior citizens. The records showed that there are 654

barangay captains with ages ranging from 60 years old to 70 while 89 village chiefs are 71 or

older, and 5,458 barangay chairmen on their third term while 7,263 barangay captains are on their


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first term. These records was checked by DILG last October 2013 barangay elections (Felipe,

2013).

These data only indicates that the age of 51 yea rs old and above or senior citizens age

are common in barangay officials because some of them stayed longer on their positions. While

those barangay officials who are in the age of 23-29 years old are the newly elected officials, and

some of them came from Sanguniang Kabataan.

Table 1.2aRespondents Sex (Residents)

Sex Frequency PercentageMale 101 25.3

Female 273 68.3 Non-response 26 6.5

Total 400 100.0

Table 1.2a shows the frequency and percent age distribution of respondents sex

(residents). Out of 400 respondents, 273 or 68.3% are females while 101 of the respondents or

25.3% are males, and 26 or 6.5% of the respondents did not answer this part.

A big majority of the respondents (residents) are female. In support with this, in the total

household population of Marikina City which is 424,150 in 2010, 51.24 percent were females and

48.76 percent were males. Resulted to a sex ratio of 95 males for 100 females, which is slightly

lower than that recorded in past 10 years (NSO, 2012). On the other hand, in 2012 it was recorded

that male has a dominant population in Marikina City with a total of 258,995 while female has

254,370 as the estimated population based on a 1.14% growth rate.


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Table 1.2bRespondents Sex (Barangay Officials)

Sex Frequency PercentageMale 64 66.7

Female 30 31.3 Non-response 2 2.1

Total 96 100.0

Table 1.2b presents the frequency and percenta ge distribution of respondents sex

(barangay officials). Sixty four of the respondents or 66.7% are males while 30 or 31.3% are

females, and 2 or 2.1% of the respondents did not answer this part.

The results only illustrate that a big majority of the respondents (barangay officials) are

males. Filipinos still believed in the tradition where males are the ones who lead the community.

As seen in the national government at present, there are 19 male senators and 200 male

representatives while there are 4 female senators and 36 female representatives (Munez, n.d.).

In local government unit, males are still dominant. According to DILG, as cited by

Munez in her report about Can Reforms Withstand Guns -and-Gold Politics? as of December

2003, a total of 36,567 men serving as barangay captains while a total of 5,350 in women. This is

a ratio of 1:7, which is close to the ratio of the other higher officials at the local government level.

It is obvious that males are dominant in serving the national to local government unit.


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Table 1.3aRespo ndents Years of Residency in Marikina City (Residents)

Years of Residency Frequency Percentage1 - 3 years 30 7.54 - 6 years 16 4.07 - 9 years 28 7.0

10 years and above 282 70.5 Non-response 44 11.0

Total 400 100.0

Table 1.3a shows the frequency and percentage distribution of respondents years of

residency in Marikina City (residents). Two hundred eighty two of the respondents or 70.5% are

10 years and above residents of Marikina, 30 or 7.5% are 1-3 years, 28 or 7.0% are 7-9 years, 16

or 4.0% are 4-6 years, and 44 or 11.0% of the respondents did not answer this part.

It indicates that a big majority of the respondents (residents) are residing in Marikina for

almost 10 years. It is supported by the data of National Statistics Office, 2010 Census of

Population and Housing in Marikina where there are 56,012 household residents who have their

own/being amortized/owner-like houses in Marikina, 22,420 household residents rented their

houses and 10,116 household residents rented their houses for free with the consent of owner.

These data indicates that the residents are lived in Marikina City for longer years because they

cannot leave their properties, jobs and good location in accessibility in other cities and nearby

provinces.


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Table 1.3bRespondents Years of Residency in Marikina (Barangay Officials)

Years of Residency Frequency Percentage1 - 3 years 2 2.14 - 6 years 4 4.2

10 years and above 84 87.5 Non-response 6 6.3

Total 96 100.0

Table 1.3b shows the frequency and percentage d istribution of the respondents years of

residency in Marikina City (barangay officials). Out of 96 respondents, 84 or 87.5% are 10 years

and above residents of Marikina while 4 or 4.2% are 4-6 years, and 2 or 2.1% are 1-3 years.

There are 6 or 6.3% of the respondents who did not answer to this part.

Most of the respondents (barangay officials) are 10 years and above residents of

Marikina. The results denotes that the elected and trusted candidates are those people who are

familiar to the voters and have a long years of residency in their area. According to Edna Co,

dean of the University of the Philippines National College of Public Administration and

Governance, there are several criteria in screening the candidates for barangay officials which are

the 3Ps: profile, platform and performance. Likewise, on the checklist given by Paola Deles,

deputy director of the International Center for Innovation, Transformation and Excellence in

Governance (INCITEGov), the criteria is divided into the following: integrity and track record,

legislative agenda, and capacity to win power for reform (Macaraig, 2012). It is important for

the voters to check the profile and track records of barangay official candidates.

However, based on the Commission on Elections Resolution No. 9740 Section 2 of July

2013, a candidate qualifies if he/she is a resident therein for at least one (1) year immediately

preceding the day of the election. This data supports the least number of respondents who are 1-3


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years resident of Marikina. Those who have a short years of residency in their area can still be a

candidate or elected officials of barangay.

Table 1.4aRespondents Civil Status (Residents)

Civil Status Frequency PercentageSingle 115 28.8

Married 206 51.5Widowed 35 8.8

Non-response 44 11.0Total 400 100.0

Table 1.4a encompasses the figure of total respondents (residents) in terms of civil status.

It is divided into 3 categories Single, Married and Widowed. Out of 400 respondents, 115

or 28.8% are single and 35 or 8.8% are widowed. While 206 of the respondents or 51.5% are

married, and 44 of the respondents or 11% did not answer this part.

The results denote that majority of the respondents (residents) are married. This supports

to the data presented in table 1.1a wherein according to National Statistics Office, the household

population of Marikina City which has 424,150 in 2010 comprised 67.85% working age

population or age group 15 to 64 years old where individuals are single and married. Also, 4.28%

of age population are in age group of 65 and above years old where it may represents the number

of widowed wives and husbands.

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Table 1.4bRespondents Civil Status (Barangay Officials)

Civil Status Frequency PercentageSingle 40 41.7

Married 45 46.9Widowed 4 4.2 Non-response 7 7.3

Total 96 100.0

Table 1.4b shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents civil

status (barangay officials). Out of 96 respondents, 40 or 41.7% are single, 45 or 46.9% are

married, 4 or 4.2% are widowed, and 7 or 7.3% are those who did not answer this part.

The greatest number of the respondents (barangay officials) are married and single. It

also indicates to the number of working age population (15-64 years old) which is 67.85% of the

total household population of 424,150 in Marikina City recorded in 2010 (NSO, 2012).

Table 1.5aRespondents (Residents) Employment Status

Employment Status Frequency PercentageEmployed 95 23.8

Self Employed 147 36.8Underemployed 63 15.8

Unemployed 2 0.5 Non-response 93 23.3

Total 400 100.0

Table 1.5a presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents

employment status (residents). Out of 400 respondents, 95 or 23.8% are employed, 147 or 36.8%

are self-employed, 63 or 15.8% are underemployed, 2 or 0.5% are unemployed, and 93 or 23.3%

did not answer this part.


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The results indicate that the greatest number of the respondents (residents) are self-

employed. It is supported by the number of business which is 14,593 in the city (excluding

around 10,000 microenterprises without business permits), according to International Labor

Office 2012.

In 1960, the municipality played host to the first special industrial zone in the Philippines.

The city was particularly famous for its hand-made shoes, the manufacturer of shoes which was

the main source of local employment. Together with the service industries that served the

workforce in the factories, the municipality boasted a full employment. Today, Marikina is still

home for more than 14,000 commercial and industrial establishments, including some big

manufacturers such as Fortune Tobacco and Purefoods (ILB, 2012).

Based on the July 2012 NSO Quickstat on NCR, the employment rate in the region is

90.1% with a labor force participation rate of 63.2%. It shows that there was a slightly increase in

the employment rate in the region from 2010 to 2012, however, 16 out of 100 employed were

underemployed. These data shows that the rate of unemployment in the city is low which is

supported the result of 0.5% of 400 respondents are unemployed.

Table 1.5bRespondents (Barangay Officials) Employment Status

Employment Status Frequency PercentageEmployed 63 65.6

Underemployed 25 26.0 Non-response 8 8.3

Total 96 100.0

Table 1.5b shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents

employment status (barangay officials). Out of 96 respondents, 63 or 65.6% are employed while

25 or 26% are underemployed.


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The result implies that a big majority of the respondents (barangay officials) are

employed. The elected candidates are employed as barangay officials after election. According to

Civil Service Commission, before the election of barangay officials, the candidates must not

employed in any in the government during his/her term of office in the barangay (for elected

barangay officials), or service requirement (for appointed barangay officials), and that he/she did

not receive any form of salary/compensation, except honorarium for holding a position in an ex-

officio capacity, during his/her term of office or service requirement.

However, underemployment in barangay officials occur when individuals classified their

position that is insufficient in some important way for the worker or relative to a standard.

II. AWARENESS TO TYPHOON, FLOOD AND EARTHQUAKE

Table 2.1Respondents Awareness to Marikina City as Disaster Prone Area

(Residents and Barangay Officials)

Are you aware that

Marikina is a disasterprone area?

Resident Barangay Official

f % f %

Yes 345 86.3 95 99.0

No 52 13.0 1 1.0 Non-response 3 0.8 - -

Total 400 100.0 96 100.0

Table 2.1 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents

awareness to Marikina City as disaster prone area (both residents and barangay officials). For the

residents, out of 400 respondents (residents), 345 or 86 percent are aware that Marikina is a

disaster prone area, 52 or 13 percent are not aware, and 3 or 0.8% did not answer the question.

While for barangay officials, 95 or 99% of the respondents are aware, and 1 or 1% are not aware.


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The result denotes that most of the residents are aware that Marikina City is a disaster

prone area with 345 or 86 percent, while almost all of the barangay officials are aware to the

statement with 95 or 99 percent.

Looking to the results above, they became aware that Marikina City is a disaster prone

area, specifically by flooding, landslides and earthquakes through considering the natural hazards

present in their area, experiences to disaster, and disaster education through communication

channels and IEC Materials provided by the city government. Also, the city government and

barangay officials intensifies their efforts in giving awareness to its constituents.

According to Carla R. McMillan (1998), individual citizens accept responsibility for

becoming aware of the natural hazards that affect them and their communities, and for reducing

their degree of vulnerability. Communities are become more aware of natural hazards and

demand that measures be taken to reduce their negative effects (USAID-OAS Caribbean Disaster

Mitigation Project, 1999).

Also, the community improves their awareness through their experiences and education

(Agusomu and Paki, 2011). It was seen in the scenario of flooding in Marikina City on 2009

Typhoon Ondoy where 78 people were recorded dead (Aragones, 2009) and 15,631 people are

most heavily affected by flood waters ranging from knee/neck to roof top deep in the whole

Marikina City (NDCC, 2009).

In Marikina City itself, they used IEC materials to educate the leaders and its barangay

residents. According to MCDRRMO, they conduct trainings and lectures to government

employees, barangays, and communities. Provides information, education campaign (IEC)

materials regarding disasters and hazards. Also, facilitate earthquake and flood drills in all critical

facilities including private sectors.


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Aside from that, other management groups are also helped Marikina City in raising

awareness about typhoon for local authorities and communities. The Greater Metro Manila Areas

Institutional Capacities for Effective Disaster/ Climate Risk Management towards sustainable

development (GMMA-READY) and Risk Analysis Project RAP in partnership with the City of

Marikina conducted a seminar to present the results of the multi-hazards mapping and risk

analysis last January 2014. The seminar was intended to further strengthen the awareness of

Marikina City, and to further enhance the existing DRRM Plan of Marikina. The seminar was

attended by officials from Marikina City DRRMO, the 16 barangays, schools, representatives

from homeowners association, and rescue volunteers (PHIVOLCS, 2014).

Moreover, they provided an IEC campaign that featured lectures, hazards presentations

on various geological and hydro-meteorological hazards, and workshops (NAMRIA, 2014).

Those respondents who answered that they are not aware are assumed that they are not reached

by the information given by IEC materials and other communication channels.


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Table 2.2Respondents Awareness to Typhoon


Statements for Typhoon

Awareness

Resident Barangay OfficialYes No NR Yes No NR

f % f % f % f % f % f %

1. Are you aware that typhoon is acombination of heavy rain andwind?

376 94.0 21 5.3 3 0.8 93 96.9 2 2.1 1 1.0

2. Are you aware that typhoon hitsthe country during months of Juneto November?

359 89.8 39 9.8 2 0.5 93 96.9 2 2.1 1 1.0

3. Are you aware that typhoonscan lead to severe destruction? 382 95.5 18 4.5 - - 95 99.0 - - 1 1.0

4. Are you aware that typhoon

may bring in torrential rains whichcan cause floods? 369 92.3 28 7.0 3 0.8 95 99.0 - - 1 1.0

5. Are you aware that typhoon can be forecast on their estimated dayand time of entry into a given areaor locality by warning agenciesthrough media and other channelsof communication?

391 97.8 9 2.3 - - 94 97.9 1 1.0 1 1.0

Table 2.2 presents the frequency and percentage of the respondents awareness on

typhoon (both residents and barangay officials). The statements shown in the table are

information about typhoon, its intensity and effects.

The first statement shows that 376 or 94 percent of the respondents (residents) are aware

that typhoon is a combination of heavy rains and winds, 21 or 5.3% are not, and 3 or 0.8 percent

did not answer the question. While, 93 or 96.9 percent of the respondents (barangay officials) are

aware, 2 or 2.1 percent are not, and 1 or 1 percent did not answer the question.

The results denote that almost all of the residents (376 or 94%) and barangay officials (93

or 96.9%) are aware that typhoon is a combination of heavy rain. Looking on the typhoon

experience of Marikenos, Ondoy is a combination of heavy rain and strong wind which have left

thousands of families affected (Olan, 2014). The residents and barangay officials became aware


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because of their experiences to typhoon. Moreover, these information can also be seen and be

known through the weather forecasts given by the news programs of television, radio, newspaper

and online media.

The second statement shows that 359 or 89.8 percent of the respondents (residents) are

aware that typhoon hits the Philippines during months of June to November, 39 or 9.8 percent are

not aware, and 2 or 0.5 percent did not answer the question. While, 93 or 96.9 percent of the

respondents (barangay officials) are aware, 2 or 2.1 percent are not, and 1 or 1 percent did not

answer the question.

The results denote that almost all of the residents (359 or 89.8%) and barangay officials

(93 or 96.9%) are aware that typhoon hits the Philippines during months of June to November.

According to US Embassy Philippines (2014), typhoons are common during months of June to

November. It is noticeable that the rainy season starts in June, peaks in July to September, and

peters out in October. But the patterns have been screwy late, with the rains arriving later and

lingering into December (Lonely Planet, n.d.).

The third statement shows that 382 or 95.5 percent of the respondents (residents) are

aware that typhoon can lead to severe destruction, and 18 or 4.5 percent are not aware. While, 95

or 99 percent of the respondents (barangay officials) are aware, and 1 or 1 percent did not answer

the question.

Likewise, in the fourth statements shows that 369 or 92.3 percent of the respondents

(residents) are aware that that typhoon may bring torrential rains that can cause damaging floods,

28 or 7 percent are not aware, and 3 or 0.8 percent did not answer the question. While, 95 or 99

percent of the respondents (barangay officials) are aware, and 1 or 1 percent did not answer the

question.

The results entail that almost all of the residents (382 or 95.5%) and barangay officials

(95 or 99%) are aware that typhoon can lead to severe destruction. Also, almost all of the

residents (369 or 92.3%) and barangay officials (95 or 99%) are aware that typhoon may bring


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torrential rains that can cause damaging floods. According to Roberts (2009), torrential rains and

strong winds that caused by typhoons can lead to severe destruction and flooding. The residents

and barangay officials have experience the Typhoon Ondoy, Habagat 2012 and 2013, and

Typhoon Mario which caused the city flooded specifically to those low-lying areas (MCDRRMO,

n.d.).

Lastly, the last statement shows that 391 out of 400 respondents or 97.8 percent

(residents) are aware that typhoon can be forecast on their estimated day and time of entry into a

given area or locality by warning agencies through media and other channels of communication,

and 9 or 2.3 percent are not aware of it. While, 94 out of 96 respondents or 97.9 percent

(barangay officials) said they are also aware on the statement, 1 or 1 percent is not, and 1 or 1

percent did not answer the question.

The results entail that almost all of the residents (391 or 97.8 %) and barangay officials

(94 or 97.9%) are aware that typhoon can be forecast on their estimated day and time of entry into

a given area or locality by warning agencies through media and other channels of communication.

Almost all of the information about typhoon are able to be known through the use of media and

other communication channels. In the recent Typhoon Yolanda, social media was used to

disseminate information about the strong typhoon, garnered 6.1 million number of mentions,

102,726 blog posts, 293,648 online news articles, 52,907 forum postings and 5,723,430 tweets

(Levine, 2013).

In raising awareness about typhoon, the Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office of

Marikina (MCDRRMO) conducts set of trainings and lectures to government employees,

barangays, and communities. The office also provides information, education campaign (IEC)

materials regarding typhoon. In general, awareness to typhoon can have through the aid of

television, newspapers, radio and social media as seen in the scenario of Typhoon Yolanda where

these communication channels have played a major role in creating awareness about the typhoon

(De Guzman, 2013).


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Overall, both residents and barangay officials are aware to typhoon. The result implies

that the awareness of the residents and barangay officials is due to their exposure to different

news and information about the typhoon. Also, it includes the different IEC materials given such

as posters, leaflets, seminars and training given and conducted by the local authorities. Also, the

information given by weather forecaster in several communication mediums such as television,

radio, newspapers and social media.

The data supported by the article of Manila Doctors Hospital which states that being alert

at all times during such calamities is crucial especially when one lives in low-lying areas or near

water in the form of rivers even small streams or creeks (MDH, 2013).

Furthermore, according to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent

Societies (IFRC) book guide, the four key approaches to public awareness or public education for

disaster risk reduction, these are the campaigns, participatory learning, informal education and

formal school-based interventions.


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Table 2.3Respondents Awareness to Flood


Statements for Flood

Awareness


f % f % f % f % f % f %

1. Are you aware that floods arecaused by heavy rainfall or evenrains that are not heavy butcontinuous?

371 92.8 29 7.3 - - 95 99.0 - - 1 1.0

2. Are you aware that Marikinacity is in low lying area thatmakes it to be one of the flood-

prone areas in Metro Manila?

349 87.3 51 12.8 - - 89 92.7 6 6.3 1 1.0

3. Are you aware that during

floods (especially flash floods),roads, bridges, farms, houses andcars can be destroyed and people

become homeless?

377 94.3 21 5.3 2 0.5 92 95.8 3 3.1 1 1.0

4. Are you aware that floods cancontaminate water, createdifferent diseases and will resultto casualties?

377 94.3 23 5.8 - - 94 97.9 1 1.0 1 1.0

5. Are you aware that floods is aserious concern that people maystruggle and suffer most inresult?

365 91.3 34 8.5 1 0.3 91 94.8 2 2.1 3 3.1

Table 2.3 encompasses the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents

(both residents and barangay officials) awareness on flood. The statements shown above are the

information about the flood.

The first statement has shown 371 out of 400 respondents or 92.8% (residents) said they

are aware that floods are caused by heavy rainfall or even rains that are not heavy but continuous,

and 95 out of 96 respondents or 99% (barangay officials) are aware also.

However, the second statement has shown 349 out of 400 respondents or 87.3%

(residents) and 89 out of 96 respondents or 92.7% (barangay officials) are aware that Marikina

City is in the low lying area that makes it to be one of the flood-prone areas in Metro Manila. The


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results implies that there are still individuals who are not aware that the city is in the low lying

area making it to be the catch basin of the waters from other nearby municipalities.

Moreover, the third and fourth statements have shown 377 out of 400 respondents or

94.3% (residents) are aware that during floods (especially flash floods), roads, bridges, farms,

houses and cars can be destroyed and people become homeless and it can contaminate water,

create different diseases and will result to casualties. While there are 92 out of 96 respondents or

95.8% from barangay officials said that they are aware on the third statement. Also, 94 out of 96

respondents or 97.8% (barangay officials) are aware that floods can contaminate water.

The last statement has shown that most of the respondents of both residents and barangay

officials are aware that flood is a serious concern that people may struggle and suffer most in

result. There are 365 out of 400 respondents from residents or 91.3% are aware to the statement

and 91 out of 96 respondents from barangay officials or 94.8% are also aware.

The result indicates that both respondents are aware on the cause and effect of flood to

the lives and properties of individuals and communities. It is also supported by the article of

Manila Doctors Hospital that Being alert at all times during such calamities is crucial especially

when one lives in low-lying areas or near water in the form of rivers even small streams or

creeks. Awareness of ones surroundings is the first step to saving ones li fe especially when

dangerous flash floods happen (MDH, 2013).

The information about the typhoon is disseminated through the use of IEC campaigns

such as posters, seminars and trainings conducted by MCDRRMO and other partner agencies. In

the seminar conducted on January 2014 under the AusAID-funded projects Enhancing Greater

Metro Manila Areas Institutional Capacities for Effective Disaster/ Climate Risk Management

towards sustainable development (GMMA-READY) and Risk Analysis Project (RAP) in

partnership with the City of Marikina, they discussed the results of multi-hazards mapping and

risk analysis. It was attended by officials from Marikina City DRRMO, the 16 barangays,


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schools, and representatives from homeowners. The seminar strengthen the awareness of

Marikina City about the hazards and risks of disasters (PHIVOLCS, 2014).

Table 2.4Respondents Awareness on Earthquake


Statements for EarthquakeAwareness


f % f % f % f % f % f %

1. Are you aware that earthquakeis the sudden or rapid shaking ofthe earth ground surface?

377 94.3 23 5.8 - - 94 97.9 1 1.0 1 1.0

2. Are you aware that Marikinacity lies beside the fault line thatearthquakes may occur at any timeof the day or night?

367 91.8 32 8.0 1 0.3 92 95.8 3 3.1 1 1.0

3. Are you aware that groundshaking from earthquakes cancollapse buildings and bridges?

379 94.8 21 5.3 - - 95 99.0 - - 1 1.0

4. Are you aware that groundmovement during an earthquakecan cause direct death or injury?

379 94.8 20 5.0 1 0.3 92 95.8 3 3.1 1 1.0

5. Are you aware that after-shocksmay occur after an earthquake? 382 95.5 17 4.3 1 0.3 94 97.9 - - 2 2.1

Table 2.4 presents the frequency and percentage of the respondents awareness on

earthquake (both residents and barangay officials). The statements shown in the table are relevant

information about the nature of earthquake itself, its hazards and effects.

The first statement shows that 377 or 94.3% of the respondents (residents) are aware that

an earthquake is the sudden or rapid shaking of the earth ground surface and 23 or 5.8% are not,

while 94 or 97.9% of the respondents (barangay officials) are aware, 1 or 1.0% are not, and 1 or

1.0% did not answer the question.

The results foretells that almost all of the residents (377 or 94.3%) and barangay officials

(94 or 97.9%) are aware that an earthquake is the sudden or rapid shaking of the earth ground


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surface. The geographical location of the city is undeniably prone to earthquakes. From this field

of view it is important that residents and barangay officials of Marikina to be aware about

earthquakes since it can happen any time of the year without any warning or forecast and may

cause massive damage in just a short period of time (Gupta, 2013).

The next statement shows that 367 or 91.8% of the respondents (residents) are aware that

Marikina city lies on a fault line that Earthquakes may occur at any time of the day or night, 32 or

8% are not aware and 1 or 0.3% did not answer the question. At the same time 92 or 95.8% of the

respondents (barangay officials) are aware, 3 or 3.1% are not aware and 1or 1.0% did not answer

the question.

The results regards that almost all of the residents (367 or 91.8%) and barangay officials

(92 or 95.8%) are aware that Marikina city lies on a fault line that Earthquakes may occur at any

time of the day or night. according to (Rob Sake, 2013) a magnitude 7.3 earthquake may soon

devastate cities around the west valley fault line (Marikina Fault line) as it moves every 400

years, the last time the fault moves was way back the year 1658. In other words, there is that

possibility that within 2000-2058, the west valley fault line will unleash havoc and devastates

cities around the area including Marikina. In the study, 367 or 91.8 of the 400 total respondents

(residents) and 92 or 95.8% of the respondents (barangay officials) have said that they are aware

that Marikina city lies in a fault line and that earthquakes can occur at any given time.

The third statement shows that 379 or 94.8% of the respondents (residents) are aware that

ground shaking from earthquakes can collapse buildings and bridges and 21 or 5.3% are not,

while 95 or 99.0% of the respondents (barangay officials) are aware, and 1 or 1.0% did not

answer the question.

The results tells foreshadowed almost all of the residents (379 or 94.8%) and barangay

officials (95 or 99.0%) are aware that ground shaking from earthquakes can collapse buildings

and bridges. An earthquake can cause millions of dollars in terms of economic damages and can


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roll from there off. It is primarily because that earthquakes last longer because of aftershocks and

other attributed natural disaster such as tsunamis produced by earthquakes or landslides and other

crustal displacements that in terms may cause additional further damage. Just like what happen to

Japan in 2011 where the highest economic lost was recorded (Earthsky, 2012). Marikina

community are well aware about the issue since losing properties and money is a big deal

especially in third world countries. This is also the reason why cities build structures that may

able to stand certain magnitude of earthquake by smart designing and shock absorbers provided

(Celebi, 2012). Though being aware about the destruction an earthquake can cause will not

guarantee a complete zero property loss but rather will provide additional advantages to those

who are aware since it will help them anticipate steps to consider from taking insurances and

other disaster funds that will be provided by the government.

Similarly in the fourth statement which shows that 379 or 94.8% of the respondents

(residents) are aware that ground movement during an earthquake can cause direct death or

injury, 20 or 5.0% are not aware, and 1 or 0.3% did not answer the question while 92 or 95.8% of

the respondents (barangay officials) are aware, 3 or 3.1% are not and 1 or 1.0% did not answer

the question.

The result reveals that almost all of the residents (379 or 94.8%) and barangay officials

(92 or 95.8%) are aware that ground movement during an earthquake can cause direct death or

injury. Earthquake events do record death tolls but it is the collapse structures that do so (USGS,

2014). Similarly, almost all of the residents (379 or 94.8%) and barangay officials (92 or 95.8%)

have said that they are aware that an earthquake can cause direct damage to life as injuries or

even death. Earthquakes may cause deaths that can rise to hundreds as the aftermath pursue

through time. There are deaths like spinal and brain injuries that may not seek medical care since

hospitals will be down. Deaths from aftershocks are also expected. Psychological or mental


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damages are also concerns along with others such as lack of supplies to affected areas to the

following days or weeks (Phend, 2011).

Another threat that an earthquake foreshadowed are those aftershocks that can be felt

days, weeks or months after the main tremor. This aftershocks will cause further damage and

deaths, in which at sometimes, this aftershocks tend to be stronger than the main earthquake itself

(Paul, 2006). In the study, almost all of the residents (382 or 95.5%) and barangay officials (94 or

97.9%) said they are aware that an aftershock can occur after an earthquake.

The last statement shows that 382 or 95.5% of the respondents (residents) are aware that

after-shocks may occur after an earthquake, 17 or 4.3% are not aware and 1 or .03% did not

answer the question while 94 or 97.9% of the respondents (barangay officials) are aware, and 2 or

2.1% did not answer the question. Another threat that an earthquake foreshadowed are those

aftershocks that can be felt days, weeks or months after the main tremor. This aftershocks will

cause further damage and deaths, in which at sometimes, this aftershocks tend to be stronger than

the main earthquake itself (Paul, 2006).

Overall both residents and barangay officials are aware about earthquake, its hazards and

effects. The result proves that the efforts of the local government to make the public aware is

useful. Different plans and programs are evidently working fine and seminars, flyers and other

media exposures are worth the expenses.

Furthermore the fear of the community to suffer from devastation is another factor that

encourage them to make aware of the issue and traditions and activities are set correlational to

awareness (Spence, 2003).


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25,500 people. According to Sharmaine Navarro, taskforce member, the people (residents) know

what to do, when water reaches 16 meters, large groups evacuate voluntarily (Ranada, 2014).

Moreover, the Department of Science and Technology gave MOSES Tablet that will

significantly improve the dissemination and enhance the public monitoring and early warning

procedure. Also, according to Donna Mitzi Lagdameo, a disaster risk reduction consultant of

Office of Civil Defense, if people focus on early-warning systems rather than rescue and response

operations, it means they realize the importance of mitigation and preparedness (IRIN Asia, n.d.).

Lastly, the fifth statement shows that respondents (residents) are KNOWLEDGEABLE

to the emergency contact numbers to reach, with the total weighted mean of 3.97.

The result indicates that the residents are knowledgeable on the list of emergency hotlines

to reach when there is a need for help and assistance. Evidently, emergency contacts are

disseminate through television, radio, newspaper and social media.

Moreover, social media is now played a major role in emergency and disaster situations

in recent years. According to the study Social Media and Disasters: Current Uses, Future

Options, and Policy Considerations of Bruce Lindsay (2011), social media has used by

individuals and communities to warn others of unsafe areas or situations, inform friends and

family that someone is safe, and raise funds for disaster relief.

Furthermore, in the Manila Survival Guide posted by manilarules.com, families should

prepare a list of contact numbers, the list should be the family members, the NDRRMCS, the

MMDA, the Philippine Coast Guard, rescue operations from local government units, and the

Philippine National Red Cross. Everyone in the family should have a copy.

To sum up, the OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN of 4.20 displays that the respondents

(residents) are KNOWLEDGEABLE to all statements have shown above. It implies that the


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residents have knowledge on how to prepare for typhoon. This is due to the experiences they have

in the past typhoons as well as the efforts of the local government.

Table 3.1bRespondents Knowledge on Typhoon Preparations

(Barangay Officials)

Statements WeightedMean

VerbalInterpretation

1. The responsibilities of an official in a pre-typhoonevacuation operation. 4.65 Highly Knowledgeable

2. Center and other communication system operation inthe community. 4.54 Highly Knowledgeable

3. Online based information regarding typhoon preparation updated by barangay for the residents. 4.36 Knowledgeable4. The service numbers of PAG-ASA to get updatedinformation and render special actions to thecommunity.

4.17 Knowledgeable

5. Protection of barangay records and documents. 4.35 KnowledgeableOverall: 4.41 Knowledgeable

Table 3.1b presents the measures of the respondents knowledge on typhoon preparations

(barangay officials). The statements shown in the table are the preparations of a barangay

officials for typhoon.

The first statement shows that respondents (barangay officials) are HIGHLY

KNOWLEDGEABLE in the responsibilities of an official in a pre-typhoon evacuation

operation, with the total weighted mean of 4.65.

Moreover, the second statement shows that respondents (barangay officials) are

HIGHLY KNOWLEDGEABLE in the center and other communication system operation in the

community, with the total weighted mean of 4.54.

The results imply that the verbal description of highly knowledgeable is due to the duties

of an official stated in Republic Act 10121, also known as Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction

and Management Act of 2010. As stated in Section 12 C, Barangay Risk Reduction Management


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Council (BDRRMC) should coordinate to rescue, evacuation destination, pick-up points and

alternate evacuation routes to evacuations centers. Being the leader of the community, barangay

officials must know and implement this function.

Evidently, Barangay Tumana (one of 16 barangays in Marikina) officials attended a 3 day

workshop of Noahs Ark Program to further develop a community communication protocols and

evacuation procedures (Sunstar, 2012). This only shows that officials became highly

knowledgeable to pre-typhoon evacuation operations through in-depth workshops provided by

other organizations.

Similarly, the Republic Act 10121 Section 12 (C5) states that the barangay should

function and operate a multi-hazard early warning system, to provide accurate and timely

assistance to national or local emergency response organizations and to the general public,

through the use of diverse mass media, particularly radio, landline communications, and

technologies for communication within the community.

The officials should be familiar to those communication systems present in their place in

order to have information of what is happening around. This preparation was proven when

Typhoon Yolanda strikes in Visayas, according to Communications and Electronics Service of

PNP, the communication systems have been significant as it brings information about the

intensities and damages of the typhoon.

The Center Communication and Command Center of Marikina (4Cs) serves as the

Emergency Operation Center (EOC) under MCDRRMO. It provides the City with a 24 hour

monitoring network so that we could effectively respond to situations as needed. It provides also

a review of CCTV cameras within the city.

Meanwhile, the third statement shows that respondents (barangay officials) are

KNOWLEDGEABLE to online based information regarding typhoon preparation updated by

barangay for the residents, with the total weighted mean of 4.36.


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Also, the fourth statement shows that respondents (barangay officials) are

KNOWLEDGEABLE to the service numbers of PAG-ASA to get updated information and

render special actions to the community, with the total weighted mean of 4.17.

The results denote that the respondents (barangay officials) have enough knowledge to

online based information regarding typhoon preparation and the service numbers of PAG-ASA in

order to update the residents. The knowledge of barangay officials is due to the new technologies

and duties of an official nowadays.

The latest functional online-based technologies given by DOST to Marikina City are the

Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards) and MOSES Tablet (Mobile

Operational System for Emergency Services) which are used to know and monitor the track of

typhoon and mitigating the impact of disasters (DOST, 2014). Each barangays received these new

technologies in which they can use to monitor the typhoon, as well as to update the residents

about the intensities and impact of it.

Moreover, based on RA 10121, it is the responsibility of barangay to disseminate

information about the typhoon and perform the following disaster management; consolidate local

disaster risk information which includes natural hazards, vulnerabilities, and climate change risks,

and maintain a local risk map, and disseminate information and raise public awareness about

those hazards, vulnerabilities and risks, their nature, effects, early warning signs and counter-

measures.

Likewise, in the last statement shows that respondents (barangay officials) are

KNOWLEDGEABL E in protecting the barangay records and documents, with the total

weighted mean of 4.35.

Looking on the result, it indicates that barangay officials have adequate knowledge on

how to keep and protect the important records and documents of barangay in times of typhoon. It

is due to the responsibility of an official in keeping the records and documents at safe.


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Based on RA 10121, the officials should utilize the facilities and resources for the

protection and preservation of life and properties of the barangay during emergencies in

accordance with existing policies and procedures. It includes the protection of barangay records

and documents which is necessary to be done during typhoon and other disasters.

Overall, the respondents (barangay officials) are KNOWLEDGEABLE on typhoon

preparations, with an OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN of 4.41. It implies that barangay

officials, as the leader of the community, have knowledge on how to prepare for typhoon. This is

due to the responsibilities of an officials after they have got the position in the community.

Table 3.2aRespondents Knowledge on Flood Preparations

(Residents)



1. Evacuation to safer areas that are out of floods reach. 4.47 Knowledgeable2. Dredging of canals near your house to avoid clogging

before heavy rain falls.4.31 Knowledgeable

3. Ensuring a good conditioned mobile vehicle such as boatfor effective emergency transportation.

4.00 Knowledgeable

4. Anticipating the means of early warning systems thatsignals the alarm for evacuation and risk levels.

4.33 Knowledgeable

5. Getting skills and information regarding flood preparation from local government agencies and others.

4.22 Knowledgeable

Overall: 4.27 Knowledgeable

Table 3.2a presents the measure of the respondents (residents) knowledge on flood

preparations. The statements shown in the table are flood preparations, together with its computed

weighted mean and correspond verbal interpretation.

The table shows a completely KNOWLEDGEABLE verbal interpretation results for the

entire statements on flood preparation among the Marikina household residents. They clearly

identified that they are knowledgeable in their actions resulting to a computed mean score ranging

4.00-4.47 namely; evacuation to safer areas that are out of flood reach, dredging of canals near


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their house, ensuring good conditioned mobile vehicle, means of early warning systems and being

skilled and informed regarding flood preparation from local government and others.

The result implies that the verbal description of knowledgeable is due to the respondent

several floods past experienced, trainings and seminars that informed and educate them.

According to the website FEMA/Ready.gov hazards are serious and require mandatory

evacuations. For others, evacuations are advised or the households per se decide to evacuate to

avoid situations such as typhoon, flooding and others that people believe are possibly dangerous.

When community evacuations become necessary local officials provide information to the public

through the media. In some circumstances, other warning methods, such as sirens, text alerts,

emails or telephone calls are used.

Anticipating the means of early warning systems that signals the alarm for evacuation

and risk levels for the residents. The residents urged by the Marikina Public Information to take

note of the following warning signals of the sirens: Short intermittent blasts that last for 30

seconds mean that Alert Level 1 has been hoisted over the area with the water in the river rising

15 meters above sea level. Intermittent blasts that last for one minute mean that Alert Level 2 (16

meters above sea level) has been raised. A continuous blast that lasts for five minutes signifies

that Alert Level 3 (17 meters above sea level) is in effect. A continuous uninterrupted blast that

lasts for 10 minutes indicates that the river is at a critical level with the waters now 18 meters

above sea level. At this point, a forced evacuation of residents in the area will be carried out.

Alarm systems play a very important role in saving lives and [property] especially during [the]

rainy season when communities near Marikina River are [at risk] , De Guzman said

(Mangunay, 2013).

In line with this, Marikina tested a flood alarm system to strengthen its disaster

preparedness capability especially during the rainy season. Marikina residents were advised again

on the meaning of the different sounds of the sirens. Alarm systems play a very important role in


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saving lives and properties especially during rainy season when communities near Marikina River

are susceptible to flooding. Aside from alerting residents of imminent flooding, the city

government in coordination with local disaster risk reduction and management council members

is also carrying out information dissemination and communication, evacuation, and relief

operations (Zamboanga.com, 2011).

In Marikina City, residents surrounding areas near the river, are giving force evacuation

as standard protocol by the local government once Marikina River reaches its critical level or

warning of sirens reach the maximum threatening indication (De Jesus, 2014). Residents are

forcedly evacuated before the water reach it point for security purpose. They are well guided by

the rescuers what to do and where to go. In connection with this, the Citys 16 ba rangays recently

received a MOSES Tablet from the DOST Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational

Assessment of Hazards) to further improve disaster risk-reduction and management in their area.

Each tablet serves as a database for crucial information such as the location of different critical

infrastructures, access lanes and evacuation routes to be taken during calamities. (Philippine

Information Agency, 2014). By using this kind of opportunities, distribution of information for

safety measure including evacuation are easily disseminated for the residents.

In line with this, another way if informing residents about evacuation occur. Since

people nowadays engaged in social media like Facebook and twitter, citizens now turning to these

social account for gathering information. The Marikina local government take this chance to

reach people using Twitter and Facebook to post updates about the Marikina Rivers water level,

the main concern of residents during the rainy season and others Paul Edward P. Sison, Marikina

public information office (PIO) head said information dissemination is quicker through social

media (Ignaacio IV, 2013). To add, Malacaang also assisted in disseminating the information

through social media. Please take the necessary precau tions including evacuating to higher


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ground or to evacuation centers following protocol observed in Marikina," said presidential

spokesperson Edwin Lacierda (Rappler.com, 2012).

Nobody can stop a flood. But if you are faced with one, there are actions you can take to

protect your family and keep your property losses to a minimum (State of Utah, 2014). Flooding

can lessen by doing simple ways but helpful like dredging or cleaning the canals. Residents said

they are knowledgeable in cleaning their canal near their houses since it is a simple thing that

anyone can do. However, they said that there is a set of volunteer created by barangay to clean

and monitored the drainage and canals daily. But they also maintained the cleanliness and not

relying all the time on the volunteers. Also, the city engineering office are the one which

regularly conducting de clogging operations of the waterways through manual and mechanical

procedures (FOKUSMARIKINA, 2013)

Another way of being prepared on flood are being skilled and informed. These are one of

the basic foundation preparing for flood. In the study conducted by Jamil Francisco on Property

Damage Recovery and Coping Behavior of Households Affected by an Extreme Flood Event in

Marikina City, most respondents received their training from the government (46 percent) and

NGOs (37 percent). Aside from these formal seminar or workshop majority of households (78

percent) used past experience as a guide in dealing with the crisis. Other sources of information

on how to prepare for, and cope with, disasters include the media (41 percent) and

relatives/friends (7 percent). Supporting the outcomes, ninety-one percent of households

interviewed had at least one mobile phone at the time of the flood. Ninety-five percent had

television, 77 percent had radio, and 26 percent had a computer whereas information are mostly

disseminated (Francisco, 2013). Resources that able to help individuals and families to prepare

are also available through websites and publications of various organizations that are active in

disasters (FEMA, 2011).


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Table 3.2bRespondents Knowledge on Flood Preparations



Verbal Interpretation

1. The responsibilities of an official in pre-floodingrelief operations. 4.61 Highly knowledgeable

2. The responsibilities of an official in a pre-floodingevacuation operation. 4.64 Highly knowledgeable

3. The areas or which areas are on high priority in caseof flash floods due to geographical aspects and roadconstructions.

4.65 Highly knowledgeable

4. House relocation programs of residents near theMarikina river. 4.45 Knowledgeable5. Ensuring a good conditioned mobile vehicle such as

boat for effective emergency transportation and rescue. 4.51 Highly knowledgeable

Overall: 4.57 Highly knowledgeable

Table 3.2b presents th e measure of the respondents (barangay o fficial) knowledge on

flood preparation. The statements shown in the table are flood preparations, together with its

computed weighted mean and correspond verbal interpretation.

The table shows a completely HIGHLY KNOWLEDGEABLE verbal interpretation

results for the entire statements on flood preparation among the Marikina household residents.

They clearly identified that they are highly knowledgeable in the pre-flooding relief operation

responsibilities, pre-flooding evacuation operation, areas with high priority in case of flash flood


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and ensuring a good conditioned mobile vehicle such as boat for effective emergency

transportation and rescue. With its computed mean score ranging 4.51-4.65 . However, only

KNOWLEDGEABLE verbal interpretation results on house relocation programs for the

residents near Marikina River with its mean score of 4.45 only.

The result implies that the verbal description of highly knowledgeable and

knowledgeable is the mere fact that one of the role of barangay officials are to create and address

precautions on natural disaster issues like floods. Their duty keeping the security of their local

resident from different disasters.

Barangay officials are deemed persons in authority with their respective jurisdiction,

hence, they are mandated to maintain public order and ensure the protection of life, liberty and

property (Gargantiel, n.d.). In the Local Government code of the Philippines SEC. 384. Role of

the Barangay stated that, as the basic political unit, the barangay serves as the primary planning

and implementing unit of government policies, plans, programs, projects, and activities in the

community, and as a forum wherein the collective views of the people may be expressed,

crystallized and considered, and where disputes may be amicably settled (Chan Robles &

Associates Law Firm, 1998).

Local government units (LGUs) are expected to be at the frontline of emergency

measures in the aftermath of disasters to ensure the general welfare of its constituents, according

to the Local Government Code of 1991 (Bueza, 2013). In an article of Rappler about disaster role

of LGUs reported that, in times of disaster hits the country, its not the national government that

acts first at all times. The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

(NDRRMC) are assigned to come up with a framework for disaster risk reduction and

management (DRRM), as well as to organize preparations for, and responses to, natural

calamities and human-induced disasters. Nevertheless, as first defendant, they should be hands-on


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in performing disaster-related activities, from preemptive evacuation to the restoration of people's

livelihood (Bueza, 2013).

In addition, Provincial and City/Municipal Councils and other Local Officials has

different roles during disaster some of this are: Providing relief services and assistance for victims

during and in the aftermath of said disasters or calamities; adopting the measures in protecting the

citizens of the city from the harmful effects of man-made or natural disasters and calamities;

being at the frontline of delivery of services related to their line of work, particularly during, and

in the aftermath of, man-made disasters and natural calamities.

In line with this, Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) trained newly-

elected Barangay officials in the metropolitan area including Marikina for disaster preparedness.

The MMDA chief said that preparedness must be achieved to lessen the devastating effects of

disasters in their areas. Barangay offic ials are first responders so they must strengthen their

capacity to respond effectively to disasters. MMDA Chairman Francis Tolentino stated

interview with Manila Bulletin.

For the Barangay officials, one of the goal also of the training for Tolentino is be able to

impart what they will learn to their constituents. The MMDA also took the advantage of the

training to educate and inform Barangay officials regarding the hazard maps which were

distributed to Metro Manila mayors (The Manila Times, 2013).

In Marikina, Marikina City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office

(MCDRRMO) are conducting trainings and lectures to government employees, barangays, and

communities. Also, providing information, education campaign (IEC) materials regarding

disasters and hazards. Barangay Officials of the said City are coordinating with MCDRRMO to

empower the city on man-made or natural disasters.


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Table 3.3aRespondents Knowledge on Earthquake Preparations

(Residents)



1. Reinforcing damaged house walls and other partsfor better security. 4.22 Knowledgeable

2. Placing big objects and other falling furnitures onground level. 3.89 Knowledgeable

3. Planning an earthquake and fire exit routes. 3.91 Knowledgeable4. Planning and preparing the proper needsinside the emergency kit that can be useful in time 4.18 Knowledgeable

5. Locating the nearest land marks that can be usedas meeting places or evacuation sites such as CentralField Hospital.

3.90 Knowledgeable


Table 3.3a presents the measure o f the respondents (residents) k nowledge on earthquake

preparation. The statements shown above are precautionary list regarding basic preparation for an

earthquake.


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The first statement shows that the respondents (residents) are KNOWLEDGEABLE

about .Reinforcing damaged house walls and other parts for better security. With the total

weighted mean of 4.22.

The result entails that residents are knowledgeable for the reason that it is a safety

precaution or advice to repair damaged house walls and other parts of the house for a better

security. Furthermore according to (ECA, 2014) that by itself, concrete is brittle and easily

cracked during an earthquake. But with the addition of reinforcing steel, concrete buildings can

be made strong enough to withstand earthquake forces.

Similarly, the next statement have shown that respondents (residents) are

KNOWLEDGEABLE about the proper placing big objects and other falling furnitures o n

ground level with the total weighted mean of 3.89 .

The results denotes that the respondents (residents) are knowledgeable for the reason that

there is the threat and fear that it may cause injuries which is why it is an important thing to place

heavy objects such as furnitures on ground levels sinc e it may fall during an earthquake (USGS,

2014). Falling furniture and other heavy objects such as chandeliers are attributed to some deaths

related to earthquakes that can be avoided if people knew how to prepare for these scenarios.

The third statement shows that respondents (residents) are KNOWLEDGEABLE about

planning an earthquake and fire exit routes, with the weighted mean of 4.18 .

With the result, planning an earthquake or exit route is a good idea and can help people in

times. Planning an escape route/evacuation plan and where to hide or stay during and after an

earthquake is also a safety advice for the public since, by planning an escape route will ultimately

give advantages among people since people can think ahead of saving themselves and other

people that have hindrances of saving their own such as disabled person or children (CDC, 2014).


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The next statement presents that the respondents (residents) are KNOWLEDGEABLE

about Planning and preparing the proper needs inside the emergency kit that can be useful in

time, with the total weighted mean of 4.18 .

The results have demonstrates that the description of being knowledgeable is due to the

anticipation and product of efforts that reached the public about discussing the importance of

emergency kits. It is one of the most important preparation that can be done for an earthquake that

can be useful in time (H. Milton 2013). These emergency kits should be easy to look for and must

contain basic necessities during a disaster such as flash lights, medical supplies, water, extra

batteries, maps and etc. (Red Cross, 2014). This emergency kit will ultimately be a gold resource

once a disaster strikes and will save lives of those people who prepared one.

Lastly, the last statement shows that the respondents (residents) are

KNOWLEDGEABLE about locating the nearest land marks that can be used as meeting places

or evacuation sites such as Central Field Hospital, with the total weighted mean of 3.90 .

The result implies that Marikina residents value the importance of union especially in times of

disaster thus by being knowledgeable, they can help one another in certain circumstances. In

addition, according to Bill Liebsch (2009), that i n case a person get separated during an

emergency or disaster, it is wise to decide on two meeting places or areas where you can join

each other. Include children in this decision so they understand why they should meet there.

As a whole, the results showed that respondents (residents) are KNOWLEDGEABLE

about basic preparation for an earthquake from all the statements with a grand total weighted

mean of 4.27. It only illustrates that this is due to the residents capacity to prepare on their own

since they are located in an earthquake danger zone.


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Table 3.3bRespondents Knowledge on Earthquake Preparations




1. The responsibilities of an official in pre-earthquakerelief operations. 4.25 Knowledgeable

2. The responsibilities of an official in pre-earthquakerescue operations. 4.21 Knowledgeable

3. The coordination of barangay with the PHILVOLCSand NDRRMC. 4.05 Knowledgeable

4. Sharing information in the community throughseminars, flyers or leaflets emergency kit that can be

useful in time4.16 Knowledgeable

5. Locating the nearest land marks that can be usedas meeting places or evacuation sites such as CentralField Hospital.

4.21 Knowledgeable


Table 3.3b presents the measure of respondents (barangay officials) knowledge about

earthquake preparations. The statements shown above in the table are guidelines and pre-

cautioned responsibilities of a local official regarding preparation.


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The first statement shows that respondents (barangay officials) are

KNOWLEDGEABLE about the responsibilities of an official in pre-earthquake relief

operations, with the weighted mean of 4.25 .

The second statement have shown that the respondents (barangay officials) are

KNOWLEDGEABLE about the responsibilities of an official in pre-earthquake rescue

operations, with the total weighted mean of 4.21.

Correlational to this, the description of knowledgeable is due to the officials own

exposure and experience in frequent disaster events in the city. The results also displayed that

barangay officials of Marikina city are just as knowledgeable from relief operation and rescue

operations. Furthermore, According to Jack Pinkowski (2008), it is the local government who

must exercise the plans at first place to make an example for the public and assist the residents

regarding disaster management such as reliefs and rescue operations since the government are the

closest to the ones responsible for distributing supports such as concerne d organizations.

Furthermore, J. Miskel (2008) states that this responsibilities must be done accordingly and

properly and be performed just as daily routines. The local government is also the one that will

render decisions in the end and will strategize the situation in the most manageable way.

The third statement shows that respondents (barangay officials) are

KNOWLEDGEABLE about the coordination of barangay with the PHILVOLCS and

NDRRMC, with the total weighted mean of 4.05 .

The next statement shows that respondents (barangay officials are

KNOWLEDGEABLE about sharing information in the community through seminars, flyers or

leaflets emergency kit that can be useful in time, with the total weighted mean of 4.16 .

In line with this, the barangay officials are describe as knowledgeable with the reason that

it is the local officials who facilitates the distribution of information regarding preparation, in


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relation to this, all the necessary information provided are of course product of joint meetings or

from higher agencies such as PHILVOLCS and NDRRMCO.

Based on Memorandum circular No. 4 S. 2012, there would be a main system council

that will concern about disaster as NDRRMC and all the local government shall and must

coordinate with the council for planning, command, finances and others such that the community

will develop a better preparation for disasters. By coordinating with higher agencies such as

PHILVOLCS to develop standardize lectures, seminars and drills that can be shared to the public.

Evidently, Marikina city does not lack from this, when Muntinlupa and local barangays of

Marikina city conduct a joint meeting regarding disaster preparation (NDRRMC, 2009).

Moreover, the advantages are developed today. New approaches are rendered where as

some necessary component of an emergency kit such as flash lights and medicines are readily

available from the local government. This will ensure a better preparation in part of the residents

if they fulfill their own duty by coordinating to the local government (Ona, 2013).

Accordingly, Preparing for an earthquake requires a wide variety of understanding and filling up

some to do list (Getprepared.ca, 2010). These understanding regarding preparation can be

increased through guidelines and tips provided by the local government, disaster concerned

groups and other media outlets.

The last statement shows that, the respondents (barangay officials) are

KNOWLEDGEABLE about locating the nearest land marks that can be used as meeting places

or evacuation sites such as Central Field Hospitals with total weighted mean of 4.21 .

The results denote that respondents (barangay officials) are knowledgeable with the

primary reason of peer trainings they receive with such learnings such as geo-hazard-mapping.

This trainings of officials conveys information that are needed and is required to be shared to the

public (Canuti, 2008).


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shown in the table are the positive statements about the program written with its computed

weighted mean including its verbal interpretation.

Table 4.2 exhibit the measures of the residents and barangay officials of Marikinas

level of attitude towards the program 5-minute Quick Response Time Rescue 161. The statements

shown in the table above are the statements about the said program written with its computed

weighted mean including its verbal interpretation for each.

The first statement displays that the residents and barangay officials AGREE that Dial

161 is an effective part of disaster management program with the weighted mean of 4.12 while

the barangay officials have the weighted mean of 3.94 .

The respondents (residents and barangay officials) agree to the first statement because of

the long service of the program, since it was established in 1997. The program already put a good

impression to the people of Marikina.

Due to that. 5-minute quick response time Rescue 161 has been established since 1997 by

former mayor Bayani Fernando. The program -since it was established years ago- already put a

standard for the people of Marikina in terms of quick emergency response. Because of the

programs long service to the people, it established itself as one of the best program of Marikina

in Disaster Response.

By the name of the program itself: 5-minute Quick Response, most of the respondents

AGREE that the emergency response team approaches to the area within 5-minutes. With the

residents weighted mean of 3.60 and 3.61 for the barangay officials.

It gives the impression that the respondents trust the program wherein whenever they call

to the hotline, emergency response team arrives at exactly 5-minute after they call.

In supporting to that, an article written by DJ Yap in PDI last July 2012. The present

mayor of Marikina, Mayor De Guzman praised the effort of Rescue 161 who is the governments


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emergency response agency. Who, he said, are receiving regular training in water rescue and

other emergency situation. The mayor added that they want to put all mechanism in place to

ensure the safety of their citizens in times of calamities such as typhoons and other natural

calamities. This development and quick response of Marikina Local Government in disaster

management can be a start of every government bodies in calamities, which is aiming zero

casualties (Yap, 2012).

Moreover, on the 3 rd statement, the respondents AGREE that Dial 161 is able to reduce

the casualties cause by disaster more importantly, it helps to reduce death rate in the city of

Marikina. With the weighted mean of 4.06 for the residents and 3.74 for the barangay officials.

The casualties caused by delayed Ambulance or late first aid. Casualties or even death

happened. But because of the quick response of the rescue personnel of the Marikina, these death

can prevent and save a persons life in time.

It has supported by the sound practice no.8 that since medical emergency is one of the

services provided and because Rescue 161 is mostly composed of paramedics, one program was

added to ensure effectiveness and this is DoktorsaHatinggabi (Midnight Doctor). Under this

program, emergency medical assistance requiring a physicians attention, is assure d of the

presence of one. A physician is made available seven days a week from 9pm to 5am of the

following day.

On the fourth statement, the respondents AGREE that the program helps them and made

them at ease on disasters or emergencies. The weighted mean of the residents is 4.01 whereas the

weighted mean for the barangay officials is 3.75 .

The respondents deeply acknowledge the program Dial-161 as a lifesaving tool. That

whenever an emergency happen theres an agency in which they can count on.


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It is sustained also in the sound practice no.8 that Public safety is a primordial

responsibility of the government. To this task, the local government of Marikina has established a

line unit of the OplanLigtas Bayan (Operation Save the Town) named Rescue 161 under the

umbrella of the Marikina Disaster Coordinating Council.

It started out as a special project and brainchild of then Mayor Bayani Fernando, whose

primary purpose was to serve as a disaster response unit and emergency medical services for the

citys co nstituents. In 1992, the concept of Marikina Rescue 161 was formulated. It was primarily

thought to provide emergency medical services, and at the same, served as the communication

base to receive calls from the constituents on a 24-hour basis. In the early part of 1993, qualified

personnel were recruited and trained for two months, after which an ambulance suited for the

units purpose was procured by the local government. It was in May 1993, Rescue 161 became

fully operational. Through the years, the unit has slowly evolved into a well-e quipped and

efficient provider of disaster response and relief operations and emergency medical service to the

whole community.

The respondents AGREE that the program: 5-minute Quick Response Time Rescue 161

is being well maintained and implemented by the government of Marikina. With the outcome

weighted mean of 3.80 for the residents and 3.66 for the barangay officials.

Because of the previous emergencies and casualties that Dial-161 been able to help,

previous gaps in the program are already filled in. Since of the long service of the program. It is

safe to say now that the program is well implemented than before, making the program as perfect

as the authorities want it to.

5-minute Quick Response Time Rescue 161 is one of the oldest and existing programs of

Marikina. It is also supported by the sound practice that 5-minute Quick Response Time can be

categorized as a management project of the local government. It was implemented to guarantee

that peoples emergency need s will be attended to within five (5) minutes upon call for assistance


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anywhere in Marikina. It is certainly intended to make better the efficiency and effectiveness of

government service delivery. As such, it is the city government that sustains the operation of the

project.

To conclude, the OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN for the residents is 3.92 while the

OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN for the barangay officials is 3.74 . The result implies that the

residents and barangay officials AGREE to all the statements about the program. They have

positive attitude towards the program Dial- 161. This is due to the MCDRRMOs duties in

responding to emergencies and life threatening situations.

Table 4.2Respondents Attitude towards the Program

Marikina City Flood Mitigation Countermeasure

StatementsResident Barangay

OfficialWM VI WM VI

1. The program is an effective part of Marikinas disaster preparedness plan.

3.98 Agree 4.05 Agree

2. The program is able to reduce the flood to allimplementing barangays.

3.94 Agree 4.00 Agree

3. The program makes good control on floods. 3.94 Agree 3.94 Agree

4. The program makes us at ease on floods. 3.86 Agree 3.85 Agree

5. The program is well implemented. 3.79 Agree 3.96 Agree

OVERALL 3.90 Agree 3.96 Agree

Table 4.2 indicates the measurement of the respondents level of attitude towards the

program Marikina City Flood Mitigation Countermeasure Program. The statement shown in the

table are statements written with its overall computed weighted mean as well as its corresponding

verbal interpretation.


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The first statement shows that the respondents AGREE that the program is an effective

part of Marikinas disaster preparedness plan. Acquiring the result weighted of 3.98 for the

residents and 4.05 for the barangay officials.

Because of this platform in cleaning and dredging the river once a year, it contributes to

decrease flood exposure to those vulnerable areas near the rivers. Because it is clear that wastes in

the river is one of the major contributors of severe flood.

As supp orted by Sound Practice, the project is necessarily significant in the citys

development, especially in the economic area and in public safety. The city hall officials believed

that Marikina would not be completely progressive without being able to solve this perennial

problem. It is not just for disaster preparation but also for the growing economy of the city in

terms of public safety. Since one of the major problems of Marikina is flood, dredging the river

once a year can help to improve the safety of the people.

In addition to the first statement, the respondents also AGREE that the program were

able to reduce the flood to all implementing barangay. By means of weighted mean of 3.94 for

the residents while 4.00 for the barangay officials.

It is clear that too much human wastes in our bodies of water, particularly in Marikina

River, create a blocking to the flow of the water. Beside, non- biodegradable wastes dont

decomposed easily, it just stuck there for years without breaking down into pieces.

Due to that, the main purpose of Marikina City Flood Mitigation Countermeasure

Program is the annual dredging of Marikina River since most of flood that spreads across the city

came from the river. One of the main contributor of flood are trash, junks and wastes that are

trapped under the river, thats why dredging it is one of the citys concern

It is supported by an article by DJ Yap in Philippine Daily Inquirer last July 2012, a year

right after the incident of typhoon Ondoy, Marikina City Mayor Del De Guzman has ordered a


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regular declogging of water ways in the city. It also includes the regular dredging of Marikina

River for the preparation for typhoons on the city. Mayor De Guzman said that they need to boost

the readiness of their local government in dealing with natural calamities and other disasters like

what happened in Ondoy which leaves thousands of affected families and hundredsof dead

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