CHAPTER IIntroductionBACKGROUND OF THE STUDYDengue is now one of the most important diseases. While it doesnt kill that many people. It has tremendous economic and social impact. How can we reduce this disease and patiently help our fellow citizen be safe and aware? We thought that why not we choose our product focusing on repelling mosquitoes so that in a little way, we can truly help them avoid sickness but also to change the economic and social impact physically and emotionally. We have set our goal and that is we will make a mosquito repellent which is truly helpful and effective to our society.The City Health office has so far recorded 300 cases of dengue. The victims ages range from one year old to 30 years old, according to city sanitation officer Sisa Loyola. Out of the 47 barangays of the city, Tiza, Banica, Cagay and Mongpong had the most number of cases. The dengue cases in the city, however, are not enough to declare a dengue outbreak, unlike in 2010 when the number of cases has reached alarming level. City health Officer Dr. Amelita Robles said their office has been trying its best to prevent dengue cases from rising. Mayor Celino, she said, has been very supportive of their campaign against dengue. Mosquito Repellent is a chemical substance, such as spray or lotion applied to the body to prevent mosquitoes biting. Mosquitoes are a family of small, midge-like flies; the useful to humanity, the females of most species are ectoparasites whose tube-like mouthparts pierce the hosts skin to suck the blood. The word mosquito is from the Spanish or Portugese for little flyDengue feveralso known asbreakbone fever, is amosquito-bornetropical disease caused by thedengue virus. Symptoms includefever,headache,muscleandjoint pains, and a characteristicskin rashthat issimilar to measles. In a small proportion of cases the disease develops into the life-threateningdengue hemorrhagic fever, resulting inbleeding,low levels of blood plateletsand blood plasma leakage, or intodengue shock syndrome, wheredangerously low blood pressureoccurs. The dengue mosquito, or Aedes aegypti, is the main type of mosquito that transmits dengue fever and is found in many tropical countries around the world. The dengue mosquito only lives and breeds in urban environments, particularly around peoples homes and backyards. The dengue mosquito does not live or breed in swamps, creeks, rivers, bush land or mangroves. While other types of mosquitoes do, the dengue mosquito only lives where there are people. (www.genpage.com)Dengue mosquitoes thrive in man-made areas because they prefer to lay their eggs in containers found in domestic environments and the female dengue mosquito needs to feed on humans to produce eggs. They only need a small amount of pooled water to lay their eggs, which they glue to the side of containers. The eggs hatch into wrigglers or larvae, which then take about 7-10 days to become adult mosquitoes. Dengue mosquitoes dont like to fly far. They usually only fly between 50-200 metres, depending on the availability of food (human blood) and containers to lay their eggs in.Statement of the ProblemThis study seeks the possibility of using Peppermint, Garlic, Ginger and Lemon with citronella Oil as an effective and lost lasting mosquito repellent:It also aims to answer the following questions:1. What is the average effective repellent time of the produced natural commercial repellent?2. Is there a significant difference between the effective repellent time of the produced natural repellent as compared to the commercial repellent?HypothesisThere is no significant difference between the effective repellent time of the natural repellent compared to the commercial repellentObjectivesGenerally, this study aims to find out that our natural mosquito repellent is effective and can last longer compared to the brand x.Specifically this aims to:1. To find out if the ingredients acceptable in making mosquito repellent2. To find out if there is a part that our product is way more advantage then the commercialized product3. To find out if our product is more safe and non-harmful than the commercialized chemical product4. To get the time using stop watch to observe the time and duration of the effectiveness of Peppermint, Garlic, Ginger and Lemon with Citronella OilSignificance of the study The purpose of every experiment conducted is to help people especially in parents to repel mosquitoes and avoid sickness. This problem could alter a huge population of parents that are tired of preventing sickness coming from mosquitoes that could make their life and family in danger. This query is of current interest for many individuals, because almost every family considered mosquitoes as one of the reasons why their life become uneasy for them. This could eliminate mosquitoes and prevent any future diseases that can affect peoples lives. Every family will surely benefit from this project not only because it is cheaper than commercial one but also it has medical values and the health risks are lesser. Big production of this product will enable more Filipinos to lessen their expenses with regard to chemical mosquito repellent products. Compared to commercialized product, these products dont affect ones health. The materials needed for this project can be easily found within the kitchen or even in surroundings that every Mother can do. Through this study, the knowledge of parents regarding peppermint, garlic, ginger, lemon, lavender with citronella oil as naturally based mosquito repellent would be increased and prevention could be done to avoid more serious damage to their childrens health.Scope and LimitationsThis project focused only developing of the extracts of Peppermint, Garlic, Ginger and Lemon for repelling mosquitoes. This project also study some extracts/ oil to enhance the effectiveness of mosquito repellent. Citronella extract product to prove the ability of this setup as an effective mosquito repellent However, this study is limited only to apply whenever it is needed to repel mosquitoes. It is limited to every family that has a capacity to buy the Ingredient needed and the complete tools and materials. Definition of TermsCitronella Oil- Citronella oilis one of theessential oilsobtained from the leaves and stems of different species of Cymbopogon(lemongrass). The oil is used extensively as a source ofperfumerychemicals such ascitronellal,citronellolandgeraniol. These chemicals find extensive use insoap,candlesandincense, perfumery, cosmetic and flavouring industries throughout the world. Citronella oil is also a plant-basedinsect repellent, and has been registered for this use in the United States since 1948. TheUnited States Environmental Protection Agencyconsiders oil of citronella as abiopesticidewith a non-toxic mode of action.However, since citronella insect repellent effects were not proven within the EU, the use of citronella as an insecticide is prohibited under the Biocidal Product Directive 2006.Research also shows that citronella oil has strongantifungalproperties,is effective in calming barking dogs,and has even been used as a successful spray-on deterrent against pets destroying household items Ginger- Gingerorginger rootis therhizomeof the plantZingiberofficinale, consumed as adelicacy,medicine, orspice. Its family name (Zingiberaceae) and common name nearly derive from the Greek, "zingiberis".Other notable members of this plant family areturmeric,cardamomandgalangal. The distantly relateddicotsin theAsarumgenus have the common name wild ginger because of their similar taste.Ginger is indigenous tosouthern China, spreading eventually to theSpice Islands, other parts ofAsiaand subsequently to West Africaand theCaribbean.Ginger was exported toEuropeviaIndiain the first century AD as a result of the lucrativespice trade.India remains the largest producer of ginger. Lavender- Lavender oilis anessential oilobtained bydistillationfrom the flower spikes of certain species oflavender. Two forms are distinguished,lavender flower oil, colorless oil, insoluble in water, having a density of 0.885g/mL; andlavender spike oil, a distillate from the herbLavandula latifolia, having density 0.905g/mL. Lavender flower oil is a designation of theNational Formularyand theBritish Pharmacopoeia. Like all essential oils, it is not a purecompound; it is a complex mixture of naturally occurringphytochemicals, includinglinaloolandlinalyl acetate. Kashmir Lavender oil is famous for being produced from lavender at the foothills of the Himalayas. As of 2011, the biggest lavender oil producer in the world isBulgariaPeppermint- Peppermint(Mentha piperita, also known asM. balsameaWilld.) is ahybridmint, a cross betweenwatermintandspearmint.The plant, indigenous toEuropeand theMiddle East, is now widespread in cultivation in many regions of the world.It is found wild occasionally with its parent species. Garlic- Garlic is widely used around the world for its pungent flavour as a seasoning or condiment. The garlic plant'sbulbis the most commonly used part of the plant. With the exception of the single clove types, garlic bulbs are normally divided into numerous fleshy sections called cloves. Garlic cloves are used for consumption (raw or cooked) or for medicinal purposes. They have a characteristic pungent, spicyflavourthat mellows and sweetens considerably with cooking.

CHAPTER IIReview of Related Literature and StudiesHealth Benefits of LavenderAccording to advocates ofalternative medicine (www.whfoods.com) lavender oil can be used as anantisepticandpain reliever to be applied tominor burnsandinsect bites and stings.It is also said to treat a variety of common ailments, such assunburnandsunstroke.It can also be used inmassage oilmixtures, which may be effective in the relief ofjointandmuscle pain, or in chest rub mixtures for the relief ofasthmaticandbronchiticspasm. It is also said to treathead licewhen used in ahair rinse mixture, or on afine combto eliminatenits. One study suggests application of lavender essential oil instead ofpovidone-iodineforepisiotomywound care. In vitro, lavender oil iscytotoxicas well asphotosensitizing. A study demonstrated that lavender oil is cytotoxic to human skin cellsin vitro(endothelialcells andfibroblasts) at a concentration of 0.25%.Linalool, a component of lavender oil, reflected the activity of the whole oil, indicating that linalool may be the active component of lavender oil.The result of another study showed that aqueous extracts reducedmitotic index, but inducedchromosomeaberrations and mitotic aberrations in comparison with control, significantly. Aqueous extracts induced breaks, stickiness, pole deviations and micronuclei. Furthermore, these effects were related to extract concentrations. However, according to a 2005 study(Wikipedia.org) "although it was recently reported that lavender oil, and its major constituent linalyl acetate, are toxic to human skin cells in vitro, contact dermatitis to lavender oil appears to occur at only a very low frequency. The relevance of this in vitro toxicity to dermatological application of Lavandula oils remains unclear." Health Benefits of Citronella OilComponents like methyl isoeugenol and a few others that are found inthis essential oil are responsible for this property. They kill bacteria and inhibit any further bacterial growth in the body. This is particularly helpful in treating infections in wounds, as well as in the colon, urethra, urinary bladder, stomach, intestines, urinary tracts, prostate and kidneys.(Wikipedia.org\Citronella Oil)Antidepressant:This oil fights depression and gives relief from anxiety, sadness, and negative feelings. It induces a fresh, happy feeling and hope.Antiseptic:The antiseptic properties of this essential oil fight infections in wounds, as well as the urinary tracts, urethra, prostate and kidneys, while simultaneously protecting them from being sepsis.Antispasmodic:It relieves spasms of the muscles, respiratory system and nervous system. It also helps to cure menstrual spasms and gives relief from symptoms such as cramps and coughs.Health Benefits of Garlic You can increase the health benefits you receive from garlic by letting it sit after you've chopped it or crushed it. If you give your chopped/crushed garlic time to sit before changing its temperature (through cooking) or its pH (through the addition of acidic food like lemon juice), it will give the alliinase enzymes in garlic an opportunity to work on behalf of your health. For example, in the absence of chopping or crushing, research has shown that just 60 seconds of immediate microwaving will cause garlic to lose some of its cancer-protective properties. Immediate boiling of whole, intact garlic will also lower these properties, as will immediate addition of a very low-acid ingredient like lemon juice.(www.whfoods.com)Health Benefits of PeppermintSoothe Your Tummy with Peppermint (www.foodspice.com)In the world of health research, randomized controlled trials have repeatedly shown the ability of peppermint oil to relieve symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, including indigestion, dyspepsia, and colonic muscle spasms. These healing properties of peppermint are apparently related to its smooth muscle relaxing ability. Once the smooth muscles surrounding the intestine are relaxed, there is less chance of spasm and the indigestion that can accompany it. The menthol contained in peppermint may be a key reason for this bowel-comforting effect.A Potential Anti-Cancer AgentInterest in peppermint has extended well beyond the digestive tract, however.Perillyl alcoholis a phytonutrient called amonoterpene, and it is plentiful in peppermint oil. In animal studies, this phytonutrient has been shown to stop the growth of pancreatic, mammary, and liver tumors. It has also been shown to protect against cancer formation in the colon, skin, and lungs. These animal-based studies have yet to be matched by equally sound human studies, however.Health Benefits of LemonLemon water flushes out toxins and is extremely beneficial for the body.(www.onlinelibrary.com)Warm lemon water serves as the perfect good morning drink, as it aids the digestive system and makes the process of eliminating the waste products from the body easier. It prevents the problem of constipation and diarrhea, by ensuring smooth bowel functions. A glass of lemon juice contains less than 25 calories. It is a rich source of nutrients like calcium, potassium, vitamin C and pectin fiber. It also has medicinal values and antibacterial properties. Lemon, a fruit popular for its therapeutic properties, helps maintain your immune system and thus, protects you from the clutches of most types of infections. It also plays the role of a blood purifier. Lemon is a fabulous antiseptic and lime-water juice also works wonders for people having heart problems, owing to its high potassium content. So, make it a part of your daily routine to drink a glass of warm lemon water in the morning and enjoy its health benefits.This review aims to examine the effectiveness of citronella preparation used as a mosquito repellent (onlinelibrary.wiley.com) Multiple computerized databases such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, and AMED, were searched for controlled laboratory experiments that compared the effectiveness of citronella products to control in repelling Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes using the cage or room methods. Outcomes measures were protection time and percentage repellency. The weighted mean difference and 95% confidence interval were calculated comparing the outcomes in the citronella and control groups. Meta-analysis was performed using the DerSimonian and Laird method under a random-effects model. (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) Results Eleven studies met inclusion criteria. Based on a meta-analysis of studies using the cage method, protection time of the citronella oil for preventing Aedes mosquitoes was less than that in the DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) group, with a difference in protection time of 253 min (95% confi- dence interval: 169336). The combination of citronella oil and vanillin is likely to have a longer protection time compared with citronella oil alone. In studies using the room method, citronella oil and or the combination of citronella oil and vanillin provided complete repellency at least 3 h. In Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes, a combination of citronella oil and vanillin product demonstrated a comparable protection time against DEET; however, it remained inconclusive due to a limited number of studies. Conclusions Citronella products are less effective than DEET products in terms of duration of protection. Adding vanillin to citronella oil products could prolong the protection time.

CHAPTER III MethodologyThis chapter shows the procedure on how we made our naturally based mosquito repellent. We also state the exact amount and tools that will be used for making one. It is very easy that you can make this mosquito repellent in your own kitchen. Gather all Ingredients

Tools or Equipments Used:SquisherSpoon, knife and other utensilsStrainerBowlMortar and PestleContainerCooking potIngredients:1 tbsp. Citronella Oil 10spoons peppermint5 spoons lemon1 whole ginger3 cloves of garlic5 spoons lavender

Procedure:Gather all your Ingredients in one place. First, slice the lemon and use the squeezer to get its extract. Then, use the mortar and pestle to crush the garlic and ginger. Wash the peppermint then boil it with added water for about 13-15 minutes. After that, get the extract of the peppermint and pour it in the bowl. Next, boil the garlic with water. Boil again the peppermint together with the garlic and ginger. After you boil with several minutes, pour the peppermint into the bowl with all the Ingredients. Add 1 tsp. Of Citronella Oil, 10 spoons of lavender and 5 spoons of lemon. Put your final product in a container. Experimentation:1.1 Prepare 10 chicks and mosquitoes1.2 Apply Chick A with our naturally based mosquito repellent and Chick B with the brand X1.3 Do it for 5 trials in each product1.4 Observe if any mosquitoes had bitten or touch the skin of the chicks1.5 Record the item for how long the naturally based mosquito repellent product and brand X can last and its effectiveness to repel mosquitoes.Statistical Tools Used To determine the average time of the repellents effectiveness, the researchers used the mean. To determine if there is a significant difference between the effective time of the produced repellent as compared to the commercial repellent, the researchers used the t-test for two independent samples at 0.05 significance level.

CHAPTER IVResult and DiscussionRecord of the time and Duration in our Naturally Based Mosquito Repellent that can last its effectivenessTable A1st Trial225mins

2nd Trial252mins

3rd Trial247mins

Table A shows the result of the time duration of the natural based mosquito repellent result shows of a mean score (in minutes) of 251.The standard deviation is 3.32.

Record of the time and Duration in Brand X that can last its effectiveness

1st Trial245mins

2nd Trial250mins

3rd Trial252mins

Table B

Table B shows the result of the time duration of the Brand X result shows of a mean score (in minutes) of 249.The standard deviation is 2.94.

Table CIndependent Samples Test

Levene's Test for Equality of Variancest-test for Equality of Means

FSig.tdfSig. (2-tailed)Mean DifferenceStd. Error Difference95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

LowerUpper

TreatmentsEqual variances assumed6.582.062-.8974.421-7.666678.55050-31.4066716.07334

Equal variances not assumed-.8972.251.455-7.666678.55050-40.7916225.45828

CHAPTER VSummary, Result, Conclusion and RecommendationsThis study seeks the possibility of using Peppermint, Garlic, Ginger and Lemon with citronella Oil as an effective and long lasting mosquito repellent:It also aims to answer the following questions:1. What is the average effective repellent time of the produced natural commercial repellent?2. Is there a significant difference between the effective repellent time of the produced natural repellent as compared to the commercial repellent?

Main Objectives1. To find out if the ingredients acceptable in making mosquito repellent2.To find out if there is a part that our product is way more advantage then the commercialized product3. To find out if our product is more safe and non-harmful than the commercialized chemical productTo get the time using stop watch to observe the time and duration of the effectiveness of Peppermint, Garlic, Ginger and Lemon with Citronella OilExperimentation:1.6 Prepare 10 chicks and mosquitoes1.7 Apply Chick A with our naturally based mosquito repellent and Chick B with the brand X1.8 Do it for 5 trials in each product1.9 Observe if any mosquitoes had bitten or touch the skin of the chicks1.10 Record the item for how long the naturally based mosquito repellent product and brand X can last and its effectiveness to repel mosquitoes.Table A shows the result of the time duration of the natural based mosquito repellent result shows of a mean score (in minutes) of 251.The standard deviation is 3.32.Table B shows the result of the time duration of the Brand X result shows of a mean score (in minutes) of 249.The standard deviation is 2.94.However comparing the two results we can say that our product is more effective than the Brand X. The value reveals that there is a significant difference in the level of effectiveness of our product in comparison with the brand X because the alpha value at 0.05 is 0.062 with degrees of freedom = 4. The result implied that the hypothesis that there was no significance difference in the level of effectiveness of the two brands was rejected. ConclusionThe hypothesis was right. Lavender, Lemon, Garlic, Ginger, and Peppermint with Citronella Oil can repel mosquitoes in our homes and everywhere. It can be an effective and alternative way of natural base mosquito repellent. We can conclude that, through building new discoveries new products we all people can contribute in living life the better and relaxing way someday. In the finale, we could conclude that if we continue to do things like using natural product that are not against our Mother Earth, we could still save and nourish, preserve and live with it over decades and centuries.

Recommendations:As the offshoots of this study, the following recommendations were made:1. We recommend to other researchers that you can add more product that are more effective than ours2. You can discover other Ingredients that you can make as a mosquito repellent that ca last more longer3. Find other new ways on how you will and apply your product in an effective way.

Bibliography Websters Universal Dictionary and Thesauruswww.genpage.com www.whfoods.com http://www.ehow.com/facts6945855garlic.htmlhttp://altmedicine.about.com/od/completeazindex/a/peppermint.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1081- http://www.stuartxchange.org/Guyabano.htmlhttp://www.Philippineherbalmedicine.orghttp://www.Philippineherbalmedicine.orghttp://www.echotech.org/network/modules.php?name=News&file-article&sid=194http://www.naturalhomecures.nethttp://www.lemon.comhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citronella Oil

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