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The site for this final project is Clearview Park Golf Course in Queens, New York City. The main objective is to transition the public golf course into a compact model which is efficiently integrated within a flexible multi-functional park, reflecting a renewed sense of place and identity in sync with the diverse surrounding community.
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Clearview Park Golf CourseQueens, New York City, New York, USA
Christina D. Gonzalez . s1156153University of Edinburgh . ESALA . ECA
Masters of Landscape Architecture
Contents
i
SITELocation
BriefHistory
ObjectiveProblems
PossibilitiesQueens Background
ANALYSISBase Plan
ContextInventory
Golf Course ComparisonsGolf Courses within Context
Growing Golf in the CityNetworks
LandUse
CirculationApproach CONCEPT
Golf LandscapeEcological Enrichment
Community Integration
INTRODUCTION
01
11
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ii
LANDSCAPE MASTERPLAN
Park FrameworkGolf Landscape
Urban GolfCommunity Access
PrecedenceSafety Margins
Ecological Variety of Habitats Woodlands Marshland Meadowscape
Community Activity Integration
DETAIL DESIGN
Community Centre PlazaSectionsPlanting
MaterialsConstruction
PHASINGThe First 5 Years
Long TermConclusion
REFERENCES97
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Introduction
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Queens has historically been known to embrace its diversity and still does today.
This is a place where immigrants from across the globe have come to live an American dream in the nations largest and most symbolic city. Famed actor Valentino and jazz greats Louis Armstrong and Count Bessie got there start here, where they were accepted here for their talents during a time when discrimination was high. This is where you can expericence the city’s best chinese dim sum. This land was made for agriculture and had a prosperous shellfish industry with the Matinecock tribe being the initial natives of the land. There are strong ecological networks to link in the protected marsh habitats in the south to the largest waterfront out of all the boroughs in the north, with potential to strengthen the green web.
Yet, there is a great divide between the mass borough. The west side which is immediately closer to Manhattan is significantly integrated into the city fabric and flourishing as a dynamic community. However, the east side has gradually become disconnected from the west with a lack of efficient public transit, walkable neighborhoods, community activities and public green spaces.
The site, Clearview Park Golf Course, is in the heart of the east side and the largest green space with potential to kick start a domino effect which integrates with the west of Queens. There is a prominent need for the site to become more of a community space flexible with the core golf course environment. Clearview is classified a public park and now needs to transition into one which benefits the immediate communities as well as the borough of Queens and New York City.
[
This project proposal aligns with the The Department of Planning’s vision to grow:
• City Planning Guiding Principles • World City of Opportunity
• Sustainable City
• City of Neighborhoods
• Comprehensive Planning for Significant Sites
• Urban Design Excellence
• Vibrant Waterfront + Public Open Space
This is the first step of Project Unite Queens.]
Site
01
site
New York City, New York, USA
Clearview Park Golf Course
NEW JERSEY
NEW YORKManhattan
The Bronx
Queens
Brooklyn
Staten Island
Long Island
PENNSYLVANIA
NEW YORK MASSACHUSETTS
CONNECTICUTRHODEISLAND
NEW JERSEY
DELAWARE
MARYLAND
VIRGINIA
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Location
2
Brief
3
Clearview Park Golf Course was originally founded in 1925 as the Clearview Golf and Yacht Club, a retreat exclusively for high end New Yorkers. Landscape architect, Willie Tucker, designed the site which was then bought by the city of New York on June 25, 1931 and made public. The only reconstruction of the golf course and incorporation of new building facilities occurred from 1935 to 1940. In the late fifties, lands were acquired on the east side of the course to accommodate what is today the Clearview Expressway, a major highway connecting to the Bronx in the north and the south side of Queens. The last intervention to improve the site was in 1999, for the integration of a new irrigation system. Today, the site is the largest green space, at 45 ha, in its community district which is predominately surrounded by high density residential communities and obtrusive highway infrastructure. Key commercial areas lie further to the west in College Point and Flushing districts; a distance of about 4.8 to 5.7 km. The golf course is making a decent profit in the nation’s current economic state and attracts a fair number of beginner to intermediate level golfers between the spring and autumn. However, within the given urban context, such expansive green space sites which serve a single function tailored to one user, fails to support the dominant social and activity needs of the immediate community surrounding the site. The population density is 20,847 people per square mile, making Queens the most populated county in New York City and in great need of new residential housing and activity areas.
In general, the site is a flat landscape of loam soil with gently rolling hills varied with mature deciduous trees and woodland. Also, marsh wetland habitat is sparsely present within the site. Adjacent to the north of the site is Little Bay Park which is a degrading public park lacking identity and a cohesive linkage of planting and vegetation continguous to the Little Bay waterfront. In the long run, there is a huge potential to link the project site with Little Bay Park to create a seamless, dynamic waterfront park which is easier to access by foot and bicyle for the surrounding residential community. Damage from storms and flooding is a common yearly occurrence and prominent problem. The climate is relatively balanced ranging from -3°C in the winter to 30°C in the summer, with sparse use in the colder months. Furthermore, the golf course is ironically classified as a park zone by The Department of City Planning as well as with Little Bay Park which connects to the East River and the historically significant Fort Totten, a previous military base, adjacent to the north. Even though, the golf course is public it is hindered by traditional social and economic barriers associated with the game of golf. The site calls for a change to break this paradigm and become a part of the New York City urban fabric.
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5
History
1600s
1700s
1800s
1829 New York City
2000 BC
The site as a part of a proposed prome-nade park stretching across the affluent Bayside community in the late 1700s
Site
In the mid 17th century, the Scandinavians were the first traders to the Matinecocks and returned to their native lands. The Dutch and English followed in trade, but established a permanent residence. By 1683, the Crown organized a New York colony into ten separate colonies, of which Queens County had encompassed present-day Queens and Nassau Counties to the East.
European settlement developed a thriving farming community by the mid 18th century. However, the area soon became predominately Tory and occupied by British troops due to the outbreak of the Revolutionary War from 1776 to 1783.
Fort Totten, to the North east of Clearview Park Golf Course, is a historic fort and artillery battey significant from the beginning of the Civil War in 1864.
Sequentially, the North Shore Railroad was extended through the Bayside Community prompting dozens of families to sell their holdings of land there to real estate developers. Over the next three decades, extravagent mansions were constructed for the most prominent New Yorkers.
The land which is now Queens dates back to 2000 BC. The first inhabitants along the northern shores of Queens were the Matinecock tribe. These Native Americans were mainly agriculturists, growing mostly corn, beans and squash.
6
1900s
1920
1960
2012
Clearview Golf and Yacht Club founded by landscape architect Willie Tucker
1980
By 1900, Queens became an enclave for actors, such as Rudolph Valentino, and musicians, such as Louis Armstrong. The Bayside area of Queens was the “it” spot outside of the city. Also, the community was supported on lucrative Little Neck shellfish beds.
The Long Island Railroad and the Throgs Neck Bridge (built in 1955-completed in 1961). The Clearview Expressway was integrated in 1963 with a southern viaduct that intersects the North adjacent Little Bay Park, limiting its use as a beach.
The Fort Totten military base was acquired by the NYC Parks Department in the late 80s as a gift from the US Department of Defense to transition into a public park.
Current public office voices are claiming for more funds and focus on Western Queens leaving the East to fend for itself and remain disconnected from the city.
7
Objective
The main objective is to transition the public golf course into a compact model which is efficiently integrated within a flexible multi-functional park, reflecting a renewed sense of place and identity in sync with the
diverse surrounding community.
8
Major Problems• Inefficient use of green space, especially in the extremely
dense urban context, serving a single function and one type of user
• Difficult to access, with only one access point in the north cornered by two major highways, creating intense infrastructure pressures
• Mainly approached through vehicle, with pedestrian access inpractical being the closest metro and train station is in Flushing, 3.1 miles/5 km south, and slow bus travel.
• Weak clearness of identity
• No connection to the immediate community with pronounced visual and physical barriers
• Annual flooding and ponding
• Clear division from the west side of Queens which is better integrated with the community and broader city network
Impeding Pressures
9
The Possibilities
• Maximize the space to accommodate a multitude of activities and use to better serve the surrounding community
• Encourage community interaction and involvement to reinforce a close-knit, cultured network
• Create a valued green space which offers a variety of environments and experiences with nature for the general public
• Flexible to sustain the ebb and flows of the urban context and integrates within the broader city fabric
• Reinforce a unified public environment which effectively responds to the community and the urban landscape
• Provide easier accessibility by foot, bike and public transit
• Strengthen and link existing ecological corridors to further connect site with adjacent green and waterfront spaces
10
Queens BackgroundPopulation 2,230,722Queens’ Community District 7 is the largest in population and 5th largest in citywide acreage of all the 59 Community Districts in New York City.
The northern part of Queens also has the largest waterfront area from Fort Totten to Flushing in the West, providing many opportunities to enhance the waterfront.
Population Density per Sq.Mile 20,847The demographic is immensely ethnically diverse and the most cultured in New York City as well as the nation. The Bayside district which the site is within is predominately Korean, Italian, and Hispanics with 65% native white Americans.
Planning for QueensThe borough has plans which prioritize in an increase of new residences to accommodate the growing population. Spaces which hold a variety of activities for youth and seniors is in great need as well.
The city has a primary goal of every resident being within a 10 minutes walk to a significant green space. Thus, the implementation of more sidewalks connecting particularly to parks is vital to encourage people to exercise and utilize alternative sorts of transit besides by vehicle.
Analysis
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Base
N*nts
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Context
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Clearview Park Golf Course sits within a diverse mix of environments which offer many possibilities for it to transition into a highly usable and valued democratic green space. The Bayside neighborhood surrounds the west and north side of the site which offers immediate potential users
and traffic to the redeveloped site. The south and east side are cornered by the Clearview Expressway and Cross Island Parkway which makes for quick access to the site, but bisects the connection to Little Bay Park and the bay.
14
The surrounding area of the site is predominately residential neighborhoods with potential ecological habitats to enhance and link together. Fort Totten to the north east of the site is the only historic land which is now public and could also be
integrated within the broader green network.
LINKING GREEN CORRIDORS
15
ClimateThe rainfall in New York City is higher than most would think, with 50” precipitation on average each year and the second wettest year recorded in 2011 at 68.34” total. May and November typically have the highest precipitation during the year. February is high as well due much to snowfall.
Efficient stormwater management is paramount to the site in order to resolve the current issues of annual flooding and ponding. The location of the site is conveniently adjacent to Little Bay and elevates north to south from 17 meters to 110 meters above sea level.
16
The average hours of annual sunshine is 2535 at 58% and 107 clear days. New York City is classified within a humid subtropical climate which means hot, humid summers to mild, cool winters. The surrounding dense neighborhoods of the site thus have good potential for solar gain.
Further, the city experiences the urban heat island effect due to high urban development which significantly outweighs the current green spaces. Therefore the site is even more valuable to enhance and preserve for the sake of cooling and decreasing the strain on the environment, as well as improving the air and water quality.
HIGHLY DEVELOPED URBAN LAND
17
InventoryGolf Infrastructure
The golf course is the primary function and shape of this 45 ha green space. It is a traditional layout of 18 golf holes with cart path network weaving throughout the landscape. The game of golf is played in groups of four or less golfers at a time and caters to people willing to invest the time and money into this enjoyable experience through nature yet challenging game.
However, within the urban context and dense surrounding community, which lacks a significant public green space, this single functioning landscape is no longer a sustaining environment which serves the needs of the general public of today.
18
Ecology
Deciduous woodland, dominantly of maple, oak, and birch trees, are scattered throughout the gently, rolling landscape. There is an apparent lack of cohesiveness and unity with the site. A few marsh habitats are the only other relevant ecology present which are currently minute water bodies making little impact.
Potentially, the woodland could be strenghthened to better identify and connect with the landscape. The marsh land also could be extended to harmonize with the woodland and further link to the broader water network of the East River close by to the north.
Community Infrastructure
The site sits within a highly dense communtity of 20, 847 people per square mile. An intense highway structure is a dominant presence and a major barrier to the only access to the golf course in the north east. The course is completely restricted around all sides, but the current main entrance, by a chain fence which is another visual and physical barrier, secluding the surrounding residences visually.
This is a sizeable community which has no access to a significant green space within a 10 minutes walk, a goal of the New York City’s Planning Department. There is a great need to develop public green spaces that support physical activities, especially for youth and seniors. Thus, the site has the opportunity to become a space of maximal activity integrated with the Queens network which will revitalize this cultured community to be more active and involved.
19
Golf Course Comparisons
20
The course has a weak layout and currently has a monotonous linear hole routing* which appears cramped by the surrounding infrastruc-ture and community. Furthermore, it lacks a variety of environments which makes for a mediocre golf experience.
Yet, there is the potential to link the golf course with and strengthen the vividly fragmented ecology. It is evident that the surround-ing public golf courses within a 10 mile radius from Clearview Park, also in Queens, have a more di-verse 18 hole layout which are more effectively inte-grated within their imme-diate ecological habitats.
Clearview Park Golf Course
The course is poorly designed and currently has a monotonous linear hole routing which appears cramped by the surrounding infra-structure and community. Furthermore, it lacks a variety of environments which contrib-utes to the bland layout,
Yet there is the potential to link with and strengthen the vivid fragmented ecology. It is evident that the surrounding public golf courses within a 10 mile radius from Clear-view Park, also in Queens, have a much more diverse 18 hole layout which are effectively integrated within their immediate ecological habitats.
Other Public Golf Courses in Queens
* Routing is the positioning and sequencing of holes on the ground.
Golf Courses within Context
21
Legend
Site
Public 18 holes
Compact(Par 3 course/9holes)
Private 18 holes
Under Construction(Ferry Point Park Golf Club is being built on a brownfields site in the Bronx and is designed by Hall of Fame, pro golfer Jack Nicklaus. It is expected to open in 2013.)
10 Mile Radius
EAST RIVER
LONG ISLAND SOUND
Mosholu Golf CourseThe first public golf course in the world, opening in 1914, is a 9 hole golf fa-cility in the Bronx. Also, the First Tee program for New York is headquartered here, which is a nonprofit program geared towards teaching juniors the game of golf and promoting it as
a family activity.
Currently, the new Croton Water Treatment plant, re-sponsible for a third of the city’s drinking water, is in the process of being integretated under the golf course in which a green roof will be implemented on
the new clubhouse.
The Golf Club at Chelsea Piers
Located on a scenic Hudson River pier, this is Manhat-tan’s only multi-tiered, year-round outdoor driving range. The so called “super-range” features a 200-yard fairway, putting greens, a full-service teaching academy, Full Swing simulators, and a membership
Dyker Beach ParkIn south Brooklyn, this multi-facility park contains a Junior Golf Center of a six-hole course, driving range, and practice facil-ity with free golf instruc-tion for ages 5 - 17. The golf facility was built and constructed on previously unused land of the exist-ing golf course. New York City’s Mayer, Bloomberg said,
“This facility will introduce so many children - who otherwise wouldn’t have had the chance - to all the benefits of the game, includ-ing sportsmanship, self-discipline, and enjoying the outdoors.”
New York City has been making great efforts to create alternate golf facili-ties which appeal to the public and have a long term viability. Various golf models of smaller courses to creative practice facilities are proving to be more sustainable and cost effective than traditional 18 hole courses, par-ticularly in the urban context. These initiatives are vital to attracting more players to the game of golf and encouraging physical activity to everyone.
Flushing Meadow Park Pitch and PuttPart of the major Flush-ing Meadows multi-facility park, this18 hole par three golf course is located in west Queens. The holes on the course range from 40 to 80 yards and can be played with just a wedge and a putter. are illuminated for night play, until last tee off at 11pm. This golf model is a good public environment for people of all ages and playing levels.
Growing Golf in the City
22
Grimshaw Architects, Ken Smith Landscape Architects
Networks
23
Transportation
The only bus stops are two at the south part of the site which are far from the only access point in the north. Also, the bus transit is not convenient in time compared to driving by vehicle or traveling by subway.
BusSourced from New York City Transit
Only one bicyle lane runs along Utopia Parkway which is two streets over to the west of the site. There is a protected bicycle path though that is along the waterfront of Little Neck Bay and Little Bay which is adjacent to the north of the site and is an opportunity to connect together with in the long run.
BicycleSourced from New York City Bike Smart
The Bayside community which the site is within is not even located on the subway map. The closest subway station, as well as train station is in Flushing, 3.1 miles/5 km south. This distance takes at least one hour to walk.
SubwaySourced from Metropolitan Transportation Authority
Community
24
Currently, the west side of Queens is more involved with community activities and better integrated within the broader city fabric, especially being immediately adjacent to Manhattan. There are plenty of green markets, roof gardens, green spaces, activity areas, and a regular flow of community events provided within reasonable distance to access. The major activity hub of the borough is Flushing in the midnorth.
In comparison, the east side of Queens is disconnected from the community activity in the west. There is nearly zero opportunities to walk from point A to point B or local markets and activity spaces are sparse in the Bayside community which is adjacent to the site. The aim is to integrate this community more efficectively within the city network and in turn enhance the quality of life.
25
EcologyThe following diagrams portray the green corridor web within a 10mile city radius of the site. Due to mainly the highway infrastructure and dense residences suffocating the site, it has become isolated from the the green corridors which it has great potential to link with.
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Branta canadensisCanadian Goose
Falco rusticolusGyrfalcon
Anoplophora glabripennisAsian Longhorned Beetle
Queens is part of a quarantine zone for the asian longhorned beetle, a se-rious threat to the city’s trees, which has been known to infest maple, horsechestnut, elm, willow, birch, poplar, and ash trees. The only ef-fective way now to eradicate the spe-cies is to locate infested treees and destroy them by chipping or burning.
Canadian geese are a common spe-cies found on golf courses and mi-grate in the winter annually. They are not the friendliest with the people and thus it is of importance to cre-ate protected areas where they could potentially nest without the constant interference of people.
The Gyrfalcon and various ospreys are native and endangered in the area. They are drawn to high places and un-fortunately being found in dangerous parts of bridges which are a threat to the survival of their babies. Clearview Park rises to 110 meters above sea level and could provide a safe haven to these species.
TopographyLand
The following soil survey indicates the site is loam soil with slopes ranging from 0 to 8 percent. Such soil conditions are ideal for a golf course and especially a park in that a mass variety of plants could grow and thrive.
GUA
UGB
UGA
UGA
MoB
UtA
UGB
UGB
UtB
UGBl
UGA
UGA
UtA
GUA
LaA
UGB
UGA
UmA
UGBl
GUB
MoA
UGB
LUB
UGB
UGB
UGAl
UGA
GbA
UtA
UGB
w
MoA
UGBl
GbC
LaA
UGAl
UGB
UtA
UGAl
LEA
UtB
UGAl
w
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UtA
UtA
JaAMoB LEA
LaD
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LaD
MoA
LaA
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UGBl
UGA
UGAl
UGB
LEA
UGB
UGAl
UGA
Be
GbC
GbB
GbD
Queens County, New YorkSoil Survey Georgraphic (SSURGO) Survey -
DRAFT SUBJECT TO CHANGEMap created on DEC 08, 2011
Olga VargasUSDA-NRCS, Soil Scientist
2530 State Route 40Greenwich, New York
1:12,000
±
27
Beaches Greenbelt sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Greenbelt sandy loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes Greenbelt-Urban land complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes Laguardia sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Laguardia sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes Montauk loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes Montauk loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes Urban land, till substratum, 0 to 3 percent slopes Urban land-Greenbelt complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes Urban land-Greenbelt complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, low impervious surface Urban land-Greenbelt complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes Urban land-Greenbelt complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, low impervious surface
Be
GbA
GbC
GUA
LaA
LaD
MoA
MoB
UtA
UGA
UGAl
UGB
UGBl
Source: United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Latest Survey Update 08 December, 2011
+15
Topography
28
Longitudinal*nts
N
+110
29
TopographyIn general, the site is a flat landscape at the northern part of the site due to its near proximity to the waterfront. As you move south through the landscape it transitons into a terrain of gently rolling hills varied with mature deciduous trees and woodland. Also, marsh wetland habitat is sparsely present within the site.
Northwest to Southwest
Cross A
Cross B
Cross C
Cross D
Cross E
Cross F
Cross G
Cross H
Cross I
Cross J
Cross K
Cross L
Cross M
Cross N
Cross O
Southeast to Northeast
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Serial Vision - A Gordon Cullen Approach
Thereness Change of Level Closed Vista
Punctuation
In walking through the landscape from one golf hole to the next in the order from 1 to 18, the line of sight is similar with dominant ‘here and there’ elements from the teebox to the green. Even though
the course is straightforward and legible, there are few moments of mystery and visual complexity that would make the walk a memorable and interesting experience.
Hole 1 Hole 2 Hole 3
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Closure
A dead end
Change of Level
Thereness
Change of Level
Anticipation built with the green not in line of sight
Serial Vision - A Gordon Cullen Approach
?
Hole 4 Hole 5 Hole 6
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Change of Level
Anticipation built with the green not in line of sight
Here and There Here and There
Narrows
Anticipation built in the change of level and the focal bridge in the background
Focal Point
Hole 7 Hole 8 Hole 9
Change of Level
Thereness
Change of Level
Thereness
Here and There
Closure
A dead end
Serial Vision - A Gordon Cullen Approach
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Hole 10 Hole 11 Hole 12
Hole 13 Hole 14 Hole 15
Here and There
Closure
A dead end
Deflection
Pinpointing
A sense of mystery is created with the green barely in sight, even though it is known that something lies behind the bend
Here and There
Ascending
Change of Level
Change of Level
Ascending
34
?
Hole 16 Hole 17 Hole 18
Serial Vision - A Gordon Cullen Approach
35
Here and There
Variety
Anticipation built from the vivid water body to cross to the other side which is ‘There’
Focal Point
Change of Level
Pinpointing
Punctuation
!
Use
36
Pinpointing
Punctuation
The land use in the Bayside community is dominantly residential, with one story houses and low rise apartment complexes. Commercial and business districts are most prevalent to the west in College Point.
Sourced from New York City Planninghttp://gis.nyc.gov/doitt/nycitymap/
template?applicationName=ZOLA
College Point
Flushing
Bayside
Bayview Terrace
LaGuardia Airport
One & Two Family Residence
Multi-Family Residence (Walkup)
Multi-Family Residence (Elevator)
Mixed Residential & Commercial
Commercial Use
Industrial / Manufacturing
Transportation / Utility
Public Facilities and Institutions
Open Space & Recreation
Parking
Vacant Land
Legend
Circulation
37
The flow throughout the site is a monotonous consistency of paralleling golf holes. The routing of the course is extremely linear with a lack of diverse experiences from hole to hole and innovative layout which leaves little for the imagination. It is apparent that the routing of the holes is cramped and suffocated by the impending highway infrastructure and dense residential communities. Thus, the site is not a suitable size for a traditional 18-hole golf course layout and is poorly integrated within this urban fabric.
Accessibility to the site, both physically and visually, is a key issue to address. The only access point is by the service road lining the northern border.
Approach
38
Currently, the only access point is in the north east of the site off the Cross Island Parkway, a majorly congested highway. The best way to approach the site is by vehicle, which is not the easiest transition coming from the fast paced highway. Any other forms of transit are extremely limited, where there is no nearby bus stop, no designated cycle paths or lanes, and the closest metro stop is 3.6 miles west.
Even though the clubhouse is a nice feature upon arrival to the site, there is no built anticipation, pleasant aesthetic from the road, or anything memorable about the experience to and from the site. It lacks a sense of welcome and the bleak parking lot bordered by the high chain link fence gives the impression there is nothing of significance
beyond it.
1 2
3 4
5 6
“Not allowing change is the perfect formula for becoming obsolete.”
- Nora Bateson, An Ecology of Mind
Concept
39
PLAYurban golf
INTEGRATEcommunity
ENRICHecology
ConceptIntense
Relaxed
High
Steady
Activity Levels
Pedestrian Cyclist G
reenway
The core layers of this revitalized public park will consist of an urban golf course model, ecological enrichment, and community integration. This framework aims to move the design beyond a merely pragmatic sustainable infrastructure and towards a multifunctional environment tailored to the urban conditions with the intention of ever changing. As the world is confronted with the current issues of climate change, urban migration, and a growing population, it is vital to design as efficient as possible now. There is a need to satisfy humans biophillic instinct, because the percentage of diabetes and obesity is significantly higher in urban areas disconnected to the rest of the city and public green spaces compared to areas that are well integrated within the city fabric and have easier accessibility to green spaces.
The New York City Planning has a goal to ensure that every resident in the city is within a 10 minute walking distance to a public green space. Opening this defined public space to be more than merely a golf course in introducing an array of flexible activity spaces would create a setting which would better serve the broader community. In having such a significant green space would encourage the residential community to become more interactive and allow people to become involved within the neighborhood. This would be the domino effect to create a dynamic community which has its own sense of place and a park to call their own.
40
The original idea was to transition the singularity use of the space to a golf course network which weaved throughout a community park network that accommodates a multitude of other activities. However, this idea developed into a more pragmatic solution based on the fact that there was not enough land space to implement the model while making room for safety barriers.
The pragmatic solution works in that the golf course is still the core of the site being downsized to a compact 9 holes with the other community activities circulating around it on the perimeter zone. Even though it accommodates all the functions desired it was not the intended idea to still have a restrictive barrier to the golf course, because the boundary of it was just minimized and further within the park.
Thus, a permeable solution which is in favor of community access through designated paths through the course to cross from one side of the park to the other satisfies the main objective of the proposal of integrating the community. Making an effort to break the paradigm of a secluded urban community to the golf course will potentially change to views to the game of golf and encourage a more casual atmosphere.
A Flexible Paradigm within the Urban Context Golf Landscape
41
Program
• Downsized 18-hole golf course to compact 9-hole course
• Less maintenance and costs
• Reconfigured layout utilising existing fairways and greens
• Enlarged greens allowing for two target pins to play 9-holes twice with different targets
• Practice Putting Green
• Clubhouse alternating as event space for varied functions
• Bar + Grill with patio seating
• Still suitable for community tournament play (work golf outings, charity events, high school matches)
• Small scale model encourages and promotes a range of new players, beginners, juniors, seniors and women
• New hole layout, hazards, and balanced integration of diverse habitats provides challenges for advanced players
42
The Anatomy of the Golf Course
Fairway - The mowed down landing strip between the teebox and the green. The type of grass varies based on the climate of the location. The
Green - The end of a hole where the golfer aims to finish in as few strokes as possible. This is the most delicate grass surface on the hole and is only suited to walk on when golfers are playing that hole.
Bunker - A type of hazard which is recessed land filled with sand. These hazards may be placed anywhere
Teebox - The starting platform to begin playing the particular hole. It is of similar short cut grass as the fairway is.
Rough - A subtle hazard which is of tougher and longer grass surrounding the other elements of the hole.
Cart Path - Designated path to drive golf carts (buggies) in order to protect the grass on the course.
most common grass ranges from bermudagrass, bentgrass, or fescue grass. This is the area which golfers aim to hit their ball from the teebox.
throughout the hole, besides directly on the teebox and green.
woodland
meadow
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All golf courses already hold a significant stance within any community, in that they preserve a mass of green space which absorbs noise, stormwater, and heat from escalating global warming particularly felt in urban areas. In order, to make the site sustainably viable in the long term and not be turned into a much needed residential development, it is necessary to elevate the ecological value. Thus, this another core element of the design proposal.
Ecological Enrichment
Program• Strengthened existing deciduous tree habitat which is more
efficiently linked throughout and in turn synchronize with NYC Million Trees Program
• Connected wetland habitat and stormwater drainage through streams, swales, and subtle waterfalls, that leads to Little Bay
• Implemented fountain in entrance pond to increase water circulation and cleansing
• Introduction of wildflower meadow to create a diversity of habitats
• Orchard Grove with native species
• Sensory Garden with native species promoting local biodiversity
• Land bridge connecting to Little Bay Park to make a starting effort to create a viable green waterfront space in sync with NYC’s Waterfront Revitalization Program 2030
• Green wall screens and increased vegetation to act as natural permeable barriers for safety between paralleling physical activities (especially between golf course and pedestrian)
• Recycled grey water biofilters
• Storm water storage tanks to utilize in sprinkler system44
Every community needs a central place, a nucleus, which brings people together to provide the opportunity to interact with others. The program of an activity zone circulating around and at low intensities through the golf course is vital in creating a spatial place which people can identify with and develop a feeling of belonging.
Community IntegrationAddressing relations and making connections
Program• Increased accessibility with major points at the North (Clubhouse)
and the West (Community Center), and low intesity points particularly for pedestrian and cycle traffic, at the South and tunnel under the Clearview Expressway at the East.
• Main entrance plaza at the North access point appropriate for markets (e.g: Greenmarkets, Youthmarket, Stop N’ Swap), various culture food carts and small performance (especially on weekends, holidays, and summer)
• Game row (chess, checkers, scrabble)
• Open green space for festivals, casual football, frisbee, lounging, yoga in the park, etc...
• Community Center
• Adult and senior hobby classes
• Child day care
• Summer day camps
• Roof Garden
• Outdoor movie nights (summer)
• Swimming Pool (suitable for summer competition)
• Meeting space
• Cafe and juice bar (summer)
• Children’s Playground Interactive fountain (summer) Treehouse model Teatherball Open hard surface for double dutch, chalk art
• Basketball courts
• Football pitches
• Tennis courts
• Skate Wave (undulated designed trail leading to skate park of bowls, ramps and ridges)
• Viewpoint hill (e.g: a place for kite flying or watching July 4th fireworks)
• Pedestrian and cycle greenway throughout the site and further connected to the city network
• Compost and Recycling facilities which promote NYC Compost Project
• Encourage Adopt-A-Park program with Martin Luther King, Jr. “I Have A Dream” brick walkway / wall
• Bench and tree adoptions
• Visual permeable park borders with secured gates at night
• Nature Trail
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Landscape Masterplan
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GOLF
ECOLOGICAL
Woodlands
Marsh & Meadow
Paths
Activities
Infrastructure
COMMUNITY
Park Framework
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LANDSCAPE
ENRICHMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE
• The existing golf course would be down sized to a short 9 hole course. This model allows broader safety margins between other park activi-ties and room to strengthen and link existing ecological habitats.
• The existing deciduous woodland habitat is built upon with more na-tive oaks and maples, as well as co-niferous trees to bring variety to the woodlands.
• The marsh habitat is enhanced with a bioswale of dominately long grasses and reeds connecting the three ex-isting ponds on the site which will flow thru to Little Bay.
• A meadow habitat will be integrated throughout the site to add visual in-terest and biodiversity to the existing habitats.
• A pedestrian cyclist greenway will circulate from outside the site to around the golf course and eventu-ally over a land bridge to the adjacent Little Bay Park waterfront.
• A nature trail will connect the east and west sides of the site also pro-viding community access through the golf landscape.
• The west side of the site has the main access points to the park, with regards to the main access in the north, due to the highly dense residential community directly surrounding it. A combination of pocket plazas with the centralized community centre hub encourage a multitude of community activities and use. In terms of convenience, the more intense use activities are in the west to allow for easier and quicker access.
Golf Landscape
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The routing, the journey getting from point A to B, of the golf course is the most significant aspect in the design layout of the holes. The original 18 hole layout of the site lacks a variety of experiences through the landscape, which primarily separates the best courses from such weaker courses. Also, the layout is a repetitive string of paralleling holes, similar in straight forward fairways, which makes for a monotonous walk.
The proposed compact model of a 9 hole layout utilizes 10 of the existing holes in order to work with the given topography and mainly enhance the golfing experience through strengthening existing habitats to link with new habitats. Overall, the aim is to create memorable and enjoyable walk for golfers and pedestrians.
OriginalProposed
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Original 18 Hole Layout Utilized Existing Holes
Routing
Utilized
Eliminated
Front Holes 1-9
Back Holes 10-18
Golf LandscapeThe new routing has shortened the holes to be a range of par 3’s and 4’s, at a total of 2645 yards. This has allowed more room to strenghthen the ecological habitats and buffers between aligning golf holes and other park activities. The order of the holes has been modified as well to be a fluid walk between each hole and through the various environments of the golf landscape.
Teeboxes have been minimized to one per hole to lower maintenance costs and to promote a casual golf course environment which encourages people of all ages and levels to play in teeing off from the same teebox.
Also, greens will be enlarged and fairways widened on various holes to mix up the layout of the golf holes and cater to beginner players on these holes.
The use of buggy (cart) paths has been eliminated from the new proposal in order to enhance the golf experience of walking through nature. This will also mitigate the maintenance costs, environmental impact, and any potential accidents caused by
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Proposed Compact Model New Proposal
Shot line from teebox to green
Route to next hole
* Y a r d a g e s taken from the back of the teeboxes of 10 yards length
392 yds
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Hole 1 Hole 2
Hole 3 Hole 4
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Hole 5 Hole 6
Hole 7 Hole 8
Hole 9
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Access PointsKey Access
Pocket Plaza
Golf Course
Golf Carts
Walking Golfers
Pedestrian & Cycle Paths
Golf Course Network
A significant element of the proposed design is to integrate community access within various parts of the golf course. In order to provide a safe and courteous environment for non golfers and golfers the density of the existing woodlands would be increased, left over cut land would be used to create earth berm passageways and sheltered ha-has, and informative caution
signage would be visible throughout the course and at the access points. Designated paths would be protected by these physical elements and the additional signage would inform people to be aware of the environment their walking through and help keep anyone from wandering on the course
Implementing the community with the golf course will potentially strengthen the relationship between the two environments. Such created access through this environment would elevate the overall sustainability of the golf landscape and bring more positive views on the traditional seen elite game. It is vital to recognize the local people’s needs and to provide a balance with the golf course environment within the urban context. This is an effort to move past the traditionally excessively restricted access to a golf course to a positive community environment.
Community Access
References:Doak, T. 1992, The Anatomy of A Golf Course, Burford Books, Short Hills, USAGolf Environment Organization, http://www.golfenvironment.org/Mackenzie, A. 1920, Golf Architecture, Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co, Stamford, USARichardson, F.L. 2002, Routing the Golf Course, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, USA
Golf LandscapeInitial Proposal
New Proposal Access to the site is a fundamental element in the design in order to achieve the main objective. Increased access points around the site will encourage more use throughout the proposed park. Key access will be at the main activity hubs of the existing point in the north and the community centre in the west. The north activity hub, of the existing clubhouse and proposed market/performance plaza, is necessary to keep as is since it is a
direct access to the major highways.
The community centre activity hub was placed in the midwest of the site in order to provide a central point which is easier, quicker to access for the surrounding residences. Also, the location of the community hub was determined by the route of intervening with as minimal tree removal as possible and the potential topography
opportunities which favor the design.
Golf Landscape
Access PointsKey Access - High Use
Pocket Plaza - Medium Use
Golf Course - Medium to Low Use
Shot line of golf hole
Walking Golfers to next golf hole
Pedestrian & Cyclist Nature Trail
Golf Course Network
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Existing clubhouse to remain
Nature Trail thru the Golf Landscape
Gateways will clearly mark the entrance and exits of the nature trail which connects from behind the community centre by the pool to the pedestrian cyclist greenway in between golf holes 4 and 5. These clear access points would be a continuation of the hedge brick wall boundary surrounding the course for safety. Also, these gateways would be closed when the park is closed and could occasion-ally be closed during extremely busy golfing periods (summer weekend mornings) or golf tournaments.
The trail would accommodate pedestrians, runners and cyclists. The designated path will be of crusher fines, which is small particles of crushed rock usually taken from the leftovers of rock crushing operations. Crusher fines trails are highly durable for years during all weather conditions with the proper subgrade preparation and drainage. The natural gravel like surface was selected, because it fits well with the primitive setting and could mitigate the bounce of the odd chance of an errant golf shot over a hard surface path of concrete or asphalt.
Caution signage informing pedestrians to watch for golf balls and to be considerate to golfers playing would be implemented throughout the path, particularly by golf hole s. This is a key factor to enforcing a safe en-vironment.
The following sketches display a serial vision along the nature trail which the community could access thru designated gateways from the pedestrian cyclist greenway. The trail weaves thru the golf course sheltered by various densities of deciduous and coniferous woodlands, low vegetation to allow visibility, caution signage throughout informing passing golfers and non
golfers, and with a considerable safety margin behind teeboxes and greens. Overall, the nature trail is meant to provide a short cut from one side of the park to the other and an opportunity for non golfers to experience the golf landscape without feeling socially restricted.
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A bioswale runs from the top pond in the south of the site connecting to two additional existing ponds which eventually will lead to Little Bay in the north. Linking these ponds with dense marsh reed habitats will strength-en those existing habitats and expand the biodiversity with the addition of the swale and meadow habitats.
There would be variations in densities of mixed coniferous and deciduous woodlands and clearings of space along the path. This variety would add interest to the experience through the landscape as well as provide a vegetated buffer and apertures which allow visibility of approaching players or pedestri-ans.
As pedestrians come upon the opposite gate-way there is a sense of arrival in that they are aware of exiting the golf landscape. Es-sentially, the gateways are designed to define the access points to the nature trail and with signage will aim to make users aware of the golf environment they are entering and take caution.
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EcologyFast growing trees, such as poplars and alders, would be incorporated within a grid of slower growing trees, as beech, oak, ash, and maple. This method would help nurse the slower growing trees as well as strengthen the diversity of the woodland. It is vital that this urban woodland is flexible to provide a continuous setting for human activities in the public realm. Also, the current wetland ponds would be linked by bioswales to help filter stormwater and extend the marsh habitats. A meadow habitat will be incorporated within the site’s ecological network and will enhance the value in adding diversity
to the environment. Overall, it is vital to strengthen and connect these habitats in order to retain and grow the corridors between the habitats which sequentially maximizes the size and connectivity of the habitats on the site.
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Community InfrastructureThe west side of the site has the main access points to the park, with regards to the main access in the north, due to the highly dense residential community directly surrounding it. A combination of pocket plazas with the centralized community centre hub encourage community activities and use. In terms of convenience, the more intense use activities are in the west to allow for easier and quicker access.
Community Centre
Main Activity Zone
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S1 - The Great Lawn leading to the Football Pitch
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The Great Lawn
APARTMENTRESIDENCES GOLF PRACTICEPARK
WOODLAND BUFFER
MIXED WOODLANDSPARKING FOOTBALL PITCH
WOODLAND BUFFERMEADOWPARK
PLAYGROUND
SKATE WAVE GOLF COURSEDECIDUOUS WOODLAND
MARSH
OPEN LAWN
Acer griseum GROVEPARKRESIDENCES
MEADOWSKATE WAVE GOLF COURSEDECIDUOUS WOODLAND
PLAYGROUND Acer griseum GROVE
MEADOW
CLEARVIEW EXPRESSWAYVIEWPOINT HILL MEADOW
PEDESTRIAN CYCLIST GREENWAYGOLF COURSE MIXED WOODLANDS
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S2 - Sensory Garden crossing Pedestrian Cyclist Greenway to Basketball Courts
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APARTMENTRESIDENCES GOLF PRACTICEPARK
WOODLAND BUFFER
MIXED WOODLANDSPARKING FOOTBALL PITCH
WOODLAND BUFFERMEADOWPARK
PLAYGROUND
SKATE WAVE GOLF COURSEDECIDUOUS WOODLAND
MARSH
OPEN LAWN
Acer griseum GROVEPARKRESIDENCES
MEADOWSKATE WAVE GOLF COURSEDECIDUOUS WOODLAND
PLAYGROUND Acer griseum GROVE
MEADOW
CLEARVIEW EXPRESSWAYVIEWPOINT HILL MEADOW
PEDESTRIAN CYCLIST GREENWAYGOLF COURSE MIXED WOODLANDS
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Viewpoint Hill - Section I
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DETAIL
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Matinecock Plaza
Detail
The proposed plaza will be within the main activity hub located at the existing northern access. The plaza is named in honor of the Matinecock tribe, whom were the first natives known to inhabit this area of Queens. The Matinecocks believed that the land was under ownership of the earth, not humans, and lived off the land taking only what was necessary for survival. This notion influenced the locale of the plaza which is fluidly placed with the topography, avoiding earthworks and tree removal. Also, it is essential to have such a high activity place located at a convenient access point from the main road to maximize its use, and is further the reasoning for the plaza to be adjacent to the clubhouse.
Matinecock Plaza is designed to be a flexible and dynamic space which will accommodate a broad range of activities all year round. From culture festivals and dance performances to a weekend green market and an afternoon game of chess, this is a place to bring people together. Furthermore, the plaza is essentially a reflection of the diverse community surrounding it and is meant to encourage people of all ages and nationalities to interact with one another. The ultimate aim is to provide an inviting democratic place which the community can call their own.
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Detail
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Legend
Slope 2.5% * Refer to pages between 85-90 for planting, materials, and construction details A1, B1, B2, C1
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Concrete permeable flag pavers in natural colour
Concrete permeable herringbone pavers in buff colour
Parking lot in concrete permeable herringbone pavers in gray colour
Acer griseum tree grove
Iron water feature fountain with concrete brick base
Lamp post fixture in 1920s style typical of the area
Miscanthus sinensis v. purpurascens planted in flush plant beds
Wood slat bench seating
Main entrance to community centre
Grass
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The shape of the plaza is sim-plified to be an extension of the community centre. This strengthens the area as a main hub of the park and is adapt-able to a mass of various ac-tivities and events.
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Pedestrian Paths
Cyclist Paths
Roads
Bus Stop
Residences
Viewpoints
Activity spaces
Main Community Hubs
Ecological buffer
Pedestrian Cyclist Access
Urban Land
Legend
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In order to emphasize the community centre as a main hub, the road perpen-dicular from Utopia Boulevard west of the park would be widened to accom-modate bus access, bicycle lanes to connect with the broader cycle network, and wider sidewalks to encourage walking and playing outside.
Flow
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The plaza reinforces the en-trance to the community cen-tre. Further, the plaza is at the same level as the parking lot with lamp posts and plant-ing beds defining the space. This creates a smooth transi-tion which is visually seam-less from the main road to the community centre and could allow ease of vehicle access for loading and unloading for particular events.
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The majority of space open for perfor-mance will be in the northwest of the plaza, because of the immediate prox-imity to the parking for ease of loading and unloading equipment. The open space is flexible to accommodate fes-tivals, local art, dance, and music per-formances.
NMedium to small local markets ranging from food to clothes could be accom-modated during the weekends through-out the year across the entire plaza. For larger festivals and markets, the space could be extended into the north side of the parking lot since it is the same level.
Circulation
Various events from business to com-munity functions (such as neighborhood barbeques or summer camps) could be accommodated in the open space with temporary canopy structures as well as under the canopy of trees throughout the plaza.
Street dance performances are a common occur-rence in the summers in New York City and is one of many ways to celebrate various cultures.
The Highland Park Market is a weekly market which has proven a successful way to bring com-munities together in Los Angeles.
The River Concert Series in St.Mary’s City, Mary-land are free orchestra performances held during the summer once a week along a scenic strip of the Potomic River. The events attract hundreds from the community to socialize and enjoy foods from local vendors.
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The plaza is flexible to accommodate a mass amount of people as well as ve-hicles. The parking lot is on the same level with permeable concrete pavers as the plaza, but in different colours to define the two spaces. The same level of the spaces provides easier access for vehicles to load and unload for the vari-ous activities in the plaza as well as enforces people to drive with more caution to passing pedestrians when driving by the plaza. Lamp posts and flush plant-ing beds with grass shrubs are also elements which define the plaza space.
Main entrance to Community Centre
En t rance to parking
Movement
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MaterialsThe materials for the hard landscape were chosen to align with the character of the existing golf course clubhouse and the surrounding neighborhood. Brick is the most common material and the 1920s black iron lamp posts are characteristic of the area and important to reflect throughout the plaza as well. The use of concrete pavers instead of brick was a cost effective decision.
Permeable Concrete Pavers
Existing lighting style
Stainless steel cycle racks
Seeded aggregate concrete
Drainage - polymer concrete slot channel
Aggregate gravel
Cast Aluminum Tree Surrounds (Escofet)Recessed LED
lights
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The planting selected is a variety of long grasses mixed with native flowers and trees already thriv-ing in the area. Acer griseums are the dominant tree throughout the plaza which was chosen for its vibrant red autumn colour and unique peeling bark texture, The Aesculus x carnea ‘Briotii’ and
Cornus florida compli-ment the Acer griseum in having different autumn and spring colours and flowers which will always keep the plaza changing
with each season.
Planting
Narcissus seudonarcissus
Cornus florida Acer griseum
Miscanthus sinensis v. purpurascens
Carex muskingumensis
Aster
Aesculus x carnea ‘Briotii’
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Low bearing brick wall of water fountain feature in stretcher bond pattern
Concrete base of fountain feature
Concrete footing
Smooth texture concrete flag pavers 400mm x 400mm x 70mm with cham-fered edges and sand grout
Sand course
Permeable geotextile layer
Permeable sub-base gravel
Perforated collector pipe
Compacted sub-grade
Construction
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Concrete permeable herringbone pavers
Geotextile layer
Sand course
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Steel edge
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50mm mulch layer
Miscanthus sinensis v. purpurascens
Plant root ball
Minimum of 300mm topsoil
Red Cedar bench boards
Smooth concrete base
Concrete footing
Concrete permeable running bond paversB1*nts
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Parking lot concrete permeable grey pav-ers in herringbone pattern
Plaza concrete permeable natural pavers in herringbone pattern
Seeded aggregate concrete plant bed
50 mm mulch
Miscanthus sinensis v. purpurascens
Red Cedar wood bench
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Plaza concrete permeable buff coloured pavers in herringbone
Concrete permeable buff coloured pavers in stretcher bond
Concrete permeable natural coloured pav-ers in flag pattern
Grass
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PHASING
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PhasingYears 1-5• Downsize the golf
course to 9 holes (1-2yrs)
• Introduce Meadow habitat (1yr)
• Plant all new plant species, particularly the added deciduous trees to the existing woodland (1-2yrs)
• Build Community Centre (1-2yrs)
• Start of community events and programs to get the immediate Bayside neighborhood more involved (1yr)
• Layout of football pitch, tennis and basketball courts
• Implement Paths network (1-2yrs)
• Start of Pedestrian path through golf course (1-2yrs)
• Construction of Matinecock Plaza (2-4yrs)
• Main access points available at the clubhouse, community centre
Years 5-10• Viewpoint Hill in
the south east is enhanced as the highest point in the park, providing a stunning view (1yr)
• Implement the main pedestrian / cyclist greenway from the south end to the north which is better connected within the cycle network (1-3yrs)
• Connections made to adjacent communities, such as a potential underground tunnel access from the east (5-12yrs)
• Beginning of passing and starting construction on land bridge proposal to Little Bay Park in the north (5-10yrs)
and greenway access in the south east
• Beginning of implementing pocket plazas on west side of the site
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Long Term StrategyYears 10-20
Proposed land bridge connecting to Little Bay waterfront
• Complete land bridge which effectively connects to the Little Bay waterfront and extends the two parks to become a larger entity (5-10yrs)
• Integrate a pedestrian / cycle path network to Fort Totten, adjacent to Little Bay Park in the east
• Improved public transit to the site to become better connected with the west side of Queens and the city
• To be determined
FundingSince the site is a public space, funding to maintain and constantly improve the park could be acquired from:
New York City Planning & Parks Department
Certain “Friends” organizations (which is where the Highline Park received its funding) e.g: Riverside Park Fund, Central Park Conservancy
Park Improvement Districts
Concessions from restaurants, cafe, portable food vendors, tennis courts, golf course
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CONCLUSION
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Clearview Park is a place which aims to integrate a community within the broader network of Queens and the city fabric. This will be a space that is truly public and weaves the revitalized golf landscape with a multitude of community and cultural activities. Clearview Park will be dynamic and will have an identity which responds to the diversity of the locals.
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• Alexander, C. Ishikawa, S, and Silverstein, M. 1977, A Pattern Language - Towns Buildings Construc-tion, Christopher Alexander, USA
• Doak, T. 1992, The Anatomy of A Golf Course, Burford Books, Short Hills, USA
• Farr, D. 2008, Sustainable Urbanism - Urban Design with Nature, John Wiley & Sons Inc, Hoboken, USA
• Garmory, N. Tennant, R. and Vernon, S. 2009, Landscape Architect’s Pocket Book, United Kingdom
• Golf Environment Organization. 2012, Sustainable Golf Development: Creating a Positive Legacy. www.golfenvironment.org
• Halprin, L. 1972, Cities. The MIT Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts
• Mackenzie, A. 1920, Golf Architecture, Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co, Stamford, USA
• McLeod, V. 2008, Detail in Contemporary Landscape Architecture, Laurence King Publishing Ltd, Lon-don, United Kingdom
• Muirhead, D and Rando, G. 1994, Golf Course Development and Real Estate. The Urban Land Institute, Washington D.C.
• Richardson, F.L. 2002, Routing the Golf Course, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, USA
• The Urban Design Compendium
• University of Virginia. 1987, The Work of Garrett Eckbo: Landscapes for Living. Division of Landscape Architecture, The School of Architecture. Annual Symposium on Landscape Architecture, Charlottes-ville, USA
• Zimmerman, A. 2009, Constructing Landscape Materials, Technique, Structural Components, Birkhauser, Berlin, Germany
REFERENCESA few key references that have supported this project.
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