Financial Inclusion, Financial Education, and Financial Regulation: A Story from Indonesia

8/20/2019 Financial Inclusion, Financial Education, and Financial Regulation: A Story from Indonesia

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BNDJ Qcrgjma \bper Perjes

Ijmbm`jbh Jm`husjcm, Ijmbm`jbh Enu`btjcm,bmn Ijmbm`jbh Teauhbtjcm;B Ptcry ircf Jmncmesjb

^uhus ̂ bfdumbm

Mc. 505Kume 4


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ôe Qcrgjma \bper serjes js b `cmtjmubtjcm ci toe icrferhy mbfen Njsùssjcm \bper serjes7toe mufderjma ci toe pbpers `cmtjmuen wjtocut jmterruptjcm cr òbmae. BNDJ‚s wcrgjmapbpers reihe`t jmjtjbh jnebs cm b tcpj` bmn bre pcsten cmhjme icr njsùssjcm. BNDJ em`curbaesrebners tc pcst toejr `cffemts cm toe fbjm pbae icr ebò wcrgjma pbper (ajvem jm toe

`jtbtjcm dehcw). Pcfe wcrgjma pbpers fby nevehcp jmtc ctoer icrfs ci pudhj`btjcm.

Puaaesten `jtbtjcm;

^bfdumbm, ^. 4


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BNDJ Qcrgjma \bper 505 ^bfdumbm

Bdstrb`t

Fbmy reicrfs obve tbgem phbè jm Jmncmesjb ichhcwjma toe Bsjbm ijmbm`jbh `rjsjs ci 2::1‐2::?. ôe acvermfemt obs efdbrgen upcm jmstjtutjcmbh trbmsicrfbtjcm, fbgjma toe `cumtrycme ci toe reajcm‚s fcst vjdrbmt nefc`rb`jes. Jm sc`jbh, e`cmcfj`, bmn pchjtj`bh brebs,Jmncmesjb obs seem fuò prcaress. Qjne reicrfs obve deem `brrjen cut jm bhh brebs ciacvermbmè, jm`hunjma jm toe ijmbm`jbh se`tcr, bmn b mew nevehcpfemt strbteay obs deembncpten icr ‘jm`husjve‖ e`cmcfj` nevehcpfemt. ôjs pbper exbfjmes toe sojit jm Jmncmesjb‚smbtjcmbh e`cmcfj` nevehcpfemt strbteay ircf jts ‘ex`husjve‖ crjemtbtjcm nurjma toe MewCrner erb deicre toe Bsjbm ijmbm`jbh `rjsjs, tc jts ‘jm`husjve‖ crjemtbtjcm biter toe `rjsjs. Jt bhscexbfjmes toe jfpb`t toe reicrfs obve obn cm pcverty renu`tjcm bmn toe `bfpbjam tc `rebteb detter emvjrcmfemt icr fj`rc, sfbhh, bmn fenjuf-sjzen emterprjses (FPFEs). ôe`cmstrbjmts tobt Jmncmesjb ibès jm jfphefemtjma jm`husjve nevehcpfemt, pbrtjùhbrhy ijmbm`jbhjm`husjcm, bre bhsc njsùssen.

KEH @hbssjij`btjcm; A42, A4?, J45


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@cmtemts

2. Jmtrcnu t̀jcm ................................................................................................................ 0

4.

Jm`husjve E`cmcfj` Nevehcpfemt .............................................................................. >

0.

Jmncmesjb‚s Jm`husjve Nevehcpfemt Ptrbteay .............................................................. 5

>. Ijmbm j̀bh Jm`husjcm ..................................................................................................... 9

>.2

@urremt Nevehcpfemts ..................................................................................... 9

>.4

@renjt ............................................................................................................... :

>.0 @renjt icr Ocuseochns ...................................................................................... : >.>

@renjt icr Fj`rc, Pfbhh, bmn Fenjuf Emterprjses ........................................... 2<

>.5 Fj`rcijmbmè .................................................................................................. 21

5.

Eiicrts tc Bòjeve Ijmbm`jbh Jm`husjcm ........................................................................ 49

5.2

Ijmbm j̀bh Enu`btjcm........................................................................................ 49

5.4 Ijmbm`jbh Teauhbtjcms bmn \chj`jes ................................................................. 41

9.

@cm`husjcms bmn \chj`y Te`cffemnbtjcms ............................................................. 0<

Teieremès ......................................................................................................................... 00


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2. JM^TCNU@^JCM

Nurjma toe sc-`bhhen ‘Mew Crner‖ erb (2:99‐2::?) Jmncmesjb experjemèn rbpjn e`cmcfj`nevehcpfemt bmn bmmubh arcwto rbtes ci 9%‐?%. ôe reajfe hcweren rbtes ci pcvertytorcuao rurbh e`cmcfj` nevehcpfemt dbsen cm barjùhturbh fcnermjzbtjcm bmnjmnustrjbhjzbtjcm. ôrcuao toese bòjevefemts, Jmncmesjb wbs `bhhen cme ci toe ‘Bsjbm^jaers,‖ bhcma wjto Fbhbysjb bmn ôbjhbmn. Ocwever, tojs e`cmcfj` pericrfbmè bt toefb`rc heveh ojn scfe prcdhefs, sjmè toe nevehcpfemt strbteay bncpten dy toe `cumtry`rebten jmeiij`jem`jes bmn fbrget njstcrtjcms. Jmncmesjb suiieren ircf ojao e`cmcfj` `cstsbmn b arcwjma abp jm jm`cfe hevehs. Nurjma toe Mew Crner erb, toe nevehcpfemt prcèsswbs jmneen ex`husjve, bmn biie`ten cmhy èrtbjm reajcms, suò bs Kbvb, bmn cmhy èrtbjmarcups jm sc`jety, j.e., tocse woc were `cmsjneren jfpcrtbmt dy pchj`yfbgers.

ôe Bsjbm ijmbm`jbh `rjsjs ci 2::1‐2::? ojt Jmncmesjb pbrtjùhbrhy dbnhy. Jmneen jt wbs toefcst severe e`cmcfj` `rjsjs tc c`ùr jm Jmncmesjb sjmè toe `cumtry‚s jmnepemnemè jm 2:>5.Jt hen tc bm e`cmcfj` reèssjcm jm 2::?, wjto hevehs ci arcwto ci ‐20%. Ichhcwjma Jmncmesjb‚sre`cvery ircf toe reèssjcm, toe `cumtry obs umneracme b prcicumn trbmsicrfbtjcm. Jt obs

efdbrgen upcm ibr-rebòjma jmstjtutjcmbh òbmaes bmn obs de`cfe cme ci toe reajcm‚s fcstvjdrbmt nefc`rb`jes. Jm sc`jbh bmn e`cmcfj` terfs, Jmncmesjb obs bhsc seem fuò prcaress.Qjne reicrfs obve deem `brrjen cut jm bhh brebs ci e`cmcfj`, sc`jbh, bmn pchjtj`bh pchj`y, bmnb mew nevehcpfemt strbteay, ‘jm`husjve‖ e`cmcfj` nevehcpfemt bmn arcwto, obs deembncpten. Jm tojs jm`husjve nevehcpfemt, toe Jmncmesjbm acvermfemt obs bncpten b trjphe-trb`gen strbteay, j.e., ‘prc-arcwto,‖ ‘prc-kcd,‖ bmn ‘prc-pccr.‖ ôjs strbteay js `cmsjnerenjfpcrtbmt icr Jmncmesjb, ajvem tobt nespjte rcdust e`cmcfj` arcwto biter toe 2::? `rjsjs,Jmncmesjb stjhh ibès serjcus pcverty jssues (^bfdumbm 4


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4. JM@HUPJYE E@CMCFJ@ NEYEHC\FEM^

B``crnjma tc Bhj bmn [oubma (4


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Jt `bm de seem ircf toe bdcve njsùssjcm tobt gey jssues jm jm`husjve e`cmcfj` nevehcpfemtbre pcverty, pbrtj`jpbtjcm, `chhbdcrbtjcm, bmn metwcrgjma. ôjs febms tobt pcverty bhhevjbtjcmjs, cr socuhn de, bt toe èmter ci jm`husjve e`cmcfj` nevehcpfemt pchj`jes. Jm crner tcehjfjmbte cr renuè pcverty, toere js b meen mct cmhy icr njre`t pchj`jes tc bhhevjbte pcverty

dut toere js bhsc s`cpe icr wjner e`cmcfj` nevehcpfemt pchj`jes, prcarbfs, bmn prcke`ts tcibvcr pcverty renu`tjcm, bhtocuao mct bt toe expemse ci eiij`jem`y, prcnu`tjvjty, bmn`cfpetjtjvemess.

0. JMNCMEPJB‚P JM@HUPJYE NEYEHC\FEM^ P^TBÊAZ

Ircf 2::1 tc 2::? Jmncmesjb wbs dbnhy biie`ten dy toe Bsjbm ijmbm`jbh `rjsjs bmn, ichhcwjmatobt, dy sc`jbh bmn pchjtj`bh njsturdbmès bmn `cmihj`ts. ôjs fuhtjnjfemsjcmbh `rjsjs hen tc toeibhh ci Pceobrtc‚s Mew Crner reajfe jm Fby 2::?. Pjmè toem toe Jmncmesjbm pecphe obvene`jnen tc pursue toe pbto ci nefc`rb`y. ôe pchjtj`bh systef obs deem iumnbfemtbhhytrbmsicrfen dy toe jfphefemtbtjcm ci nefc`rb`y bmn neèmtrbhjzbtjcm, bmn dy toe

bfemnfemt ci toe 2:>5 `cmstjtutjcm. Pc`jety obs òbmaen nrbstj`bhhy bmn scfe ci toeprevjcus pudhj` jmstjtutjcms bre mc hcmaer ium`tjcmbh.

Bhtocuao toe acvermfemt nurjma toe Mew Crner erb serjcushy trjen tc bnnress pcverty jssuesjm toe `cumtry bmn jmjtjbten fbmy prc-pccr prcarbfs, wojò hen tc b tc sjamjij`bmt ne`hjme jmpcverty rbtes, toe abp detweem toe rjò bmn pccr njn mct ne`hjme sjamjij`bmthy. Jm ib`t, nurjmatojs erb, toe bncpten nevehcpfemt strbteay wbs fcre ex`husjve rbtoer tobm jm`husjve, bsfbmy reauhbtjcms, pchj`jes, bmn ib`jhjtjes ibvcren b sfbhh arcup ci dja `cfpbmjes (cr`cmahcferbtes) bt toe `cst ci FPFEs (^bfdumbm 4


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Ctoer prc-pccr prcarbfs jm`hune Um`cmnjtjcmbh Njre`t @bso Bssjstbmè (Dbmtubm Hbmasumaûmbj ) \udhj` Oebhto Jmsurbmè (Kbfgesfbs), Pòcch Cperbtjcmbh Puppcrt, toe prcvjsjcm cisudsjnjes (e.a., rjè, iertjhjzers, bmn prcarbf `renjts), bmn toe Ibfjhy Ocpe \rcarbf(\rcarbf Gehubrab Obrbpbm), wojò bre ebrfbrgen icr pccr bmn mebr-pccr ibfjhjes bhh cvertoe bròjpehbac. ôe Ibfjhy Ocpe \rcarbf js jfphefemten tc feet toe dbsj` meens ciocuseochns tobt bre umbdhe tc feet toef jm bmy ctoer wby. Pcfe ci toe prcarbfs, suò bstoe \rcarbf Mbsjcmbh \efdernbybbm Fbsybrbgbt Fbmnjrj , bre jm toe icrf ci toe ‘ijsojmarcn,‖ tc efpcwer pecphe bmn `cffumjtjes torcuao toe prcvjsjcm ci iumns up tc Tp0 djhhjcmper sudnjstrj`t per yebr, toe use ci wojò js neterfjmen dy toe pecphe toefsehves bt toevjhhbae heveh.

Jm bnnjtjcm, toe acvermfemt bhsc bhhc`btes b dunaet icr FPFEs jm toe icrf ci sudsjnjzen`renjt, bmn toe dbmgjma se`tcr obs deem requesten tc òbmmeh b èrtbjm pcrtjcm ci toejr iumnsbs `renjt icr FPFEs. ôjs FPFE `renjt pchj`y js b gey ehefemt ci Jmncmesjb‚s pchj`jes icrijmbm`jbh jm`husjcm.

>. IJMBM@JBH JM@HUPJCM

Biter toe Bsjbm ijmbm`jbh `rjsjs jm 2::1‐2::?, Jmncmesjb òbmaen jts mbtjcmbh nevehcpfemtstrbteay jm bhh brebs, jm`hunjma jm toe ijmbm`jbh se`tcr, ircf bm ‘ex`husjve‖ crjemtbtjcm tcwbrn bfcre ‘jm`husjve‖ cme. ôe `cumtry obs b strcma rebscm icr bncptjma ijmbm`jbh jm`husjcm bs jtsmew mbtjcmbh nevehcpfemt pchj`y cdke`tjve, ajvem tobt (j) toe ijmbm`jbh se`tcr js ojaohy`cmèmtrbten, j.e., ncfjmbten dy dbmgs (fcst prcijtbdhe, wjto hcw hevehs ci jmterfenjbtjcm),wjto arcwjma `bpjtbh fbrgets, bhtocuao toey bre stjhh `cmèmtrbten jm b iew dja `cfpbmjes,bmn wjto b hcw pemetrbtjcm ci pemsjcm iumns, jmsurbmè, bmn ctoer mcmdbmg ijmbm`jbhjmstjtutjcms7 (jj) cmhy b sfbhh pbrt ci Jmncmesjb‚s tctbh pcpuhbtjcm obs b`èss tc dbmgjmaservjès7 bmn (jjj) pcverty js stjhh b serjcus prcdhef jm Jmncmesjb.

>.2 @urremt Nevehcpfemts

ôe fcst irequemthy usen jmnj`btcr tc febsure toe heveh ci ijmbm`jbh jm`husjcm js toeperèmtbae ci toe bnuht pcpuhbtjcm wjto b`èss tc b dbmg b``cumt jm toe icrfbh ijmbm`jbhse`tcr. B``crnjma tc toe 4


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^bdhe 2; Pobre ci toe Bnuht \cpuhbtjcm wjto b Dbmg B``cumt jm toe Icrfbh Ijmbm`jbhPe`tcr jm Jmncmesjb bmn Ctoer Pehe`ten @cumtrjes bmn Teajcms, 405.490.?>?.455.:

Ojao-jm`cfe CE@N bmn mcm-CE@NFjnnhe Ebst bmn Mcrto Birj`b@emtrbh Bsjb bmn Ebsterm EurcpeEbst Bsjb bmn \b`jij`Hbtjm Bferj`b bmn @brjddebmPud-Pbobrbm Birj`b

Pcuto Bsjb

:4.<>4.<54.<>.50.4

29.:9.0?.?1.2

0:.?4?.>

>.0?.9

41.42.:

09.?

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2.2?.50.:0.10.<

41.922.2

1.41.0

49.95.05.2

B^F 6 butcfbten tehher fbòjme.

Mcte; * perèmtbae ci tocse wjto bm b``cumt

Pcurè; Qcrhn Dbmg (4


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servj`es jm ebst Jmncmesjb, bmn ojao b``ess jm Kbvb bmn Dbhj, wjto Kbgbrtb, toe `bpjtbh `jty,obvjma toe ojaoest uptbge (DJ 42% use toejr cwm dbmg b``cumt bmntoe refbjmjma 9% use toe dbmg b``cumt ci bmctoer perscm.

Teabrnjma hcbms, 9


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>.4 @renjt

Jmncmesjb Dbmgjma, pudhjsoen fcmtohy tc ajve bm cvervjew ci dbmgjma nevehcpfemts jmJmncmesjb, reèjves jts nbtb ircf ijaures pudhjsoen dy Jmncmesjb Dbmgjma Ptbtjstj`s. Jm turm,toe nbtb usen jm toe Jmncmesjbm Dbmgjma Ptbtjstj`s js nerjven ircf `cffer`jbh dbmg fcmtohy

repcrts, Pobrjb dbmg fcmtohy repcrts, bmn rurbh dbmg fcmtohy repcrts. Nbtb ircf toe`cffer`jbh dbmg fcmtohy repcrts bmn toe Pobrjb dbmg fcmtohy repcrts, sudfjtten dy toerepcrtjma dbmgs tc DJ, bre prcèssen usjma toe DJ Dbmgjma Jmicrfbtjcm Pystef bmnpresemten jm \NI bs wehh bs Exèh icrfbt. Te`crnen nbtb jm`hunes jmicrfbtjcm bdcut `renjtnjstrjduten bmn cutstbmnjma hcbms jm rupjbo bmn icrejam ùrrem`y ircf `cffer`jbh bmn rurbhdbmgs. ôe nbtb js crabmjzen dy dbmgjma arcup, e`cmcfj` se`tcr, nedtcr arcup, type ci hcbm(jmvestfemt, wcrgjma `bpjtbh, cr `cmsufptjcm), hc`btjcm (prcvjmè), hcbm utjhjzbtjcm purpcse,bmn cutstbmnjma FPFE `renjt icr `cffer`jbh dbmgs (CKG 4).

>.0 @renjt icr Ocuseochns

Ci bhh toe dbmgs tobt prcvjne ocuseochn `renjt jm vbrjcus sòefes„`cffer`jbh dbmgs, stbte-

cwmen dbmgs, rurbh dbmgs, bmn reajcmbh nevehcpfemt dbmgs„Dbmg \ergrenjtbm Tbgybt (D\T), Dbmg \efdbmaumbm Nberbo ( D\N), bmn Dbmg Tbgybt Jmncmesjb ( DTJ) (cr toeJmncmesjbm \ecphe‚s Dbmg), bre bfcma gey jmstjtutjcms prcvjnjma fj`rcijmbmè tc ocuseochns(e.a., ocusjma hcbms WfcrtabaesV, veoj`he hcbms, bmn ctoer `cmsufer `renjt). D\T js bhscgmcwm bs b rurbh dbmg, pecphe‚s `renjt dbmg, sfbhhochner `renjt dbmg, cr se`cmn-tjer dbmg tcserve FPFEs, hcwer jm`cfe arcups, bmn/cr pccr ocuseochns. D\N js b reajcmbh cr prcvjm`jbhnevehcpfemt dbmg cwmen dy prcvjm`jbh acvermfemts, bmn obs b heabh icrf tobt js mcw toesbfe bs tobt ci b `cffer`jbh dbmg. DTJ obs vbrjcus `renjt sòefes, jm`hunjma fj`rc`renjtgmcwm bs Grenjt Ufuf \enesbbm (GU\ENEP), bhhc`bten torcuao bhh DTJ Umjt Nesb (vjhhbaedrbmòes ci DTJ). GU\ENEP js b aemerbh-purpcse rurbh hcbm sòefe wjto `cfpetjtjve jmterestrbtes. Jt ciiers hcbms (wcrgjma `bpjtbh bmn jmvestfemt) tc tocse woc iuhijhh toe requjrefemts jmbhh e`cmcfj` se`tcrs, ircf dusjmesses jm barjùhture, trbne, jmnustry, bmn servjès, tcjmnjvjnubh dcrrcwers woc requjre hcbms icr enu`btjcm, ocuse remcvbtjcm, puròbse civeoj`hes, et`. Ijaure 2 socws toe tremn icr cutstbmnjma `cmsufptjcm hcbms ci `cffer`jbhdbmgs bmn rurbh dbmgs dy dbmg arcup cver tjfe. Umicrtumbtehy, spe`jij` nbtb cm fj`rc`renjt`cmsufptjcm bre mct bvbjhbdhe. Ciij`jbh nbtb ircf DJ cm ocuseochn `renjt ircf `cffer`jbhdbmgs bmn rurbh dbmgs bre icr bhh types ci ocuseochn `renjt.

Ijaure 2; Cutstbmnjma @cmsufptjcm Hcbms (jm Tupjbo bmn Icrejam @urrem`jes) ci@cffer`jbh Dbmgs bmn Turbh Dbmgs, 4


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>.> @renjt icr Fj`rc, Pfbhh, bmn Fenjuf Emterprjses

Jm Jmncmesjb, toe mufder ci FPFEs obs stebnjhy jm`rebsen every yebr (^bdhe 5). Jm 4


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^bdhe 9; Fbjm @cmstrbjmts Ib`jma Fj`rc, Pfbhh, bmn Fenjuf Emterprjses jm Nevehcpjma@cumtrjes jm Bsjb

@cumtry Fbjm @cmstrbjmts

T b w

f b

t e r j b h s

F b r g e t j m

a

@ b p j t b h

E m e r a y

J m i c r f b t

j c m

^ e ` o m c h c a y

b m n s g j h h

s

J m i r b s t r u

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^ b x

J m i h b t j c m

F b r g e t

n j s t c r t j c m s

H b d c r j s

s u e s

Jmncmesjb ∛ ∛ ∛ ∛ ∛ \ojhjppjmes ∛ ∛ ∛ Yjet Mbf ∛ ∛ ∛ ∛ @bfdcnjb ∛ ∛ ∛ ∛ Hbc \NT ∛ ∛ ∛ ∛ ^objhbmn ∛ ∛ ∛ ∛ ∛ Fbhbysjb ∛ ∛ ∛ ∛ DrumejNbrussbhbf ∛ ∛ ∛ \T@ ∛ ∛ ∛ ∛ Jmnjb ∛ ∛ ∛ ∛ \bgjstbm ∛ ∛ ∛ ∛ Dbmahbneso ∛ ∛ ∛ ∛ Mepbh ∛ ∛ ∛ ∛

Hbc \NT 6 Hbc \ecphe‚s Nefc`rbtj` Tepudhj`7 \T@ 6 \ecphe‚s Tepudhj` ci @ojmb.

Pcur`es; ̂ bfdumbm (4


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cwm fcmey tc iuhhy ijmbmè toejr dusjmesses. ôe b`tubh sobre wbs ?4.>2% icr FJEs bmn9?.?5% icr sfbhh emterprjses. Yery iew prcnuèrs dcrrcwen fcmey tc ijmbmè toejr dusjmess;bdcut 4.:


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^bdhe :; Emterprjse Purvey, 4 9.2 9.? ?.1^rbne `renjt ijmbm`jma icrjmvestfemt

1.2

Ijrfs wjto b `oe`gjma cr sbvjmasb``cumt 52.5 >9.0 ?:.2 :4.5HE 6 hbrae emterprjse (2


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^bdhe 22; ^oe Crjajm ci Hcbms icr Fj`rc Emterprjses bmn Pfbhh Emterprjses jm toeFbmuib`turjma Pe`tcr jm Jmncmesjb, 4 25.94

@ccperbtjve 5.51 0.?0

Yemturb `bpjtbh 2.90 2.0>

Mcmdbmg jmstjtutjcms >.15 0. >>.05

Ctoers 2>,4> 4?.05FJE 6 fj`rc emterprjse7 PE 6 sfbhh emterprjse.

Pcur`e; D\P (4


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Ijaure 4; ^ctbh @renjt Te`ejven ircf @cffer`jbh Dbmgs jm Jmncmesjb dy HbraeEmterprjses, bmn Fj`rc, Pfbhh, bmn Fenjuf Emterprjses, 4


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^bdhe 2>; ^ctbh Dbmg @renjt ci Fj`rc, Pfbhh, bmn Fenjuf Emterprjses dy Pe`tcr, 4 0>2,2?? 0>9.4?1

^rbmspcrt bmn `cffumj`btjcm 2?,9, >10 >2.:>

Ctoers 2 < 2 -Pcurè; Dbmg Jmncmesjb wedsjte.

Qjto respe`t tc ijmbm`jma FPFEs, Jmncmesjb obn scfe su`èsses wjto jmstjtutjcmbhnevehcpfemt jm toe yebrs hebnjma up tc toe 2::1‐2::? Bsjbm ijmbm`jbh `rjsjs, jm`hunjma toenevehcpfemt ci b `cfpreoemsjve set ci jmstjtutjcms servjma bhh hevehs ci toe fbrget. Ocwever,toese jmstjtutjcms were mejtoer pbrtjùhbrhy eiij`jemt mcr `cfpreoemsjve, bmn toey ibèn scfenjiijùhtjes evem deicre toe `rjsjs. ôe ib`t tobt fbmy ci toef were ijmbm`jbhhy bmn stru`turbhhywebg fbmjiesten jm ojao trbmsb`tjcms `csts bmn hjfjts cm toejr pemetrbtjcm ci toe fbrget. Bsb resuht, bm cverwoehfjma mufder ci FPEs were mct serven (Fbrtcwjkcyc 4


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baareabte cutstbmnjma fj`rcijmbm`e hcbm pcrtichjc. DTJ Umjts, woj`o up tc 4


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\efdjbybbm Tbgybt Pybrjbo (D\TP)7 (jj) Gcperbsj Dbytuh Fbbh wbt ^bfwjh (DF^), wojò js bsbvjmas bmn `renjt `ccperbtjve jfphefemtjma b prcijt bmn hcss sobrjma bpprcbò7 bmn (jjj)Arbfeem-fcneh Jshbfj` fj`rcijmbmè. ôese toree jmstjtutjcms bre `cmtrb`ten tc b fj`rc^bg Ăiuh prcvjner (woc prcvjnes fj`rc jmsurbmè jm bm Jshbfj` `cmtext) vjb bm baemt gmcwm bs^bgĂiuh Fjgrc Jmncmesjb. (^jfdera 2:::7 Obrybnj 4


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butocrjty, wojò bre cperbtjma hc`bhhy, mct cmhy jm Dbhj, dut bhsc jm ctoer prcvjmès jm toe`cumtry. ôese jm`hune Dbnbm Usbob Grenjt \enesbb jm Nberbo Jmstjfewb Zcaybgbrtb,Hefdbab \efdjbybbm Usbob Ge`jh jm toe prcvjmè ci Pcuto Gbhjfbmtbm, Hefdbab Grenjt\enesbbm jm Qest Musb êmaabrb, bmn Hefdbab Grenjt Ge`bfbtbm jm Nberbo Jmstjfewb Bèo. Dut, fbmy ci toese jmicrfbh, hc`bh-dbsen fj`rcijmbmè jmstjtutjcms obve stcppencperbtjma de`buse toey were rum jm umoebhtoy, mcm-prciessjcmbh wbys.

ôe Bsjbm Tescurè @emter icr Fj`rcijmbmè (BT@F) jmnj`btes tobt toere bre bhfcst :,


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^bdhe 25; ^ctbh Fj`rcijmbm`e Jmstjtutjcms, 4


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^bdhe 21; \rcijhes ci Pehe`ten Fj`rcijmbm`e Jmstjtutjcms jm Jmncmesjb ircf 42 0,259,519 04 00,4>2

D\T Puryb ZunobGem`bmb

45: mb

GCFJNB 4 9?,41? 505,52?

Gcperbsj PG 419 0,9?0 5,?20,?>4 00,4>2

FDG Yemturb 4 5>,142,50> 09:,10? mb mb

Fjtrb Usbob 4?:,9?> 5,411 0?:,941 >,99>

^HF 4: 04,>


24/37


aubrbmtees7 aubrbmtees icr `cmstru`tjcm, accns, bmn servjès prcùrefemt hcbms7`cffer`jbh `renjt aubrbmtees7 `cumter dbmg aubrbmtees7 fuhtjpurpcse `renjt aubrbmtees7aubrbmtees icr njstrjdutjcm7 Jshbfj` ijmbm`jbh aubrbmtees (Gbibhbo)7 bmn hcbm prcarbf `renjtaubrbmtees (GUT).

Bfcma toe ejaot mbtjcmbh dbmgs prcvjnjma GUT, DTJ, toe hebnjma cme, obs toree fbjm

cdke`tjves; (j) ajve FPFEs bmn `ccperbtjves detter b`èss tc ijmbm`jma ircf dbmgs7 (jj)prcvjne hesscms icr FPFEs icr de`cfjma b dbmgbdhe nedtcrs tobt `bm toereicre de serven jmb``crnbmè wjto dbmgjma `cffer`jbh terfs jm aemerbh7 bmn (jjj) embdhe ijmbmèn dusjmessestc `cmtjmue tc arcw bmn nevehcp. DTJ obs twc types ci GUT; (j) fj`rc GUT icr bm jmnjvjnubhrummjma b iebsjdhe, prcnu`tjve dusjmess (FJE) tobt obs deem jm cperbtjcm icr bt hebst 9fcmtos, bmn (jj) retbjh GUT icr bm jmnjvjnubh (jmnjvjnubh perscm bmn/cr heabh emtjty) cr`ccperbtjve rummjma b iebsjdhe, prcnu`tjve dusjmess tobt obs deem jm cperbtjcm icr bt hebst 9fcmtos. Icr fj`rc GUT, toe upper `renjt hjfjt js Tp4< fjhhjcm wjto bm eiie`tjve jmterest rbte ci44% per yebr, bmn icr retbjh GUT, toe upper `renjt hjfjt js Tp2% per yebr. @renjt types bre wcrgjma `bpjtbh `renjt, wjto b fbxjfuf ci 0 yebrs (jm`bse ci remewbh, supphetjcm, cr restru`turjma, toe fbxjfuf js 9 yebrs) bmn jmvestfemt `renjtwjto b fbxjfuf 5 yebrs (jm toe `bse ci remewbh, supphetjcm, cr restru`turjma, toe fbxjfuf

js 2< yebrs).

^bdhe 2?; Tebhjzen GUT dy Mbtjcmbh Dbmgs, 02 Fbrò 4

Dbmg

Tebhjzen GUT

\hbicmn Cutstbmnjma ^ctbhNedtcrs

Bverbae perNedtcr

(Tp fjhhjcm) (Tp fjhhjcm) (Tp fjhhjcm)

DMJ 2>,009,:24 0,:,559 4>0 1,2? 24 :,9:,:>5,::2 9,545,5>5 025,>04 >1.>D^M >,09?,:94 2,:2?,51> 4>,40? 2?55 9: 24,:.5Dbmg Pybrjbo Fbmnjrj 0,95?,204 2,0?1,49< 54, 24,214,1>0 2


25/37


^bdhe 2:; Tebhjzen GUT

dy \rcvjmè, 02 Fbrò 4Mc. \rcvjmè ^ctbh

\hbicmn Cutstbmnjma ^ctbhNedtcrs (Tp fjhhjcm) (Tp fjhhjcm)

2 Mbmaarce Bèo Nbrussbhbf 4,09>,>:9 9>?,509 29?,>0?4 Mcrto Pufbtrb 1,49>,4?0 4,5:>,04,411

0 Qest Pufbtrb >,90,49 Pcuto Pufbtrb 5,2>9,29: 2,:04,9:: 2:5,>921 Demaguhu 2,21 9,1>90,1112> NJ Zcaybgbrtb 4,:0?,9>0 :1?,>44 415,521

25 Ebst Kbvb 44,2?2,:1,92429 Dbmtem 0, :>?,:1? 29:,10021 Dbhj 0,459,95> 2,? 4>2,4002? Qest Musb êmaabrb 2,?94,?15 5:?,?50 29>,> >:9,595 242,52042 @emtrbh Gbhjfbmtbm 4,24 411 50,44<02 Mcrto Fbhugu 909,5?> 2:: 49,42>00 \bpub 2,10>,9>< 9>>,?1,424,4?< >1,::2,100 2


26/37


^bdhe 4 :,:5:,4:: 2,95:,2>>

Ijsoery ?01,92> 420,1?? 22,9:5Fjmjma 221,040 5,5Ehe`trj`jty, abs, bmn `hebmwbter

1>,5:: 04, 4,>4 220,405Jmnjvjnubh servj`es 2>5,49: 50,?05 2,404Ctoer 29,994,:5? 2,:12,40: 2,20>,9>>^ctbh 2>1,424,4?< >1,::2,100 2


27/37


jfphefemtjma fj`rcijmbmè. ôereicre, Jmncmesjb obs deem femtjcmen bs b pctemtjbh ‘wcrhnhbdcrbtcry‖ icr fj`rcijmbmè.

Desjnes GUT, toe prevjcus `bdjmet umner Pusjhc Dbfdbma Zunocycmc bhsc hbumòen toreectoer spe`jbh `renjt sòefes. ôe bjf ci toe ijrst, Grenjt Getbobmbm \bmabm & Emeraj , js tcseùre iccn bmn emeray. ôe purpcse ci tojs `renjt sòefe js icr hcbms icr wcrgjma bmn/cr

jmvestfemt `bpjtbh cmhy icr ibrfers, torcuao ibrfers‚ bssc`jbtjcm `ccperbtjves. ôe jmterestrbte js set detweem 5% bmn 1% per bmmuf icr b fbxjfuf ci 5 yebrs. ôe se`cmn sòefe jsGrenjt \emaefdbmabm Emeraj Mbdbtj & Tevjtbhjsbsj \ergedumbm wojò bjfs tc suppcrt toenevehcpfemt ci emeray dbsen cm phbmtbtjcm `cffcnjtjes. Jt js b hcbm icr wcrgjma bmn/crjmvestfemt `bpjtbh icr ibrfers torcuao ibrfers‚ bssc`jbtjcms cr `ccperbtjves. ôe jmterestrbte rbmaes ircf b fjmjfuf ci 5% tc b fbxjfuf ci 1% per bmmuf icr 20‐25 yebrs. ôetojrn sòefe js Grenjt Usbob \efdjdjtbm Pbpj, wojò bjfs tc suppcrt seen ijmbm`jma icr`btthe dreenjma bmn js bhsc b hcbm icr wcrgjma bmn/cr jmvestfemt `bpjtbh icr ibrfers, torcuaoibrfers bssc`jbtjcms cr `ccperbtjves. ôe jmterest rbte js detweem 5% bmn 9% per bmmuficr b fbxjfuf ci 9 yebrs.

Ci `curse, woetoer b `renjt cr ijmbm`jbh jm`husjcm prcarbf js `cmsjneren su`èssiuh nepemns

cm toe `rjterjb usen jm bssessjma jt. Jm toe pbst, toe Jmncmesjbm acvermfemt, bs wjtoacvermfemts jm ctoer `cumtrjes, bmn evem jmtermbtjcmbh dcnjes suò bs toe Bsjbm NevehcpfemtDbmg bmn toe Qcrhn Dbmg, usen tc cmhy use toe tctbh mufder ci re`jpjemts bmn toe heveh ci M\Hbs toejr `rjterjb, woere b `renjt prcarbf ijmbm`jma b ojao mufder ci nedtcrs cr FPFEs, jm`cfdjmbtjcm wjto hcw hevehs ci M\H, js `cmsjneren su`èssiuh. ôjs js, ci `curse, mct toe rjaotwby tc bssess toe eiie`tjvemess ci b `renjt prcarbf. ôe fbjm febsure ci toe su`èss ci toeprcarbf socuhn de woetoer b re`jpjemt obs de`cfe detter-cii biter usjma jt sjmè toe fbjm bjfci b `renjt prcarbf cr ijmbm`jbh jm`husjcm js mct tc aet toe ojaoest pcssjdhe mufder ci re`jpjemts,cr toe ojaoest pcssjdhe mufder ci pecphe wjto b`èss tc dbmgs, dut tc jfprcve toejr wehibre.Umicrtumbtehy, dbmgs jmvchven jm GUT cr ctoer `renjt sòefes jm Jmncmesjb obve meverevbhubten toe eiie`tjvemess ci toejr sòefes jm terfs ci òbmaes jm toe wehibre ci toejrnedtcrs.

>.5.4 @obhhemaes jm Tummjma Pu`èssiuh Fj`rcijmbmè Pòefes

Bhtocuao Jmncmesjb obs b hcma ojstcry ci jfphefemtjma fj`rcijmbmè sòefes, wjto toe ijrstcmes stbrtjma jm toe ebrhy 2:1


28/37


dbmgs tobt obve reèmthy emteren toe fj`rcijmbmè ijehn. ôere js stjhh mc èmtrbhfj`rcijmbmè trbjmjma prcvjner jm Jmncmesjb.

(jv) êòmj`bh bssjstbmè bmn `bpb`jty dujhnjma suppcrt tc fj`rcijmbmè prcvjners obvedeem hjfjten dy toe njversjty bmn aecarbpoj`bh sprebn ci toe `cumtry, bmn cmhy b iewcrabmjzbtjcms obve demeijten ircf mcmijmbm`jbh suppcrt, bhtocuao DJ obs reèmthy

trjen tc bnnress tojs prcdhef.(v) ôere js mc icrfbh `renjt durebu jm Jmncmesjb tobt `cuhn de usen tc hcwer rjsgs ci

cver-jmnedtenmess jm brebs ci strcma `cfpetjtjcm (`jtjes bmn tcwms jm fbjm njstrj`ts).Dbmgs jmvchven jm fj`rcijmbmè, suò bs DTJ Umjts bmn D\Ts, exòbmae jmicrfbtjcmrehbtjma tc toejr `hjemts cm bm jmicrfbh dbsjs.

5. EIICT^P ^C B@OJEYE IJMBM@JBH JM@HUPJCM

5.2 Ijmbm`jbh Enu`btjcm

ôe Jmncmesjbm acvermfemt obs re`camjzen tobt toe su`èss ci ijmbm`jbh jm`husjcm nepemnscm fbmy ib`tcrs7 toe fcst jfpcrtbmt cme js toe heveh ci ijmbm`jbh hjterb`y ci toe pcpuhbtjcm.ôjs ib`tcr js `cmsjneren `ru`jbh de`buse toe bverbae heveh ci icrfbh enu`btjcm jm Jmncmesjbjs stjhh hcw (toe fbkcrjty ci toe pcpuhbtjcm cmhy obs b prjfbry enu`btjcm). Jm turm, ijmbm`jbhhjterb`y js nepemnemt cm toree ib`tcrs; ijmbm`jbh enu`btjcm, ijmbm`jbh jmicrfbtjcm, bmn toebvbjhbdjhjty ci ijmbm`jbh tcchs (Ijaure 0) (Qjdcwc 4


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Ijaure 0; ôree Gey Ehefemts tc Bòjeve Ijmbm`jbh Jm`husjcm torcuao Ijmbm`jbhHjterb`y

Ijmbm`jbh hjterb`y

Ijmbm`jbh enu`btjcm Ijmbm`jbh hjterb`y Ijmbm`jbh tcchs

Ijmbm`jbh jm`husjcm

Pcurè; Qjdcwc (4? gjmns ci drcòures cm

sjx tcpj`s obve deem njstrjduten. ôe tcpj`s bre; dbmgjma jmstjtutjcms, ùstcfer `cfphbjmtsbmn fenjbtjcm, sbvjmas bmn jmvestfemts, hcbms, dbmgjma servjès, bmn ctoer jmicrfbtjcm,jm`hunjma tjps icr bnnressjma toe ahcdbh ijmbm`jbh sjtubtjcm (Qjdcwc 4


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ôe fbjm acbh ci toe Jmncmesjbm ijmbm`jbh jm`husjcm pchj`y js tc bòjeve ojao bmn sustbjmbdhee`cmcfj` arcwto bmn sc`jbh wehibre torcuao pcverty renu`tjcm, equjtbdhe jm`cfe njstrjdutjcm,bmn ijmbm`jbh systef stbdjhjty. ôjs wjhh de bòjeven dy `rebtjma b ijmbm`jbh systef tobt `bmde b`èssen dy toe woche pcpuhbtjcm. DJ dehjeves tobt jm`husjve ijmbmè js bm jfpcrtbmtprerequjsjte icr renu`jma pcverty bmn bt toe sbfe tjfe icr sustbjmjma toe `cumtry‚s e`cmcfj`nevehcpfemt bmn arcwto, sjmè ijmbm`jbh jm`husjcm ajves toe pcpuhbtjcm detter b`èss tcijmbm`jbh se`tcr servjès, tous embdhjma toef tc `cmtrjdute fcre tc toe e`cmcfy. ôembtjcmbh strbteay icr ijmbm`jbh jm`husjcm `cmsjsts ci sjx pjhhbrs; (j) ijmbm`jbh enu`btjcm7 (jj)pudhj` ijmbm`jbh ib`jhjty7 (jjj) fbppjma ci ijmbm`jbh jmicrfbtjcm7 (jv) `rebtjcm ci suppcrtjmareauhbtjcms bmn pchj`jes7 (v) bm jmterfenjbry bmn/cr njstrjdutjcm ib`jhjty7 bmn (vj) ùstcferprcte`tjcm (Ijaure 5). ôe bjf ci toe ijrst pjhhbr js tc strematoem ijmbm`jbh enu`btjcm, espe`jbhhyicr hcw-jm`cfe ebrmers wjto toe ocpe tobt jt wjhh òbmae umprcnu`tjve ijmbm`jbh fbmbaefemtdeobvjcr bmn em`curbae toe drcbner utjhjzbtjcm ci ijmbm`jbh servjès. ôe bjf ci toe se`cmnpjhhbr js tc jfprcve pudhj` b`èss tc ijmbm`jbh servjès dy nevehcpjma pbyfemt systefjmirbstru`ture, toe utjhjzbtjcm ci jmicrfbtjcm teòmchcay, bmn e`cmcfj` jmmcvbtjcm metwcrgjmabt toe hc`bh `cffumjty heveh. ôe bjf ci toe tojrn ehefemt js tc prcvjne detter prcijhjma ciijmbm`jbh servjès bmn jmicrfbtjcm cm rehbten servjès tc enu`bte toe pudhj` bmn renuè

fjs`cmèptjcms. ôese rehbten servjès jm`hune toe estbdhjsofemt ci b `renjt rbtjma baem`yicr FPFEs7 b `renjt jmicrfbtjcm durebu7 b nbtbdbse icr umdbmgen pecphe tc de `cfpjhentorcuao b `cfpreoemsjve, dbsehjme survey7 bmn nevehcpfemt ci b Ijmbm`jbh Jnemtjty Mufder(IJM). ôe bjf ci toe icurto `cfpcmemt js tc strematoem toe reauhbtcry irbfewcrg tc stbdjhjzetoe ijmbm`jbh systef bmn tc ium`tjcm bs b reieremè pcjmt icr ctoer jmstjtutjcms tobt jssueijmbm`jbh pchj`y. ôjs irbfewcrg wjhh jm`hune reauhbtjcm ci fuhtj-hjèmsjma icr dbmgs tc jfprcvetoe eiie`tjvemess ci dbmgjma cperbtjcms bmn toe `rebtjcm ci aujnjma prjm`jphes cm drbmòhessdbmgjma tc ib`jhjtbte toe jfphefemtbtjcm ci tojs gjmn ci dbmgjma. ôe bjf ci toe ijito pjhhbr js tcprcvjne detter jmterfenjbry, cr njstrjdutjcm, ib`jhjtjes tc jm`rebse toe b`èss ci umijmbmèn crumdbmgen pecphe tc icrfbh ijmbm`jbh servjès. ôjs wjhh de ncme torcuao b mufder ciprcarbfs jm`hunjma toe mbtjcmbh `bfpbjam ^bdumabmGu (Fy Pbvjma), toe jfphefemtbtjcm ci‘Ptbrt-Up‖ `renjt, bmn toe jfphefemtbtjcm ci drbmòhess dbmgjma. Drbmòhess dbmgjma js b

systef ci pbyfemt bmn hjfjten ijmbm`jbh servjès `cmnu`ten mct dy febms ci b poysj`bh dbmgdrbmò, dut dy febms ci teòmchcay bmn/cr tojrn pbrty servjès. Jt js dejma nevehcpenprjfbrjhy tc serve umdbmgen pecphe. ôe bjf ci toe sjxto pjhhbr js tc prcvjne prcte`tjcm tcùstcfers wjtojm toe dbmgjma se`tcr torcuao prcnu`t trbmspbrem`y, b spe`jbh umjt obmnhjmaùstcfer `cfphbjmts, ùstcfer fenjbtjcm, bmn ùstcfer enu`btjcm (DJ 4


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Mc. 4/4


32/37


umner toe hbw tc nevehcp, reauhbte, bmn supervjse fj`rcijmbmè jmstjtutjcms. ôe CKGjs butocrjzen tc bpprcve toe restru`turjma ci b fj`rcijmbmè jmstjtutjcm torcuao ejtoerb feraer cr `cmschjnbtjcm, bmn jt `bm bhsc bpprcve toe hjqujnbtjcm ci b fj`rcijmbmèjmstjtutjcm.

(vj) Umner toe hbw, severbh requjrefemts fust de iuhijhhen icr toe estbdhjsofemt ci b

fj`rcijmbmè jmstjtutjcm. Jt fust obve b heabh stbtus bs ejtoer b `ccperbtjve cr bhjfjten hjbdjhjty `cfpbmy (\^) bmn jt fust feet toe `bpjtbh requjrefemts. Jt bhsc fustcdtbjm b dusjmess hjèmse ircf toe CKG. Icrejam mbtjcmbhs, bmy emtjty cwmen dyicrejam mbtjcmbhs, bmn icrejam-cwmen emterprjses bre prcojdjten ircf cwmjma bfj`rcijmbmè jmstjtutjcm (Ennyfurtoy bmn Gchcpbgjma 4


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hc`bten torcuaocut toe `cumtry, woere bhh tocse jmvchven jm fj`rcijmbmè `bm reèjvebnnjtjcmbh trbjmjma bmn suppcrt.

Pe`cmn, bs fcst ci toe rehbtjvehy su`èssiuh fj`rcijmbmè prcarbfs obve deem hc`bten jmKbvb bmn Pufbtrb, bmn toe duhg ci toe fj`rcijmbmè jmstjtutjcms bmn prcarbfs jm Jmncmesjbbre hc`bten jm urdbm brebs, toe `cverbae socuhn de expbmnen jmtc ctoer pbrts ci toe `cumtry,

espe`jbhhy rurbh `cffumjtjes cr tocse hjvjma jm hess nevehcpen, jschbten, cr dcrner reajcms,hjge \bpub bmn Gbhjfbmtbm. ^c rebhjze tojs, toree b`tjcms socuhn de tbgem;

(j) Ijmbm`jbh jm`husjcm socuhn icùs cm (b) reauhbtjcms, sc tobt dbmgs fbjmtbjm toejrscumn rjsg fbmbaefemt wjtocut pursujma mcm-`cfpetjtjve bmn mcm-jm`husjvedusjmess prb`tjès, bmn (d) toe `cfpcsjtjcm ci hemnjma, mbfehy tc jm`rebse toe sobreci toe pccr cr FPFEs jm tctbh `renjts, mct cmhy bt toe mbtjcmbh heveh dut, fcrejfpcrtbmthy, bt toe prcvjm`jbh cr njstrj`t heveh, dy jm`rebsjma toe baareabte heveh ciijmbm`jbh jmterfenjbtjcm. ôey socuhn mct icùs cm brtjij`jbhhy pufpjma cut bmnbnfjmjstrbtjvehy bhhc`btjma fcre `renjt.

(jj) Hc`bh crabmjzbtjcms, dcto icrfbh bmn jmicrfbh, tobt obve toe pctemtjbh (dbsen cm toejrùrremt b`tjvjtjes; oufbm rescurès `bpb`jty, espe`jbhhy wjto reieremè tc ijmbm`jbh

fbmbaefemt7 pbst experjemè wjto fj`rcijmbmè7 bmn toejr dusjmess rehbtjcmsojp wjtodbmgs bs fj`rcijmbmè prcvjners) socuhn de ajvem toe ijrst prjcrjty tc de sehe`ten bmnprcfcten bs hc`bh fj`rcijmbmè prcvjners. Può crabmjzbtjcms `bm jm`hune hc`bh`ccperbtjves, pcst ciijès, pbwmsocps, retbjh cuthets, dusjmesses bmn FPFEs,bssc`jbtjcms, icumnbtjcms, MACs, cr evem brjsbms. ôe jmtrcnu`tjcm crjfphefemtbtjcm ci fcdjhe dbmgjma socuhn bhsc de `cmsjneren bs b njstrjdutjcmòbmmeh.

Exjstjma hc`bh fj`rcijmbmè jmstjtutjcms, jm`hunjma tocse jm toe jmicrfbh se`tcr, meen tcde`cfe fcre eiij`jemt bmn `cfpetjtjve. ôjs wcuhn oehp toef tc drjma ncwm toejmterest rbtes cm hcbms bmn `bpjtbhjze cm tojs exèptjcmbh cppcrtumjty tc prcijtbdhy tbpjmtc b hbrae dbse ci pecphe wjto nepcsjts tc ciier. Icr tojs, DJ, hc`bh DTJ, òbfders ci

`cfferè, bmn umjversjtjes socuhn prcvjne teòmj`bh bssjstbmè bmn `bpb`jty-dujhnjma suppcrt.

ôjrn, jm crner tc obve sustbjmbdhe, su`èssiuh fj`rcijmbmè prcarbfs jm Jmncmesjb, toeichhcwjma toree steps socuhn de tbgem;

(j) Bhh jfphefemtjma jmstjtutjcms meen tc cperbte eiij`jemthy bmn de jmnepemnemt ci`cmtjmuen ijmbm`jbh suppcrt ircf toe acvermfemt. ^c jm`rebse toejr cverbhh eiij`jem`y,jfphefemtjma jmstjtutjcms meen tc tbge toe ichhcwjma steps; (b) ôey socuhn bncptstbmnbrns, prjm`jphes, bmn aujnehjmes tobt emsure toe prunemt cperbtjcm ci toeijmbm`jbh jmstjtutjcm cr dbmg jm b wby tobt js jm hjme wjto jmtermbtjcmbh dest prb`tjès.ôjs wcuhn jm`hune bncptjma stbmnbrns rehbtjma tc `renjt bnfjmjstrbtjcm, iumnfbmbaefemt, jmtermbh `cmtrch systefs, bmn stbii nevehcpfemt. \brtmersojps detweem

Jmncmesjb's fj`rcijmbmè prcvjners bmn extermbh b`tcrs, pbrtjùhbrhy djhbterbhs bmnjmtermbtjcmbh MACs, `bm serve bs `cmnujts ci dcto jmtermbtjcmbh dest prb`tjès bmnijmbmè. (d) ôe acvermfemt socuhn sojit rescurès ircf sudsjnjzen prcarbf `renjtstc `bpb`jty dujhnjma ci exjstjma fj`rcijmbmè jmstjtutjcms icr expbmnen cutrebò bmn tcemsure toejr sustbjmbdjhjty. @bpb`jty dujhnjma js meenen, espe`jbhhy jm toe nevehcpfemtci fbmbaefemt bmn stbii sgjhhs. (`) ôere socuhn de pchj`jes tc `rebte `cfpetjtjcm jmfj`rcijmbmè jmstjtutjcm b`tjvjtjes, dcto detweem njiieremt fj`rcijmbmè jmstjtutjcms icrtoe sbfe dcrrcwers (j.e., ocrjzcmtbh `cfpetjtjcm) bmn detweem toe sbfe type cifj`rcijmbmè jmstjtutjcms (j.e., vertj`bh `cfpetjtjcm). ôjs wjhh ajve `hjemts b wjner rbmaeci prcnu`ts.

(jj) ôe fcmetbry butocrjty cr acvermfemt socuhn obve iuhh `cmtrch ci toe arcwjma mufder

ci fj`rcijmbmè jmstjtutjcms bmn toejr wbys ci cperbtjma fetocns. ôjs js pbrtjùhbrhyjfpcrtbmt icr mcmdbmg jmstjtutjcms.

02


34/37


(jjj) Bs toere bre tcc fbmy fj`rcijmbmè servjès prcvjners wjto cverhbppjma tbraets,`cverbae, bmn reauhbtjcms, recrabmjzbtjcm ci fj`rcijmbmè servjès bt dcto toembtjcmbh bmn reajcmbh hevehs js meenen.

Icurto, toe acvermfemt socuhn prcvjne b `cmnu`jve emvjrcmfemt, suppcrten dy hbw, tcemsure toe seùrjty ci toe fj`rcijmbmè jmstjtutjcms bmn tc jmstjhh `cmijnemè jm toef.

Ijito, toe DJ phbm tc estbdhjso b `renjt jmicrfbtjcm durebu socuhn de rebhjzen bs sccm bspcssjdhe wjto ciijès jm bhh `jtjes bmn tcwms jm toe fbjm njstrj`ts. ôjs `cuhn prevemt toe rjsg cicver-jmnedtenmess jm brebs ci strcma `cfpetjtjcm bfcma fj`rcijmbmè jmstjtutjcms.

Ocwever, toe cverbhh su`èss ci prcarbfs cr pchj`jes tc jm`rebse ijmbm`jbh jm`husjcm nces mctcmhy nepemn cm toe qubhjty ci toe pchj`jes toefsehves, dut, bhsc cm bt hebst twc ctoer ib`tcrstobt socuhn de `cmsjneren tc de toe pre`cmnjtjcms ci su`èss. ôese bre ijrst, detter jm`cfecr efphcyfemt cppcrtumjtjes icr tocse jm sc`jety tbraeten icr ijmbm`jbh enu`btjcm tc embdhetoef tc sbve toejr fcmey cr tc cpem b dbmg b``cumt7 bmn se`cmn, ebsy b`èss tc ijmbm`jbhtcchs bmn jmstjtutjcms, tcaetoer wjto toejr suppcrtjma jmirbstru`ture, icr bhh Jmncmesjbms, evemtocse jm refcte cr hess-nevehcpen brebs.

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Umjten Mbtjcms @cmieremè cm ^rbne bmn Nevehcpfemt (UM@^BN). 4

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