Firstaid Training

7/28/2019 Firstaid Training

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Welcome back!

Our aim today is to provide you withthe basic knowledge in First Medical

Aid.


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Principles of First Aid

First aid is the initial/emergency treatment or care of asuddenly sick or injured person before medical personnelarrive. It is the vital immediate care of an injured or

suddenly sick person applies as soon as possible after anaccident or sudden illness.

It is given to prevent death or further injury, tocounteract shock or relieve pain.This prompt care and attention prior to the arrival of

qualified medical personnel can sometimes mean thedifference between life and death, or between a full orpartial recovery. It applies to all ranks


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The main aims of first aid are to:

Preserve life - this includes the life of thecasualty, bystander and rescuer.

Protect the casualty from further harm -

ensure the scene is safe. Provide pain relief - this could include the

use of ice packs or simply applying a sling.

Prevent the injury or illness from becomingworse - ensure that the treatment youprovide does not make the condition worse.

Provide reassurance.


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WHO?

All crew members should be prepared to carryout 1st aid, within their capabilities, in theemergency situation.

A casualty who is not breathing effectively, or isbleeding heavily, requires immediate aid. Prompteffective first aid gives the casualty a muchbetter chance of a good recovery.

It is important that prompt action does not leadto panic, and the first aider should form a planof action. Try to remain calm and think youractions through.


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On finding a casualty:

Look to your own safetydont become the

next casualty; Remove the casualty from danger; Send for help rise Alarm

Start giving treatment.


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Priorities:

Restore breathing and heart beat;

Control bleeding, remove poisons; Prevent further injuries.


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No Respiration/Heart beat:Immediate Actions

Victim Assessment

If there is one person with a problem:* How serious is the situation?* Are there life-threatening problems?* Is the person conscious? Then you need not

check breathing or pulse.* Is the person not conscious? Then CHECKTHE UNCONSCIOUS VICTIM.
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/examining.avihttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/examining.avi


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Check to see if the person isconscious.

Tap or gently shake the person and shout,Are youokay?But do not shake someone who might have aneck or back injury. That could make it worse.

The causes of unconsciousness are many and difficult todetermine. You must first take care of the immediatethreats to life. Check for breathing and heartbeat.

If breathing / heart beat are OK and there are notreatable signs or symptoms, place the casualty in theRecovery Position and monitor closely.


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Recovery Position:

The patient placed in a "face -to-the-floor" position, and witharms and legs arranged in orderto stabilize this position.

This position ensures that anopen airway (breezing) is

maintained.
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/recoverypos.avihttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/recoverypos.avi


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Rescue Breathing and CPR

Doing CPR the wrong way or on a person whoseheart is still beating can cause serious harm. Do notdo CPR unless:

An adult is not breathing normally (may be gasping forbreath), or a child is not breathing at all.

The person does not breathe or move in response to rescuebreaths.

No one with more training in CPR than you is present. Ifyou are the only one there, do the best you can.

If the person does not respond do not delay, get thepatient on his back on a hard surface and follow thesesteps:
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/CPR.AVIhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/CPR.AVI


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Step 1: Check for breathing for 5 to 10seconds.

Kneel next to the person with your head close to hisor her head.

Look to see if the person's chest rises and falls.

Listen for breathing sounds. Put your cheek near the person's mouth and nose tofeel whether air is moving out.

If an adult is not breathing normally or if a child is

not breathing at all, roll the person onto his or herback. If you think the person might have a neck orback injury, gently roll the person's head, neck, andshoulders together as a unit.


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Step 2: Start rescue breaths.

Put your hand on the person's forehead, and

pinch the person's nostrils shut with your thumband finger. Use your other hand to tilt the chinupward to keep the airway open.

Take a normal breath (not a deep one), andplace your mouth over the person's mouth,making a tight seal. For a baby, place your

mouth over the baby's mouth and nose. Blowinto the person's mouth for 1 second, and watchto see if the person's chest rises.

If the chest does not rise, tilt the person's headagain, and give another breath.

Between rescue breaths, remove your mouth

from the person's mouth and take a normalbreath. Let his or her chest fall, and feel the airescape.

If the person is still not breathing normally after2 rescue breaths, start chest compressions.


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Step 3: Start chest compressions.

For an adult or child older than 1 year:

Kneel next to the person. Use your fingers to locate the end of theperson's breastbone, where the ribs come together. Place twofingers at the tip of the breastbone.

Place the heel of the other hand right above your fingers (on theside closest to the person's face).


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Positioning your hands for chest compressions:

For adults and larger children, use both hands to give compressions. Stackyour other hand on top of the one that you just put in position. Lace thefingers of both hands together, and raise your fingers so they do not touchthe chest.

For smaller children, use the heel of one hand to give compressions. Straighten your arms, lock your elbows, and centre your shoulders directly

over your hands.


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Positioning your arms and body fordoing chest compressions:

Press down in a steady rhythm, using your bodyweight. The force from each thrust should gostraight down onto the breastbone, pressing it

down 4 cm to 5 cm for an adult or from one-third to one-half of the chest's depth for a child.Give 30 compressions. Push hard and pushfast (at a rate of 100 compressions per minute).

After 30 compressions, give 2 rescue breaths. Keep repeating the cycle of 30 compressions

and 2 breaths until help arrives or until theperson is breathing normally.


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For a baby under 1 year:

Picture a line connecting the nipples, and placetwo fingers on the baby's breastbone just belowthat line. Press the chest one-third to one-half ofthe way down. Give 30 compressions.

After 30 chest compressions, give 2 rescuebreaths.

Keep giving repeating the cycle of 30compressions and 2 breaths until help arrives orthe baby is breathing normally.


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Bleeding: Immediate Actions

A human body contains approximately 5litres of blood. A healthy adult can lose upto 0,5 litres blood without ill effect, but theloss of more than this can be lifethreatening.

Hemorrhage from major blood vessels canoccur so rapidly that unless controlled,death can occur in a few minutes.


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How to stop bleeding from askin wound

If emergency treatment is not needed,bleeding can usually be stopped by applying

steady, direct pressure and elevating thewound.


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Stop the bleeding Have the injured person lie down and elevate the site that is bleeding. Remove any visible objects in the wound that are easy to remove. Control the

bleeding before trying to clean the wound. Remove or cut clothing from around the wound. Remove any jewellery from the

general area of the wound so if the area swells, the jewellery will not affect bloodflow.

Apply steady, direct pressure for a full 15 minutes. Use a clock15 minutes canseem like a long time. Resist the urge to peek after a few minutes to see whetherbleeding has stopped. If blood soaks through the cloth, apply another one withoutlifting the first. If there is an object in the wound, apply pressure around the object,not directly over it.

If moderate to severe bleeding has not slowed or stopped after 15 minutes,continue direct pressure and elevate the injured area while transporting the injuredperson to a medical facility. Do not use a tourniquet to stop the bleeding. Do allyou can to keep the wound clean and avoid further injury to the area.

If after 15 minutes of steady pressure mild bleeding (more than just oozing smallamounts of blood) recurs when the pressure is released, reapply direct pressure to

the wound for another 15 minutes. Direct pressure may be applied up to 3 times for15 minutes each (45 minutes total). If mild bleeding continues after 45 minutes ofdirect pressure, use the Check Your Symptoms section to determine your next steps.


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Watch for signs of Shock

While following the steps to stop the bleeding,watch for signs of shock in the injured person,including:

Weakness, dizziness, and fainting. Cool, pale, clammy skin. Weak, fast pulse. Shallow, fast breathing.

Low blood pressure. Extreme thirst, nausea, or vomiting. Confusion or anxiety.


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Shock

Definition:

Shock is a decrease in the vital functions of the variousorgans of the body, caused by an inadequate supply of bloodor oxygen deficiency.

Shock may develop as the result of sudden illness or injury, orbleeding. When the body cannot get enough blood to the vitalorgans, it goes into shock. Sometimes even a mild injury willlead to shock.

Shock is a life-threatening condition. If a persondevelops signs of shock, begin treatment immediately.


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Prompt treatment can save theperson's life.

Have the person lie down. If there is an injury to the head, neck, orchest, keep the legs flat. Otherwise, raise the person's legs atleast 30 cm.

If the person vomits, roll him or her to one side to let fluids drainfrom the mouth. Use care if there could be an injury to the back orneck.

Stop any bleeding, and splint any broken bones. Keep the person warm but not hot. Put a blanket under the person,

and cover him or her with a sheet or blanket, depending on theweather. If the person is in a hot place, try to keep the person cool.

Relieve pain as quickly as possible. Try to keep the person calm.


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Choking Rescue Procedure(Heimlich Manoeuvre)

Overview

Choking is usually caused by food or an objectstuck in the windpipe.

A person who is choking cannot talk, cough, orbreathe, and may turn grey or blue. TheHeimlich manoeuvre can help get the food orobject out.

WARNING: Do not try the Heimlich manoeuvreunless you are sure the person is choking.


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Heimlich Manoeuvre

The Heimlich manoeuvre is anemergency technique for

preventing suffocation whena victim's airway becomesblocked. It can be usedsafely on both adults and

children, but is notrecommended for infantsless than 1 year old.


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Heimlich Manoeuvre

If the person is conscious and standing, first ask them to bend forward

and cough. If this fails: Stand behind them. Put your arms around his abdomen, mid-way between umbilicus and xiphoid

process (not on the xiphoid process or over the lower rib cage). One hand makes a fist, with the thumb against the abdomen. The other

hand grasps the fist of the first hand. With a sharp movement of the hands presses up and into the abdomen, to

dislodge the foreign body.

With a foreign body in the airway of an unconscious patient,compressions should be performed instead of the Heimlichmanoeuvre2. However the method for performing the Heimlichmanoeuvre in an unconscious patient is:

The manoeuvre can be performed with the casualty lying on their back. Sit astride the unconscious victim (above the knees) and place the heel of a

hand in the upper abdominal area below the xiphoid process. Repeated thrusts may be needed.

Sweep the mouth with a finger to remove the foreign body.
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/09c%20adult_choking_small.wmvhttp://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/40001960/http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/40001960/http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/40001960/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/09c%20adult_choking_small.wmvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/09c%20adult_choking_small.wmv


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Chocking hazard:

Children The Heimlich manoeuvre can be used in older

children.

The Heimlich manoeuvre should not beperformed on small children. Back blows(use the heel of the hand to strikeforcefully between the scapulae, with the

patient leaning forwards) or chest thrustsshould be used instead


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Electrical Shock First Aid: 1. If safely possible, shut off the electrical current. Unplug the cord, remove the fuse from the

fuse box, or turn off the circuit breakers if possible. Often, simply turning off the appliance itselfwill not stop the flow of electricity.

2. Call for medical help. 3. If the current can't be turned off, use a non-conducting object, such as a broom, chair, rug, or

rubber doormat to push the victim away from the source of the current. Don't use a wet or metalobject. If possible, stand on something dry and non-conducting, such as a mat or foldednewspapers. Do not attempt to rescue a victim near active high-voltage lines.

4. Once the victim is free from the source of electricity, check the victim's airway, breathing, andpulse. If either has stopped or seems dangerously slow or shallow, initiate first aid (CPR).

5. If the victim has a burn, remove any clothing that comes off easily, and rinse the burned areain cool running water until the pain subsides. Give first aid for burns.

6. If the victim is faint, pale, or shows other signs ofshock, lay the victim down, with the headslightly lower than the trunk of the body and the legs elevated, and cover the person with a warmblanket or a coat.

7. Stay with the victim until medical help arrives.

8. Electrical injury is frequently associated with explosions or falls that can cause additionaltraumatic injuries, including both obvious external injuries and concealed internal injuries. Avoidmoving the victim's head or neck if a spinal injury is suspected. Administer appropriate first aid asneeded for other wounds or fractures.


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Do Not:

DO NOT touch the victim with your bare hands whilethe person is still in contact with the source of electricity. DO NOT remove dead skin or break blisters if the victim

has acquired burns. DO NOT apply ice, butter, ointments, medications, fluffy

cotton dressings, or adhesive bandages to a burn. DO NOT touch the skin of someone who is beingelectrocuted.

DO NOT get within 20 feet of someone who is beingelectrocuted by high-voltage electrical current until the

power is turned off. DO NOT move a victim of electrical injury unless thereis immediate danger.


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Carrying Methods

Firemans Lift
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/fireman's_lift.avihttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/fireman's_lift2.avihttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/fireman's_lift.avi


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Drag Method:

The following handling method is calledDrag Method: Unbutton the casualty's

jacket and pull it back under the head.Pull the casualty along the ground.Shouldpreferably not be done if help is available.
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/drag_method.avihttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/drag_method.avihttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/drag_method.avihttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/drag_method.avi


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Fireman's Lift.

The following way to carry an injured orunconscious person may be efficient

when the carrier need to have one armfree.


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Four-hand-seat

The following method is very suitable fortransporting a casualty with two firstaiders. This method is used to carry a

conscious casualty who can assistthe bearers by using one or two arms tohold on.


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Two-hand-seat.

Two first aiders are to carry a casualtywho is unable to assist the bearers.


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Fore-and-aft-carry


casualty with serious injuries up ordown stairs or along passageways.


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Chair method


casualty with serious injuries up ordown stairs or along passageways.


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Using Stretchers:

Three Mans Lift

Clothes Lift

Correct lifting method
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/threeman'slift.avihttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/clotheslift.avihttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/correct_lift.avihttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/correct_lift.avihttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/clotheslift.avihttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/threeman'slift.avi


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Conclusion

Each emergency is different, so it is impossible toprovide you with a precise list of things youneed to do for every emergency. However, ifyou follow the principles of first aid as outlined,you should deliver appropriate care, even if youare not sure of what the underlying problem is.

However, it is important to understand that firstaid has its limitations and does not take theplace of professional medical treatment.

Documents

Firstaid Training