Fish….finally!!

Body parts of a FishDraw with me!

1. Caudal Finused for forward motion and

acceleration

2. Dorsal Fin- singular fin for swimming stability

3. Anal Fin- used to prevent rolling/tipping

4. Pectoral Fin (paired fin)-locomotion and side to side movement

5. Pelvic Fin- for stability

6. Spines-sometimes present, for protection

7. Operculum- covers and protects gills (not in sharks)

8. Lateral Line- Sensory canals used to detect changes in water pressure around the fish (similar to human

ear)

Classification

•Kingdom- Animalia•Phylum- Chordata•Sub Phylum- Vertebrata•3 Classes- Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes

Class 1:AgnathaJawless fish: Lampreys,

Hagfish

Types of Agnathans•Hagfish- Ocean

scavengers, not much is known about them.

•Lamprey- some salt mostly freshwater, they are parasitic and prey on other fish.

* Both have cartilagenous skeletons and sucker-like mouths.

Class 2:Chondricthyes

Cartilagenous Fish: Shark, Ray

CARTILAGE- material that is lighter and more flexible than bone

Chondrichthyes• Related to lampreys (cartilage) but have movable JAWS

with teeth• Evolved as modified gill arches that allow for predatory

lifestyle• Mouth is almost always

ventral

Class 2: Chondrichthyes

•Strong paired lateral fins forefficient swimming

•Most do not have an operculum, must keep moving to breathe.

Chondrichthyes cont’d•Special scales feel like sandpaper

called placoid scales w/ same composition as teeth

Types of Chondrichthyes•Sharks• Nurse, Basking,

Great White, Whale, Tiger, Saw, Hammerhead, Bull

• Rays• Manta and

Stingray•Skates

Sharks• Shaped for fast swimming• Some sharks have ability to move

water into their gills without swimming (nurse shark)

Shark sleep• Great white and hammerhead NEED to

move to breath, but they do sleep

• Don’t sleep like humans, they “rest” parts of brain while

swimming

Teeth• Teeth are modified scales

• Only fossil remnant sharks leave behind

• Rows of sharp

triangular teeth

that shift forward

when one is lost

Reproduction

• Some sharks give birth to live young,

called shark pups. Other sharks lay eggs.

• Most sharks hatch from their eggs while still in the mother shark. They live off of their egg yolk and other eggs inside the mother shark until they are born.

Sharks come in all sizes

Dwarf dog shark Whale shark

6.5 inches

59 ft

Filter Feeders• Whale Shark- Largest of all fish

• They are filter feeders (eat plankton)

• Have mouth at front of head, rather than ventral

• Basking Shark- swims with mouth wide open and takes in plankton too

BASKING SHARK

Lemon SharkFICTION?

Lemon SharkOr FACT?

Great White Shark• Ocean Acrobats• The only shark that can hold their heads up out

of water• Usually attack prey from underneath

(coloration advantage)

Can swim 45 mph!!

Great white cont’d

• GW’s are not warm blooded, but do have a higher body temperature than surroundings

• This offers higher activity level due to an increase in muscle power

Tiger Sharks

Garbage Cans of the Ocean

They eat anything they can and help keep

the ocean clean

Meet the bullshark

• Manta, and Sting Rays- live in shallow water, have mouths located on the underside, are fairly docile, wide flat bodies and wing-like fins that are flexible.

Sharks have a bad reputation• Here’s a list of movies that all depict sharks in some way• Jaws series (1975, 1978, 1983, 1987)• Tintorera (1977)• Great White (1980)• Cruel Jaws (1995)• Deep Blue Sea (1999)• Shark Attack series (1999, 2001, 2002)• Open Water (2003)• Red Water (2003)• Shark Tale (2004)

“Vicious shark rips girl’s arm off”

• Bethany Hamilton was spread all over the media after a shark attack while surfing

Let’s calculate the odds

• The odds Odds (lifetime) of dying in a shark attack: about 1 in 1.8 million (for years in which there was a shark attack death).

• Odds of dying in a car crash: 1 in 228. • In a plane (or other powered aircraft) crash: 1

in 6,137. • From a fall: 1 in 229. • In a lightning strike: 1 in 56,439.

Cont’d

• In an earthquake: 1 in 120,161.

• In a flood: 1 in 413,887.

• By being shot to death by someone else: 1 in 315.

• From an accidental fireworks discharge: 1 in 744,997.

• Sharks explore their surroundings with their mouths

• Most sharks “attacks” never involve removing flesh

• We resemble their normal prey

Sharks may be confused• Shark feeding is becoming more and

more popular as a tourist attraction and sharks are relating humans to food

Humans are shark’s #1 Predators

Humans hunt and kill sharks for several reasons

To eatTo eat

CosmeticsCosmetics

PillsPills

PrizesPrizes

Test their masculinityTest their masculinity

Cosmetics

• The gallbladder and part of the shark’s liver have been shown to improve acne and other skin complaints

Pills

• Health pills made from shark’s liver claim to reduce the incident of heart disease and cancer, and to increase longevity.

Shark Fin Soup

• Shark fin is said to give soup a certain desirable texture

• So fisherman catch sharks, remove their fins, and dump the shark back into water to die

Testing our Strength

• Man has been hunting

sharks for years to prove

we’re the dominant

species

Sharks have poor eyesight

NO! Sharks’ eyes, which are equipped to distinguish colors, employ a lens up to seven times as powerful as a human's.

Some shark species can detect a light that is as much as ten times dimmer than the dimmest light the average person can see.

Most sharks are harmful to people - Untrue!

• Of the more then 375 shark species, about 80% are unable to hurt people or rarely encounter people.

Sharks have peanut-sized brains. No!

• Sharks' relatively large and complex brains are comparable in size to those of advanced animals like mammals and birds.

• Sharks can be trained.

Osteichthyes: Bony Fish

About 23,000 different species

Study of ICHTHYOLOGY

Types of OsteichthyesRay Finned:

– Most fish are this type– Fins are supported by bony

structures called Rays.

Lobe Finned:– Fins are long, fleshy, muscular,

supported by central core of bones.

– Thought to be ancestors of amphibians.

– Examples are: Coelacanth, Lungfish

Body Shape• Related to lifestyle

• Fusiform (streamlined body)-helps move through water easy, fast swimmer

-Ex: Sharks, Tuna, Marlins

Body Shape Cont’d

• Laterally Compressed- leisurely swimming around coral/kelp

-Ex: Angelfish, damselfish, butterfly fish

• Flatfish- actually laterally compressed. Adapted to live on bottom

• Lie on side, both eyes on top– (born w/ eyes on each side)

FLOUNDERSOLE

HALIBUT

• Dorsoventrally flattened- demersal fish

-Ex: Rays, skates

• Elongated body- live in narrow spaces

-Ex: moray eels, trumpet fish, pipefish

• Round- porcupine fish

Trumpet Fish

StonefishBlennies

Coloration

LIONFISHCRYPTIC

WARNING

DISRUPTIVE

COUNTER SHADING

Coloration• Pigmented chromatophores

*Some can control them

• Iridophores- crystals stored in special chromatophores. Iridescent look.

Scales• Skin covered with scales• Thin, round disks of highly modified

bone that grow from pockets of skin• Overlap like roof shingles, all pointing

toward tail to minimize friction

Cycloid or ctenoid scales

Locomotion• Rhythmic side to side motion

• swim bladder for buoyancy and lift

-pectoral fins used to hover and swim backwards

Fins

Different Dorsal Fins

Fish Circulation• Fish heart has 2 chambers• Single loop circulation

• Blood flows into gills, picks up O2, goes to the body, returns to the heart.

Gills

• Gills supported by bony gill arches • Each arch has a pair of thin, fleshy,

capillary filled projections called gill filaments

• Each filament has little disks called lamellae to surface area for more O2 absorption

Fish Respiration• Water flows over Gills as fish

opens mouth and swims.• Water flows opposite direction

of blood flow (countercurrent system)

• Higher conc. of O2 in water than in blood

• O2 diffuses from the water into the blood.

Water passes over gill and gives up much of its O2, it meets O2

poor blood that is “hungry” for what O2 remains.

Oxygen content in water is ALWAYS HIGHER than that in the blood

Schooling Behavior• Well coordinated units or groups

• No leader

• Vision is key, copy behavior of neighbor

Why school?• Protects against predation

• Causes confusion, encircle a predator

• Hard to pick out one

• Maybe… swimming efficiency (fish in front reduces water resistance)

Fish Reproduction• Most Fish reproduce sexually, and

fertilize their eggs externally (Sharks-internally).

• Spawning is the process of fertilizing eggs, triggered by favorable conditions/hormones

• Baby fish are called FRY.

Hermaphrodites• Some marine hamlet fish are

hermaphrodites – Although they could fertilize own eggs,

they still cross fertilize

• Found in many deep sea fish when mates are hard to find

Sex Reversal• Most prevalent in some sea basses, grouper,

parrotfish, wrasses, clown

• male female (protandry)

female male (protogyny)

• controlled by sex hormones but triggered by social cues– i.e.: absence of dominant female in

hierarchy

Osmosis

• Movement of water towards a higher solute concentration

• 3.Osmosis: diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

•Water moves freely through pores.

•Solute (green) too large to move across.

Osmosis animation

Passive Transport: 3. Osmosis

Hypotonic Solution

Hypotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell.

Result: Water moves from the solution to inside the cell): Cell Swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!

• Osmosis Animations for

isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic

solutions

Hypertonic Solution

Hypertonic: The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell.

Result: Water moves from inside the cell into the solution: Cell shrinks (Plasmolysis)!

• Osmosis Animations for

isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic

solutions

shrinks

Isotonic SolutionIsotonic: The concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell.

Result: Water moves equally in both directions and the cell remains same size! (Dynamic Equilibrium)

• Osmosis Animations for

isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic

solutions

What type of solution are these cells in?

A CB

Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic

Osmoregulation

• Marine fish have blood LESS salty than waterthey will LOSE water through osmosis

• Replace lost water by swallowing seawater

• Excrete low amounts of SALTY urine

• Freshwater fish have opposite problem

• Blood is more salty than freshwater its in

• Water diffuses into body

• Must release high amounts of dilute urine

Let’s Get Ready to Rumble…..

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Lamprey Spawning Behavior

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Fish Adaptations• Lateral Line System- used to detect

vibrations, orient the fish in water, it is a line of cells running down the side of the fish.

• Operculum- gill cover, movement of operculum allows more water to be drawn in.

• Swim Bladder- a gas filled sac that helps the fish maintain buoyancy. Sharks don’t have a swim bladder!

• Fins- Dorsal, Caudal, Pectoral, Pelvic, Anal.

Adaptations

Air Bladder Operculum Lateral Gills Line

Fins

Just Amazing!!!!

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Amaaaaaaaazing!!!

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Speed Demon…

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Fooling w/ Mom Nature

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