Flow chart of the production chain of soya (bean) meal and ... Assessment Soya.pdf · 51 EFISC Guide – Sector reference document on the manufacturing of safe feed materials from

OUTSIDE EU

INSIDE EU

Flow chart of the production chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products for feed application in the EU

(1) Cultivation of soya (beans)

(2) Drying at primary production

Soya (beans)

Dried soya (beans)

(A) Transport

Characters between brackets refer to those on the following sheets

Storage

(D) Transport by ocean going

vessel

Crushing of soya (beans)

Production of soya (bean) meal

Hulls Crude

lecithins

Separation of soya (bean) hulls

Production of crude oil

(3) Crushing of soya (beans)

(3.3) Production of soya (bean) meal

Hulls Crude

lecithins

(3.4) Separation of soya (bean) hulls

(3.1) Production of crude oil

Used bleaching earth

(4) Refining

(4.1) Production of refined soya

(bean) oil

(4.2) Production of

soy fatty acid distillates

(4.4) Production of soy deo-distillates

(4.3) Production

of soy acid oils

Soy acid oils

Soy fatty acid distillates

Soy deodistillates

(Sem

i batc

h re

fining

)

Soya (bean) hulls

Soya (bean) meal

Soya (bean) hulls

Soya (bean) meal (A) Transport

Storage

(D) Transport by ocean going vessel (C) Storage

(B) Transport

EU FEED

INDUSTRY (A) Transport

Refined soya (bean) oil

Blending (C) Storage

(B) Transport

(B) Transport (C) Storage

Used bleaching earth

Refining

Production of refined soya

(bean) oil

Production of soy fatty

acid distillates

Production of soy

deodistillates

Production of soy

acid oils

Soy acid oils

Soy fatty acid distillates

Soy deo distillates

(Sem

i batc

h re

fining

)

Refined soya (bean) oil

(B) Transport

Storage

(B) Transport

Crude degummed soya (bean) oil

Crude degummed soya (bean) oil

(B) Transport

Production of crude lecithins (gums)

Filter aids

Soap stocks

Filter aids

Soap stocks

(3.2) Production of crude lecithins (gums)

EFISC Code – Sector reference document on the manufacturing of safe feed materials from oilseed crushing and vegetable oil refining 45

46EFISC Guide – Sector reference document on the manufacturing of safe feed materials from oilseed crushing and vegetable oil refining

FeedRisk assessment of the chain of soya (bean) meal and oil products

1. Cultivation of soya (beans)*

HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS RISKCLASS. JUSTIFICATION

LEGISLATION, INDUSTRYSTANDARDS AND/ORCONTRACT TERMS

CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS

Pesticide residues abovethe MRL, i.e. residues ofherbicides, insecticides,fungicides or rodenticidesabove the MRL.

C The countries of export of soya (beans)(USA, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay)work with positive lists for the use ofpesticides during cultivation which, forsome substances, may conflict withEuropean pesticide residue legislation.Regular monitoring of pesticides on soya(beans) shows that residue levels remainwithin legal limits.

EC Regulation 396/2005prohibits putting intocirculation commodities thatdo not comply with the MRLsset in the annexes. ECRegulation No. 178/2006establishes Annex I that liststhe food and feed products forwhich pesticide residue limitsapply. Regulation 149/2008establishes Annexes II, III andIV that sets the MRLs for theproducts listed in Annex I.

Non-EU-authorised GMOs B Different pace of approval of new GMOsbetween EU and third countries fromwhich oilseeds are imported. Risk oftraces of non-EU-authorised GMOsending up in EU imported oilseeds.

This is an issue of legalcompliance, rather than oneon food safety.

Phytotoxins C Soya (beans) may contain weeds. Directive 2002/32/EC limitsthe maximum content of toxicweed seeds.

Visual inspection of soya(beans) is recommended as acontrol measure.

* Assessment of risks outside the EU is out of the scope of this document. See Methodology document paragraph 2.3 for more information.



2. Drying of soya (beans) at primary production*


LEGISLATION, INDUSTRYSTANDARDS AND/OR CONTRACT

TERMSCONTROL MEASURE REMARKS

Contaminants caused bydrying

- dioxin C Burning of waste may result indioxin formation. Up to nowthe crushers have founddioxin levels in crude soya(bean) oil to be lower thandetection limit.

Code of Practice for theprevention and reduction ofdioxin and dioxin-like PCBcontamination in foods and feeds(Codex CAC/RCP 62-2006).

Good Manufacturing Practicesrecommend using fuels which are notgenerating dioxins and dioxin-likecompounds and other harmfulcontaminants.

In case of direct heating, properburners should be used. Monitoring isregarded necessary to ensure thatdrying or heating processes do notresult in elevated levels of dioxinsand dioxin-like PCBs. No use ofwaste products as a fuel for directdrying.

Feed materials derived fromsoya (beans) have to comply with thelimits for dioxin and dioxin-like PCBsof the Directive 2002/32/EC.

* Assessment of risks outside the EU is out of the scope of this document. See Methodology document, paragraph 2.3 for more information.



Utilities: soya (beans) crushing, oil refining andprocessing




Hydraulic oils or lubricantsfrom equipment

C Low High 3 Hydraulic oils and lubricants may containtoxic compounds.

The prerequisite programmeshould assure that thecontamination of product withnon-food grade hydraulic oilsor lubricants is avoided andthat the risk of contaminationof the product with food gradehydraulic oils and lubricants isminimised. The prerequisiteprogramme could involverecording of the quantitiesused.

Contaminants in watersuch as PFOS and PFOA

C Low Medium 2 Water is used in the crushing and refiningprocess.

For manufacture of feed,according to Regulation183/2005/EC water usedshall be of suitable quality.

Cleaning agents and boilerchemicals

C Medium Medium 3 Cleaning agents and steam (using boilerchemicals) come into contact with theproduct.

Cleaning agents used in theproduction system should beflushed. Cleaning agents andboiler chemicals must besuitable for use in the foodindustry.

Thermal heating fluids(THF) from equipment

C Medium High 4 THF may still be used by non-FEDIOLmembers.

According to the FEDIOLCode of Practice on theHeating of Edible Oils duringProcessing, the use of THF isnot allowed.

Use hot water or steamheating. Otherwise, a controlmeasure should assure thatthe contamination of productwith thermal heating fluids isavoided.



3. Crushing of soya (beans)




Toxins from pest controlmaterials

C Low High 3 Poisoned grain from open boxes couldend up in the food chain.

A pest control programmemust be applied that issuitable for use in the foodchain.

Toxic compounds fromhexane such as benzene

C Low High 3 Industrial hexane may contain toxiccompounds.

Directive 2009/32/EC setspurity criteria for the use ofhexane during the crush ofoilseeds.

Food grade hexane must beused.

Foreign material like glass,wood, metals, etc.

P Medium Medium 3 Foreign material may be present. A system should be in placethat removes foreign material.



3.1 Production of crude oil




Contaminants from filteraids

C Low High 3 The crude oil can potentially washcontaminants out of the filter aid.

Use of filter aids that aresuitable for the food industry.

Mineral oils from a failingrecovery system

C Medium Medium 3 Food grade low-medium viscosity mineraloils are used for hexane recovery. It is inthe interest of the crusher to recover asmuch hexane as possible, and to thusmaintain the recovery system well.

Mineral oil of the recoverysystem must be of food gradequality. The prerequisiteprogramme should assurethat the contamination ofproduct with non-food gradeoils is avoided and that therisk of contamination of theproduct with food grade oils isminimised. The prerequisiteprogramme could involverecording of the quantitiesused.

The Dutch GMP-limit forC (10-40) in oils is 400mg/kg.


C Low* Medium 2 Regular monitoring of pesticide residueson soya (beans) shows that residue levelsremain within legal limits.

Regulation 396/2005 setslimits for residues ofpesticides. This regulationallows using a processing/concentration factor forpesticides into processedproducts, providing foodsafety is assured.The FEDIOL position(11SAF181) concludes thatbased on the average oilcontent in soybeans rangingfrom 18%-21%, a processingfactor of 5 should be used toestablish the MRL in soybeanoil.

*Certain origins ofsoybeans can have amedium chance ofexceeding the MRL forparticular pesticideresidues.

Pesticides residues aslisted in EU Directive2002/32 for undesirablesubstances in feeding stuff

C very low High 2 Some of the banned pesticides may bepresent in the environment. The chance offinding them in crude soya (bean) oil,however, is very low. The use ofendosulfan is allowed on soya (beans).Monitoring data show that its residue incrude oil remains within the legal limit.

Directive 2002/32/EC setslimits for a number ofpesticides residues in feedingstuff.

Hexane that resides in thecrude oil after recovery

C High little 3 After hexane extraction of the oil andsubsequent hexane recovery from the oil,traces of hexane will reside in the crude

Feed Marketing Regulation767/2009 stipulates that feedmaterials shall be free from

Toxicologicalassessments show thatcrude soya oil with



oil. chemical impurities resultingfrom the manufacturingprocess and from processingaids, unless a maximumcontent is fixed in theCatalogue. The Catalogue ofFeed Materials, Regulation68/2013 introduces athreshold for the setting ofmax contents for thesechemical impurities of 0.1%(1000 ppm).

hexane levels of up to1000 ppm is feed safe.FOSFA has a flash pointlimit at 121 ̊C, which isrelated to transport andstorage safety.



3.2 Production of crude lecithins




Mineral oils from a failingrecovery system

C Medium Medium 3 Food grade low-medium viscosity mineraloils are used for hexane recovery. It is inthe interest of the crusher to recover asmuch hexane as possible, and to thusmaintain the recovery system well.

Mineral oil of the recoverysystem must be of food gradequality. The prerequisiteprogramme should assurethat the contamination ofproduct with non-food gradeoils is avoided and that therisk of contamination of theproduct with food grade oils isminimised. The prerequisiteprogramme could involverecording of the quantitiesused.

The Dutch GMP-limit forC (10-40) in oils is 400mg/kg.


C Low* Medium 2 Regular monitoring of pesticide residueson soya (beans) shows that residue levelsmay exceed legal limits.

Regulation 396/2005 setslimits for residues ofpesticides. This regulationallows using a processing/concentration factor forpesticides into processedproducts, providing foodsafety is assured.

Check incoming soybeans orthe crude lecithins. In case ofa pesticide residue levelexceeding the limit, a feedsafety assessment should becarried out.




Directive 2002/32/EC setslimits for a number ofpesticides residues in feedingstuff.

Hexane that resides in thecrude lecithins afterrecovery

C High little 3 After hexane extraction of the oil andsubsequent hexane recovery from the oil,traces of hexane will reside in the crudeoil.

Feed Marketing Regulation767/2009 stipulates that feedmaterials shall be free fromchemical impurities resultingfrom the manufacturingprocess and from processingaids, unless a maximumcontent is fixed in theCatalogue. The Catalogue ofFeed Materials, Regulation68/2013 introduces athreshold for the setting ofmax contents for thesechemical impurities of 0.1%

Toxicologicalassessments show thatfeed materials withhexane levels of up to1000 ppm are feed safe.FOSFA has a flash pointlimit at 121 ̊C, which isrelated to transport andstorage safety.



(1000 ppm).

Pathogens B Low Medium 2 Microbiological growth as a result ofcondensation of water evaporated fromthe wet gums.



3.3 Production of soya (bean) expeller and meal




Dioxin from anti-cakingagent

C Low High 3 Anti-caking agent is of mineral origin andmay contain dioxin by nature. Dioxin istoxic to humans and animals.

Regulation 2439/1999/ECsets quality criteria for anti-caking agents.

Purchase anti-caking agent offeed grade quality.

Salmonella B High High 4 Salmonella is the major hazard formicrobiological contamination of feed.Salmonella are widespread in theenvironment and each link in the foodchain, from the producers up to andincluding the consumers has a role to playin reducing the risk of Salmonella harminganimals or humans. FEDIOL together withthree other associations representing thesuppliers and consumers of feed, ieFEFAC, COCERAL and COPA-COGECAhave accepted responsibility for issuingguidance for industry to help it controlSalmonella and have published the“Common principles for the managementof the Salmonella risk in the feed chain” inJune 2011. The European Guide to goodpractice for the industrial manufacture ofsafe feed materials has been amended soas to comply with these principles.

FEDIOL, FEFAC, COCERAL,COPA-COGECA Commonprinciples for themanagement of theSalmonella risk in the feedchain.

The operator’s PRPprogramme is to cover thefollowing measures:a) Preserving feed materialsfrom contamination duringprocessing and storage eg byclosed systems, hygienepractices, or by separating thepremises into hygienic zonesas appropriate.b) Applying time andtemperature control on theDesolventiser Toaster (DT).c) Apply moisture control ofthe meals/expellers

If the monitoring systemindicates that Salmonella isfound in the finished feedmaterial, the following actionsshall be considered:oCarry out serotyping and

traceability to identify thesource of contamination;

oReview processingconditions and relevant pre-requisite programs

oAdditional cleaning ofstorage and vehicles (whereappropriate);

oAdditional cleaning of plantand equipment;

oReview previous monitoringresults

oConsider additional trainingor changes in process orprocedures

oApplying chemical treatmentwith the aim to reduceSalmonella to acceptable

The operator shallintroduce line monitoringwith samples to be takenfrom the whole line, fromwhere the product leavesthe DT, from when itenters the storage silo upto and including the loadout area.

The operator is to setrealistic targets forreduction of theincidence of Salmonellacontamination of hismeals/expellers basishistoric data.



levels.

Dioxin from used bleachingearth

C Low High 3 Bleaching clay is of mineral origin andmay contain dioxin by nature. Dioxin istoxic to humans and animals.

Directive 2002/32/EC limitsthe dioxin content in feedmaterial of vegetable origin to0.75 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ) and limits the sum ofdioxin and dioxin-like PCBs to1,5 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ).

FEDIOL has developed aCode of Practice on thepurchase conditions of freshbleaching earth for oil refining,which includes a maximumlimit for dioxin and dioxin-likePCBs of 1,5 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ) asupperbound value.

Purchase fresh bleachingearth from suppliers that fulfilthe FEDIOL specifications aslisted in the FEDIOL Code ofPractice on the purchaseconditions of fresh bleachingearth for oil refining.

The risk only applies tointegrated crushing andrefining plants.

Hexane residue C High little 3 Hexane residue is present in oilseedmeals.

Feed Marketing Regulation767/2009 stipulates that feedmaterials shall be free fromchemical impurities resultingfrom the manufacturingprocess and from processingaids, unless a maximumcontent is fixed in theCatalogue. The Catalogue ofFeed Materials, Regulation68/2013 introduces athreshold for the setting ofmax contents for thesechemical impurities of 0.1%(1000 ppm).

Toxicologicalassessments show thatoilseed meals withhexane levels of up to1000 ppm are feed safe.Germany has contractualspecifications of max 300ppm hexane in soybeanmeal for explosionprevention during bargetransport.

Cadmium C Low Medium 2 Depending on origin soybeans can containelevated levels of Cd as a result offertiliser basis Cd contaminatedphosphorus.

This risk is applying tocertain geographicalorigins.



3.4 Separation of soya (bean) hulls




Salmonella B High High 4 Salmonella is the major hazard formicrobiological contamination of feed.Salmonella are widespread in theenvironment and each link in the foodchain, from the producers up to andincluding the consumers has a role to playin reducing the risk of Salmonella harminganimals or humans. FEDIOL together withthree other associations representing thesuppliers and consumers of feed, ieFEFAC, COCERAL and COPA-COGECAhave taken their responsibility and havepublished the “Common principles for themanagement of the Salmonella risk in thefeed chain” in June 2011. The EuropeanGuide to good practice for the industrialmanufacture of safe feed materials hasbeen amended so as to comply with theseprinciples.

FEDIOL, FEFAC, COCERAL,COPA-COGECA Commonprinciples for themanagement of theSalmonella risk in the feedchain.

.The operator’s PRPprogramme is to cover thefollowing measures:a) Preserving feed materialsfrom contamination duringprocessing and storage eg byclosed systems, hygienepractices, or by separating thepremises into hygienic zonesas appropriate.b) Apply moisture control

If the monitoring systemindicates that Salmonella isfound in the finished feedmaterial, the following actionsshall be considered:oCarry out serotyping and

traceability to identify thesource of contamination;

oReview processingconditions and relevant pre-requisite programs

oAdditional cleaning ofstorage and vehicles (whereappropriate);

oAdditional cleaning of plantand equipment;

oReview previous monitoringresults

oConsider additional trainingor changes in process orprocedures

o Applying chemical treatmentwith the aim to reduceSalmonella to acceptablelevels.


C Low* Medium 2 Regular monitoring of pesticide residueson soybeans shows that residue levelsremain within legal limits.MRL policy in third countries differs fromEU MRL policy.

EC Regulation No. 396/2005 setslimits for residues of pesticides.FEDIOL contract for purchasingsun seeds form the Black Seaarea (contains a clause oncompliance with EU MRLlegislation).




4. Refining




Contaminants inProcessing aids(alkali solution, acids) suchas mercury in caustic soda.

C Low High 3 Processing aids come into contact with theproduct.

Processing aids that directlycome into contact with the oilmust be for food use or offood grade quality.



4.1 Production of refined soya (bean) oil

HAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS RISKCLASS. JUSTIFICATION LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY STANDARDS AND/OR

CONTRACT TERMS CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS

Dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs C Low High 3 A potential source of dioxin contaminationfor the oil is drying of soybeans andbleaching earth. However, the dosagelevel of bleaching earth during refining isonly 1-3%. Dioxin partly evaporates duringdistillation.

Directive 2002/32/EC limits the dioxin contentin feed material of vegetable origin to 0.75ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ) and limits thesum of dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs to1,5 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ).

FEDIOL has developed a Code of Practice onthe purchase conditions of fresh bleachingearth for oil refining, which includes amaximum limit for dioxin and dioxin-like PCBsof 1,5 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ) asupperbound value.

Purchase freshbleaching earth fromsuppliers that fulfil theFEDIOL specificationsas listed in the FEDIOLCode of Practice on thepurchase conditions offresh bleaching earthfor oil refining.

CB: If duringthe revision ofthe FBE code,that code isonly goingapply forintegratedcrushing, andhence not forstand-alonerefining, thenthe reference tobleaching earthbeing a sourcefor dioxincontaminationshould bedeleted fromthe justificationcolumn.


C Low* Medium 2 Regular monitoring of pesticide residueson soya (beans) shows that residue levelsmay exceed legal limits. However, theexperience is that pesticide residues areremoved during refining.

Regulation 396/2005 sets limits for residuesof pesticides. This regulation allows using aprocessing/concentration factor forpesticides into processed products, providingfeed safety is assured.The FEDIOL position (11SAF181) concludesthat based on the average oil content insoybeans ranging from 18%-21%, aprocessing factor of 5 should be used toestablish the MRL in soybean oil.

*Certain originsof soybeanscan have amedium chanceof exceedingthe MRL forparticularpesticideresidues.


C very Low High 2 Some of the banned pesticides may bepresent in the environment. The chance offinding them in crude soya (bean) oil,however, is very low. The use ofendosulfan is allowed on soya (beans).Monitoring data show that its residue incrude oil remains within the legal limit.

Directive 2002/32/EC sets limits for a numberof pesticides residues in feeding stuff.

Foreign materials like glass,wood, metals, etc.

P Medium Medium 3 Foreign materials may be present. Apply hygienicpractices (eg closedsystems). Filter beforeloading.



4.2 Physical refining: production of soy fatty acid distillates



Dioxin C Low High 3 A potential source of dioxin contaminationduring refining of the oil is bleaching earth.However, the dosage level of bleachingearth during refining is only 1-3%.

Directive 2002/32/EC limits the dioxin contentin feed material of vegetable origin to 0.75ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ) and limits thesum of dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs to1,5 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ).Products intended for animal feed containinga level of undesirable substance that exceedsthe legal limit may not be mixed for dilutionpurposes with the same, or other, productsintended for animal feed (Directive2002/32/EC).According to Regulation 225/2012 amendingthe Feed Hygiene Regulation 183/2005 100%of the batches of fatty acid distillates for feedshall be tested on the sum of dioxins anddioxin-like PCBs.FEDIOL has developed a Code of Practice onthe purchase conditions of fresh bleachingearth for oil refining, which includes amaximum limit for dioxin and dioxin-like PCBsof 1,5 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ) asupperbound value.

Purchase freshbleaching earth fromsuppliers that fulfil theFEDIOL specificationsas listed in the FEDIOLCode of Practice on thepurchase conditions offresh bleaching earthfor oil refining.


C Low* Medium 2 Regular monitoring of pesticide residueson soya (beans) shows that residue levelsmay exceed legal limits. During refiningpesticide residues move from the oil to thefatty acid distillate.

Regulation 396/2005 sets limits for residuesof pesticides. This regulation allows to use aprocessing/concentration factor forpesticides into processed products, providingfeed safety is assured.

Check incomingsoybeans or the fattyacid distillates. In caseof a pesticide residuelevel exceeding thelimit, a feed safetyassessment should becarried out.



C Low High 3 Some of the banned pesticides may bepresent in the environment. The chance offinding them in crude soya (bean) oil,however, is very low. The use ofendosulfan is allowed on soya (beans).Monitoring data show that its residue incrude oil remains within the legal limit.


Non-complying productshould not be applied tofeeding stuff.



4.3Chemical refining: production of soy soap stocks and soyacid oils free from deodistillates




C Low Medium 2 Regular monitoring of pesticide residueson soya (beans) shows that residue levelsremain may exceed limits. Level ofpesticide residues in acid oil will mirrorthat in crude oil.

Regulation 396/2005 sets limits for residuesof pesticides. This regulation allows using aprocessing/concentration factor for authorisedpesticides into processed products, providingfeed safety is assured.

Check incoming beansor the soap stock andacid oil. In case of apesticide residue levelexceeding the limit, afeed safety assessmentshould be carried out.





Dioxin C Very low High 2 The FEDIOL factsheet on crushing andrefining in relation to soap stockproduction (Ref 12SAF183) indicates thatthe level of oil soluble contaminants insoap stocks mirrors that of crude oils.

According to Regulation 225/2012 amendingthe Feed Hygiene Regulation 183/2005 100%of the batches of soap stocks and acid oils forfeed shall be tested on the sum of dioxinsand dioxin-like PCBs.

In integratedcrushing andrefining plants,soap stocks cantherefore besafely put backon the meal.



4.4 Chemical refining: production of soy deodistillates



Dioxin C Medium High 4 A potential source of dioxincontamination during refining of the oilis bleaching earth. During chemicalrefining, dioxins concentrate into thedeodistillates.

Directive 2002/32/EC limits the dioxin content infeed material of vegetable origin to 0.75 ng/kg(WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ) and limits the sum of dioxinand dioxin-like PCBs to 1,5 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ).According to Regulation 225/2012 amending theFeed Hygiene Regulation 183/2005 100% of thebatches of deodistillates for feed shall be tested onthe sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs.

Products intended for animal feed containing a levelof undesirable substance that exceeds the legallimit may not be mixed for dilution purposes with thesame, or other, products intended for animal feed(Directive 2002/32/EC).FEDIOL has developed a Code of Practice on thepurchase conditions of fresh bleaching earth for oilrefining, which includes a maximum limit for dioxinand dioxin-like PCBs of 1,5 ng/kg (WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ) as upperbound value.

Deodistillates from chemicalrefining are forbidden for usein feed unless they have beentreated so as to ensure thatdioxin levels are matchinglimits of the UndesirableSubstances Directive 2002/32(see also the FEDIOLfactsheet on treateddeodistillates for use in feed,Ref 12SAF196).

Fatty products obtained frombatch refining processescombining physical andchemical refining steps in oneand the same equipment maybe used for feed purposes,provided that there isanalytical proof showing thatlimits for dioxin and pesticideresidues are respected.

Purchase fresh bleachingearth from suppliers that fulfilthe FEDIOL specifications aslisted in the FEDIOL Code ofPractice on the purchaseconditions of fresh bleachingearth for oil refining.


C High Medium 4 Regular monitoring of pesticideresidues on soya (beans) shows thatresidue levels may exceed legallimits.During chemical refining,pesticide residues concentrate into thedeodistillates.

Regulation 396/2005 sets limits for residues ofpesticides. This regulation allows using a transferfactor for authorised pesticides into processedproducts, providing feed safety is assured.

Check incoming soybeans ordeodistillate. In case of apesticide residue levelexceeding the limit, a feedsafety assessment should becarried out.

Pesticides residues as C Medium High 4 Some of the banned pesticides may be Directive 2002/32/EC sets limits for a number of See above under “general”.



listed in EU Directive2002/32 for undesirablesubstances in feeding stuff

present in the environment. Thechance of finding them in crude soya(bean) oil, however, is very low. Duringrefining, endosulfan may partly end upin the distillate.

pesticides residues in feeding stuff.Deodistillates from chemicalrefining are forbidden for usein feed unless they havebeen treated so as to ensurethat pesticide residue levelslevels are matching limits ofthe Undesirable SubstancesDirective 2002/32 (see alsothe FEDIOL factsheet ontreated deodistillates for usein feed, Ref 12SAF196)..

Mineral oil C Medium Medium 3 Mineral oil used as anti dusting agentwill concentrate in the deodistillate

Check incoming soybeans ordeodistillate.

5. Hydrogenation of soybean oil




nickel C Low High 3 Nickel is used as a catalyst withhydrogenation (hardening) of oil.

Processing aids that directlycome into contact with the oilmust be for food use or offood grade quality.Filter the hardened oil.

The nickel content ofhardened oils fromFEDIOL members is wellbelow 20 ppm.



A. Storage and transport of soybeans and soybean meal andhulls


LEGISLATION, INDUSTRYSTANDARDS AND/OR CONTRACT

TERMSCONTROL MEASURE REMARKS

Toxins from pest controlmaterials

C Low High 3 Poisoned grain from open boxes could end up inthe food chain.

A pest control programmemust be applied that issuitable for use in the foodchain.


C Medium Medium 3 Post-harvest use of pesticides on oilseeds iscritical due to the limited time that is available forthe pesticides to break down. The countries ofexport of oilseeds work with positive lists for theuse of pesticides which, for some substances,may conflict with European legislation,particularly in the case of soft seeds such asthose of sunflowers.

Regulation 396/2005 prohibitsputting into circulationcommodities that do not complywith the MRLs set in the annex ofthis regulation.

Transport and storagecompanies must usepesticides correctly anddocument this. Otherwisethey must verify that thelevels of the residues ofthe pesticides used duringtransport and storagecomply with EU legislation.

Contamination by theprevious cargo during thetransport by farm cart, truckor barge or ocean goingvessel

C Low High 3 Transport of oilseeds and oilseed meals usuallydoes not take place in means of transport thatare dedicated to the transport of food or feed.

Transport companies mustclean farm carts, trucks,barges and ocean-going-vessels before loading.Inspection on cleanlinessbefore loading.

Contamination by theprevious cargo duringstorage

C Low High 3 Oilseeds and oilseed meals may becontaminated with mycotoxin containingprevious loads.

Storage companies mustclean sites before use andmust inspect them oncleanliness before use.

Anti dusting agent on soya(beans)

C Medium Medium 3 For dust prevention, the USA allows thespraying of white oils (paraffins) on soya (beans)at levels of up to 200 ppm. In South Americasoya (bean) oil is used.

Check incoming soybeansfrom the USA.

Adulteration with melamine C Low Medium 2 Analytically, melamine mimics proteins Regulation 2002/32 sets a limit of2.5 mg/kg for melamine in feedmaterials.



NewB.

Transport of soybean oil and derived products for feedapplication by tank car, rail tank, barge or coaster(excluding ocean going vessel).




Contamination by previouscargo

- Tank cars, rail tanks andbarges

C Medium High 4 Tank cars and barges may have beenused for non food or non feedcompatible products such aspetrochemicals.

Tank cars and barges that arenot dedicated to the transportof foodstuff or feeding stuffshould have undergone avalidated cleaning procedure.

- Tank cars, tank containers,rail tanks and bargesfollowing EU standards for thetransport of food stuffs

C Low High 3 Transport of most of the vegetable oilsis by means of transport that isdedicated to food stuffs.

The Food HygieneRegulation No. EC/852/2004requires the transport of liquidfood stuffs by tank cars, railtanks and barges to bededicated to that of foodstuffs.

FEDIOL code of workingpractice for bulk road and tankcontainer transport of fats andoils for direct food use (Ref07COD138).

Check previous cargoes viaFEDIOL practical guide toprevious cargo(es) for meansof transport and tank lining(Ref 07COD143F).

- Tank coasters following EUstandards for the transport offood stuffs

C Low High 3 Tank coasters carrying oils and fatsduring short sea voyages in the EUmust have as an absolute minimum asthe immediate previous cargoes aproduct that is either a foodstuff or aproduct appearing on the EU list ofaccepted immediate cargoes ofDirective 96/3/EC.

FEDIOL Code of Practice forthe transport in bulk of oilsand fats into or within theEuropean Union (Ref07COD139F) (includingFOSFA operationalprocedures).

Check previous cargoes viaFEDIOL practical guide toprevious cargo(es) for meansof transport and tank lining(Ref 07COD143F). FOSFAcertificate of compliance,cleanliness and suitability ofShip’s tanks issued by aFOSFA MemberSuperintendent. FOSFAcombined Masters certificatesigned by the Captain/FirstOfficer or an equivalentstatement signed by the ship’sowner or authorised agent,applicable before any loadingor cargo transfer.

Contamination by cleaningagents

- Tank cars, rail tanks and C Medium Medium 3 Increased risk at cleaning stations that FEDIOL Code of Practice for Apply good practices for



barges clean both feed and chemical tanks onone site.

the transport in bulk of oilsand fats into or within theEuropean Union (Ref07COD139F Rev).

cleaning of tanks.

.

- Tank coasters C Medium Medium 3 Increased risk in case coaster is notdedicated to feed- or foodstuff.

FEDIOL Code of Practice forthe transport in bulk of oilsand fats into or within theEuropean Union (Ref07COD139F Rev.) (includingFOSFA operationalprocedures).

FOSFA certificate ofcompliance, cleanliness andsuitability of Ship’s tanksissued by a FOSFA MemberSuperintendent.FOSFA combined Masterscertificate signed by theCaptain/First Officer or anequivalent statement signedby the ship’s owner orauthorised agent, applicablebefore any loading or cargotransfer.

Heating or cooling fluidsfrom equipment

- Tank cars C Low High 3 Stainless steel tanks are used whichare heated with cooling water from themotor through a system of double walls(and not coils).

FEDIOL Code of Practice forthe transport in bulk of oilsand fats into or within theEuropean Union (07COD139FRev).

Use of thermal heating fluidsin direct heating systems isforbidden.

- Rail tanks, tank barges

- Tank coasters

C

C

Low

Low

High

High

3

3

Toxic thermal heating fluids may still beused. However, due to the relativelylow heating temperatures appliedduring transport, the chance of leakageof thermal heating fluids into theproduct is low.

Toxic thermal heating fluids may still beused. However, due to the relativelylow heating temperatures appliedduring transport, the chance of leakageof thermal heating fluids into theproduct is low.

FEDIOL Code of Practice forthe transport in bulk of oilsand fats into or within theEuropean Union(07COD139F).

FEDIOL Code of Practice forthe transport in bulk of oilsand fats into or within theEuropean Union (07COD139FRev.) (including FOSFAoperational procedures).

Heating coils of rail tanksmust be of stainless steel .If thermal heating fluids havebeen used, the transporter ofthe oil must provide fordocumentation on possiblenet losses and analyseaccordingly if necessary.

If thermal heating fluids havebeen used, the transporter ofthe oil must provide fordocumentation on possiblenet losses and analyseaccordingly if necessary.

The use of hot water or steamheating is recommended.

Foreign bodies P Medium Medium 3 A quality plan should requirethe loading of tank cars withrefined oils under a roof.

Adulteration C/P/B Medium Medium 3 Adulteration with mineral oils hashappened with the transport of oils inthe countries of origin of these oils.

FEDIOL Code of practice onSampling and Analysis of allimported crude vegetable oilsin bulk by ships into the EU

Analyse all incoming batches.

Application of minimummandatory requirements of



for food/feed use (Ref08COD139 Final).

FEDIOL code of workingpractice for bulk road and tankcontainer transport of fats andoils for direct food use (Ref07COD138)

FEDIOL code of workingpractice for bulk road and tankcontainer transport of fats andoils for direct food use suchas availability of whereaboutsof the truck during the journeyand sealing of the tank (Ref07COD138).



C. Storage of soybean oil




Contamination due to lackof segregation(contamination from previouscargoes, use of incorrectjoining, shared equipment)

C Low High 3 This risk classification applies to terminalsthat store both chemicals and vegetableoils. Less risk is involved when the tankterminal applies the EU list of acceptableprevious cargoes during sea transport tothe storage of vegetable oils. Least risk isinvolved when the vegetable oils arestored in tanks that are dedicated to thestorage of foodstuffs.

Terminals in the EU that storeoils and fats for foodapplication are obliged toapply HACCP (EC RegulationNo. 852/2004)

Food or feed dedication ofstorage tanks. Otherwise,storage tanks must at leastadhere to the EU rules onprevious cargoes that havebeen set up for sea transportin Directive 96/3/EC.

Contamination by cleaningagents

C Low High 3 This risk classification applies to terminalsthat store both chemicals and vegetableoils. They may abstain from using cleaningagents that are suitable for use in the foodindustry. For tank terminals in the EU thatapply HACCP and that keep the storage ofvegetable oils and chemicals separated,the chance of using the wrong cleaningagents is very low.

Cleaning agents must besuitable for use in the foodindustry.

Solvent from coating C Low High 3 Solvents from virgin coatings migrating tothe oil, which may end up in the fatty aciddistillates during refining

Use stainless steel tanks or incase of use of tanks withvirgin coating, do not feed theFAD

Thermal heating fluids fromfailing equipment

C Low High 3 Toxic thermal heating fluids may still beused. However, due to the relatively lowheating temperatures applied duringstorage, the chance of leakage of thermalheating fluids into the product is low.

If thermal heating fluids havebeen used, the storagecompany must provide fordocumentation on net lossesand analyse accordingly, ifnecessary.

The use of water andsteam heating isrecommended.

Misuse of additives C Low High 3 Additives allowed for food oil applied to oilfor feed –or vice versa- for which use theymay not have been approved.

Agree on clear specificationsas regards use of additives

Adulteration with mineral oil Low High 3 Adulteration with mineral oils hashappened in the countries of origin.Control has been intensified and thechance of adulteration taking place hasdecreased.

FEDIOL Code of practice onSampling and Analysis of allimported crude vegetable oilsin bulk by ships into the EUfor food/feed use.



D. Transport of soybean oil by ocean going vesselHAZARD CAT. CHANCE SERIOUSNESS RISK

CLASS. JUSTIFICATION LEGISLATION, INDUSTRY STANDARDSAND/OR CONTRACT TERMS CONTROL MEASURE REMARKS

Transport contamination

- Contamination by previouscargoes present in tanks orpipes

C Medium Medium 3 Ocean going vessels carrying oils and fatsfor edible use into the EU must have as anabsolute minimum that the immediateprevious cargoes is a product that is eithera foodstuff or a product appearing on theEU list of accepted immediate cargoes ofDirective 96/3/EC.

Directive 96/3/EC (Derogation to ECRegulation No. 852/2004) requires thatprevious loads have to be checked.

FOSFA contracts oblige the seller toinform the buyer what the threepreceding cargoes have been duringthe sea transport of oils and fats.

FEDIOL Code of Practice for thetransport in bulk of oils and fats into orwithin the European Union (Ref07COD139F) (including FOSFAoperational procedures).

The EU has not regulated the seatransport of oils and fats for feedapplication.

FOSFA certificate ofcompliance, cleanlinessand suitability of Ship’stanks issued by a FOSFAMember Superintendent.FOSFA combined Masterscertificate signed by theCaptain/First Officer or anequivalent statementsigned by the ship’s owneror authorised agent,applicable before anyloading or cargo transfer

The use of dedicated pipelines at loading andunloading.

- Contamination by cleaningagents

C Low High 3 Usually maritime business sticks to goodpractice.

Check ship log-book.

Solvent from coating C Low High 3 Solvents from virgin coatings migrating tothe oil, which may end up in the fatty aciddistillates during refining

Use stainless steel tanksor in case of use of tankswith virgin coating, do notfeed the FAD

Solvent from coating

Thermal heating fluids(THF) from equipment

C Low High 3 Toxic thermal heating fluids may still beused. However, due to the relatively lowheating temperatures applied duringtransport, the chance of leakage ofthermal heating fluids into the product islow.

FEDIOL Code of Practice for thetransport in bulk of oils and fats into orwithin the European Union (includingFOSFA operational procedures).

If thermal heating fluidshave been used, thetransporter of the oil mustprovide for documentationon possible net losses andanalyse accordingly ifnecessary.

The use of water and steamheating is recommended.

Hydraulic oils from portablepumps

C Low High 3 Hydraulic oils from portable pumps maybe toxic.

The use of portable pumpswith clear separation ofhydraulic motor frompump. If not, hydraulic oilsof food grade quality mustbe used.

Hydraulic motors that aredirectly linked to the pumpallow for unwanted leakagesof hydraulic oil into thevegetable oil in case of sealfailure.

Adulteration with mineral oil Low High 3 Adulteration with mineral oils hashappened in the countries of origin.

FEDIOL Code of practice on Samplingand Analysis of all imported crude



Control has been intensified and thechance of adulteration taking place hasdecreased.

vegetable oils in bulk by ships into theEU for food/feed use. (Ref. 08COD139Final).

Documents

Flow chart of the production chain of soya (bean) meal and ... Assessment Soya.pdf · 51 EFISC Guide – Sector reference document on the manufacturing of safe feed materials from