Fm 33-1-1 - Psychological Operations Techniques and Procedures (Psyops) [US Army]

8/3/2019 Fm 33-1-1 - Psychological Operations Techniques and Procedures (Psyops) [US Army]

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Field ManualNo. 33-1-1

HEADQUARTERSDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Washington, DC, 5 May 1994

PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS

TECHN IQUES AN D PROCED URES

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies onl

to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under th

International Exchange Program or by other means. This determination was made on

6 December 1991. Other requests for this document will be referred to Commander, U.S. Arm

John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, ATTN: AOJK-DT-DM, Fort Bragg, NC28307-5000.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or

reconstruction of the document.

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5 MAY 1994

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

Official:

MILTON H. HAMILTON

Administrative Assistant to theSecretary of the Army

06413

GO RDON R. SULLIVAN

General, United States ArmyChief of Staff

DISTRIBUTION:

Active Army, USAR, and ARNG: To be distr ibuted in accordancewith DA Form 12-11E, requirements for FM 33-1-1, PsychologicalOperat ions, Techniques, and Procedures (Qty rqr block no. 5177)

C U.S. Governm ent Prin ting Office: 1994 528-027/ 80126


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Preface

This field manual (FM) sets forth techniques and procedures for implementingUnited States (U.S.) Army psychological operations (PSYOP) doctrine containedin FM 33-1. It provides general guidance for commanders and planners who mustconsider the psychological imp act of m ilitary operations on v arious target

aud iences. It also provides guid ance for PSYOP person nel prepa ring operationalelements for commitment. It describes procedures for carrying out PSYOPprograms in support of other military operations. PSYOP commanders and trainersat all levels should use it with the Army Training and Evaluation Program (ARTEP)to plan and conduct their training.

It integrates PSYOP into the Armys battlefield operating systems (BOS) and isintended for ArmyWide dissemination. Its organization generally follows the sequenceof the product development process from planning through impact assessment.

This manual is a guideline, not a regulation. As such, the techniques and proced uresit presents should not limit the user, as long as he follows Army doctrine, national

policy, and the commanders intent.

In this manual, the word opp onent applies to groups or individuals who areengaged in conflict-military, political, or otherwise-with the United States,whether or n ot war has been formally declared.

The proponent for this publication is U.S. Army John F. Kennedy Special WarfareCenter and School (USAJFKSWCS). Sub mit changes for im proving thispublication on Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028 and forward it toCommander, ATTN: AOJK-DT-DM, Fort Bragg, North Carolina 28307-5000.

The provisions of this publication are the subject of the international agreements listedin the references.

Many terms, acronyms, and abbreviations are found in the manual. Users shouldrefer to the glossary for their meanings or definitions.

Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not referexclusively to men.

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Part II. Definitions

accessibility - The availability of an audience for targeting by psychological

operations.

agents of action - Persons and organizations who carry out or conduct programs ofpsychological actions.

*Discretionary - Persons or organizations whose activities are planned primarilyfor their p sychological impact.

* Incidental - Persons or or ganizations whose activities generate a p sychologicalimpact secondary to the military operation.

battlefield p sychological activities - (DOD, NATO) Planned psychological activitiescondu cted as an integral part of combat op erations and designed to bring

psychological pressure to bear on enem y forces and civilians un der en emy control inthe battle area, to assist in the achievement of the tactical objectives. (Joint Pub 1-02)

capability - (DOD) The ability to execute a specified course of action. (Acapability may or m ay not be accompanied by an inten tion.) (Joint Pub 1-02)

chemical warfare - (DOD) All aspects of military op erations involving theemployment of lethal and incapacitating mun itions/ agents and the warning andprotective measures associated with such offensive operations. Since riot controlagents and herbicides are not considered to be chemical warfare agents, those twoitems will be referred to sep arately or und er the broad er term chemical, w hichwill be used to include all types of chemical mu nitions/ agents collectively. Theterm chemical warfare weapons may be used when it is desired to reflect bothlethal and incapacitating mu nitions/ agents of either chemical or biological origin.(Joint Pub 1-02)

civil affairs - (DOD) Those ph ases of the activities of a command er w hich embracethe relationship between the military forces and civil authorities and people in afriendly country or area or occupied country or area when military forces are present.Civil affairs include matters concerning the relationship between military forceslocatcd in a country or area and the civil authorities and people of that country or areausually involving performance by the military forces of certain functions or theexercise of certain authority normally the responsibility of the local government. Thisrelationship may occur prior to, during, or subsequent to military action in time ofhostilities or other emergency and is normally covered by a treaty or other agreement,

expressed or implied. (Joint Pub 1-02)

collateral special operations activities - The inherent capabilities of all militaryforces may periodically be applied to accomplish missions other than those forwh ich th e forces are principally organized, trained, and equipped . Collateralactivities in which special operations forces, by virtue of inherent capabilities,may be tasked to participate include humanitarian assistance, security assistance,search and rescue, counterdrugs, antiterrorism and other security activities, andspecial activities. (Joint Pub 3-05)

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condition s - Those externalelements that affect a target audience but over which thereis little or no control. Conditions ma y be man-m ade or environm ental in nature.

consolidation - (DOD) The combining or merging of elements to perform acommon or related function. (Joint Pub 1-02)

consolidation PSYOP - Psychological operations conducted in foreign areasinhabited by an enemy or potentially hostile populace and occupied by U.S. forcesor in which U.S. forces are based, to result ultimately in behaviors by the foreignpopulace that support U.S. objectives in the area.

counterin surgency - (DOD) Those military, par amilitary, p olitical, econom icpsychological, and civic actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency.(Joint Pub 1-02)

counterpropaganda - Programs of prod ucts and actions designed to nullify

propaganda or mitigate its effects.counterterrorism - Offensive measures to prevent, deter, and respond toterrorism, including intelligence gathering and threat analysis in support of thosemeasures. (Joint Pub 3-05)

country team - Senior members of U.S. Government agencies assigned to a U.S.diplomatic mission overseas and subject to the direction or supervision of theChief, U.S. Mission (ambassador). Normally, such members meet regularly(weekly) to coordinate U.S. Government political, economic, and militaryactivities and p olicies in the host country . (See also U.S. country team.)

deception - Those measures designed to mislead the enemy by manipulation,

distortion, or falsification of evidence to indu ce him to react in a m annerprejud icial to h is interests. (Joint Pu b 1-02)

foreign internal defense - (DOD) Participation by civilian and military agencies of agovernment in any of the action programs taken by another government to free andprotect its society from subversion, lawlessness, and insurgency. (Joint Pub 1-02)

foreign na t ion support - Civil resources identification, negotiation, andprocurement from av ailable resources within a foreign nation in sup port of theU.S. military mission during wartime, preparation for war, or peacetime.

host nation - A nation in which representatives or organizations of another stateare present because of government invitation or international agreement. The termparticularly refers to a nation receiving assistance relevant to its national security.

insurgency - (DOD, NATO) An organized movement aimed at the overthrowof a constituted government th rough use of subversion and armed conflict.(Joint Pub 1-02)

joint special operations area (JSOA) - A restricted area of land, sea, and airspaceassigned by a theater command er to the commander of joint special operationsforces to condu ct special operations activities. The SOC or JSOTF comm and er

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assigns specific JSOAs (or sectors of a single JSOA) to a subordinate SOFcommand er for mission execution. The scope and du ration of the SOF mission,friendly and hostile situation, and politico-military considerations all influencethe number, composition, and sequencing of SOF elements deployed into a JSOA.It may be limited in size to accommod ate a d iscrete direct action mission or m ay beextensive enough to allow a continuing broad range of unconventional warfareoperations. (Joint Pub 3-05)

key communicator - An individual to whom the target audience turns most oftenfor an analysis or interpretation of information or events.

media - Transmitted of information and psychological produ cts.

military operations short of war - The range of military actions required by th eNational Comm and Authorities, except th ose associated w ith major combat

operations condu cted p ursua nt to a declaration of war or authorized by the WarPowers Limitations Act, in support of national security interests and objectives.These military actions can be applied to complement any combination of the otherinstruments of national power and occur before and after war. (This information iscontained in Joint Pub 3-07 [Proposed Final Pub].)

national objectives - (DOD) Those fund amental aims, goals, or pu rposes of anation-as opposed to the means for seeking these endstoward which a policyis directed and efforts and resources of the nation are applied. (Joint Pub 1-02)

opponent - An antagonistic force or organization that counters missionaccomplishment by military means.

peacekeeping - Operations using military forces and/ or civilian personn el at therequest of the parties to a dispute to help supervise a cease-fire agreement an d/ orseparate the parties.

peacemaking - Diplomatic process of arranging an end to dispu tes and solvingtheir underlying causes.

peace-build ing - Postconflict diplomatic and military action to identify andsupport structures which will tend to strengthen and solidify peace in order toavoid a relapse into conflict.

peace-enforcement - Military intervention to forcefully restore peace betweenbelligerents who may be engaged in combat.

product - Any visual, audio, or audiovisual item generated and disseminated insupport of a PSYOP program.

produ ct development center (PDC) - That organization w ithin the op erationselement of a PSYOP battalion or company in wh ich p rograms of prod ucts oractions are developed.

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propaganda -

* (DOD) Any form of comm unication in sup port of national objectives d esignedto influence the opinions, emotions, attitudes, or behavior of any group in order to

benefit the sponsor either directly or indirectly.

* (NATO) Any information, ideas, doctrines, or sp ecial app eals disseminated toinfluence the opinion, emotions, attitudes, or behavior of any specified grou p inorder to benefit the sponsor either directly or indirectly.

psychological actions - Activities conducted for their psychological impact.

psychological operations -

* (DOD) Planned operations to convey selected information and indicators toforeign audiences to influence their erections, motives, objective reasoning, andultamately the behavior of foreign govenment, organizations, groups, and

individuals. The purpose of psychological operations is to induce or reinforceforeign attitudes and behavior favorable to the originators objectives. Alsocalled PSYOP.

* (NATO) Planned psychological activities in p eace and war directed to enem y,friendly, and neutral aud iences in order to influence attitudes and behavioraffecting the achievement of political and military objectives. They includestrategic psychological activities, psychological consolidation activities, andbattlefield psychological activities.

psychological warfare - The planned use of propaganda and other psychologicalactions having the primary purpose of influencing the opinions, emotions,

attitudes, and behavior of hostile foreign groups in such a w ay as to sup port theachievement of national objectives. (Joint Pu b 1-02)

PSYOP campaign - A series of PSYOP programs conducted at the theater level toachieve short- and mid-term objectives in support of a CINCs goals.

PSYOP objective - A statement of a measurable response that reflects the desiredattitud e or behavior change of a selected foreign target au dience as a result ofpsychological operations.

PSYOP p rogram - A sequential, coordinated presentation of a series of actionsand / or prod ucts to achieve a specific PSYOP objective.

* action program - A sequen tial, coordinated presentation of a series of actions

to achieve a specific PSYOP objective.

* product program - A sequential, coordinated presentation of a series ofproducts to achieve a specific PSYOP objective.

strategic p sychological activities - (DOD, NATO) Planned psychologicalactivities in peace and war which normally pu rsue objectives to gain the supp ortand cooperation of friendly and n eutral countries and to reduce the will and thecapacity of hostile or potentially hostile countries to w age war. (Joint Pub 1-02)

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CHAPTER 1

Overview

The PSYOP mission is derived from the supported units mission. This manual describesbasic PSYOP techniques and procedures the commander and planners use to accomplishtheir missions. It shows how PSYOP personnel may use these techniques and proceduresto change the b ehavior of a target aud ience, to capitalize on other assets, to project power,

and to assess the effect of PSYOP in sup port of th e command er in chiefs (CINCs) theatercampaign plan. The appendixes further describe recommended formats, technicalcapabilities, and techniques. (DO NOT CONFUSE THE PSYOP CAMPAIGN WITH THETHEATER CAMPAIGN PLAN, WHICH IT SUPPORTS.)

PSYOP in th e Operational Continuum

PSYOP fun ction in peace, conflict, and war. They sup port special andconventional operations as a force m ultiplier. For examp le, du ring

building-clearing in urban operations, PSYOP p ersonnel use loud speakers toconvince belligerents that their position is untenable and to encourage them tocease hostilities. This use of loud speakers, combined w ith d emonstrations offirepower, can redu ce casualties. Loud speaker operations were effective in urbanoperations in the 1989 Operation Just Cause in Panama.

To be effective, PSYOP must be an integral part of their commanders missionplanning process. PSYOP may be particularly effective in

Reducing the intensity and dur ation of armed combat.

Making armed combat unnecessary.

Taking advantage of an opponents psychological stress during combat

operations when armed conflict is used as a psychological weapon.

Special Operations Imperatives

As a special operations (SO) element, PSYOP are planned and employed based onthe SO imperatives (Figure 1-1, page 1-2). These imperatives give focus to specialoperations forces (SOF) and SO doctrine in the operational continuum. They

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require that PSYOP personnel plan and execute military PSYOP in accordancewith (IAW) national policy guidelines. For a complete discussion of the SOimperatives, see FM 100-25.

PSYOP Capabilities and Limitations

The PSYOP u nits ability to accomplish its mission is d irectly related to the scopeof the mission and the PSYOP assets available. PSYOP support to a commander isbased on a number of internal and external factors (Figure 1-2, page 1-3).

PSYOP Cycle

The PSYOP cycle aids in converting the mission into programs of support. (SeeFigure 1-3, page 1-4). The cycle consists of three phases: assessing, planning, andexecuting. Dur ing these p hases, the PSYOP p ersonnel ap ply the following p rocesses:

Intelligence gathering.

Target audience analysis.

Product development.

Media selection.

Media production.

Dissemination.

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Monitoring is applied continuously during the cycle. During assessment, PSYOPpersonnel gath er intelligence information. As part of this p rocess, they consider their

own situation, environmental influences, target au dience, and th ey collateinformation. During planning (target audience analysis, product development, andmedia selection), they analyze the mission, compare courses of action (COAs),develop recommendations (decisions), and tailor assets. Execution includes mediaprod uction and dissemination. In ap plying these processes, PSYOP personn el pretestand posttest the product and modify it based on feedback.

Summary

Developing an d executing a PSYOP campaign in supp ort of a theater campaignplan is a dynamic application of the PSYOP cycle to produce behavior changes in

target aud iences that aids military operations and supp orts the comm and ersmission accomp lishment. The chapters in this m anual ou tline the processesthrough which PSYOP personnel develop PSYOP supporting plans, products, andactions. These supporting plans, products, and actions, combined with the actionsof other agencies, yield a PSYOP campaign in support of the theater campaignplan. This cycle must be continuous, evolutionary, and closely coordinated withthe supported forces combat operations.

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CHAPTER 2

Capabilities and

Limitations

PSYOP m ay sup port operations of general pu rpose (GP) and SO forces, provide assets for

non-PSYOP dissem ination missions, and p rovide the comm and er with a method ofinforming his op pon ent of h is alternatives. The PSYOP u nits ability to accomp lish itsmission dep end s on the scope of the mission and the PSYOP assets available. A fullunderstanding of the commanders mission and the type of support required is critical tothe success of the PSYOP support.

Role and Responsibilities

PSYOP units operate as support units, not as stand-alone forces. Their primary roleis to supp ort other m ilitary u nits or U.S. Government agen cies in accomp lishingU.S. national objectives. Their overall responsibilities are to

Assess the psychological impact of military operations.

Advise the military commander or the Department of Defense (DOD) missiondirector on PSYOP campaigns.

Develop and conduct PSYOP campaigns in support of military operations.

Counter hostile propagan da.

Other Uses of PSYOP Assets

PSYOP units may support other military units in a variety of ways. PSYOP assetsand expertise may support a commanders other mission-oriented activities, suchas disaster relief. In domestic cases, the commander must ensure PSYOP assets arebeing employed in a dissemination role only and not to project a PSYOP message.PSYOP assets may also support a commanders deception plan or the activities ofthe military or other government agencies. (See Appendix A.)

PSYOP assets provide target audience information and regional and languageexpertise. They also disseminate information and products that explain the intent

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of military operations to target audiences. For example, a commander may usePSYOP assets to inform civilians that th e pu rpose of an op eration is to redu cecivilian casualties and minimize their interference in the operation.

Considerations in Using PSYOP Assets

Commanders must consider PSYOP capabilities and limitations when integratingPSYOP in other m ilitary op erations (Figur e 2-l). As in all military opera tions,time is a major consideration. To ensure effective PSYOP support, commandersmust give timely predeployment notification to PSYOP assets. The PSYOPcamp aign begins before the main bod y of comb at forces arrives in coun try. Inaddition, operations officers should integrate PSYOP liaisons directly into theirstaff to ensure continuous PSYOP input during the planning process.

Accurate and com plete information about th e major factors that influen ce thetarget au dience is often not part of the intelligence collection p lan. Such lack of

information restricts the number of exploitable vulnerabilities. Restrictions onnews, public discussion, and travel limit the information available to evaluatePSYOP effectiveness.

Effective PSYOP requ ire imaginative person nel wh o kn ow the target au dienceslanguage. These personnel must also understand the political, economic, cultural,social, and ideological conditions of the target audience.

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Target audiences may be beyond the limits of PSYOP targeting methods due tophysical or policy limitations. In these cases, PSYOP planners must refer thesetargets to other agencies for targeting.

Operational Continuum

PSYOP units function in peace, conflict, and war. PSYOP may be strategic,operational, tactical, or consolidation. Strategic, operational, and tactical PSYOPdep end on the size of the target aud ience, the geograp hical area in wh ich theprograms are applied, and the time span in which observable results are required.Consolidation PSYOP are designed to return an area to normalcy in the aftermathof war or conflict.

Strategic PSYOPStrategic PSYOP are gen erally designed to further broa d or long-term aim s insupport of general strategic planning, with measurable effects becoming visible inthe ind efinite future. U.S. Army PSYOP forces can be task o rganized to sup portstrategic PSYOP. Strategic PSYOP objectives and conditions among opponents(opportunities) that m ay contribute to r eaching those objectives are show n inFigure 2-2, page 2-4.

Operational PSYOP

Operational PSYOP are regional or national in scope. They are directed at regional

target audiences and planned to change audience behavior more rapidly thanstrategic PSYOP. Operational PSYOP demonstrate characteristics of bothstrategic and tactical PSYOP an d a re the bridge th at links them togeth er.Operational PSYOP objectives and conditions among opponents (opportunities)that may contribute to reaching those objectives are shown in Figure 2-3, page 2-4.

Tactical PSYOP

Tactical PSYOP are p repared and executed in objective areas in direct sup por t ofmilitary tactical operations. Tactical PSYOP ob jectives an d conditions am ongopponents (opportunities) that may contribute to reaching those objectives areshown in Figure 2-4, page 2-5.

Consolidation PSYOP

Consolidation PSYOP are conducted in newly accessible or formerlyopponent-held territory. Emphasis is on a return to normalcy. The objectives ofconsolidation PSYOP and conditions among opponents (opportunities) that cancontribute to reaching th ose objectives are show n in Figure 2-5, page 2-5.

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Summary

PSYOP derive their effectiveness from being an integral part of the operation fromstart to finish. They are not substitutes for combat p ower, but th ey may significantlyenhance the combat un its mission accomplishment. When skillfully and closelyintegrated with military and political actions, they act as a catalyst and can often make

the d ifference between success and failure in mission accomplishment.

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CHAPTER 3

PSYOP Cycle and

Planning Procedures

As with any op eration, detailed PSYOP plan nin g upon recelpt of mission is essential.PSYOP must be fully Integrated Into the operation plan (OPLAN) or operation order(OPORD). The PSYOP cycle relies on specific external and Internal planning procedures.

PSYOP Cycle

PSYOP planning follows a deliberate cycle that examines external and internalplanning requirements. It is designed to carry the mission from conception through

execution and follow-up assessment. The PSYOP cycle has three basicphasesassessing, planning, and executing. (See Figure 1-3, page 1-4.)

Assessing

During this phase, the PSYOP commander identifies and assesses several factors:his own situation, the environmental influences, and th e target aud ience. Hegathers and collates the information relative to these factors and includes it in thePSYOP comm and ers estimate.

Planning

The plann ing ph ase involves the comp lete analysis of the m ission an d th ecomparison of COAs. Based on the recommen dations b y his staff, the PSYOP

commander selects the COAs and tailors his assets to ensure successful executionof the mission. The planning phase produces an OPLAN or OPORD.

Executing

During the executing phase, the PSYOP commander issues orders to supportingunits. The PSYOP products are pretested and posttested and the feedback isevaluated. The final assessment of these factors may lead to reassessing thesituation and further PSYOP planning.

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PSYOP Processes

The PSYOP cycle aids in converting the mission into programs of support. During

the cycle, the PSYOP personnel apply the following processes:Intelligence G athering

PSYOP personnel use intelligence products in a dual approach. The first approachis the analytical approach. Dur ing this ap proach, PSYOP p ersonnel use extensivebackground data to assemble a picture of the target. The second approach is thetarget app roach. In this ap proach, the PSYOP p ersonnel search for a targetaudience that has the power to channel its behavior to produce the desired results.PSYOP p ersonnel continuou sly u se the du al approach w hen p lanning andimplementing PSYOP.

Target Audience Analysis

After PSYOP p lanners analyze the tar get aud iences, they classify them into twogroups intermediate and ultimate. The group classification is determined by thetarget au diences likely effectiveness in generating a d esired behavior. Wh enselecting a target audience, the PSYOP planner adheres to the purpose of groupclassification. The function of the interm ediate au dience is to send a m essage.Examples of intermediate audiences are foreign key communicator and media.The function of the ultimate audience is to act on a message.

Product Developmen t

The product development process is normally the responsibility of the productdevelopment center (PDC). The product development process involves

Coordinating th e PSYOP mission.

Analyzing the target audience.

Determining th e capability of PSYOP p lanners and regional experts toproduce draft models of PSYOP products and actions.

Media Selection

During p rodu ct development an d agen ts of action selection, the PDC selects theappropriate media. This selection is based on the accessibility and susceptibility ofthe target aud ience. The PDC finishes and d isseminates the pr oducts and actionsconsistent with pr ogram p rodu ction and d issemina tion capab ilities, agentabilities, and campaign design.

Media Produ ction

After the objective, target audience, theme, and media have been selected, thePDC begins developing a package or prototype for the production facility. PSYOPunits pretest these prototype products to determine their effectiveness.

Dissemination

PSYOP personnel determine the best means to disseminate PSYOP products toselected target audiences. Then they assess the impact these products have on thetarget audience.

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External Planning Procedures

External planning support includes the deliberate planning process and

time-sensitive plann ing process for contingency operations. This supp ort alsincludes the duties the PSYOP staff officer performs.

Deliberate Plann ing Process

During this planning, the PSYOP staff officer develops the PSYOP estimate andannex or app endix and integrates them into the rest of the plan. The level of thOPLAN or OPORD dictates whether the PSYOP staff officer develops a PSYOPannex or appendix. Generally, if the operations portion of an OPLAN is written asan annex to the basic plan, the PSYOP staff officer prepares a PSYOP appendix tothe operations ann ex for the O PLAN.Volume I of Joint Operations Planning andExecution System (JOPES) covers the deliberate mission planning process.

PSYOP Estimate. The first step in planning PSYOP support for an OPLAN orOPORD is to prod uce the PSYOP estimate. See App endix B for the correcPSYOP estimate format. The PSYOP staff officer prepares the PSYOP estimate.

The basic pu rpose of the PSYOP estimate is to evaluate the com ma nd ersprop osed COAs from a PSYOP v iewp oint. The PSYOP staff officer evalu atesprioritizes, and suggests COAs that PSYOP can best support, considering bothopponent and friendly capabilities. He must work closely with intelligenceofficers (S2/ G2/ J2) to obtain the information and intelligence he needs to evalu atethe PSYOP situation properly. Since target audiences are both inside the area ooperations (AO) as w ell as outside, the PSYOP staff officer m ust tailor hisinformation and intelligence requests to reflect both areas. Besides listing targe

audiences, the PSYOP staff officer must ask the questions, Who has the power (tohelp m e accomp lish m y m ission)? and Are th ey accessible (via PSYOPdissemination m eans)? If potential target aud iences are inaccessible by organ icPSYOP dissemination means, the PSYOP staff officer must request disseminationhelp from other agencies.

Once th e PSYOP staff officer an d the oth er staff officers h ave com pleted theirestimates, the comman der selects a COA. He then ou tlines it to the staff. He m ayselect one of the proposed COAs, a combination of two or more, or a comp letelynew one.

PSYOP Annex or Appendix. The staff officers then write their portions of the

OPLAN or OPORD based on the COA the commander selects and his modifiedmission statement. At corps level and below, the PSYOP portion of an OPLAN orOPORD is normally Annex D. At theater level, it is normally Appendix 4 to AnnexC (Operations) of the O PLAN. See Appendix C for the correct PSYOP an nexformat. The PSYOP an nex at corps level and below outlines the situation and thePSYOP mission and describes the concept of the operation. It also providesinformation and guidance PSYOP personnel need to conduct successful PSYOP insupport of the operation.

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notification. Com ma nd ers also rehearse or, at the very least, talk throu ghdeployment procedures with their units to uncover potential problem areas andensure a smooth operation.

Task O rganizationPSYOP u nits am ta sk organized to enha nce their ability to cond uct specific missions.PSYOP comman ders m ay supp ort the following missions and operations:

Peace enforcement.

Counterinsurgency operations.

Counterdrug (CD) operations.

Contingency operations short of war.

Disaster relief.

Shows of force.

Noncombatant evacuation operations (NEO).

Recovery.

Attacks and raids.

Freedom of navigation and protection of shipping.

Demonstrations.

Deception operations.

Consolidation operations.

Enemy prisoner of war / civilian internee (EPW/ CI) operations.

Other activities specified by the National Command Authorities (NCA).

A p sychological operations task force (POTF) may b e organized using th eregional battalion command and control (C) element, one or more regionalsupport companies, assets from the tactical support battalion, and elements of thePSYOP dissemination battalion (PDB). A PSYOP task group (POTG) may beformed along similar lines using elements of regional sup port battalions, tacticalsupp ort battalions, PDB, and EPW battalion. Other organ izations m ay be tailoredto fit the specific contingency.

Summary

External plann ing procedu res (external from the PSYOP u nit) include d eliberateand time-sensitive planning, prepa ration of the PSYOP estimate and annex, andthe duties of the PSYOP staff officer. Internal planning procedures include theorganization and composition of the PDC, unit read iness and w hat it consists of,mission tailoring of PSYOP units for various contingencies, and possible missionsPSYOP may support.

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CHAPTER 4

PSYOP Campaign

Planning

PSYOP campaign development and Implementation are used to m odify the behavior ofvarious target au dien ces in sup port of U. S. objectives. In p ractice, the scope of PSYOPcampaigns is determined by national goals: political, economic, social, military,

Idealoglcal, or religious. PSYOP are ju st another means of the in formational Instrum ent ofnational power by which a nation may seek to maintain or enhance its power.

Considerations

PSYOP campaigns p repared in sup port of the CINCs theater campaign planrequire a series of decisions related to policy at the na tional level and to techniquesat the tactical level. From policy to techniques, however, basic planningconsiderations are the same: What should the PSYOP campaign accomplish? Withwhat target? When? How? PSYOP campaign planning must not only be done at allechelons and within national policy but also within the limits of OPLANs,capabilities, and intelligence.

The PSYOP p lanner mu st choose produ cts and actions that are most likely toinduce the desired behavior in the target audience. To reach this decision, thePSYOP p lanner considers available intelligence about the targ et au dience,knowledge of the proposed PSYOP campaign, and the PSYOP units capabilities.He reaches his decision by seeking answers to these questions: What h as theopponent been telling the target au dience? What d oes the target aud ience knowand think about the topic of the proposed PSYOP campaign? At what time shouldthe PSYOP campaign be launched to receive the most favorable results? Will theproposed PSYOP campaign ad dress the p erceived needs of the target audience?Will it gain and hold the initiative? Has the opp onent succeeded in building up aresistance to this particular kind of PSYOP campaign? Will the desired changerequire a long or a short PSYOP campaign? (Panic, for example, can be broughtabout in a relatively short time, but ha bits of cooperation can be instilled only by asustain ed effort.) Finally, is the desired outcom e achievable? Can th e desired

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change be influenced by channeling existing attitudes (relatively easy), or mustthe PSYOP camp aign rever se stoutly h eld beliefs (very difficult)?

The PSYOP planner uses several worksheets as tools in answering these and otherquestions. The work sheets listed below allow him to structure the PSYOP

campaign development and implementation.Target audience analysis work sheet (MAWS).

Product/ action work sheet (P/ AWS).

Program control sheet (PCS).

Campaign control sh eet (CCS).

PSYOP campaign planning begins with an analysis of the supported unitsmission. From this analysis, the PSYOP planner derives the PSYOP mission. Oncethe PSYOP mission has been derived, he then determines who (target audience) bydoing what (PSYOP objective) can help accomplish the mission. He prepares a listof target audiences and PSYOP objectives. He then prepares a TAAWS for each

target aud ience-PSYOP objective combination.

NOTE: If there are multiple objectives for a particular targetaudience, then a separate TAAWS must be prepared in respect to thattarget audience.

Once a TAAWS is completed, the PSYOP plan ner then u ses the P/ AWS to developvarious PSYOP products and actions that will elicit the desired behavior in thetarget audience. Upon app roval, the P/ AWS are then consolidated and transferredto a PCS that reflects all the PSYOP p rod ucts and actions contemp lated toinfluence that particular target audience.

As PSYOP programs dealing with particular target audiences are approved, theyare posted on the CCS, which reflects all the current and future PSYOP programsfor the campaign. Figure 4-1, page 4-3, shows the development sequence of thevarious work sheets. Figure 4-2, page 4-4, which is essentially an inverted Figure4-1, shows how control works once the basic PSYOP campaign plan is approved.

NOTE: PSYOP planning worksheets are designed in an 8-by11-inch format for easy use.

Target Aud ience Analysis Work Sh eet

The TAAWS serves tw o functions. First, it forms a logical framew ork for theanalysis of a target audience, ensuring all major areas of analysis are covered.Second, it also serves as an executive summary for later reference whendeveloping PSYOP products and actions. An in-depth analysis of a target audiencemay take more than one sheet of paper to complete. The followin g paragraphs arekeyed to m atch the nu mbers circled on the sample TAAWS. (See Figure 4-3, page4-6.) These paragrap hs d escribe the information requ ired for the TAAWS.

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National Objective

In block 1, enter the primary U.S. objective in the AO. Depending on the level ofconflict and the level the PSYOP staff officer is working, this block may bemod ified. The following are examp les of national objectives:

A PSYOP staff officer working on a CINC staff involved in a DesertStorm -type scenario migh t enter th e following as a n ational objective:Remove the Iraqi forces from Kuw ait.

A PSYOP officer working under the control of the U.S. country team ina military operation short of war wou ld insert one of the country teams

three to five objectives, such as the following: Enhance country Xsdefense capabilities.

Supp orted Units Mission

In block 2, enter the sup ported units mission. This information is used at theoperational or tactical level. It is taken directly from the supported units OPLANor OPORD. For example 3d Brigade, 2d Division, attacks to seize the h ighground vic GL213314 NLT 020500JAN92.

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PSYOP Mission

In block 3, enter the PSYOP mission derived from the supported units mission andrestate in PSYOP terms what PSYOP will do to support that mission. For example:PSYOP supports the 3d Brigade by executing a deception operation to enhancethe brigades attack.

Target Audien ce

In block 4, briefly describe the target audience. For example: Company gradeofficers of the 44th Shock Division.

PSYOP Objective

In block 5, briefly describe the behavior PSYOP desire to elicit in the targetaud ience. For examp le: Officers of the 44th Shock Division will dep loy their

forces toward the southwest.ConditionsIn block 6, briefly describe the conditions affecting the target audience over whichit has little or no control. All aspects of the environm ent that affect the targetaudience are considered. Some examples are:

Low pay for company grade officers.

Faulty communications equipment.

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Little or no resupp ly.

No p rofessional noncommissioned officer (NCO) corps.

Absentee senior leadership (battalion/ brigade command ers).

Tradition of the military as guardians of the people.

Lack of initiative in junior officers.

Effectiveness

In block 7, evaluate the ability of the target audience to perform the PSYOPobjective. Rank this ability low, moderate, or high. For example: Theeffectiveness of the compan y grad e officers of the 44th Shock Division to orienttheir forces toward the southwest would be ranked low to moderate. The lack ofinitiative cited in block 6 would indicate that such a decision w ould have to bemade at a level higher than company grade officers.

VulnerabilitiesIn block 8, enter vu lnerabilities. These vu lnerabilities are un fulfilled need s asperceived by the target audience. These needs are determined from an analysis ofthe target audiences conditions.

Themes and Symbols

In block 9, enter themes and symbols. Themes and symbols are items that havesome type of significance for the target audience. They may include themesrelated to family or home, the uselessness of the struggle, or the overwhelmingpower of the force facing them. Themes and symbols that portray the target in ahumiliating or degrading fashion should be avoided.

Susceptibility

In block 10, evaluate the degree to which the target audience will be affected byand respond to a given theme or symbol. This evaluation is based on analysis ofthe conditions and vulnerabilities of the target audience and is rated low,moderate, or high.

Accessibility

In block 11, describe which medium or media are used to reach the target audienceand wh y. For example: The comp any gr ade officers are easily targeted by leaflets,tactical frequency modulated (FM) radio, and loudspeakers. The target audience

has little access to television.

Impact Ind icators

In block 12, enter impact indicators. These indicators are observable behavior thatwill indicate su ccess or failur e to achieve the PSYOP objective. For examp leIncreased patrolling in the southwest sector; decreased activity in the southeastsector; mov emen t of troops into th e south west sector; extensive efforts atfortification of the southwest sector.

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Product/Action Work Sheet

The next step in the PSYOP campaign d evelopm ent is designing prototyp

produ cts and actions by using the P/ AWS. PSYOP planners use the P/ AWS imu ch the same mann er as the TAAWS. The P/ AWS provides a structure fodeveloping PSYOP products and actions and, once the product or action is fullydeveloped, serves as an executive summary. The following paragraphs are keyeto match the num bers circled on the P/ AWS. (See Figure 4-4, page 4-9.) Thesparagrap hs describe the information required for the P/ AWS.

NOTE: Information for blocks 1 through 5 for the P/AWS istranscribed from the corresponding blocks in the TAAWS. Thisrepetition ensures that planners maintain mission focus throughoutthe PSYOP campaign development.

Themes and Symbols

In block 6, enter themes and symbols. Take themes and symbols from the TAAWand modify them to fit the product and/ or action being developed. Enter only ththemes and symbols used in the produ ct and/ or action.

Product Concept

In block 7, describe the product and/ or action. Show how the themes and symbolare integrated to elicit the desired response in the target audience.

Dissemination

In block 8, detail how this prod uct and/ or action is to be disseminated. Specify thmedia to be used and the frequency, timing, and location of dissemination.

Impact Ind icatorsIn block 9, describe the behavior that this prod uct and/ or action should elicit. Foexample: A leaflet designed to elicit surrender of enlisted soldiers may result intheir officers threatening death to any soldier in possession of such a leaflet.

NOTE: These indicators may not always be the same as on the TAAWS.

Related Programs

In block 10, note other produ cts/ actions or programs that this product and/ or actiosupports. Also note the impact these products/ actions or programs have on thiproduct and/ or action.

ApprovalIn block 11, use as an au dit trail for approval of the produ ct and/ or action. Each level ithe chain of command up to the final approving authority should initial this block.

Program Control Sheet

Once PSYOP products and actions are developed to elicit a certain behavior in target au dience, these produ cts and actions are consolidated into a single PSYOP

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Campaign Control Sheet

program by using the PCS. As its name implies, the PCS is an administrative toolfor monitoring all the pr oducts, actions, and med ia used in a specific PSYOPprogr am. PSYOP p lanners fill out a PCS for each target au dience and its associatedPSYOP objective. The following p aragrap hs are keyed to match the numbers

circled on the sample PCS. (See Figure 4-5, page 4- 10.) These paragraphs describethe information required for the PCS.

NOTE: As with the P/AWS, information for blocks 1 through 5 for thePCS is taken directly from the corresponding blocks in the TAAWS.

Dissemination

In block 6, enter one-line descriptions of all PSYOP p rod ucts and actionssupporting this particular program. Consolidate and condense the disseminationdescriptions from the ind ividual P/ AWS. The size of the dissemina tion blockallotted to each medium may vary.

NOTE: Only the media actually used in this particular program areincluded in this block.

Impact Ind icators

In block 7, enter impact indicators supporting this particular program. Consolidateand condense the impact indicators from the individual P/ AWS and align themwith th eir corresponding items in block 6. The size of the impact ind icators blockallotted to each medium may vary.

PSYOP plann ers use the CCS to maintain control of numerous PSYOP programsin support of the mission. Like the PCS, the CCS is primarily an administrativetool that the PSYOP p lanners u se to grap hically d epict the entire PSYOPcampaign. They can use the CCS to resolve conflicts and to manage development,prod uction, and d issemination resources. The following paragraphs are keyed tomatch the num bers circled on the samp le CCS. (See Figure 4-6, page 4- 11.)

Program

In block 1, enter the program identification code. This code is determined by thetarget audience (identified by a letter) and the PSYOP objective (identified by anumber). The letters and numbers are then combined to identify specific programs

as shown in the following exampleTarget audience: A - Company grade officers.

PSYOP objectives: l - Orient forces toward the southeast.

2 - Surrender their forces.

NOTE: Program A-1 would be the PSYOP program designed to influencethe company grade officers to orient their forces to the southeast.

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Target

In block 2, enter the target audience Company grade officers.

PSYOP Objective

In block 3, enter th e PSYOP objective: Orient forces toward the sou theast.

Intensity

In block 4, enter a graphic depiction of the intensity of the different PSYOPprograms in the overall campaign over time. For example: Program A-1 startsdevelopm ent and prod uction at D-30 (below the horizon tal time line).Dissemination starts at D-15, peaks rapidly, and stops at H+10 on D-Day. programA-2 starts its development at D-15 and finishes at D+10.

Summary

PSYOP camp aign p lanning is a logical step-by-step process that comb inesnational objectives, target audience analysis, and the supported units mission intoa workable PSYOP campaign. The plann ing identifies the objectives and throu ghthe CCS provides a historical record of the total PSYOP campaign and its impacton military operations. It also helps the planner allocate and control PSYOPresources in the AO.

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CHAPTER 5

Intelligence G athering

PSYOP In telligence is processed inform ation abou t a p articular target aud ience. It is basedon k nowled ge of an en tire AO, scope of m ission, society, geography, demograph ics, andweather. This chapter iden tifies intelligence systems, produ cts, and information th e

PSYOP p ersonn el mu st tap and use to su pp ort the commanders effort to conductsuccessful PSYOP. This chapter is not in tend ed to p rovide a complete review of th eintelligence process. FMs 34-1,34-3, and 34-6 serve as excellent overviews of intelligenceoperations.

Army Intelligence and Electronic Warfare

The mission of Army intelligence and electronic warfare (IEW) units is to suppor

the commander with situation development, target development, electronicwartfare (EW), and commercial data retrieval systems designed to access opensource counterintelligence. These missions are critical for the PSYOP intelligenceprep aration of the bat tlefield (IPB) process. They are also critical in

Refining the targ et aud ience analysis.

Timing of programs.

Disseminating PSYOP products.

Measuring PSYOP effectiveness.

To ensure that PSYOP intelligence needs are met, PSYOP personnel must clearly statetheir comman ders needs to the IEW comm unity. Includ ed in the Arm y IEW mission

are five basic tasks that apply to PSYOP program indications and warning, situationdevelopment, target development, EW, and counterintelligence. FM 33-1 includes athorough explanation of these tasks.

IEW Support Architecture for PSYOP

In the intelligence discipline, IEW consists of U.S. assets (strategic, operationaland tactical), non-DOD assets, and host nation (HN) assets. U.S. assets consist ostrategic, operational, and tactical intelligence.

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Strategic Intelligence

Strategic intelligence is generated at the national level, primarily by the DefenseIntelligence Agency (DIA), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and theNational Security Agency (NSA). These agencies provide

Analytical services.

Finished intelligence prod ucts.

Extensive da ta bases.

Other services of interest to PSYOP u nits.

The PSYOP unit S2 must use the established DOD system to ensure that theintelligence material prod uced by th ese organizations reaches the PSYOP plan ners.

Operational intelligence

Operat ional intelligence is generated at the theater level by Army echelons abovecorps (EAC) military intelligence brigades. These brigades are tailored to supportthe regions in which they operate and can provide vital intelligence to PSYOPcomm and ers. These br igades contain five intelligence, discipline-specificorganizations and a fusion center described in the following paragraphs.

Human Intelligence (HUMINT) units debrief prisoners of war, detainees, andother personnel. They also exploit documents, conduct long-range surveillance,conduct liaison with HN forces, and conduct low-level and controlled collectionactivities. HUMINT can provide insight into the opponents intentions anddeliberations. It can also provide information on the opponen ts training, morale,and decision-making process. However, HUMINT is limited by timeliness, effectsof previous PSYOP prod ucts and / or actions, and th e availability and accessibilityof collectors.

Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) un its collect, locate, evalu ate, ana lyze, and fuseintercepted enemy emissions. Interceptions may provide indications of opponentplans and operations. They may also provide some insight into the opponentsdecision-making p rocess. If a prod uct is to be d isseminated through radio ortelevision broadcasts, SIGINT can locate the necessary facilities. SIGINT canprovide timely intelligence but is susceptible to opponents deception operations,which could lead to false SIGINT assessments.

Imagery Intelligence (IMINT) is collected by EAC units using optical and infraredsensors, imaging radars, electro-optical sensors, and multispectral sensors.IMINT applications for PSYOP focus on d issemination of the prod uct. A PSYOP

program that attempts to influence an observable activity may also be evaluatedusing IMINT resources. The primary disadvantage of IMINT is the capability ofthe sensors used. Some sensors may be limited by weather cond itions anddarkness. IMINT can only p rovide a snapshot of wh at is happening at on eparticular time and place, with little indication of enemy intentions.

Techn ical Intelligence (TECHIN T) is the prod uct of captu red , confiscated, orgratis enemy m ateriel (including PSYOP-related equipment) tha t is evaluated forits potential use against friendly forces.

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Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT) results from the analysis oftechnical and scientific data derived from special sensors. This information can beused to identify opponents electronic equipment.

Echelons Above Corps Intelligence Center

Each Army theater brigade fuses the collection of d iscipline-specific informationin a fu sion center called the echelons abov e corps in telligence center (EACIC)The EACIC supports the theater Army (TA) command. It is the center forcollection management, all-source intelligence production, and the coordinationof all theater Army intelligence support. The EACIC should be able to fill mostPSYOP operational intelligence requirements.

Tactical In telligence

Tactical intelligence is generated by both SOF and GP forces intelligenceorganizations. At th is level, HUMINT is intensive because of the interface with thelocal population therefore, linguists and interrogators will be in high demand. PSYOP

personnel must plan carefully with supported commands for access to tacticalHUMINT information. The key to tactical intelligence is the swift exploitation ofcollected information. Oth er d isciplines used at the tactical level includ e

Counterintelligence to aid in operational security, deception, andface prod uction.

SIGINT.

IMINT.

Non-DOD Intelligence Assets

Virtually all PSYOP m issions w ill require intelligence assistance from non-DODagencies. Unit S2s and collection managers should be aware of these agencies andtheir intelligence-related products. The information provided by these agenciesmay prove invaluable to the success of PSYOP. Listed below are major agenciesthat m ay produce PSYOP-related intelligence on a rou tine basis:

CIA.

DIA.

NSA.

Department of Justice (DOJ) to include the Drug Enforcement Administration(DEA) (found in most narcotics producing nations.)

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

Immigration an d N atur alization Service (INS).U.S. Marshals Service.

Departm ent of Treasury, to include th e U.S. Customs Service and the Bureauof Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF).

Department of State (DOS).

United States Information Ag ency/ Service (USIA/ USIS).

Department of Transportation (DOT).

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United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

Department of Comm erce.

Federal Aviation Ad ministration (FAA).

Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS).

U.S. Border Patrol.

Host Nation Assets

The U.S. Embassy or Consulate is the center for PSYOP intelligence informationin the HN. The country team is a critical element for providing PSYOP-relatedintelligence or information. These agencies may have already collected much ofthe intelligence that th e PSYOP intelligence officer n eeds. They m ay a lsomaintain large data bases and historical records that PSYOP units may use. Forexample, USIS maintains data on HN radio and television pr ogramming and onthe general attitudes of the HN population. USAID can provide information onongoing developm ent projects and the impact of these projects on the HN

pop ulation. Use of these assets w ill save PSYOP p ersonnel time an d a voiddu plication of effort.

Deployed units (Special Forces [SF], Civil affairs [CA], military police [MP]) canalso provide PSYOP personnel with PSYOP-related intelligence products. Theseunits often work closely with the civilian population and may be able to provideinformation based on this relationship, although providing information is not theirprimary role in the HN.

HN agencies are also excellent sources of intelligence related to PSYOP.Examples of other units or agencies that can provide HN support to the PSYOPintelligence effort may include HN

Military units.Paramilitary group s and militia units.

Police.

Government agencies or ministries.

PSYOP un its.

IEW Support to PSYOP

PSYOP program s need curren t, accurate information, and th ey mu st have anaggressive intelligence collection management process. For example,commanders must ensure that the PSYOP senior intelligence officers (SIOs)formally task Army p rod uction organ izations (for examp le, the U.S. ArmyIntelligence and Threat Analysis Center) for PSYOP-related products to supportcontingency planning and current operations. Non-DOD U.S. Governmentorganizations may also be formally tasked for support. The best PSYOP-relatedintelligence collectors and producers include the CIA, the DIA, and the DOS.Trained collection managers are qualified to begin formal routine support fromthese valuable sources of information. Every country in the world is covered forintelligence purposes by these government organizations.

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Most analysts in intelligence organizations are aware of PSYOP (including CA)community requirements. Although much intelligence at the national and theaterlevel is created for GP forces, most products address PSYOP-related topics as amatter of analytical procedure.

Comm anders m ust ensure that their personnel are an integral part of thesupported commands all source intelligence center, EACIC, or equivalent. Asa minimum, PSYOP liaison personnel should work in or closely with thesupported units intelligence organization. Its intelligence personnel should betasked to extract PSYOP-related information from all incoming reports,payin g p articular attention to the cu ltural, social, econom ic, religious, andpolitical environments of the target audience.

In most cases, PSYOP commanders will task the following organizations forintelligence support the United States Army Civil Affairs and PsychologicalOperations Command (USACAPOC) G2; the United States Army SpecialOp erations Comm and (USASOC) G2; the theater Arm y special operation s

sup por t comm and (TASOSC) intelligence sup port elem ent; the U.S. ArmyIntelligence and Security Commands EAC brigades assigned to theaters; or theUnited States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) J2. Numerous otherservice intelligence organizations are available for support, depending on taskorgan ization, includ ing H N intelligence services. It is the PSYOP u nit S2sresponsibility to ascertain the intelligence organizations capabilities (the who,what, and where).

PSYOP SIO is the focal point for the PSYOP intelligence effort. The SIO for JointPsychological Operations Task Force (JPOTF) is the nucleus of the PSYOP IPBpr ocess. The JPOTF SIO is norm ally the S2 of a region ally orient ed PSYOPbattalion. The SIO and his staff perform the m ost detailed IPB of the AO th at the

environment permits.

In addition to performing the traditional duties of the intelligence officer, such ascoordinating intelligence assets to meet the commanders needs, the SIO mustaggressively search for information to fulfill the PSYOP units unique intelligencerequirements. The SIO and his staff must translate the intelligence needs of theirunit into precise and observable collection requests. Eliciting timely andPSYOP-relevant intelligence is the prim ary fun ction of the SIO The SIO m ustwork closely with the operations officer and the PDC chief to ensure a unity ofeffort in intelligence collection and analysis.

PSYOP Analysis

PSYOP an alysis is essential to successful PSYOP m ission accom plishm ent(Figu re 5-1, page 5-6). A PSYOP p rogram prepared without it jeopard izes thePSYOP mission and the supported commanders mission. Since most intelligenceis generated for GP forces, PSYOP personnel must glean PYSOP-relatedinformation from this intelligence and request specific PSYOP informationneeded for PSYOP analysis.

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PSYOP analysis is a systematic method of evaluating intelligence and analyzinginformation for use in PSYOP. It adds PSYOP focus to the intelligence andinformation relative to characteristics of the A O. For examp le, the PSYOP

analysis changes the focus of IPB from being terrain oriented to being peop leoriented. PSYOP p lanners use the following elements to evaluate d ata abou texpected target au dience behavior and to identify requirements for d esiredbehavior changes:

Evaluation of the AO (EAO).

Climate and weather analysis.

Geographic analysis.

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Demographic evaluation and target analysis.

Data base integration.

The EAO begins with a basic PSYOP study (BPS) or special PSYOP study (SPS)

of the AO. See Appendix D for the format of the various PSYOP stu dies. PSYOPpersonnel add intelligence data to these studies for specific PSYOP supportmissions. The PDC prepares a matrix of the AO during the EAO. Possible targetgrou ps, credible leaders, pr eferred med ia, and p ossible PSYOP issues areidentified in the matrix. The PDC analyzes data about accessible and effectivetargets within and outside the AO.

The analysis of weather effects on PSYOP media and dissemination requiresspecial care. Wind direction, wind speed, and seasonal changes may affect PSYOPplanning. Data from such an analysis influence timing, dissemination techniques,and media and program selection.

PSYOP terrain studies consider how the areas geograp hy affects the culture,population density, and product dissemination. Mountain ranges, valleys, andriver systems affect the PSYOP elements ability to conduct action p rograms.

PSYOP population studies analyze demographic, social, cultural, economic,political, religious, and historical factors within the AO. All SOF units conductsimilar studies while preparing for operations. These units should coordinate theirpopulation evaluations. Such coordination promotes credible results and increasesthe chances for successful military operations.

Target audience analysis is a key part of the PSYOP an alysis process. PSYOP

personnel stud y target aud iences within the AO. They also study th e PSYOPprogram s effects on aud iences not in the immed iate AO. The PDC examinestarget audiences for vulnerabilities and credible communicators, keeping in mindthe available PSYOP assets. The PSYOP commander then balances availableresou rces against expected resu lts for each target au dience. In this pa rt of thePSYOP analysis, PSYOP personnel also analyze the opponents propaganda andconsider counterpropaganda techniques.

The final step in the PSYOP ana lysis is the integration of all studies and d ataanalyzed into a data base for PSYOP planners. This step relies heavily on eventtemplating and event analysis matrix development. The PSYOP analysis is peopleoriented as opposed to terrain oriented. The event template and matrix focus on the

expected results of friendly, opposing, and nonbelligerent third party actions.After examining the effect of a specific theme or action, the PDC recommendstarget audiences. It classifies them as high-value targets (HVTs) or high-payofftargets (HPTs). Including HVTs in the program boosts the credibility of PSYOPmessages. Including HPTs advances national goals within the AO. HVTs normallyare not th e program s end prod uct but may help influence HPTs. The PSYOPanalysis lets PSYOP personnel provide timely, expert advice to SOF and GPcommand ers throughout the operational continuum.

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Automated Information Systems

Numerous automated information systems exist for integrating data bases. Thenewest of these systems is the Special Operations Comman d, Research, Analysis,

and Threat Evaluation System (SOCRATES). The Psychological OperationsAutomated Data System (POADS) is another of these systems. SOCRATES andPOADS may be interconncected on a future date.

Special Operations Command, Research, Analysis

and Threat Evaluation System

SOCRATES is a USSOCOM-sponsored progra m. Its pur pose is to prov ide au tomatedintelligence data voice, secondary ima gery dissemination, and FAX world wide to th eSOF community. This community includes the USSOCOM components, majorsubordinate commands, and Reserve Component (RC) and National Guard u nitswithin the continental United States (CONUS) and outside the continental UnitedStates (OCONUS). The three SOCRATES components are

SOCRATES local area network (LAN).

SOCRATES stand-alone capability (SAC).

SOCRATES extension (EXT).

SOCRATES LAN. SOCRATES LAN consists of on-line computers, w orkstations,printers, and phones. Fiber optic cable is the communications carrier forinformation transfer on the LAN. Com pu ter workstations operating in theSOCRATES LAN serve USASOC, USACAPOC, USAJFKSWCS, the 3d and 7thSF Group s, and th e 4th Psychological Operations Group (POG) Airborne (A).

SOCRATES SAC. SOCRATES SAC uses stand-alone computers with SOCRATESsoftware u ploaded on a p eriodic basis with ha rd d isk intelligence data bases.

SOCRATES SAC is fielded to Army National Gu ard and RC SOF units.

SOCRATES EXT. SOCRATES EXT extends the SOCRATES on-line capability toother SOF locations-for exam ple, Fort Cam pbell, Kentucky. SOCRATES canaccess national intelligence da ta bases, office au tomation functions, and PSYOP-and other SOF-peculiar data bases.

Psychological Operations Au tomated D ata System

The POADS is currently fielded in the Active Component (AC) and is controlledby the 4th POG(A) communications and electronics element. POADS has threegeneral areas of interest for PSYOP intelligence. They are commercial da tabases,message traffic, and support files.

Commercial Data Base. This area of interest is the NEXIS system-a comm ercial dataretrieval system designed to access open source news reporting from more than 100news services, including the Associated press and Reuters. This automated systemallows analysts to search for, retrieve, and print the desired item.

Message Traffic. This area of interest refers to intelligence and information reportsfrom DOD and other government agencies. These reports are available on POADSfor automated search and retrieval.

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Support Files. Support files are another area of interest for the PSYOP personnel.Many support files are available, but the primary applications are the biographicfile, the finished intelligence file, and the PSYOP studies file.

Biographic File. This file contains information about key foreign personalities. It

is updated along with the radio and television file, which is a listing of worldwidecommercial broad casting facilities.

Finished Intelligence Files. These files may contain information that enhances theability of the PSYOP p lanner to complete his m ission. They may include intelligencepertaining to imagery, order of battle, local geography, and installations.

PSYOP Studies Files. These files p rovide a baseline of PSYOP inform ation. Theycontain broad information covering PSYOP-relevant issues in a country or region.PSYOP personnel must constantly develop the basic intelligence for these studies,since the character and depth make development after mission assignmentvirtually impossible. From general to sp ecific, these studies are the BPS, the SPS,and the special PSYOP assessment (SPA).

A BPS is a country stu dy w ritten from a PSYOP per spective. It should be th efirst document that PSYOP p ersonnel examine w hen p lanning or conductinga program. (See Append ix D.)

An SPS is smaller in volume a nd more focused than th e BPS. It uses the samestructure as the BPS but concentrates on a subelement of the BPS.

SPAS answ er specific questions cru cial to the condu ct of a PSYOPprogram . These assessments are usu ally time sensitive and conciselywritten . The SPA is resource-intensive to p rodu ce but serves as a flexiblecomplement to the BPS or SPS.

Oth er Information and Source Material

PSYOP personnel may use the Foreign Publication Procurement Program (FPPP)to obtain foreign newspapers, magazines, and books from all over the world. Anycountry with a U.S. Embassy or Consulate is involved in the FPPP and can provideinformation on how to obtain these sou rce materials. The PSYOP battalion S2receives all incoming items and distributes them accord ing to need. Thesedocum ents, primarily w ritten in th e native language of the area, can provideexcellent indicators of the current issues an d concerns in a count ry as w ell as themedia stance on current issues.

PSYOP Intelligence in the Operational Continuum

PSYOP intelligence requirements are as diverse as the operational continuum.The distinctive roles and missions of SOF vary with the spectrum of operations.However, some of the main categories that dominate PSYOP intelligencerequirements regardless of spectrum are the level of support, nature of the mission,target audience, issues and themes, and means of dissemination. PSYOP

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personnel use intelligence information to create products or answer commandquestions in the forms of

PSYOP estimates.

PSYOP annexes.

PSYOP stud ies.

TAAWSS.

Summary work sheets.

Evaluations of program effectiveness.

Propaganda analyses.

PSYOP-Specific Information Requirements

Specific information requ irements (SIR) for PSYOP un its d iffer from theinformation requirements of GP forces. PSYOP personnel understand the target

audiences cultural, social, economic, religious, and political environment.

Intelligence personnel may not recognize the unique requirements of PSYOP asuseful intelligence. PSYOP personnel must ensure that intelligence personnelknow the needs of PSYOP units and do not discard valuable PSYOP informationand intelligence. PSYOP personnel must also know about the varied informationalsources and d evelop a working relationship with them.

In general, PSYOP intelligence requirements fall into three broad categoriestarget aud ience, issues and themes, and means of dissemination. Failure tounderstand these three categories can result in PSYOP mission failure. (SeeAppend ix E.)

Target Aud ience

PSYOP intelligence includes the target audience analysis necessary to plan andconduct PSYOP. Such information includes the designated target audiencesidentity, location, conditions, vulnerabilities, susceptibilities, and effectiveness.PSYOP intelligence differs from conventional intelligence in th at it keys on socialand behavioral intelligence as opposed to order of battle intelligence.

Collecting intelligence on the composition and exact nature of the target audienceis the first step in developing PSYOP products. The definition of a target audiencedep ends on a nu mber of internal and external conditions, as well as historical

events and norms that have developed over time. For example, target audiencesmay be defined based on

Language.

Social studies.

Religious beliefs.

Location.

Occupation.

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Race.

Military a political affiliation.

Education levels.

Understanding these conditions is critical to the PSYOP product development.Intelligence assists in th is process by d escribing th e beliefs, attitudes, andperceptions of different target audiences how they perceive their environment.The more specific the information about the target au dience, the more successfulthe PSYOP product or program will be. Much of this intelligence can be derivedfrom intelligence data bases and open source documents that include informationabout historical and current events relevant to the particular target audience.

To understand anticipated target audiences, nations, or regions, PSYOP andintelligence personnel must study the historical as well as the current perspectivesof the target. Study may include, but is not limited to, the following:

Identification of indigenous peoples, including the various ethnic groups that

exist in the country, and from w here, when, and und er wh at conditions theycame to that country.

Outline of how the indigenous peoples and ethnic groups were treatedover time.

Descriptions of the interrelationship among the distinct groups andtheir attitudes towards the existing political, economic, and socialleaders and systems.

Description of how each distinct group lives and its customs and traditions.

Indication of which customs and traditions are common to all groups andwhich are unique to specific groups.

Identitification of existing and dormant bonds and the controversies among

distinct groups in the target country, including sense of nationhood and tribaland group loyalties.

Identification of formal and informal leaders with the authority to influencegroup actions.

Description of what is know n abou t the personal goals, personalcharacteristics, and motivations of the leaders.

Identification of fanaticism an d extrem ism, personal values, and beliefs.

Description of the nations economy .

Identification of concentrations of wealth and poverty by groups, inparticular, class barriers on obtaining wealth and whether those barriers arerestrictive or flexible.

Identification of strength an d w eaknesses of the nations economy and itsdependence on other countries.

Status of the nation's world d ebt and an y programs p laced u pon it by w orldbanking organizations.

Identification of companies that participate in international trade fairs,import-export companies, and companies with overseas affiliates.

Description of ideological credos held by various groups in the target country.Description of how tolerant a intoleran t each is and its ability to affectnational policies (internal and external).

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Identification of international movements in which the groups participate,international gatherings they sponsor or in which they participated to promoteideology, and the means used to propagate particular beliefs and cause.

Description of the internal security organizations of the nation, their

population control capabilities and measures, and the degree to which theycan influence the population.

Identification of groups favored or treated harshly by the internalsecurity organizations and issues of contention with respect to internalsecurity practices.

Description of internal m edia cap abilities. Iden titification of controls over theinternal media and what sources media personnel use to prepare materials.

Description of the border controls, internal controls, and monitoring practicesfor foreigners, to include customs duties and restrictions.

Description of the status of the various armed forces in the country.

Description of the interaction between the military services, with emphasis on

the differences of outlook, favoritism, harsh treatment, lack of trust, and othersuch factors.

Identification of civil-military relationships.

Description of the national security structure functions, the prestige andinfluence of member nations, and attitudes of mem bers toward one anotherand the alliance.

Description of the particular of the agreements, how well they are adheredto, the value placed on them, and disagreements among the parties concerned.

Issues and Themes

Key issues within a target audience, used to develop PSYOP themes, are

determined through intelligence and research. PSYOP p ersonnel focus on th egeneral opinions of the target au dience, not on isolated views from a sma ll sectorof the target. Issues and themes important to the PSYOP intelligence effortinclude

Perceptions of the United States and its allies.

Perceptions of the HN and its military.

Perceptions of nonbelligerent third par ties.

Socioeconomic conditions.

Key leaders.

Foreign influence.

Local government services and agencies.

Motivators.

Symbols.

Effectiveness of the target aud ience.

Intelligence assets must also assess any past or current PSYOP program against thetarget audience by a friendly or opposing power. This program may have alreadyinfluenced the target audience to some degree. PSYOP personnel should know the

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key message of the p revious PSYOP program, its intent and its effectiveness, andif required, a means of countering the message.

Means of Dissemination

Dissemination is the actual delivery of the PSYOP message to the target audience.

Intelligence is used to determine the most effective way to reach the entire targetaudience. Audiences vary greatly in their access to a particular medium, whetherthat medium is radio, television, newspapers, posters, or leaflets. In addition,target aud iences vary in their ability to un derstand the m essage because oflanguage, cultural, or other barriers. Obviously, printed products directed at anilliterate target or written in the wrong language have little effect on the target.Using a symbol w ith a distinct meaning to an illiterate target may, however, have asignificant effect.

To determine the most effective method of dissemination, PSYOP personnel mustassess the following dissemination and communication factors:

Existing communication structure.

Media availability.

Media cred ibility.

Language (to include dialects, slang usage).

Musical likes and dislikes.

Social taboos.

Control of media.

Capability of the media-for example, power of television transmitters.

Physical conditions (geography and climatology).

Graffiti.

Opponents means to disrupt.

Certain group s may also communicate in a w ay that is unique to their time andplace. For example, slang that may be highly credible to their members may beeasily overlooked by outsiders. An insurgent group may develop a certainshorthand to speed m essages over a crud e system. By interviewing EPWs/ CIs,defectors, or HN personnel, PSYOP personnel can tap into this shorthand or slang.They can then create appeals with much greater impact than a standard message.

The intelligence needed to support the actual delivery of messages or actions canbe very detailed and technical. Plans to operate from a particular radio ortelevision station require a great deal of intelligence about the equipment. Forexample, PSYOP personnel need to know about the equipments reliability,compatibility , range, and current programming. They may also need intelligenceon the defense of the site.

PSYOP personnel also need to know the opponents ability to disrupt the deliveryof the produ ct. Depending on the type of commu nication medium selected, avariety of opponents d isruption capabilities should be considered. An airdrop of

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leaflets, for example, requires intelligence on air defense artillery andair-interdiction capability. Radio an d television broad casts are su bject toelectronic countermeasures. Even leaflets can be disrupted if the opponent harshlypunishes people who pick up leaflets.

Evaluation of Produ ct Effectiveness

PSYOP personnel use intelligence from various sources in the target analysisprocess to evaluate the effectiveness of PSYOP products and programs. Ideally,the product is tested on a limited audience. Before full-state dissemination anduse, the results of the test are analyzed to determine whether to modify the productor, if necessary, eliminate it completely.

To assess the success of prod ucts and program s, PSYOP personn el use two typ es ofindicatorsdirect and indirect. Direct indicators are the desired resultsthemselves. For example, if the desired result of a product is the defection ofseveral key people to the HN cause, the direct indicator is their actual defection.Indirect indicators are used when the desired behavior cannot be readily observeddu e to either terrain or the type beha vior itself. The success of a PSYOP p rogram tolower motivation and morale would be difficult to quantify. PSYOP personnel cancollect and use indirect indicators of motivation and morale such as the recruitingsuccess or failure of an opponent force.

Summary

In many ways, the intelligence gathering process for PSYOP is the same as for anyGP un it, but PSYOP intelligence requiremen ts are very d ifferent. Informationabout h um an motivations, behaviors, actions, and perceptions are critical to the

success of the PSYOP program or product. PSYOP requirements are driven by theneed to understand the cultural, social, economic, and political environment of theparticular target country or region, and the need to identify effective targetaudiences. PSYOP intelligence requires information on the target audiencesidentity, location, conditions, vulnerabilities, susceptibilities, and effectiveness.Accessing the proper intelligence assets and sources is the role of PSYOPintelligence officer and personnel involved in pr

Documents

Fm 33-1-1 - Psychological Operations Techniques and Procedures (Psyops) [US Army]