43
UNU – IIGH Interna-onal Conference: “Obesity Crisis in Southeast Asia: Issues, Challenges, and Policy Pathways” Food Prepara-on and BMI: Insights from the Malaysian Food Barometer Elise MOGNARD PhD Taylor’s University LIA "Food Studies: Food, Cultures and Health” Kuala Lumpur, 1718 May 2017

Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    5

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

UNU  –  IIGH  Interna-onal  Conference:    “Obesity  Crisis  in  Southeast  Asia:  Issues,  Challenges,  and  Policy  Pathways”  

     

Food  Prepara-on  and  BMI:    Insights  from  the  Malaysian  Food  Barometer    

Elise  MOGNARD  PhD  Taylor’s  University  

LIA  "Food  Studies:  Food,  Cultures  and  Health”      

Kuala  Lumpur,  17-­‐18  May  2017  

Page 2: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Obesity  and  NCDs  in  Malaysia      

•  Prevalence  of  obesity  (only)  have  almost  doubled  over  the  last  two  decades  among  adult  from  16.6%  in  1996  to  30.6%  in  2015  (NHMS,  2015).      

•  High  ra-o  of  ea-ng  out,  specificity  of  the  Malaysian  food  system  (Poulain,  Tibère,  Laporte,  &  Mognard,  2014;  Fournier  et  al.,  2016).    This  paeern  might  be  associated  with  development  of  obesity  (Lee  &  Tan,  2007;  Islam,  Tai,  Raja  Abdullah,  &  Mohd  Noh,  2010;  Tan,  2010).    

Page 3: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Obesity  and  ea-ng  out  •  Food  choices  when  ea-ng  out  usually  high  in  energy  content  (Lachat  et.,  2011).      

•  No  systema-c  associa-on  with  body  weight  (Bezerra  et  al.,  2012).        

•  Many  methodological  discrepancies  –  Defini-on  of  ea-ng  out  of  home  – Measurements    

•  Most  of  the  studies  in  western  countries  (Bezerra  et  al.,  2012).    

Page 4: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Data  Available  Malaysian  Household  Expenditures  Survey  (MHES)  

•  Monthy  household  expenditures  in  Food-­‐Away-­‐From-­‐Home  (FAFH)  posi-vely  associated  with  income,  Chinese  households  and  urbanisa-on  (Islam,  Tai,  Raja  Abdullah,  &  Mohd  Noh,  2010;  Lee  &  Tan,  2007;  Tan,  2010).    

•  FAFH  total  amount  of  household  expenditures  without  discrimina-on  FAFH  acquired  from  fast-­‐food  restaurants,  roadside  hawkers,  dine-­‐in  restaurants,  food  courts  etc.    

•  No  assessment  of  the  weight  and  height.    

Page 5: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Data  Available  Malaysian  Adult  Nutri-on  Survey  (MANS)  

As  for  lunch,  dinner  &  supper  (“heavy  meal  aker  dinner”)    

⇒ Limited  to  “main”  meals  Under-­‐es-ma-on  of  out  of  home  (sok  drinks)  

Page 6: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Data  Available  Malaysian  Adult  Nutri-on  Survey  (MANS)  

•  50%  of  the  Malaysian  obtain  their  food  outside  home.  

•   Posi-vely  associated  with  Peninsular  Malaysia  and  urbanisa-on.  •  Time  alloca-on  and  prepara-on  of  the  meals  •  Food  environment  

•  Risk  of  development  of  obesity  and  NCDs.    Importance  of  healthy  meals  in  cafeterias,  stalls  and  restaurants.  

Source:  MANS  2014,  vol.  2,  p.24    

Page 7: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Malaysian  Food  Barometer  

7  

Page 8: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

8  

Nutri&onal  survey     Socio-­‐anthropological  survey    

 

Interdisciplinary    Dialogue    

Page 9: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

•  Food  consump-on    –  Vegetable  –  Meat  and  fish  –  Diary    

•  Nutrients    –  Carbohydrate  –  Fat  –  Protein    –  Micro-­‐nutrients    

•  Variety    

q  Ea-ng  out    

q  Food  intakes    –  Food  days    –  Meals  and  snacking  ,                  structures  and                    composi-ons    

q  Representa-ons  on  food  

q  Percep-on  of  risk    

9  

Nutri&onal    surveys    

Socio-­‐anthropological    surveys    

 

Interdisciplinary    Dialogue    

Sensorial    analysis    

Socio-­‐cultural  determinants  Food  lifestyles    

Ea&ng    decision  

Malaysian    Food    

Barometer    

Page 10: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

7  main  parts  in  the  ques-onnaire:    –  Socio  demographic  and  ethnic  indicators;  

–  Food  norms;    –  Food  intakes  of  the  last  24  hours;    

–  Cooking  prac-ces;  –  Social  representa-ons  on  food  (including  heritage);    

–  Health  and  risk  issues.    

10  

Q9  The  following  ques-on  is  about  the  usual  organiza-on  of  your  meal.  I  will  ask  you  to  explain  the  different  food  items  that  your  lunch,  dinner  and  supper  are  usually  composed  of.    接下来的问题是有关于您用餐单。我将会问一些有关于您的早餐,午餐,晚餐,宵夜和茶点的餐单。

Soalan  berikutnya  tentang  pertubuhan  biasa  hindangan  anda.  Saya  akan  meminta  anda  untuk  menjelaskan  barangan  makanan  yang  berbeza  yang  anda  makan  untuk  makan  tengah  hari,  makan  malam  dan  makan  lewat  malam  biasanya  terdiri  daripada.    [SHOW  CARD]    

   A  proper  breakfast  完整早餐Sarapan  pagi  yang  betul    A  proper  Lunch  完整午餐Makan  tengah  hari  yang  betul    A  proper  dinner  完整晚餐Makan  malam  yang  betul    A  proper  supper  完整宵夜Makan  lewat  malam  yang  betul    A  snack  茶点Snek  yang  betul �  Tea  -me  下午茶Watuk  minum    

Ques-onnaire    

Page 11: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

•  Ques-onnaire:      –  66  ques-ons    –  +  1,400  variables,  including  BMI  

•  Randomized  sampling  for:    –  States  –  Level  of  urbaniza-on  (urban/rural)    

•  Quotas  sampling  for:  –  Age,    –  Ethnicity  

•  40  minutes  in  face  to  face  interviews    •  Languages  :    English,  Bahasa,  

Chinese  •  Age:  From  15  years  old  to  the  very  

elderly    •  Data  collec-on:  January  -­‐  May  2013          

11  

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Fem

ale

Mal

e 15

-19

20-2

9 30

-39

40-4

9 50

-59

60+

Nor

th

Cen

tral

Sout

h Ea

st C

oast

Ea

st M

alay

sia

Urb

an

Rur

al

Non

-Mal

ay

Mal

ay

Indi

an

Chi

nese

O

ther

s

Malaysia Food Barometer, 2013 Department of Malaysia Statistics, 2010

Gender

Age

Geographic Distribution

Urbanization

Ethnicity

N  =  2,000  

Ques-onnaire    

Page 12: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

 Ea-ng  Out  Assessment  

 •  Reconstruc-on  of  the  week  before  

 

•  Recall  of  the  24  hours  with  – Ra-o  of  frequency  on  intake  (number  of  intake  eaten  out  /  number  of  intake  

– Ra-o  of  frequency  per  individual  (number  of  individual  having  at  least  on  intake  out)  

12  

Page 13: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Ea-ng  Out  Assessment    (Reconstruc-on  of  the  week  before)  

Page 14: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

 Ea-ng  Out  Assessment  

 •  The  reconstruc-on  of  the  week  before  

 

•  The  recall  of  the  24  hours  with  – Ra-o  of  frequency  on  intake  (number  of  intake  eaten  out  /  number  of  intake  

– Ra-o  of  frequency  per  individual  (number  of  individual  having  at  least  on  intake  out)  

14  

Page 15: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Ea-ng  out  assessment  (24h  Recall)  

15  

Page 16: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Ea-ng  out  assessment  (24h  Recall)  

16  

Page 17: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Food  day  paeern  (24h  Recall)  

0  

5  

10  

15  

20  

25  

30  

35  

40  

45  

50  

Btwn  0  and  2  intakes   3    daily  intakes   4  daily  intakes   5  daily  intakes  and  more  

Page 18: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Ea-ng  out  assessment  (24h  Recall)  

18  

Page 19: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Ea-ng  out:    Meals  

•  61.65  %  of  the  individuals  have  at  least  one  meal  per  day  outside  of  the  home    

•  12.5  %  of  individuals  having  their  meals  only  at  home  have  at  least  one  meal  prepared  away  from  home  

Page 20: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Ea-ng  Out  /  Supplying  Out  One  day  before  

Meals  

Individuals   Intakes  (Meals  only)  

Intakes  

Individuals   Intakes  (all)  

20  

Page 21: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Ea-ng  out:  Intake  %  on  intake  

Page 22: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Associa-ons  

•  Urbanisa-on  •  Gender  •  Age    •  Level  of  educa-on    •  Number  of  family  members  •  Ethnic  groups  

22  

Page 23: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Ea-ng  out  and  BMI  

r=  -­‐0.058;  N  =  2,000;    P  =  0.001  

Page 24: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Ea-ng  Out  and  BMI  

   (Χ2  (3)  =  13.63;  P  =  0.003)  

Page 25: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Urbaniza-on  indicators  

68%  

13%  

19%  

Urbaniza&on  Urban   Suburban   Rural  

18%  

49%  

33%  

Metropoliza&on  Sabah  Sarawak   Rural  peninsular   Metropolitan  city  

Page 26: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Urbaniza-on  /  Metropoliza-on  and  BMI  

As  noted  in  MANS  2003  &  2014,  no  sta-scally  difference  according  to  the  urbaniza-on  

Page 27: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Prepara-on  away  from  home  assessment    (24h  Recall)  

27  

Page 28: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Prepara-on  away  from  home  Hawkers  &  Street  Food  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

100  

No  intake   Up  to  25%  of  intakes   From  25%  to  50%  of  intakes   More  than  50%  intakes  

Page 29: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Prepara-on  away  from  home  Convenience  Store,  Supermarket  Pasar  

Mini  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

100  

No  intake   Up  to  25%  of  intakes   From  25%  to  50%  of  intakes   More  than  50%  intakes  

Page 30: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Prepara-on  away  from  home  Fast  Food  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

100  

No  intake   Up  to  25%  of  intakes   From  25%  to  50%  of  intakes   More  than  50%  intakes  

Page 31: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Prepara-on  away  from  home  Food  Court  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

100  

No  intake   Up  to  25%  of  intakes   From  25%  to  50%  of  intakes   More  than  50%  intakes  

Page 32: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Prepara-on  away  from  home  Mamak  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

100  

No  intake   Up  to  25%  of  intakes   From  25%  to  50%  of  intakes   More  than  50%  intakes  

Page 33: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Prepara-on  away  from  home  Coffee  Shop  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

100  

No  intake   Up  to  25%  of  intakes   From  25%  to  50%  of  intakes   More  than  50%  intakes  

Page 34: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Prepara-on  away  from  home  Restaurant  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

100  

No  intake   Up  to  25%  of  intakes   From  25%  to  50%  of  intakes   More  than  50%  intakes  

Page 35: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Prepara-on  away  from  home  and  BMI  

Page 36: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Prepara-on  away  from  home  Restaurant  &  Coffee  Shop  and  BMI  

Χ2  (3)  =  14.039;  P  =  0.003  Ra-o:  Χ2  (3)  =  13.595;  P  =  0.004  

 

-­‐2.5  

-­‐2  

-­‐1.5  

-­‐1  

-­‐0.5  

0  

0.5  

1  

1.5  

2  

2.5  

Underweight   Normal   Overweight   Obesity  

No  food  intake  

Presence  of  food  intakes  

Page 37: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Prepara-on  Away  From  Home  and  BMI  

r  =  -­‐0.027;  N  =  2,000  ;  P  =  0.225   Χ2  (3)  =  6.419;  P  =  0.093  

Page 38: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Policy  Design  Implica-ons  

Page 39: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Malaysian  Public  Health  Ini-a-ves    &  Ea-ng  Out  

Page 40: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Malaysian  Public  Health  Ini-a-ves  &  Ea-ng  Out  

Page 41: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Malaysian  Public  Health  Ini-a-ves  &  Ea-ng  Out  

Page 42: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Policy  Design  Implica-ons  

Food  Decision    is  socially  embedded  

 Drivers  at  the  eateries  

level  

Page 43: Food#Preparaon#and#BMI:## … · DataAvailable # Malaysian#Household#Expenditures#Survey#(MHES)# • Monthy#household#expenditures#in#FoodTAwayTFromT Home#(FAFH)#posi-vely#associated#with#income,#

Conclusion  

•  Aeen-on  to  the  social  environment  – Associa-on  with  BMI  when  intake  is  taken  out  – No  associa-on  with  BMI  when  intake  is  prepared  away  from  home  

•  Limita-ons  -­‐  Methodology:    – Assessment  of  supply  over  a  longer  period?