for Class VI from the academic year 1997. Economic... · for Class VI from the academic year 1997. Home Economics For Class VI Written by Suraiya Begum Feroza Besum Translated by

Prescribed by National Curriculum and Textbook Board as a Textbook for Class VI from the academic year 1997.

Home Economics

For Class VI

Written by Suraiya Begum Feroza Besum

Translated by Amirun Nesa

Syeda Saliha Saliheen Sultana

National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Dhaka

Published by National Curriculum & Textbook Board

69-70, Motijheel Commercial Area, Dhaka.

[All rights reserved by the Publisher]

First Print : 1997 Revised Edition : 2007

Cover Md. Abdul Halim

Illustration Samina Nafiz

Computer Compose Mars Solutions Ltd.

For free distribution from academic year 2010 by the Government of Bangladesh

PREFACE Education is the key to development. A progressively improved education system largely determines the pace and the quality of national development. To reflect the hopes and aspirations of the people and the socio-economic and cultural reality in the context of the post independent Bangladesh, new textbooks were introduced in the beginning of the 1980s following the recommendations of the National Curriculum and Textbook Committee.

In 1994, in accordance with the need for change and development, the textbooks of lower secondary, secondary and higher secondary were revised and modified. The textbooks from classes VI to IX were written in 1995. In 2000, almost all the textbooks were rationally evaluated and necessary revision were made. In 2008, the Ministry of Education formed a Task Force for Education. According to the advice and guidance of the Task Force, the cover, spelling and information in the textbooks were updated and corrected.

To make assessment more meaningful and in accordance with the need of the curriculum, Creative Questions and Multiple Choice Questions are given at the end of each chapter. It is hoped that this will reduce the dependency of students on rote memorisation. The students will be able to apply the knowledge they have gained to judge, analyse and evaluate real life situation.

Home Economics is a life skilled based and vocational study. It helps a family maximise the use of its limited resources. There are four areas of study. These are interior decoration and home management, child and family, food and knowledge of nutrition, textiles and dress making. The textbook has been modified after rational evaluation. It is hoped that the textbook will fulfill the requirements of the learners. Practical lessons have been included in the text to enable the learners use their skills in everyday life to solve different problems. We hope that through application of the knowledge gained through the study of Home Economics development in the national, social and economic areas will be achieved.

This book of Home Economics for class VI is the English Version of the original textbook entitled ‘Garhasthya Arthanity’ written in Bangla.

We know that curriculum development is a continuous process on which textbooks are written. Any logical and formative suggestions for improvement will be considered with care. On the event of the golden jubilee of the Independence of Bangladesh in 2021, we want to be a part of the ceaseless effort to build a prosperous Bangladesh.

In spite of sincere efforts in translation, editing and printing some inadvertent errors and omissions may be found in the book. However, our efforts to make it more refined and impeccable will continue. Any constructive suggestion towards its further improvement will be gratefully considered.

I thank those who have assisted us with their intellect and efforts in the writing, editing and rational evaluation of this book. We hope that the book will be useful for the students for whom it is written. Prof. Md. Mostafa Kamaluddin Chairman National Curriculum and Textbook Board Dhaka.

CONTENTS

Chapter Subject Matter Page Chapter-I Section-1 Home Management and Home Environment ------------- 1 Section-2 Interrior Cleanliness -------------------------------------------4 Section-3 Cleanliness of Outside Area of the House -----------------9 Section-4 Preservation of Necessary Things in Proper Places in Terms of Their Use for Keeping ------------------------- 13 Sound Environment of the House Section-5 Family Gardens of Fruits and Vegetables----------------- 19 Chapter-II Section-1 Family and Society ----------------------------------------- 36 Section-2 Difference between Family and Society ----------------- 42 Section-3 Duties and Responsibilities of the Family and its Members-------------------------------------------------------- 43 Section-4 Position of Children as Members of the Family -------- 48 Section-5 Teaching Good Manners to Children--------------------- 51 Chapter-Ill Section-1 Food, Nutrition and Health -------------------------------- 59 Section-2 Food Stuff of Daily Use and Food Values--------------- 73 Section-3 Misconceptions About Food and its Bad Effects ------- 81 Chapter-IV Section-1 Clothing and Textile Fibres-------------------------------- 87 Section-2 Necessity of Clothing--------------------------------------- 90 Section-3 Purpose of Wearing Clothing ------------------------------ 94 Section-4 Care and Storage of Personal Clothes --------------------- 98 Chapter-V Practicals -----------------------------------------------------------110 Chapter-VI Goat Rearing-------------------------------------------------------134

Chapter-I

Section-1

Home Management and Home Environment

Home and its Environment The primitive people did not know how to build homes. They took shelter in

the caves, on the branches of trees or on the peak of the hill. In this way they

saved themselves from the attack of wild animals or from the grasp of storm

and rainfall. Most of the time, they roamed about from one place to another

like gypsies. Gradually they learnt the use of fire. The invention of fire and

rearing of domestic animals brought about the bondage between their lives

and the soil for the first time. Gradually they learnt the use of different

metals like copper, iron etc. In course of time, they also learnt the cultivation

of land. Dwelling houses were set up by levelling the forests. Thus the first

attempt of building homes was started.

Home

An area surrounded by four walls only cannot be called a home. Home

means a particular house where different members of the family live

together. The necessity of home in a man's life is immense. Various needs of

the members of the family are fulfilled at home. These are the needs for

food, clothes, comfort, recreation, hobbies etc. A home satisfies man's needs

and settles their grievances. It preserves their privacy and raises their social

status. It makes opportunities for marriage and living a family life. Though

we are to go out for different work, we come back home to take rest there.

2 Home Economics

Man feels the need of a home for living together, being tied up in the bondage of affection and love. Home is essential for protecting oneself also from unfavourable weather. Besides these, a home is needed for preserving foodgrains and other necessary commodities. Home Management A clean, safe and comfortable home environment is desired by everybody. This kind of environment helps fulfill all the demands of the family through proper management. The manager of a home with his knowledge, skill, farsight, ability to judge and experience makes a home beautiful, clean and comfortable. Home management is the administrative side of a home. The main objective of home management is to achieve the desired goal by utilising properly the resources available in the home. Home environment should be clean and tidy for manifestation of managerial behaviour. Home manager can make the home beautiful, clean and comfortable by utilising his/her knowledge, skill, farsight, power of judgment and past experience. Home Environment Home environment is formed with the home itself and all other objects that exist around it. The happiness and peace along with health and beauty of the members of the family depend on the sound environment of a home. Home is the first environment in a child's life. A child after its birth begins to develop in this environment. As much beautiful, sophisticated and developed will be this environment so much it will help develop the body of the child excellent and mind sophisticated and generous. On the contrary, indecent and indisciplined environment helps child acquire unknowingly some bad habits. These habits make obstruction in developing the child properly. The home and its environment have much

Interrior Cleanliness 3

influence on both personal and social life. A child brought up in a nice and

disciplined environment will be well-ordered in his/her future life. He will

be careful in all his performances. Good habit will be formed in him. He will

acquire polite behaviour. He will be generous and broad minded. Whether

the home is in town or village, big or small it must have some I* facilities

such as cooking, eating, bathing, taking rest, studying, entertaining guests

and doing some interesting work. Though the houses of towns have small

area space, they have some features of residential areas- such as, school,

college, market, mosque, hospital, playground, gas, electricity, sewerage

system and improved transport system.

Though the rural houses are built in open environment, they should have

proper arrangements for doing necessary household works. These are-

cooking, sleeping, taking rest, studying, entertaining guests etc. For

maintaining good home environment, there should be no bushes or hedges

around the house. Cowshed should be at a distance from the dwelling house.

There should be arrangements for pure drinking water and hygenic latrines.

Section-2 Interrior Cleanliness- Walls, Floors, Doors,

Grills of Windows, Ceilings and Glasses To make the environment of a house nice and attractive, internal and

external cleanliness is very important. The comfort, easiness and good health

of the members of the family depend on the neatness and tidiness of the

house. The aim of a housewife is to bring peace of mind by keeping the

house and its environment nice and well ordered. All the nooks and corners

of the house and the space under the furniture should be cleaned and

mopped. Care should be taken properly. Only then, the environment of the

house becomes neat and clean. Otherwise if the environment is dirty, it will

help germs and insects to grow. There will be disturbance of flies and

mosquitoes. It will cause harm to health and create problems for working.

It is very difficult to maintain internal cleanliness and tidiness of the house.

It can be maintained at the cost of much time and energy. It is not possible to

execute all the tasks of cleanliness suddenly in a day. These tasks are the

sweeping and wiping of floors of the rooms, cleaning the walls of rooms,

grills of doors and windows, glasses, ceilings, all the clothes of the house,

bathroom, sink, basins, toilets and dusting the furniture. Attempts should be

made to perform all these tasks accurately through proper planning.

Though sweeping and wiping are done everyday in every house, it is not

possible to remove dust from everything. It is found that the unused

clothes, dishes and plates and furniture remain dirty. The tasks of overall


cleaning of the house should be performed by daily, weekly and yearly

planning.

Daily Cleanliness

To clean the house means to sweep and wipe the rooms and yards, dust the

top of the furniture, make the beds tidy, clean the tables and other objects of

everyday use in different rooms including the kitchen, remove the dirts and

filths etc. Basin, bathroom, toilet and the floor of the tubewell should be

cleaned daily.

Weekly Cleanliness

Weekly cleanliness includes removing soots of the rooms, cleaning the

glasses and grills of doors and windows, washing bed sheets, washing

thoroughly the floor of the kitchen, cleaning the shelves of the kitchen,

laying the carpets in the sun from time to time and brushing them off etc.

Yearly Cleanliness

Yearly cleanliness includes repairing the cracked wall, white washing the

house, burnishing the furniture, shifting the big pieces of furniture, cleaning

the floor and laying the stored clothes, quilts, mattresses and blankets in the

sun. It also includes washing cups and plates made of ceramics and stored in

glass-fitted or wooden cupboard, trunks or boxes etc.

House Cleaning Materials

1. Straw or brooms, brush and mopping brush

2. Floor sweeping cloth

3. Bucket, bowl, mug, waste paper busket

4. Water, phynile, detergent powder

6 Home Economics

Straws or brooms are needed to

clean dust and dirt of the floors

of the rooms, verandahs etc. Soft

cotton clothes which absorb

water easily are to be used for

sweeping floors of the rooms.

Floors should be wiped daily

with clean water. Besides

wiping, mosaic floors should

be rubbed or cleaned once a

Brush week or a month by brush

and detergent powder mixed

House cleaning materials

water. It will clean the floor by removing all the stains. A separate

piece of cloth should be used to clean the floor of the kitchen. This

floor should be cleaned once a week by a brush and hot water mixed

with detergent powder or soda. If the floor is made of clay, it is to be

annointed at regular intervals and to be kept dried.

Buckets, bowls and mugs are needed for washing and wiping the floors

of the rooms. These containers may be made of plastic, aluminium tin

or any other materials. In rural areas, earthen bowls are usually used.

Plastic made buckets or mugs do not cause any harm to the floor. In

towns, floors can be wiped in standing position by mopping brushes.

The slippery areas like the floors of kitchen taps, bathrooms etc. should

be cleaned by rubbing with brooms or brushes using detergent. The use

of bleaching powder in the messy and slippery places helps cleaning


those places and sterilise them. Straw brooms can be tied on the top of a

long bamboo and used as brooms, for cleaning the ceilings and walls of the

room.

Separate dusters should be used for cleaning the surface of furniture, dining

table, shelves of the kitchen, doors, grills of the window, glasses etc. Soft

cotton clothes or clothes of guernsey may be used as dusters. To keep the

dusters clean, these should be often washed by boiling water mixed with

soda or soap. If the woods of doors and windows are burnished, they should

be cleaned by dusters. If the woods are painted, they can be rubbed from

time to time by wet towels added with soap. In the grills specially in the

grills of the kitchen more dirts are gathered and stains are formed. These can

be cleaned if rubbed by used-up tooth brush and hot water mixed with

detergent powder and wiped out by cloth or sponge. In this way, grills

should be cleaned at least once a month. Glass fitted doors and

windows are to be softly dusted off daily by a piece of thin cotton cloth.

If too much dirts are gathered and

stains formed, first these should be

rubbed well by a soft and wet

piece of cloth or newspaper. Then

they are to be wiped out by soft

dry cloth. The glasses of windows

of the kitchen are stained by sticky

soots. To clean such windows, a

few drops of ammonia or detergent

powder are to be mixed with water

and used for rubbing. Wiping the floor of the room with

rubbing. mopping brush in a standing position

8 Home Economics

Removal of Used-up Unnecessary Things Different household articles become worn out, stained, broken, discoloured

or bent for being used for many days. As a result they become almost

useless. Toys bought from the fairs, old worn-out

Used up unnecessary things

pictures and calendars hung on the wall hamper the decency of the rooms.

Worn out and useless things unnecessarily occupy spaces of the room,

shelves, drawer and cupboard. To clean those spaces and worn out things,

both time and energy are wasted. Many times it is found that worn out things

occupy spaces and no room is available for keeping necessary articles. If

unused things are stored for a long time, they become the dwelling place of

cockroaches. The empty containers of tin, if kept unused for a long time,,are

rusted. Worn out and waste objects, buckets, cooking pots and other broken

furniture should be rejected and removed from the rooms. There is every

possibility of accidents if unnecessary and rejected objects are scattered here

and there. For this reason, the rejected objects of the house should be given

to someone or to be sold or to be removed.

Family and Society 9

Section-3 Cleanliness of Outside Area of the

House, Drains, Bushes arid Hedges, Gardens, Drainage of Canals

For healthy body and sound mind, both inside and outside of the house

should be kept clean. Dirty water used in household work, liquid waste,

rainwater and latrine water are removed through drainage system of the

canals. The mosquitoes and flies lay eggs if the drains and canals are not

clean. They carry on breeding and spread germs. In such unhealthy

environment, people are attacked with contagious diseases as malaria,

diarrhoea, typhoid, cholera,

dysentery etc. For this

reason, it is very urgent to

keep the outside garden of

the house, hedges and bushes

and drains clean. For the

sake of good health, it is also

urgent to keep running the

drainage system.

Cleaning the Drains

The purpose of keeping

drains on the surface of the

ground adjacent to the house

is to eliminate dirty water

produced by various

Brash with a long handle for

cleaning the drain

10 Home Economics

household activities. In towns, there is connection of underground pipe lines

of water with the drains. As the outer surface of the drains remains open,

various types of filths like polythin bags, bisduit packets are thrown into

water. They block the passage for passing water. Water and mosses are

gathered, filths are rotten and bad smell comes out. As a result, the

environment is polluted.

Stagnant water makes the environment damp. This kind of environment

helps flies and mosquitoes breed and multiply. Drains should be cleaned

daily with brushes having long handles. Drains should also be cleaned*. by

brooms and Phynile. DDT powder should be sprinkled in the drains •« from

time to time. These drains are built of mud in rural areas. If the drains are to

be built of mud, the mud should be strong enough so that the edges of the

drains do not collapse. Mosquitoes and flies increase menacingly if rain

water is stagnant in these drains. So these drains should be dug and made

deep by spades from time to time and these should be kept flowing.

Hedges

There should not be hedges around the house because these hedges are the

shelter place of flies, mosquitoes, poisonous insects and snakes. Besides,

hedges hamper the blowing of wind outside the house. They also block the

entrance of sunshine in the house. Soil becomes damp for lack qf sunshine.

Unhealthy environment prevails. Hedges outside the house should "be cut

down. Flowers in the front portion of the house and vegetables at the back

can be grown. It increases the beauty of the house and the mind remains

cheerful. There is also satisfaction of eating fresh vegetables.


Garden Seasonal flowers, fruits and

vegetable gardens outside the

house increase the beauty of the

house. Proper care of the garden

is needed to keep the

environment neat and clean. Due

to lack of care, weeds grow in the

garden and form bushes. Growth of

the trees and their production fall

Flower garden in the front and -fruit garden at the

back of a house

down. It is necessary to make soil soft by regularly digging and turning the

earth up. Weeds should be removed. Children of the family can share this

responsibility among themselves. It helps develop the sense of dignity of

labour among them from the very childhood. Body and mind become sound

owing to working in the garden. The children become accustomed to hard

work.

Canal Extraction Every house has drains or pipes for carrying away filth like dirty water,

faeces and urine to a large underground sewer. All sorts of filth are carried

away to the river through this sewer. Some mouths of this sewer remain

open upto the surface of the ground. These mouths are closed by iron or

cement made lids. There may be one or two of this sort of lid within the

boundary of the house. If any dirt falls and is fixed in the pipe, it can be

removed by opening the lid of the pipe and pushing by bamboo stick or

anything of this sort.

Any peel of fruits or vegetables or any dry waste should not be thrown

into the pipes of liquid waste. If it is done, the mouth of the pipe will be

12 Home Economics

Lids with net used in pipes mouth under the tap and the basin

blocked and cause problems in passing out water and faeces. If the pipe is

blocked, all the filth of the latrine can not pass through it. It will come to the

bathrooms by overflowing the pan of the latrine. All the used dirty water of

the kitchen will come back to the kitchen through the pipe. As a result the

environment of the house will be polluted. For this rea ;on, nets are fitted at

the top of the mouths of pipes in the bathrooms and the kitchens. As a result

other dirts cannot enter the pipes except water.

Section-4 Preservation of Necessary Things in

Proper Place in Terms of Their Use for Keeping Sound Environment

of the House The first and foremost means to maintain decency and discipline of the

house is to put everything in right place and right order. Only then, they will

be available in time of need. Time and energy will not unnecessarily be

wasted. After finishing the task, they should be put in right place in stead of

scattering them here and there. The members of the family should form this

habit. There is the possibility of accident if things are kept scattered. If

things are not available in time of need, one is to be exhausted in looking for

them. Time is wasted and one may loose interest in the work. One feels

interested for doing something in a tidy nice room. The tools and materials

that are used in the house can be divided into following groups:

Household Equipment

Cosmetics

Sewing Equipment

Gardening Equipment

First Aid Equipment and materials

1. Household Equipment

Household Equipment means things that are used in household work

like furniture, utensils and other equipment. Suitable equipment and

commodities are needed to maintain comfort and satisfaction of the

14 Home Economics

members of the family. Some of these may be used in daily life and some

may be needed in future life. So proper care of these things increases their

lasting capacity and brightness is retained for a long time. Cleanliness and

tidiness of a house depends on proper placement and good order of things.

As a result, things are available easily in time of need. Time and energy are

not wasted in searching things if they are properly placed.

Furniture of different families are of different type. They may be big or

small. They should be arranged properly in different rooms according to

the needs. Bedstead, dressing table, rack and almirah etc, should be placed

in suitable places in the bedroom so

that it does not create any problem

in movement and passing light and

air. In this way, the furniture of

other rooms should be set in proper

places according to their use. There

are a few things which are used

frequently in daily work of every

family. Shelves may be used to

keep these things.

Arranging cooking things in the kitchen

If the things of the kitchen are properly placed, it becomes convenient for

doing any work. The used big or small empty containers, boxes with lids

should be washed and wiped. Then they can be used to fill with species and

other food stuff. These containers should be labelled for identifying things in

them and arranged in the shelves. These labels


A Modern Kitchen

are: Flour, Sugar, Pulse etc. If the containers are labelled, one need not

unnecessarily search all "the containers. In the market, plastic or iron shelves

and racks for cups and saucers are available. Cups and plates can be put in

them. These things can also be kept in the shelves. Less used things like big

cauldrons, saucepans should be washed, cleaned and dried in the sun and can

be kept on the upper shelves of the kitchen. Cooking pots and pans which

are used every day can be kept on the lower shelves. Sharp equipment like

chopper, bowl, knife should be kept in one side of a shelf. Additional

equipment of this sort can be kept in the upper shelf of the kitchen by

wrapping cloth around them. If there is no shelf, they can be put in a box.

Otherwise there is possibility of their being rusted.

Now-a-days in modern kitchens, there are arrangements for doing all

sorts of work standing. There are cabinets and drawers of different sizes

in the kitchen for preserving cooking equipment. These equipment can be

16 Home Economics

arranged in the drawers and cabinets according to convenience of working.

2. Cosmetics

Cosmetics include those items which are used for physical cleanliness and

dressing. Babies, Girls, Boys, Man, Woman all use cosmetics. Cosmetics,

are of different types according to age, sex and season. Toilet soap,

shampoo, hair oil, comb, ribbon,

clip, hair-pin, hair band, shaving

brush, cream, razor, blade etc. are

the items for everyday use. It is

convenient to keep them in

places where they are used. They

can be arranged in a shelf or a box.

Cosmetics used for joining any

delightful festival or any outgoing

are snow, powder, cold cream,

lotion, lipstick, eye-brow pencil,

perfume, attar etc. Makeup

materials are to be kept on the

dressing table or in its drawer or

Dressing Table with different cosmetics

in its cabinet. Or they can be kept in shelves near the mirror or on the table.

Many persons keep makeup materials in a chain fitted small bag or in a

beauty box. The cosmetics should not be kept within the reach of small

children.

3. Sewing Equipment

The equipment that are necessary for making and repairing of dresses in

the house are needle, thread, scissors, measuring tape, scale, frame,

finger-cap, coloured chalk for marking, button etc. Besides these many


houses may have sewing

machines. Small equipment can be

kept in boxes made of wood or cane,

or in small boxes of biscuits

chocolates or logenzes. Tools and

equipment will be easily available in

time of need if they are kept in order

in a box. The sewing equipment

should be kept beyond the reach of

Box with sewing equipment

small children but these should be kept near the sewing machine so that

other members of the family can use in time of need.

4. Gardening Equipment Gardening of flower, fruit or vegetables gives amusement and pleasure to both body and mind. Regular nursing is necessary for enhancing the beauty of the garden. Suitable equipment is necessary for removing weeds from the garden,watering, cutting bushes etc. Gardening equipment are spade, ironbar, chopper, weeder, weeding spade, scissors, lattice, plastic pipe for watering the plants, sprayer for sprinkling medicines, small baskets for throwing the dirts etc. These equipment may be broken, rusted and stolen if not preserved carefully. They can be found easily if they are kept in the adjacent area of the garden. If there is any space or small room under the stair, these things can be kept by making door with metal string frame. If there is extra space in the garage, shelves can be made there. The gardening equipment can be kept there to get them easily in time of need^ If there is no space outside the house, the equipment can be stored in the storeroom by dividing the space of the room. Before keeping them in the store, they should be cleaned and dried. As a result, those things do not set rusted and become Long lasting.

18 Home Economics

5. First Aid Equipment

Immediate medical treatment provided for a person facing any major or

minor accident is called the primary medical treatment or first aid.

First aid equipment should be kept in every house because they may be

needed at any time. Accidents never comes forecasted. So, appropriate

precautionary measures should

be taken for any adverse

situation. The materials for

initial treatment are burnol,

cotton, bandage, thin clean

cloth, adhesive plaster, first aid

bandage, spirit, scissors, safety-

pin, ice bag and hot water bag,

antiseptic powder or ointment,

dettol, pain killer tablets etc.

First aid treatment equipment are kept in a box which is marked with a red-

coloured plus (+) sign. This box is called First Aid Box. Names should be

written on the bottles of the medicine. If the names are not written, mishap

may occur by using wrong medicine. This box should be kept beyond the

reach of small children. This box should be kept in a high shelf on wall

cupboard so that it can be seen easily. Wherever it may be kept, all the

members of the family should know it so that anyone can use it when

needed.

Section-5 Family Garden of Fruits and

Vegetables Vegetable gardens are those where different vegetables are planted in

different seasons. When a vegetable garden is made centering round a family

in the adjacent area of a house, it is called family garden of vegetables.

Usually there is little space around the dwelling houses. Different types of

vegetables are planted disorderly in this space. No scientific method is used

in this type of vegetable production. As a result, the production of vegetable

is not enough and on the other hand, the nutritive value-of the vegetable is

not upto the mark. Along with the increase of population, the demand of

food is increasing. So, we are to think how we can get production more than

once a year from the same piece of land. This is why we should increase the

intensiveness of planting vegetables. The method of planting different types

of vegetables in the same land throughout the year is called intensive

vegetable planting. If this method is followed, the land never lies unplanted

throughout the year. For this purpose, a model for plantation of vegetable in

the dwelling house has been innovated. There are a few methods of intensive

plantation of vegetables:

1. Rotational Cultivation method

2. Mixed crop method

3. Relay crop method

4. Shred crop method

5. Row crop method.

20 Home Economics

1. Rotational Cultivation Method

Through this method, vegetables are planted in a piece of land throughout

the year. When one type of vegetable is collected, another type is sown in

that land.

2. Mixed Crop Method

Seeds of different types of vegetables are scattered in the same land at a

time. For example stalk and pepper can be planted along with lady's fingers.

3. Relay Crop Method

In this method, seeds of one kind of vegetable are sown or seedlings are

planted when one kind of vegetables is about to ripe. For example, native

kidney beans may be planted in the regular blank spaces leaving for

'Kakrole'.

4. Shred Crop Method

In this method, a piece of land is divided into several parts. Different types

of vegetables are planted at the same time in different parts of the land.

Generally, family vegetable garden is planted in this method.

5. Row Crop Method

In this method, in between two rows of one type of vegetables, the other

type of vegetable is planted. For example, in the inter spaces of potato rows,

red vegetables, coriander seed and spinach can be planted.

The Purpose and Feature of Vegetable Cultivation

The purposes of intensive vegetable cultivation are:

1. To produce different vegetables throughout the year in the limited

areas of land


2. To motivate the members of the family to eat the produced vegetable.

3. To prevent malnutrition.

4. To encourage women and children of the family to participate actively

in cultivation of vegetables.

5. To make arrangement for extra-income by selling the surplus

vegetables in the market.

6. To expand the field of co-ordination and intimacy among the

members of the family.

7. To maintain the quality and fertility of land for growing plants.

8. To fulfill the interest and have rest and recreation.

Major Features of the Land for Intensive Vegetable Plantation: .,

1. The land for the garden will be levelled. ?

2. The area of land will be 6x6 metres or 36 square metres.

3. There will be arrangement for adequate air and light

4. There must not be any stagnant water in the land.

5. There should have system for irrigation in the land.

6. Fence must be made around the garden.

Design and Set up of Vegetables in the Garden

Generally family vegetable gardens are made according to choice of the

family members. But if vegetables are to be cultivated according to intensive

method, the model innovated by Agricultural Research Institute should be

followed. By following this model, any kind of vegetables can be cultivated

in the garden of the dwelling house throughout the year.

22 Home Economics

Points to be considered for vegetable gardening are as follows:

1. There should have an open area of 50 centimetres around the selected

land for making fence and canals. The rest 55 square metres of land is

to be divided into five equal fragments.

Design and set up of a vegetable garden

2. Each fragment of the land is called a 'bed'. This bed will be 5 metres

in length, 80 centimetres in breadth.

3. The depth of each canal will be 20-25 centimetres. The canal of any -

margin will be a bit deeper so that rain water can flow away soon.

4. Each piece of land should be made high upto 20-25 centimetres by

Lifting up soil from the canal and mixing it with cowdung fertilizer.


In 5 beds of the vegetable garden, fourteen kinds of vegetable can be planted

throughout the year. Besides, the fence around the field can be used as

'bauni. Native kidney bean, bitter gourd, bean etc. during winter season and

cowpea, ghosala, heksa in the summer can be cultivated.

1. Radish/tomato-red pot leaf-spinach

2. Red-pot leaf + brinjal-red pot leaf-lady's finger

3. Red-pot leaf, spinach-garlic, red-pot leaf-'data'

4. Bati leaf-onion or carrot-Ipomoea leaf-red rJbt leaf

5. Cabbage-red pot leaf-bitter gourd-red pot leaf

Iri the first bed, radish seed is to be sown in the first week of October. Two

weeks before collecting radish, tomato seedlings should be planted in the

blank inter spaces in the same area. Red-pot leaf is to be sown in mid

February. This may be collected upto the third week of March. It can again

be sown in the last week of March. This can be collected upto the first week

of May. Spinach should be planted in early May. It can be collected upto

September.

In the second bed, red-pot leaf and brinjal can be cultivated together. Brinjal

could be collected from this bed upto 15 March. After collecting brinjal,

seeds of red-pot leaf can be sown. Collection of red-pot leaf can be started

from 15 April. Lady's fingers should be sown in early May. This can be

collected from 15 June upto the end of August. Red-pot leaf is to be planted

at the beginning of September.

In the third bed, red-pot leaf is to be planted at the end of first week of

September. It should be collected by October 10. When its collection is

completed, spinach is to be planted. Garlic is to be planted at the end of

24 Home Economics

November. After collecting garlic in early March, red-pot leaf is to be sown.

This red-pot leaf can be collected upto April. Data seed is to be sown at the

end of first week of May. It can be collected upto the end of August.

In the fourth bed, 'bati' leaf is to be sown at the beginning of October. After

completing its collection onion or carrot is to be sown, After collecting

onion or carrot by the 15 of April, Ipomoea leaf is to be sown by the end of

last week. This leaf should be collected by the end of July. The seeds of red-

pot leaf should be sown in August.

In the fifth bed, seedlings of cabbage are to be planted by 15 October. After

completing collection of cabbage, by 15 February red pot leaf seed is to be

sown. Bitter gourd seeds are to be sown in mid-April. It can be collected

from mid June to the end of July. When bitter gourd collection is completed,

red pot leaf is to be sown by 15 August.

Planning of Vegetable Seedlings and Their Care

The primary needs of planting vegetable seedlings are-

Preparation of Land

The area of a family garden is normally small. At first the land of the garden

should be dug well by a spade. It should be left for 6-7 days. If there is any

germ in the soil, it would be perished by the heat of the sun.

Soil lumps are to be broken into pieces after six or seven days. Then the area

of the land should be divided into beds. Canals are to be dug between two

beds. Rotten cowdung fertilizer or wastes is to be mixed well with the soil of

the bed. In each bed twenty kgs of cow-dung fertilizer or rotten wastes

should be given.


Sowing Seeds or Seedlings

The second phase of gardening is to sow seeds or seedlings. It is always

better to sow seedlings in rows. At this, production becomes better and the

act of irrigation and putting fertilizer becomes convenient. It also helps to

weed out the garden. Seeds of radish, red pot leaf, data, spinach, carrot and

lady's fingers are to be sown in rows in the beds. These seeds are very

minute. So these should be mixed with pounded soil or ash. It helps sowing

the seeds equally throughout the place and in right distance. The brinjal,

cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, tomato, flakes of garlic, onion seedlings etc.

should be sown in rows. It is better to plant the seedlings generally in the

afternoon. After planting the seedlings, they should be covered by the bark

of banana for three or four days. It is for protecting the seedlings from the

heat of sunshine. The seedlings can not tolerate the intense heat of the sun.

These covers should be removed in the afternoon. When the seedlings are

strong enough to stand on the ground with strong root, coverings are not

required any more.

Nursing

Watering

After sowing the seeds, watering is not necessary for two or three days.

After germination, seedlings are to be watered by a watering pot. If water is

poured from a long height or in excess directly on the roots, roots are rotten.

Loosing the Soil

The soil near the roots of the plants should be loosened from time to time. It

helps passing light and air inside the soil. Weeds should be eliminated.

26 Home Economics

If the plants are thick, they should be made thin by plucking some of them

out. The diseased and weak seedlings should be plucked out and buried in

the ground.

Putting Fertilizer

We should be when we put fertilizer in the field. Fertilizer should not touch

the roots of the plants. It should be mixed with soil and put 15 centimetres

away from the plant.

Fencing

A fence should be made round

the garden to protect it from

the attacks of chicken, cows

and goats. A platform is to be

made for creeping of the plants

like bean, borboti, gourd when

they grow a little.

Unnecessary branches of the

lower stem of creeping plants

should be cut off if we want

to get the production more.

A Vegetable Garden with fencing around it

Preventing Diseases and Insects

There are many diseases and insects that cause, great harm to the production.

A few of these diseases and the attacks of the insects are discussed below


Various Diseases of Vegetables and Their Preventive Measures : Name of diseases Name of vegetables &

symptom of diseases Preventive measures

Ordinary mosaic Beans and Brinjal : Leaves become yellow. Size of the leaves becomes smaller.

Diseased plants should be pulled out. The attack of the insect Jab is to be prevented.

Seedling ratting disease

Tomato, Cabbage and Radish : Bottom stem of the plants are rotten. Seedlings droop down and dry.

To make arrangements for extraction of water from the root of the plants, to loosen the soil and to pluck attacked seedlings.

Powdering mildew Bottle Gourd, Pumpkin, Cucumber Peas : White powdery substance is seen to remain stuck in the stem and leaves.

Two grams Carothine Theovit should be dissolved in one litre water and sprinkled.

Disease of stain formation on leaves

Brinjal, Tomato, Gourd, Bean, Lady's Finger, Ridge Gourd, Kheksa :Black stains are formed on the stem and leaves.

Two grams antifungal medicine is to be disolved in one litre water and sprinkled.

Disease of leprous Tomato : Growth of the plant is stopped by contraction of leaves.

Attacked plants must be plucked out. Insecticide is to be sprinkled.

Insects

Insects are the main enemy of vegetables. Various kinds of insects cause

harm to the plants. How these insects can be brought under control is

described below:

28 Home Economics

Ants and Spiders

Ants and spiders eat the seeds of seed beds. They do harm to the soil of the

roots of plants. Spiders and insects weave webs under the leaves and eat

juice of leaves. If two to three liters dioldrine is mixed with one liter watqr

or kerosine mixed with water is sprayed, ants and spiders die.

Bitol or Lada Insects

These insects come flying in swarms. They eat leaves and young shoots of

plants. One gram savin/carbaril mixed with one liter water is to be sprayed.

Borers

These are vegetable perforators. These insects penetrate into tomato and

brinjal. One tea spoon Repcord EC or Shimbush EC mixed with one liter

water should be sprinkled.

Fly insects

Fly insects eat young leaves and stems. Half a gram dipterex is to be mixed

with one hundred grams pumpkin shoots. Three fourths of earthen

pots should be filled with this. These .pots should be kept with a gap of

eight to twelve meters in the field. Fly insects are attracted by the trap of

poison and they die.

Planting Fruit Seedlings in the Yard and Their Nursing

Some sorts of fruit trees are found either in the front or at the back of almost

all the houses of our country. Vast land is required if anyone wants to

cultivate fruit trees in the shape of a garden. So fruit trees are planted

alongside the boundary walls of the house.


The land for planting fruit trees must have the following features :

1. The land should be high enough so that water is not stagnant.

2. The soil must be of the same sort upto 100 metres depth.

3. The soil must be without stones and gravels

4. It must be such an area where sunbeam enters and where the

shadow of rooms or trees does not fall.

Digging Holes

Holes suitable for planting fruit trees are to be dug. Sixty centimeters broad

holes should be dug for almost all the fruit trees. Soil of the upper and the

lower parts of the hole is to be divided into two parts. The soil of the upper

portion and that of the lower portion may be interchanged. After digging the

hole, it should be dried in the sun for seven days to sterialize it.

Putting Fertilizer

Rotten cowdung or compost fertilizer, Una, T.S.P and ash are to be mixed

with the soil of the hole. The hole is to be filled in with fertilizer mixed soil

in such away that the soil level of the hole remains ten centimetres higher

than the ground level. After filling the holes, the soil should be kept wet by

water so that its level comes down by compression. Soil of the hole should

be loosened after one week by a weeder.

Planting Seedlings

Seedlings are to be planted in the afternoon. After planting them, the soil of

the hole should be made wet. A strong chip of bamboo is to be pushed down

the ground by the side of the plant for its support.

30 Home Economics

The plant should be tied with the chip of bamboo. It will help the plant to go

straight. Shade should be provided for the plant for the first few days.

Distance should be maintained while planting the seedlings. For Mango,

jackfruit and olive trees, the distance from one plant to another is ten to

twelve metres. For bilimbi, guava, wood apple, papaya etc. the distance

should be from four to six meters.

Nursing

The seedlings are to be enclosed by bamboo made high cage during tender

age to protect them from cattle and goats. The roots of the soil of seedlings

should be loosened from time to time. Weeds should be eliminated. It should

be noticed that water is not stagnant in the roots of the plants. The fertilizer

needed for the whole year should be divided into two portions. One of these

portions is to be used at the end of the rainy season. It is better not to put

fertilizer while fruits are there in the trees. Bottom stem of the trees should

be covered with dirts or water hyacynth during draught.

Season Based Fruit Cultivation

Baishakh-Jaistha Ashar-Shraban Poush-Magh All seasoned

mango, black berry guava, pine-apple orange, olive coconut, banana

leeche, jack-fruit hog plum, chalta wood apple papaya

pomegranate, water

melon

lemon, safeda


Various Disease of Fruits and Their Preventive Measures :

Name of fruits Name of diseases Symptoms Preventive Measuresa. Powdery mildew

Ash coloured white powdery substance is found on flowers and tender fruits.

Sulfur or Carothine 0. 1% mixed with 0.2% water should be sprinkled before blooming.

Mango

b. Anthracnose

Black stains are formed on different parts of the tree. The branches and the flowers dry.

One gram Tute and one hundred gram lime mixing with one liter water should be sprayed. Dried leaves fallen under the tree should beburnt.

Banana

a. Panama b. Banchitop virus

Leaves become yellow. Growth of the leaves falls down. The size of leaves become smaller and narrow and erectupwardly.

Diseased plants should be pulled out and burnt. Diseased plants should be pulled out and burnt.

Papaya

Dumping off

Main part/trunk of the tree is rotten in the rainy season and the tree droops down.

Arrangements should be made for extraction of water from the root of the plant. The soil of the seed bed should be sterilized by 5% formaldehyde.

Lemon Butterfly The insects eat the leaves of trees

Leaves with eggs and insects should be collected and burnt.

Guava Anthracnose Brown stain on the body of the guava becomes bigger & makes a sore.

The guava which falls under the tree and the leaves should be collected and burnt.

32 Home Economics

Multiple - Choice Questions:

1. Managerial behaviour develops in the life of a person -

(a) In office (b) In domestic environment

(c) In schools and colleges (d) In working places

2. The people of the primitive age lived –

(a) At home (b) In the cave

(c) In the street (d) In the forest

3. The location of a cowshed should be –

(a) Near the house (b) Beside the kitchen

(c) Far away from the house (d) On the bank of the pond

4. The number of beds of a dense vegetable garden is –

(a) 2 (b) 4

(c) 5 (d) 10

5. How many c.m. should be the depth of drains of a dense vegetable

garden?

(a) 5-10 (b) 8-10

(c) 10-15 (d) 20-25

6. The size of a dense vegetable garden should be –

(a) Square (b) Rectangular

(c) Triangular (d) Quadrangular


7. Materials of first aid are-

(i) Cotton and bandage

(ii) Scissors and burnol

(iii) Painkiller medicine

Which one of the following is correct?

(a) (i) (b) (i) and (ii)

(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii), and (iii)

8. What disease is it called when the root of vegetable plants is decayed

or rotten?

(i) Kuthe disease or leprosy

(ii) Charahaja disease

(iii) Powdery mildew

Which is correct of the following?

(a) (i) (b) (ii)

(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)

9. Which types of insects can we destroy by mixing kerosene with water?

(i) Ants and other insects

(ii) Beetle and lada insects

(iii) Borars and flies

Which one is correct?

(a) (i) (b) (i) and (ii)


34 Home Economics

Creative Questions:

1. Sonia is very cautious about the cleanliness of her home. The windows of

her room are made of glass, but there is no grill. Her kitchen is very well-

arranged; as a result, cooking materials do not go in wastage. She can have

some savings after the end of every month.

(a) What is home?

(b) Explain the importance aspect of cleanliness of her home.

(c) How does Sonia clean the windows of her home?

(d) Discuss the way of savings of Sonia every month.

2. Ruma is a student of class six. She works in family vegetable garden with

other members of her family. They cultivate vegetables in their courtyard

by intensive vegetable cultivation method. Often Ruma provides plenty of

water in the garden. A few days later it was observed that roots of plants

were decayed or rotten.

(a) What is a family vegetable garden?

(b) What is intensive vegetable cultivation?------- Describe .

(c) Explain how could Ruma save the vegetable plants.

(d) Analyze the objectives and characteristics of intensive vegetable

cultivation.

3. Abir prepared the soil after clearing weeds in the empty space of the

backyard of their house. Then he planted guava and papaya plants keeping

definite distances. He looked after the plants of the garden properly. But he

became anxious seeing that, after growing large, in the middle of the

monsoon some papaya plants were drooping down.


a. Write name of one tool to prepare soil.

b. Explain the advantage of sowing guava and papaya plants together.

c. Describe how Abir looks after plants of garden.

d. Explain what steps could be taken by Abir to prevent the papaya

plants from collapsing or drooping down.

Chapter-II Section-1

Family and Society

Family is the most primitive institution. There are differences of opinion

regarding the origin of family. Many people think that men lived in small

families from the primitive period. Some social scientists think that initially

people lived in groups to protect themselves from the attack of wild animals.

Afterwards, they were divided in small families. The characterstics of a

family is found in the animal world too. A pair of birds living together make

a nest, lay eggs, give birth to offspring, bring them up and preserve food for

them. Some people conceive the idea that family originated from that time

when men accepted cultivation as a profession. Men were inspired to form

families by the ties of love, affection, intimacy etc.

Definition of Family

A family is a social organisation. Human race had been evolved from this

organisation. A family starts through the marriage of a man with a woman.

A family expands gradually through the birth of children. According to

Nimcock, a social scientist, on the whole a family is an organisation formed

by husband and wife. It may or may not have children. In other words a

family is a definite pair or couple constituted by the bond of marriage where

there will have ample scope for bringing up children.


Characterstics of Family

If we analyse any family, we will find the following characterstics. These

are essential for making an ideal family

1. A definite number of members

2. Organisation

3. A fixed dwelling place

4. Harmony in religious opinion

5. Provision for income

6. Breeding

7. Harmony in choice

8. Stability

Structure of the Family/Its Classification

1. Maternal Family

In this type of family, the authority of mother is more than that of the father.

Sons and daughters are known by the identity of the mother. In a maternal

family, a husband by the bond of marriage has to live with the family of the

wife. In this type of family, a daughter inherits much property from her

mother. Some maternal families are still found among V tribal people in

Bangladesh.

2. Paternal Family ,

Most of the families of Bangladesh are of paternal type. Father is the head of

the family. Children are known by his identity. Important decisions are taken

by him. Members of the family work according to his liking.

3. Single Family

A single family is formed with husband, wife and children. This type of

family is found more in urban areas of Bangladesh. In modern time, the

38 Home Economics

number of single families is increasing. Along with the expansion of

industrial mills and factories, village people are being split up from joint

families. They are coming to the town with the hope of getting job or

employment. They are forming single families and living in town.

Single Family Joint Family

4. Joint Family

Mother, father, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, grand father and grand mother

live jointly in the same house. The collection of a few single families is

called a joint family. Blood relation is the linking source of this type of

family. An elderly person exercises authority over other members in a joint

family. Members of the family abide by his instructions. He makes

arrangement to meet up the demands of all the members of the family. There

is demand of manpower for agricultural activities. For this reason, the

number of joint families are even now much more in rural areas.


Function of Family Though there are changes in shape and structure of a family, there are some common functions which are applicable to all the families. Among different activities the main are as follows : 1. Biological Activities: One of the aims of marriage is to multiply generation through breeding. This is the biological activity of a family. 2. Activities of Bringing up Children A child grows up gradually with the care and nursing of parents and other members of the family. The responsibility of bringing them up as proper human beings by fulfilling their demands lies with the parents and other relatives of the family. 3. Educational Activities Family is the primary centre of education for children. Besides formal education, a child learns good manners and modesty from other members of the family. It is the responsibility of the family to teach them what is good and what is bad. It is also the responsibility of the family to develop attitude for justice, kindness and other social and moral values. : 4. Economic Activities A family provides economic security to its members. The parents and elder members of the family earn money. Other members of the family try to make economic progress of the family by doing different vocational jobs. The members of the family can participate in different economic activities like sewing, cooking, gardening, cottage industries etc. 5. Political Activities It is the responsibility of the family to maintain good relationship among different members of the family. This relationship inspires the members

40 Home Economics

to work unitedly. It will also make them conscious of their rights and duties.

6. Psychological Activities

It is the responsibility of the family to develop the attitude of kindness, love,

affection, fellow-feeling etc. It is also its responsibility to teach ho to take

into consideration the mentality of others in behaving with them.

7. Recreational Activities

Arrangements of recreation for the members of trie family are made through

different activities like-games, gossiping, watching T.V., reading daily

newspaper, magazines etc. Being exhausted by the days work, the members

of the family take part in such recreational activities.

Society

A society consists of some families. Man is a social being. He cannot live

alone. He lives either in small or large groups. Even in primitive period men

lived in groups in order to save themselves from the attack of wild ferocious

animals. Man lives a social life in order to meet the basic needs and have

peace and security. The help of the society is necessary and unavoidable for

all activities like everyday living, earning money, education medical

treatment, religious rituals even for performing funeral ceremonies.

Definition

When man comes in close contact with one another with a view to achieving

any special objective or builds up any organization, it is called a society. So

society consists of men. Society is formed with such institutions as family,

tribe, community etc. Each and every human being lives in some

sorts of these societ ies. Men help one another in t ime of any


trouble or danger. The main objective of a society is the development and

welfare of human beings. The importance of society in a man's life is

unlimited. To perform the activities of one's everyday life properly and those

of the family, social institutions have been organized. Some of these

institutions are-job center offices, law-courts, schools, colleges, hospitals,

mosques, temples, churches, parks, libraries etc.

The objective of all these social institutions is the overall development of

human lives. These institutions provide ample opportunities for men to live a

decent life.

Social Manners and Customs

In every society, there are some manners, customs, laws and prohibitions.

The rights and duties of each member of the society is to abide by these

rules. These are to preserve social wealth, to behave well with the members

of the society, to maintain peace and discipline of the social institutions etc.

On the other hand some sorts of behaviour are not acceptable in any society.

These are to disturb the neighbours, to make the streets dirty, to utter harsh

words to the elders, to show impolite behaviour in presence of the elders, to

waste social wealth etc.

A person is humiliated and criticised in the society if he does not abide by

the rules of the society. Many times, he is tried by social laws and punished.

On the contrary, if every man abides by social rules in a society, injustice,

bad training or evil intention etc. cannot prevail there. This kind of society is

called the sound or the ideal society. Those who carry on social laws also

abide by the laws of the society.

Section-2 Difference between Family and Society

If we observe the characterstics of family and society we will find that both of them have been formed for the welfare of mankind. A family is built up for nourishing and developing children. The objective of the society is to develop terms of relationship among people. This relationship helps fulfilling the purposes of each other. Both family and society consist of man. In spite of having relationship between the two, there are also some differences in terms of size and shape. The differences are shown below :

Family Society 1. Family is a small unit of the

society. 2. Family is the base of the society. 3. The initial source of family life is

a man and a woman or a husband & a wife.

4. A family consists of husband wife, children and other relatives.

5. The members of the family live in the same house.

6. Family does not include any institution.

7 Mutual relationship among the

members of the family is based on blood relation.

8 The activities of the family are governed by social systems and manners.

9. The change in structure of the family depends on social changes or social evolution.

1. Society is a small unit of the state.

2. Society is the base of the state. 3. The first molecule of the social

life is the family. 4. A society is composed of some

families. 5. Different members of the society

live in different houses. 6. Society includes different social

institutions as school, club, hospital, mosque, temple etc.

7. Mutual relationship among the members of the society is based on fulfilling the goals of one another.

8. Each society is controlled by its own rules and regulations.

9. The change in social structure

depends on the development or advancement of science.

Section-3 Duties and Responsibilities of the

Family and its Members Family is a small organisation of the society. Here lives the members whose

age range is from a child to the old. Everybody's demand is different. The

objective of a family is to build a happy environment by fulfilling the

demands of all the members. Co-operation of the members is necessary for

managing different activities of the family in a disciplined manner. If

everyone discharges his/her duties, extra burden of labour is not imposed

upon a single person. It is found in many families that there are too much

responsibilities upon the shoulder of the housewife which is inhuman.

Because in those families, members are not conscious of their own duties

and responsibilities. Family peace is the result of joint effort -this should be

realised by the members of the family. Only then, family life would be

peaceful.

Duties and Responsibilities of Parents

In a family, either father or mother bears the responsibilities of the head of

the household. The responsibility of earning livelihood is vested on the

father. If mother is a service holder, she also spends money for the family.

The responsibility of expenditure lies on both of them. Responsibilities of

bringing up children and providing food are borne by mother. Education and

medical care of the children lie on both father and mother. The parents try

untiringly to guide their children in a good way by teaching them good

manners and behaviour. The parents give advice to their children on

which subject or discipline they will receive higher education or to which

44 Home Economics

profession they will employ themselves. In a family, children follow their

parents. Parents should present themselves as ideal image of characters to

their children. In other words, they will express to their sons and daughters

different human qualities like affection, love, kindness, sympathy, patience

etc. through different activities. It will help the children to cherish these

qualities in their characters. They can build themselves up in future as

responsible and self-sufficient citizens of the country.

Besides these duties and responsibilities to the children, the parents take care

of old persons in the family like father-in-law, mother-in-law or other

relatives. They keep an eye on their feedings. The parents nurse them when

they are ill. They are also alert on meeting up their other needs. The overall

responsibility of the parents is to develop bondage of good relationship

among the members of the family.

Duties and Responsibilities of Brothers and Sisters

In a family generally the relationship among brothers and sisters is very

close. As parents are affectionate to their children reciprocally they should

also show respect and regards to them and other superiors in the family.

They should carry out the orders of the elders and obey the rules and

regulations of the family. Elder brothers and sisters would be sympathetic to

the youngers. They would be affectionate to the juniors. The juniors will

show respect and love to their seniors. Elder brothers and sisters will help

the youngers in their studies. Usually the elder sisters take care of their

younger brothers and sisters. Besides this, as girls, they help their mother in

different household activities. They discharge their duties by helping their

mothers giving breakfast to the guests and making rooms tidy. When anyone

in the family is sick, girls in the family help him/her in nursing.

Duties and Responsibilities of the Family and its Members 45

Responsibilities of the boys are a bit different. In their early age, they can

put their books and clothes in order. When they grow up, they can work with

their father outside the house. They can go to market and take their younger

brothers and sisters to schools. Boys help their fathers in gardening at home

and cleaning yards and fields outside the house. If there are paternal grand

father and grand mother or maternal grand father and grand mother at home,

the children will gossip with them. They can take part in rendering services

to them and nursing them. Thus they can give relief to some extent to their

parents from pressure of duties.

Duties and Responsibilities of Grand fathers and Grand mothers

Grand fathers and grand mothers have wide experience in managing

household works. Grand fathers and grand mothers can give well-thought

opinions in many important affairs of the family. Their deep affection and

care for their grand sons and daughters are very much valuable. If in

any family both father and mother are job holders, the responsibility of

46 Home Economics

looking after the children lies with

the grand fathers and grand

mothers. Educated grand fathers

and grand mothers can supervise

the studies of their grand sons and

daughters.

Sometimes they lake the

responsibility of sending their

grand children to schools and

bring them back home. They

give wise opinions regarding

Grandson, granddaughter gossiping with

grandfather and grandmother

marriage of their grand children. As they have duties and responsibilities

towards the family, reciprocally the sons, daughters and grand children

should show respect and devotion to them. They should obey them and

gossip with them from time to time. It helps developing mutual relationship.

On the other hand, the grand fathers and grand mothers think that they are

important persons of the family. As a result, the feeling of loneliness is

removed.

Duties and Responsibilities of Uncles and Aunts

Uncles and'aunts and their children are found to live together in a joint

family. If they are senior in age in the family, they take the

responsibility of the head of the household. Other members of the family

will show respect and devotion to them. They will give importance to

their opinions. Uncles and aunts will also treat their children and

nephews and nieces equally. They will govern the house keeping an eye

to the problems of all the members. There may be quarrel and

misunderstanding among the children. In that case, they will solve the


problem impartially, without taking side to their children. They will help to

preserve the joint property of the family thinking that it is their own

property. Uncle along with the father will also earn money for economic

solvency. Uncle and aunt will also try to provide education to all the

children and help building up honest character. They will also teach children

to abide by the rules of the family. Uncle and aunt will play the roles of

parents and will create an environment of love and affection in the family.

Duties and Responsibilities of other Members of the Family

In a family other relatives also live besides paternal aunt and maternal uncle

and aunt. If each of them thinks that he/she is one of the members of that

family, bad environment is not created in that family. They can help in

bringing up of small children and their studies. It is also their responsibility

to help the housewife in cooking, tiding up the rooms and entertaining

guests. Male members can go to market and can help the head of the family

in cleaning the house. Sometimes they can even take the responsibility of

sending children to schools and bringing them back home from school. If

they have affection and the mentality of cooperation and generosity, it is

possible to live together with the spirit of ^oneness. Other members will pay

due respect to them. They will utter no words which may shock them. Rather

they will try to fulfill their demands in accordance with their needs. They

will not ignore them thinking that they are the unwanted members of the

family.

Section-4 Position of Children as Members , of the

Family

Every child is an important member of the family. During their infancy they

cannot talk, do not understand what is wrong and what is right. They cannot

take part in any activity. For this reason, they cannot be ignored in any way.

Every child has a definite position in the family. They have also demands as

the elders. They are dependent on others for fulfilling their demands like

demand for food, clothes, medical treatment etc. Gradually they become

capable of fulfilling their needs when they are four or five years old. It is the

responsibility of the members of the family to know their needs. They

should build them up as ideal citizens of the country by fulfilling their needs.

Position of a Child in the Family

In many families it is found that all the children do not get equal treatment.

Usually the eldest child receives much more love and affection from parents

and others. Such treatment should be carried on in such a way as other sons

and daughters do not understand that they are the victim^ of parity. It should

be remembered that all the children have the same demand to the family.

Keeping this in mind, all the children elder or younger big or small should

be treated equally in terms of their demands and they should be brought up

and sustained properly.

Position of Child in Respect of a Son or a Daughter

There are variations in scopes and privileges in terms of boys and girls in

a family. A child is treated this way with the hope of earning in a lower


middle class family. According to the convention of heritage, this kind of

example is found even in educated families. But it is found when the sons

and daughters are grown up and educated, they discharge their duties and

responsibilities properly to the family. It is the responsibilities of the

members of the family to build up the careers of sons and daughters with

equal importance and without any discrimination.

Position of a Child According to Age

A child has the sense of self respect even at a tender age. Sometimes odd

things of the family are discussed in presence of the children. It is thought

that they will not comprehend the contents. They take it to heart and lose

respect for the elders. During discussion of this sort, presence of the child

should be taken into account. When they are grown up, they should join the

elders in important discussion of the family. This way, they will feel that

they are important persons of the family. As a result a sense of responsibility

towards the family will grow.

Fulfillment of Demands of the Children ;

Besides the parents, the other members of the family play roles in fulfilling

the demands of the children. The demands of the children are as

Food and Clthing

During their infancy, children are dependent on their elders. The basic

needs of the children are to feed them in time, get them dressed

according to their needs, protect them from cold and heat, change the

bedsheets or bedcovers when they are wet etc. If these demands are

fulfilled rightly during infancy, a sense of confidence for the members

of the family is developed. The children can trust them. When they are

grown up, this trust helps them building their confidence in others.

50 Home Economics

Education

A family is the primary school for education of the children. Inquisitiveness

is much more in childhood. The members of the family should give right

answers to the questions of the children. It helps

expanding the knowledge of the children. They become interested in

study. It is the duty of the guardians to send their children to school time. To

supervise what they learn in school is also the duty of the guardians.

Medical Treatment .

Immediately after birth, children should be given required immunizing

vaccinations and injections. Games should be arranged for them to keep

their body and mind sound. If they are ill, they should be provided with

proper treatment in due time.

Love and Affection

Love and affection of the elders to the children are reflected through

different activities. These are- feeding the children, lulling them to sleep,

getting them dressed etc. If these are done cordially and with care, children

enjoy it and cooperate with the elders. A sweet relationship between the

children and other members of the family is developed. If the elders talk to

the children with love and affection, they try to carry out the,

orders and advice of the elders. They, never hesitate to show respect and

love to the elders;

Building Character

Building up of character of the children is lying on the elders of the family.

It is their responsibility to set up the characters of ideal men before the

children. Children should be taught to speak the truth, to show sympathy to

the poor, to resist wrong doings, to support justice etc.

Section-5 Teaching Good Manners to Children

Good manners is one of the qualities of human life. It is nothing but polite

attitude of human beings which is expressed in their mode of speaking and

behaviour. The manner that is polite is good manners. A man of good

manners commands respect from the people of the society. He wins the heart

of the people easily by gentle behaviour and good manners. Education is the

root of good manners. Education makes a man polite and gentle. Good

manners cannot be taught verbally or by bookish knowledge. Family is the

primary centre of learning politeness and good manners. Later on, when they

go to school, they learn good manners from the teachers and senior students.

They also learn good manners from their play-mates and the coach of the

play ground.

Children are fond of imitating others. In the family when the parents and the

others show respect to the elders, enquire after their health and entertain

guests cordially, the children notice these activities carefully. Later on, they

also show such manners to their seniors. If the parents are sympathetic to the

poor relatives and attendants or helping hands of the se and try to reduce

their miseries, the children remember these treatments. They become kind to

others too and behave compassionately. Children do not have power to

justify right or wrong. They learn good manners from their parents and other

relatives by following their ideals. Generally the offsprings of gentle family

become gentle and polite in their dealings. There may be some exceptions

for some reasons or others.

The qualities through which good manners can be learnt are as follows:

52 Home Economics

Modesty

In family and in society a sweet relationship is established by the courteous

behaviour with each others. To speak in a soft voice with the relatives, to

apologize for any wrong doings and to be unable to keep one's word etc. are

the examples of modest behaviour. Man people think that they have money.

So they are superiors. They also think that those who are less powerful, they

will tolerate whatever they will do. This type of behaviour is contradictory to

modesty. On the other hand, if a person is wealthier and deals with others in

a modest way, he will be recognized by others as a noble person. But if a

man is too much modest, he becomes an annoying stock to others. It is a sign

of foolishness to keep silent when it is necessary to give opinion. Children

are to be taught that they should answer in exchange to the words of the

elders with regards and devotion. They should talk with the teachers in a

humble tone. One can be modest with all these qualities.

Gentility

When anyone offers compliments to a known person first and enquires after

his health, it is the sign of gentility. No money is spent to behave gently with

others. But gentility is an important quality to strengthen the bondage of the

family and to maintain reputation of the members of the family. From the

childhood children should be taught to offer compliments to guests at home

and to see them off at the time of their departure. When elders or seniors are

there, they should leave their own seats and get the elders seated. All these

are the signs of gentility. Even in the school, while showing manners to the

teachers, they get chances to learn gentility. An unmannerly person is

undesired to everyone.

Teaching Good Manners to Children 53

Sense of Consideration

While living together, if anyone thinks about his own interest only, he will

be recognised as a self-centred fellow. One should think about the

advantages and disadvantages of others and act accordingly. There are many

who listens to the radio with a high volume for their own recreation. They do

not consider that there is an examinee who is studying in the next room. One

should give up the attitude of fulfilling one's own interest and causing harm

to others. People must co-operate with one another. They should be

sympathetic to one another. The objective of governing a family is to build a

happy home through love, affection and respect. Contribution of all the

members of the family cannot be equal. There are some who can work hard,

some lack the spirit of toiling. Some may have too much tolerance, some

may have less patience. Some may lack norms in their manners. So before

judging a person, the points mentioned above should be taken into

consideration. In -that case no misunderstanding or confusion is developed

among the members of the family. It is found that due to lack of rational

consideration, many valuable attempts have become futile,

Showing Respect To The Elders

Besides parents, grand fathers, grand mothers uncles, aunts and other aged

relatives may live in a family. Many of them may refrain from doing any

work because of the burden of age or illness. They should not be

considered, by no reason, a burden of the family. They are respectable

members of the family. They should be taken care of according to their

needs. Importance should be given to their likings and they should be

respected. If the aged persons of the family are able to work, they will take

the responsibility of the family. Though they cannot earn money, they can

54 Home Economics

give their opinions regarding home management. From their childhood, boys

and girls should be taught that when they meet any elderly person, they

should pay compliments to them. During their leisure time, they should sit

and gossip with them. They should carry on their orders and help them in

their works. The children should offer salam to the teachers when they meet

them at school. They should obey the orders and advice v of the teachers.

They should listen to the teachers attentively in the classroom. These are the

examples of showing respect and devotion to

Truthfulness

The children write the sentence- Always speak the truth- many times in their

copy books to improve handwriting. The teaching will be more effective if

they are taught truthfulness through activities and examples from practical

life instead of bookish or theoretical knowledge. In the family, sometimes

the parents promise to give this or that to their children to get the

assignments from them. But later on, they do not keep their promise. From

this the children learn to deceive their friends and to tell a lie with them.

Parents and other members should speak the truth to their children and

should keep their promises. Children should be taught from the early

childhood that they should confess their guilt if they do anything wrong. If

they use anything without the knowledge of the authority, they should

inform the guardian about it in due time. To speak the truth is a great virtue

and to tell a lie is a great vice. It is the duty of all human beings to follow

this policy. A truthful man is respected by all even if he is poor. Everybody

hates a liar. If children are taught these lesson from their very childhood,

truthfulness, the great virtue will be deepseated in their character.


The example of truthfulness is found among the members of those families

where religious teaching is parctised. The children will feel encouraged in

doing truthful activities if they are rewarded for truthfulness and are

punished for falsehood in schools.

Eagerness in Doing Good Work

Good work is that which is praised by others, which brings good result and

gives pleasure to the person who does it. There are many examples of good

work in the life of an ideal man, such as- to help people in time of danger, to

show sympathy to the poor, to help the members of the family in doing

household activities, to keep inside and outside of the house neat and clean

etc. Interest for doing this work should be developed among the children

from their childhood. If they watch their parents and relatives to do this

work, they will follow their ideals. Later on, they will be interested to do this

noble work. If they are rewarded and appreciated for their work both inside

and outside the house, children will be interested in doing good work. For

examples- Medals and certificates for good results in schools will make

student enthusiastic to do work better. Side by side, they should know what

are the evil deeds. So to tell a lie, to play false with others, to destroy the

things of others, to create troubles to others are the examples of evil deeds.

From the very childhood, they should learn to justify good and bad. From

the delight of doing any work in groups, the permanent eagerness to do that

work is developed. Gardening together with the members of the family is an

experience of good work.

56 Home Economics


1. How many types of family are generally found in Bangladesh?

(a) One (b) Two

(c) Three (d) Four

2. Whom do the children of the family follow or imitate?

(a) Father and mother (b) Grandfather and grandmother

(c) Uncle and aunt (d) Kith and kin or relatives

3. Society is built up –

(a) By family, clan, community (b) By son, daughter, kith and kin

(c) By school, college, market (d) By mother, father, brother, sister

4. The primary center of etiquette learning is -

(a) School (b) College

(c) Family (d) Mosque

5. The characteristic of an ideal family is –

(i) Definite number of members

(ii) Provision of income

(iii) Certain dwelling house

Which of the following is correct?

(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and iii)


Read the paragraph below, and answer questions nos. 6,7 and 8

Shaon lives with her father, mother, uncle, aunt, grandfather and grandmother in

the same family. In the family her grandfather manages and directs the home.


6. The characteristics of the family are-

(i) To multiply definite number of members

(ii) To live together and children rearing

(iii) Common religious faith and similar taste or refinement.

Which one is correct?

(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)

(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)

7. In which type of family does Shaon live?

(a) Single family

(b) Joint family

(c) Patriarchal family

(d) Matriarchal family

8. Who is the head of Shaon’s family?

(a) Grandfather (b) Grandmother

(c) Father (d) Mother

Creative Questions:

1. Abir is the only beloved son of the family. Parents fulfil all his demands

without hesitation. If at any time the parents fail to meet up his demand he

breaks household articles and beats the maid-servant.

(a) What is family?

(b) Describe how children can be inspired to do honest deeds

(c) Relate how Abir shows respect to the elders?

(d) Explain the role of the members of Abirs family in fulfilling his needs.

58 Home Economics

2. Sakhina is a village wife. Her family has no connection with others in

society. Suddenly, one day her husband becomes sick. Then helpless

Sakhina moves from door to door of her neighbours.

(a) What is the definition of society?

(b) Describe the difference between society and family.

(c) What is your opinion, should be the attitude of the kith and kin

towards helpless Sakhina at such a bad time?

(d) Explain why Sakhina is required to move from door to door of her kith

and kin.

3. Mahia’s father is a poor farmer. He is continuing Mahia’s educational

expenses after lots of hardship. He always helps and co-operates with the

people of the village in their need. As a result, he is beloved of all. in the

village. On the contrary, being a good student, Mahia is a very proud girl

and she is lacking in etiquette in her behaviour. So, many people are

annoyed with her due to this behaviour.

a. What is etiquette?

b. Explain why Mahia’s father is beloved of all.

c. How can Mahia be beloved of all? -----Explain.

d. Analyze comparative behaviour of Mahia and her father .

Chapter-Ill Section-1

Food, Nutrition and Health

Food provides nutrition and keeps our body healthy. Man suffers from

malnutrition because of deficiency of required nutritious food. For

malnutrition man suffers from various diseases. So we must have knowledge

about food and nutrition.

Food

All animals need food for living. Energy is needed for proper maintenance

of external and internal functions of human body. Some food like rice, fish,

meat, egg, milk, vegetables, fruits, oil and sugar provide energy. Intake of

those things that helps forming the body, promoting growth, producing

energy and protecting the body against diseases and keeping the body

healthy is called food.

Nutrition

Nutrition is an organic process of the body. In this process foodstuff is

digested and absorbed after eating. Then it spreads to various cells of the

body and helps in the growth of the body, repairs tissues, provides energy

and protects the body against diseases. Nutrition is the subject regarding

man's health and food.

Relation of Food with Nutrition

Relation of food with nutrition is very close. Many people fill their stomach

thrice a day. Even then they suffer from various diseases due to lack of

60 Home Economics

nutrition. The body meets its requirement of nutrients through nutritious

food. The proper knowledge about the nutrient present in food, functions of

the food in the body and requirement of food according to necessity can save

us from malnutrition. When we are hungry, requirement of nutrition cannot

be met by filling the stomach with costly food. Low cost food is also the

sources of good nutrition. Low cost food like pale carplet and dhala fish,

pulses, leafy vegetables, molases are full of nutrient. It is possible to meet

the requirement of nutrition at low cost when the method of taking food is

known.

Relation of Health with Food

The word health refers to the physical and mental fitness of a person. Food,

nutrition, health and mental condition are closely related. When V these

four conditions are properly present in a person, only then the health will be

good. Balanced diet, regular exercise, sleep, rest, open air and light are

needed for good health.

Cleanliness of house, good relationship between friends and family members

are also helpful for protection of good health. Health is good when the

digestion of food is good, physical and mental condition is well, body

possesses power of resistance to diseases. According to age normal weight,

smooth skin, bright eyes, alert expression of the body, firm flesh on well

developed body structure, good appetite, regular elimination habits and good

sleep are signs of good health.

Function of Food in Human Body

1. Bodybuilding, promoting growth and repairing loss of health

2. Producing of heat and providing energy

3. Protecting body against diseases

Food, Nutrition and Health 61

Bodybuilding, Promoting Growth and Repairing Loss of Health: The weight and height of a new born baby increase gradually. New born babys bone is soft and it has fewer muscles. Its organs like nails, eyes, nose, lungs, kidneys, heart, digestive system etc. are tender and small in size. As a result of proper intake of food blood of body, quantity of muscles and skins gradually increase, strength of bone and size also increase and gain strength. These development and growth in human body continue upto the age of 18 years. Body decays due to daily work like walking, playing, household work and movement of muscles. The digestive system, blood circulation and breathing continue even when one is asleep. As a result of work body always decays. Growth and repair of the body take place by some food like meat, egg, milk and pulses. In this work some minerals and vitamins are playing a vital role.

Producing Heat And Providing Energy: Coal, diesel and petrol are needed for driving cars and trains. These are burnt and converted into mechanical power. Car and trains are driven by this power. Human body can be compared to an engine. Energy is needed for functions of the body. The function of food is to provide this energy. Oil, ghee, butter, rice, flour, sugar, molasses produce heat in our body. This heat is converted info energy to work.

Protecting Body Against Diseases: Lack of nutritious food for a long time causes deficiency diseases like eye disease, skin disease, rickets, beri beri, anaemia, goitre etc. In our body food is important for forming anti-bodies, which increase the power of resistance to diseases. Again lack of sufficient and balanced food makes our body weak. For this reason, man is easily attacked by various types of diseases. Some food like green and leafy vegetables, fruits, fish, meat, egg and milk increase the protection power of the body from diseases.

62 Home Economics

Food Component:

All foods are composed of various components. The six components found

in food include-

(1) Protein

(2) Carbohydrate

(3) Fat

(4) Vitamins

(5) Minerals

(6) Water All foods do not contain these components in equal amount. Some food

contains one or two of these components in large amount. Some food

contains only one component. For example- sugar is rich in carbohydrate

and oil is rich in fat. For this reason intake of all types of food keep the body

healthy. Protein, vitamins, minerals and water are responsible components

for bodybuilding, growth and repairing of tissues. Fat, carbohydrate and

protein are heat and energy providing components. On the other hand

vitamins, minerals, protein and water are the responsible components for

protecting the body against diseases.

Protein

Protein is a component of food. The protein found in fish, meat, egg, milk is

called animal protein. On the other hand the protein in pulse, nut, beans

(sim), cow pea (barbati), bengal gram (chola), sweet peas (mater shuti) are

vegetable protein. Therefore according to sources protein is divided into two

groups.

Animal protein Fish, Meat, Egg, Milk

Vegetable protein Pulses, Nuts, Beans

Protein


After having meal, food is digested and amino acid is found from protein breakdown. There are 20 types of amino acid. 10 types of amino acid are essential for the development and growth of children. These essential amino acid is found in animal protein. So animal protein is better than vegetable protein in terms of quality and standard. The body muscles, skins, blood, nerves, bones etc. are made of protein. The protein makes up the loss that the body suffers due to daily activity. Protein helps to produce antibody in the body and increase the power of resistance to

Protein rich food

diseases. A child's body does not develop and grow properly owing to deficiency of animal protein in its food. Beside, weight loss, skinny health, diarrhoea, irritation and retardation of intelligence are also found because of this deficiency.

Carbohydrate: It is energy producing component. It is found in rice, wheat, maize, potato, sugar, molasses, honey, green and ripe fruits and vegetables. Rice is our staple food. In our country 80 percent of people meet their energy requirement from rice, bread, potato, rice flakes (chira), popped rice (muri) and puffed rice (khai). Carbohydrate found in rice, wheat, potato, green fruits and vegetables is known as starch. After having rice, bread etc. starch in this food is digested and broken to form glucose. Fibres of green and leafy vegetables and fruits are also a type of carbohydrate and are called cellulose. The main function

64 Home Economics

of starchy food in the body is to

provide energy by producing heat.

Sugar, molasses, honey and fruit

juice enhance the taste of food. The

cellulose in food relieves

constipation.

When human body suffers from

shortage of carbohydrate for a long

time, weight loss takes place. Men

lose energy to work and become

weaker. On the other hand excess

amount of carbohydrate intake

causes fat deposition, which

ultimately increases body weight.

Over weight is harmful for health.

Carbohydrate rich food

Fat :

Fat is one of six components of food. The food containing fat is known as

fatty food. Vegetable oil, ghee, butter, dalda, tallow are fatty food. Fat exists

in liquid and solid condition. Fat is available from both animal and vegetable

sources.

Vegetable Fat soybean oil, mustard oil, sesame oil, ground nut oil, sunflower oil,

corn oil, palm oil, dalda etc.

Animal Fat butter, ghee, beef and muttoon

fat, poultry fat, fish oil etc.

Fat


The main function of fat is to

maintain body temperature by

producing heat and providing energy

for work. Other functions are to

improve taste of food and to save

children from skin disease. If excess

amount of fatty food is taken, this fat

stores in the body and increases body

weight. An adult person " suffers

from various diseases if he becomes

obese.

Fat rich food

Poultry fat

Kilocalorie:

The unit of measuring the heat produced from food is Kilocalorie.

One gram of fat provides nine Kilocalorie. One gram of carbohydrate and

one gram of protein each provides four Kilocalorie heat.

Vitamins

Vitamins are very important components for nutrition of the body. Vitamins

are found in animal and vegetable kingdom. Some vitamins like salt and

sugar are dissolved and mixed with water and some vitamins are dissolved

and mixed with fat.

According to solubility vitamins are classified in two categories-

(1) Water-soluble Vitamins-Vitamin B-Complex and vitamin C.

(2) Fat-soluble vitamins-Vitamin A, Vitamin D, vitamin E and Vitamin K.

Corn oil Soyabean oil Bovine fat

ButterGhee Mustard Oil

Sun flower OilDalda

Nut oil

66 Home Economics

Fat-Soluble Vitamins: Those vitamins, which are easily dissolved in fat, are known as fat-soluble vitamin. Vitamin A, D, E and K are fat-soluble. Sometimes we cook these vitamin rich foods in small amount of oil in a pan without lid. In those cases the vitamin mixes with oil and disappears in the air as vapour. If it is cooked in deep oil or in a pan with lid, then the loss of vitamin is less.

Water-Soluble Vitamins: The vitamins, which are easily dissolved in water, are known as water-soluble vitamin. Vitamin B and C are water-soluble. If Vitamin B and C rich foods are washed with water after cutting or boiled in water and then water is thrown away, maximum water-soluble vitamins are lost.

Vitamin A: Vitamin A is necessary for keepi ng good heal th. It increases the resistance power to fight diseases.

Vitamin A is found in animal sources like- fish liver, pale carplet (mala fish) and dhala fish with head, fatty meat, egg yolk, butter, ghee, milk etc.

It is also found in vegetable sources like yellow, green and red leafy vegetables, colcocasia leaves (kachu sag), red pot-leaves (lal Sag), pui leaves, Put leaves Red pot leaves bathua leaves, carrot, pumpkin

Vitamin A rich food


etc. Local coloured fruits like ripe mango and jack fruit etc. are also the

good sources of vitamin A. Vitamin A maintains the healthy condition of

eyes and skin. It helps the normal growth of teeth and bones. It also

increases the resistance power to diseases. Due to lack of vitamin A man

suffers from eyesight weakness. It may lead to night blindness, dryness of

eye and early blindness.

Vitamin D:

It is a fat-soluble vitamin. It is found

mainly in animal sources. Vitamin D

is found in the oil of sea fish like cod,

shark halibut etc. fish liven egg, milk

and milk product. Vitamin D is also

: found in green vegetables grown

in sunlight. Animal milk extracting

from cows and goats, which graze

under the sun, contains vitamin D.

Exposure of human skin to the sun ray

produces vitamin D in the body

Before bathing if babies are

oiled and kept for some time in

the sun, vitamin D is produced

Vitamin D rich food

Egg

Fish oil

Liver Milk

Milk products

in the their body. This makes the bone of the baby strong. Vitamin D plays

an important role in the normal development of bone and teeth.

Lack of Vitamin D bends the bones of babies. Rib cage protrudes out. Leg

bones are crooked. The skull looks like a square box. This condition is called

rickets. Rickety children start walking late.

68 Home Economics

In case of adults, shortage of vitamin D makes the bone weak and brittle. It

hampers their walking. Women suffer from backache.

Vitamin E and K:

Vitamin E is found in green leafy vegetables, sweet peas, sprouted gram,

soyabean, egg yolk, liver, milk etc.

Vitamin K is found in spinach (palong sag), cauliflower, cabbage, tomato,

soyabean, sea-fish, egg, milk, liver etc.

Vitamin B-Complex: Many kinds of vitamin when

combined together are known as

vitamin B-Complex. In vitamin B-

Complex, vitamin B1 or thiamine,

vitamin B2 or riboflavin, niacin and

folic acid are important. These

vitamins are found in milk, cheese,

egg, liver, meat, pulses beans, green

leafy vegetables, fruits, parboiled

rice made by hasking pedale (dhaki

chata) and flour etc. Vitamin B-

Complex keeps the cell of eyes, skins

and nerves healthy. Its deficiency in

the body causes sores in the lips,

boils in the tongue, problems in

digestion, loss of appetite and mental

exhaustion.

Vitamin B rich food


Deficiency of thiamine causes beriberi. This disease is caused if milled rice,

refined flour and strained out boiled rice are continuously taken for a long

time. Red layer on rice and outer layer of wheat contain thiamine.

Vitamin C:

It is a water-soluble vitamin. This vitamin helps in healing cuts and wounds

of the body. Due to lack of vitamin C wounds take longer time to heal.

Vitamin C keeps the gum healthy. It helps to maintain the resistance power

to diseases in the body. Vitamin C is found in amla (amlaki), hog plum

(amra), guava (peara), lemon, jambura, bilimbi (kamranga), pineapple,

orange, cauliflower, fresh green leafy vegetables, green chillies etc.

Fresh vegetables and fruits contain large amount of vitamin C. Vitamin C is

easily destroyed by high temperature, light and air. If vegetables and fruits

are washed in water after cutting into pieces and the water is discarded,

vitamin C is lost as it dissolves in water. Similarly vitamin C is lost if

vegetables are boiled in water and the water is discarded. Vitamin C is lost

when fruits and foods are stored for a long time.

Vitamin C protecting against scurvy. It also keeps teeth, gum and muscles

,strong. Vitamin C protects us against cold and cough. It increases

resistance power against diseases and help in the formation of blood.

Minerals:

There are some components in food, which exist in the body as a form of

chemical salts. So these components are known as minerals. Minerals are

of different kinds. For the nourishment of body calcium, phosphorus,

iron, and iodine are very important minerals. Besides sodium, potassium,

magnesium, chlorine, florin, copper and zinc are also necessary for the

70 Home Economics

body. Minerals are maintaining the different physiological functions by

keeping body's internal system in perfect condition. It is necessary for the

protection of different organs like teeth, bones, blood cells and glands of the

human body.

Calcium:

It is found in small fish with bone, milk, curd, chana, posset, green leafy >

vegetables, bengal gram, soyabean, outer layer of grains etc. , .,

Calcium and vitamin D together work to form teeth and bones in the body of

child. Its deficiency causes rickets.

Phosphorus:

Phosphorus is found in milk, curd, egg, meat, small fish with bone,

soyabean, pulses, spinach, radish, carrot, cucumber, cauliflower etc.

Calcium rich food Phosphorus rich food


Phosphorus like calcium helps in the formation of teeth and bones. It also

helps in the formation of nails, hair and bones in the body.

Iron:

It is found in egg yolk, liver,

coloured leafy vegetables, molasses

grains etc. Iron forms haemoglobin

in blood and body cells. In iron

deficiency haemoglobin level is low

in blood, which results in anaemia.

Some symptoms of anaemia are loss

of appetite and weakness. Water

retains in the body and resistance

power to diseases diminishes. One

suffers from various types of

diseases due to iron deficiency.

Iron rich food

Iodine:

Iodine is essential for nutrition of

the body. Many kinds of problems

are found in the body due to

iodine deficiency. Deficiency of

iodine causes disease known as

goitre. For proper physical and

mental development sufficient

amount of iodine in diet is

necessary. Deficiency of iodine causes

Iodine rich food

72 Home Economics

mental weakness and inertia. If the diet of a pregnant woman is deficient in

iodine, the child is likely to be mentally retarded and foolish. The number of

children suffering from retardation and goitre is increasing seriously in

Bangladesh. It is essential to take iodised salt for protection.

Iodine is not founds in all foods. The green leafy vegetables and fish "grown

in the areas and water adjacent to the sea contain iodine. The seaweed and

the sea fish are good sources of iodine.

Water:

70 percent of body weight is water. This water is distributed inside and

outside the cell of blood, muscle, bone, skin, tooth, nail etc. One should

drink 6-8 glasses of pure water daily. Water requirement can be met from

vegetables, fruits and liquid foods.

In the body water helps in digestion and absorption of food. It regulates the

body temperature. It maintains the liquid condition of blood and removes

constipation. It also removes the toxic agent of the body through sweat,

urine and stool.

Section-2 Food Stuff of Daily Use and

Food Values The Bangladeshi people like some food in every day meals. These are: Rice,

wheat, maize, potato Vegetables, fruits Fish, meat, egg, milk, pulses, beans

and groundnuts .

Different kinds of component are found in different kinds of food. It is

necessary to know which food contains which component. The food in

which one component or nutrient is present in large amount is known as the

food of that nutrient, e.g. fish is rich in protein, so fish is a protein type food.

Like this rice is carbohydrate and vegetables are vitamin type food.

Rice:

Rice is the staple food in Bangladesh. We get maximum energy from rice.

76 percent of rice is starch. Other nutrients are protein, fat, minerals and

vitamins. Red bran of parboiled rice made by hasking pedale contains

vitamins. Boiled rice is more nutritious than milled rice. If the starchy water

is discarded after cooking rice, nutrients are wasted. So it is necessary to

cook rice without discarding the starchy water.

Rice products like puffed rice, rice flax and popped rice are suitable for

snacks. Various types of cakes are made from rice flour.

Wheat:

Wheat is a carbohydrate type food. We get atta, refine flour and semolina

by grinding wheat. Wheat is mainly starchy food. Other nutrients like

74 Home Economics

Food prepared from rice Food prepared from wheat

protein, fat, minerals, vitamins etc. are also found in wheat. We get whole

wheat flour (atta) by grinding whole wheat and refined flour and semolina

from the inner part of whole wheat. Whole-wheat flour is more nutritious

than refine flour.

Bread, biscuit, vermicelli, noodles etc are prepared from different kinds of

wheat flour. Broken wheat mixed and cooked with meat and pulses makes

Halim. Semolina is very nutritious for babies.

Maize:

Maize is a crop with yellow coloured grain. From nutritional point of view it

is similar to wheat. It is cultivated on a small scale in Bangladesh. It is in the

category of starchy food. Maize contains more fat and protein, so it provides

as much energy as rice and wheat. It also contains starch, small amount of

minerals and vitamins. Green tender maize can be used as vegetables. Boiled

green tender maize is used in preparing soup.

Food Stuff of Daily Use and Food Values 75

In our country matured maize is

mostly eaten by roasting it. Popcorn

is made from maize. Bread, biscuits,

cakes etc are prepared from corn

flour. It plays an important role in

the production of heat and energy in

the body. Food prepared from Maize

Pulses: Green gram (mug), lentils (mashur), bengal gram (chola), peas (motor), black gram (mashkali), kheshari, red gram (arohor) are cultivated in Bangladesh. Pulses compared to rice and wheat have more protein. So, pulses are called protein rich food. Pulses also contain starch, vitamin and iron. Quality of protein improves if various kinds of pulse are cooked together. Animal protein is very costly, so most of the people meet their requirement of protein from pulses and small fish. It helps the body more if pulses are eaten after being cooked properly. Grounded pulses are

Different types of pulses

76 Home Economics

easily cooked. Different types of dishes like bara, beguni, halua, cake (pitha), chatpati etc. can be prepared from pulses.

Legumes: The dried seeds of beans are called legumes. Sweet peas, different kinds of bean seeds, soyabean and dried peas are included in this legume category. Theses are good sources of protein. Like pulses, legumes contain vitamins, minerals, fat and carbohydrates. Its nutritive value increases if it is eaten after being cooked with other vegetables, fish or meat.

Groundnut: It is the good source of vegetable protein. Roasted groundnuts are good for the growing children. Fat, vitamins, and small amount of minerals are found in groundnut. It contains more fat, so it provides more energy to the body. Besides oil is obtained from groundnut. Seasonal dried groundnut can be stored in covered container for a long time. But if storage groundnut comes in contact with air, fungus and pungent smell develop.

Vegetables: Vegetables are vitamin rich food. Various kinds of vegetables are grown in different seasons in our country. Different types of leaves like mayalu leaves (pui sag), spinach, ipomoea leaves (kalmi sag), danta leaves, bottle gourd leaves (lao sag), pumpkin leaves (mishti kumra sag), colocasia leaves (kachu sag) etc. contain riboflavin, calcium, iron, vitamin C and vitamin A. Vegetables like bottle gourd (lao), beans, cauliflower, cabbage, ridge gourd (jhinga), parwar (patal), green plantain (kancha kala), ladis finger (dharush) etc. contain vitamins, minerals, carbohydrate and water.Carotene is found in yellow, orange and green coloured vegetables. Carotene produces vitamin A in our body. Fresh vegetables and sour fruits contain more vitamin C. Vegetables should be washed


before being cutting. It should be cut

into large pieces and then cooked in

small amount of water with little

spices. Carrot, beat root, cabbage,

tomato, cucumber, radish, lettuce and

some fresh green leafy vegetables

should be kept in daily menu.

Vegetables play a very significant

role in increasing the resistance

power to diseases in the body. Salad

made from fresh raw vegetables is a

very useful food item.

Different kinds of vegetables

Fruits:

In our country we get fruits in

all seasons. Sour fruits like hog

plum (amra), bilimbi, guava,

pummelo (batabilabu), pineapple

etc. contain large amount of

vitamin C. Vitamin A is found

in ripe mango, papaya and jack

fruits etc. Besides, fruits contain

carbohydrates, minerals, small

amount of protein and fat. It is

necessary to keep some fresh

fruits in our daily menu.

Different kinds of fruits

78 Home Economics

Because fruits meet the need of water, relieve constipation and increase the

resistance power to diseases in the body. In the body fruit's carbohydrates

provide energy. Jam, jelly, custard etc. are also prepared from fruits.

Fish:

Fish is the best source of animal protein. Fats, vitamins and minerals are also

found in fish. Besides these sea fish contains iodine. Vitamin A and vitamin

D are obtained from liver and oil of sea fish. Rui, carp (katal), flounder

(boal), humped featherback (chitai) etc are big fishes. Olive barb (puti),

tengra, pale carplet (mala), dhala, river shad (chapila) etc. are small fishes.

Some fishes which can be kept alive for a long time as climbing parch (kai),

catfish (magur), shing, striped snakehead (shol), spotted snakehead (taki)

etc. Some fishes contain much fat like hilsa, humped featherbck, large olive

barb etc. Pomfret (rupchanda), ritha, indian salmon (lankha) etcLare sea fish.

Calcium and phosphorus are found in the bone of small fish. Dried fish

contains more protein.

Different kinds of fish Fish that can be kept alive


Fish is a perishable food. After catching fish early preservation should be

arranged. Ice preserves fish well. Fish fibre is very soft and it does not take

long time to cook. Fish plays a significant role in formation and maintenance

of the body.

Meat: In our country we are in the habit of eating different types of meat like beef, mutton, lambs, chicken, ducks, birds etc. Meat contains protein of high quality. Besides this, fats, minerals and vitamins are found in meat. Meat plays an important role in the formation and maintenance of our body and in producing energy. Meat takes more time

Meat

than fish in cooking. Because meat fibre is thicker than fish and strongly linked. Meat protein is , coagulated at high temperature. So it should be cooked at low temperature.

Eggs: Commonly we eat the eggs of hens and ducks. All nutrients for the formation of the body are present in eggs. Egg protein is high quality protein. It also contains fats, minerals and

Dishes prepared from eggs

80 Home Economics

vitamins. The amount of protein is more in the white portion of egg. The egg

yolk contains fats, minerals, vitamins and protein.

Boiled eggs, omelette, poached are common processed items of eggs.

Besides other nutritious foods like custard and pudding are also prepared

from eggs. Eggs are also used in making sandwitches.

Milk:

We drink the milk of cows, goats, and buffaloes. The nutrients that are

essential for the development, growth and maintenance of the body are all

present in milk. So milk can be

called complete food. The

protein of milk is very high

quality. After birth mother's

milk is main feed for babies.

Colostrum is found in mother's

first milk which provides the

resistance powers and protects

the child from various diseases.

87 percent of milk is water. The

rest portion is composed of

proteins, fats, vitamins and

minerals. Butter, ghee, posset,

Milk and dishes prepared from milk

cheese, sweet curd, pudding, custard etc. are prepared from milk. Fresh milk

should be boiled before drinking to make it germ free. Vitamins in milk are

destroyed if it is kept under the sunlight. So container of milk is to be kept

covered. Milk should not be kept for more than two hours at room

temperature. It would be better if it is kept in refrigerator.

Section-3 Misconceptions about Food and , its Bad

Effects

it has been seen from ancient time that paternal grand mothers, maternal

grand mothers, aunties and mothers have great influence in food

management of the family. Even today many misconceptions about selection

of food exist which are the outcome of family traditions and habits. These

baseless beliefs and ideas are known as misconceptions or superstitions

about food. Today we have knowledge about food. But men are suffering

from malnutrition due to the influence of superstitions. Not only in our

country but also in many other countries of the world there are 4P some

superstitions about food. In Malaysia during pregnancy protein food like

fish, chicken, egg, milk are not given. It is feared that the baby will acquire

animal like habits or suffer from asthma. In India there is a misconception

that eggs cause jaundice in babies.

In Bangladesh due to misconceptions about food, pregnant women, nursing

mothers, newborn babies and grown up children are suffering from

malnutrition.

Pregnant Mother:

During pregnancy women are given less than required food. Elderly

people think that if more food is taken in pregnancy, the baby will be

bigger and it will cause difficulty at the time of delivery. Beside this they

are not allowed to eat cucumber, as it would crack the baby's skin. Eating

of ash gourd is prohibited in the fear that the body's hair will upright like

pumpkin's stings. Green coconut was not given for fear that the, colour of

the child's eyes would be dull. Pair of bananas were not allowed during

82 Home Economics

pregnancy due to fear of twins. There are many imaginary stories about eating fish during pregnancy. It was thought that the child's face would be like sheat fish if this fish was eaten in pregnancy. The body wriggles inside the womb if pregnant mother eats spinyeel fish. Eating of mutton would cause abundant growth-of hair on the baby's body. Under the influence of these misconceptions pregnant mothers are deprived of best quality animal protein. As a result mothers are reduced to skeletons and they lose physical strength. Due to lack of protein and calorie pregnant women give birth to low weight and malnourished babies with below intelligence.

Lactating Mother: Lactating mothers are not escaped from the influence of these superstitions. Lactating mothers are forced to stay for 40 days in the labour room to keep them free from the spell of Jinn and ghosts. Chillies, potato, mashed green plantain, vegetables and soft rice are given to lactating mother. It is blind faith of every body that these diets improve the lactating mothers health quickly. Thus due to lack of nutritious food it is not possible for the mothers to produce sufficient milk for the children. It also becomes harder to recover the health of lactating mothers.

Children: After the baby's birth, it is not allowed to drink mother's initial milk or colostrum. The elderly thinks-that this milk is harmful for baby. But this milk contains the disease-resisting component known as colostrum, which gives the baby the power to safeguard itself from various contagious diseases.

During the first 6 months after birth mother's milk is the only diet for the child. After 6 months rice, pulses, vegetables, fruits, eggs etc. should be

Misconceptions about Food and its Bad Effects 83

given side by side with mother's milk to supplement it for the development of the baby. But many people think these foods are forbidden for the children upto the age of 2 years. It is considered that if rice and pulses are given to the child, their belly would become large. The child would not be able to digest vegetables and fish. If these food are given to the child stomach would be upset. Under the influence of these ideas only milk-based foods and rice porridge are given to the child. As a result deficiency of protein, vitamins and minerals are developed in the child. The child suffers from malnutrition related diseases like night blindness, kwashiorkor and marasmus etc. Many children die prematurely. Men are not born with these misconceptions. These misconceptions grow in human mind due to the influence of family traditions, environment and social norms. Scientifically true conception and knowledge about food and nutrition will help in removing these wrong ideas. In this matter radio, television and newspapers can play a very significant role. By including content on nutrition in the curriculum of schools and colleges it is possible to remove the existing misconceptions. Development of Proper Food Habits: Man is a slave to habits. If correct habits about food are developed since childhood proper attitude towards food is developed in a child. If a child grows up with selective eating habit, this habit may continue. Correct knowledge about the quality of different foods will not allow misconceptions about foods. For the development of good habits about foods, the following matters should be taken into consideration. 1. After 6 months, it is necessary to give supplementary food side by side

with mother's milk.

84 Home Economics

2. Food should contain all the nutrients according to the requirement of

children.

3. At first any new food should be given to a child in small quantity. When

they adjust with the new food the amount of food should be gradually

increased.

4. Everybody should make the habit of eating the available seasonal foods.


1. Pulse (dal), almond , seed of bean and pea have more

(a) Protein

(b) Fat

(c) Carbohydrate

(d) Vitamin

2. Red husked rice has more –

(a) Thiamin

(b) Riboflavin

(c) Vitamin “D”

(d) Vitamin “A”

3. How many glasses of water should we drink daily?

(a) 6-7 (b) 6-8

(c) 6-9 (d) 7-8


4. Which of the following foods mainly contain protein?

(i) Meat, egg, potato

(ii) Fish, milk, pulse (dal)

(iii) Meat, wheat, pulse (dal)


(a) (i) (b) (ii)

(c) (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)

5. Which are the sources of vitamin “A”?

(i) Arum leaves, carrot, pui herb (pui shak)

(ii) Lal shak, mango, pumpkin (mishti kumra)

(iii) Myrobalan (Amloki), lemon, orange


(a) (i) (b) (ii)

(c) (i) and (ii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)

6. Which ingredients are there in almond?

(i) Fat, vitamin, minerals

(ii) Minerals, vitamin, protein

(iii) Starch, vitamin, fat


(a) (i) (b) (i) and (ii)


86 Home Economics

Read the following paragraph and answer questions nos. 7, 8 and 9.

Papiya’s home is at Rangpur. Her throat has swelled since a few days and she is

now suffering from weakness and inertia.

7. Papiya’s throat has swelled due to deficiency of -

(a) Calcium (b) Phosphorus

(c) Iodine (d) Riboflavin

8. Which of the following foods is helpful for the disease of Papiya’s throat

swelling?

(a) Sea fish (b) Beef

(c) Fruits (d) Vegetables

9. Papiya is suffering from –

(a) Beriberi (b) Ricket

(c) Scurvy (d) Goitre

Creative questions:

1. Jahara’s mother cuts vegetables and then cooks after washing them. She

also cuts fruits and gives Jahara to eat after washing them. Jahara eats very

little. A sore has appeared in her gums. Her mother took her to a physician

who told her that Jahara had been suffering from the deficiency of various

kinds of vitamins.

(a) How many types of vitamins are there?

(b) Why is Jahara suffering from the deficiency of vitamins?

(c) What food was prescribed by the doctor for the sore of the gums of

Jahara, and why?

(d) Explain why doctor advised Jahara to eat various types of vitamins?


2. Alifa’s family is a lower middle class and is composed of two children and

husband. She cannot buy meat, fish due to recent increase in prices of

commodities. The health of the children is becoming worse for the last few

days. Alifa is anxious to provide nutritious food to her children. But Alifa’s

children like vegetables and pulse.(dal)

(a) What is nutrition?

(b) Why is the health of the two children looking bad? Explain

(c) Explain how Alifa can meet the need of nutrition for the two children

at a low cost.

(d) Give a comparative description of nutrition between pulse (dal) and

vegetables.

3. Orchi is six months old. Her mother wants to feed her a preparation of both

rice and pulse (dal) cooked together (khichuri). But Orchi’s grandmother

tells that it will enlarge Orchi’s belly and there will be a problem in

digestion. Orchi’s mother convinces her (grandmother) that if Orchi is not

offered other items of food with khichuri she will suffer from deficiency of

nutrition and will not develop good food habit.

(a) What type of food is a preparation of rice and pulse (dal) cooked

together for Orchi?

(b) Describe from what type of deficiency of nutrition can Orchi suffer if

she depends on milk only.

(c) Suggest what food can be given to Orchi instead of a preparation of

rice and pulse together (khichuri)

(d) Analyze the opinion of Orchi’s grandmother about the food of

children.

Chapter-IV Section-1

Clothing and Textile Fibres Clothing Materials and Their Types: In ancient time in our country, the weavers used to make cloth by spinning

yarns on a wheel. People used to meet their need of clothes by making

dresses from that cloth. Fibre is the main material for making cloth. Which is

as thin or thinner than a fine hair. There is qualitative difference in the fibre

of different materials. Therefore cloth cannot be made from all types of

fibres. Cloth is made from cotton fibre, as it is thin, smooth and soft. But

fibre of jute is thick and rough so it is not very suitable for making cloth.

Qualities of Fibre that are Suitable for Making Cloth are:

1. Long fibre is especially suitable for weaving cloth. If short fibre is

twisted strong yarn can be produced from that. For example cotton

fibre is short but it can be twisted. So durable cloth can be made from

-Cotton.

2. Softness of fibre is an excellent quality for making cloth. When fibre

is twisted and broken, cloth can not be made from that fibre.

3. Power to absorb colour is a great quality of fibre. A waxy chemical

compound named tannin is present in fibre. In the presence of this

compound fibre cannot absorb colour.

4. The luster or brightness of fibre is a quality for creating beauty. The

luster of silk fibre makes silk cloths more valuable.

Clothing and Textile Fibres 89

5. If dirt can be easily removed from fibre, that are suitable for making

cloth.

6. Fibre should have the quality to resist decay.

7. Fibre which is not easily damaged by normal heat, mild alkali or acid,

is specially suitable for textile industry.

Types of Fibres:

Normal fibres are easily available in nature. Those are being used as

materials for making cloth. But as a result of scientific and technological

development artificial or man made fibre has emerged in textiles. Different

fibres have been divided into two groups:

1. Natural or normal fibre.

2. Artificial of man made fibre.

According to Source Natural Fibres are of Three Types:

a) Plant fibres: The fibres which are available from plant or trees are plant

fibres. Cotton, linen, ramie, Jute etc. are plant fibres.

b) Animal fibres: The fibres which are obtained from animals are animal

fibres. Silk and wool are animal fibres.

c) Mineral fibres: The fibres which are found from minerals are mineral

fibres. Asbestos and glass are mineral fibres.

Artificial or Man Made Fibres can be Divided into Two Categories:

a) Rayon fibre: At first cellulose is extracted from wood pulp and cotton

cuttings. Then through a chemical process with caustic soda and alkali

rayon fibre is made. Rayon is of three types- Viscose, kewpramonium

and acetate.

b) Synthetic fibre: Man has made synthetic fibres by using coal, water and

air. Nylon, polyester, vinion are synthetic fibres.

90 Home Economics

Classification of Fibres:

Fibre

Natural fibre Artificial fibre

Plant Animal Mineral Rayon Synthetic Cotton Linen Rami Jute

Silk Wool

Glass Asbestos

Viscose Kewpramonium

Acetate

Nylon Polyester Vinion

Section-2 Necessity of Clothing

After food and housing the thing which is most needed is clothes. The

need for clothes was first felt to cover man's modesty and to protect hirn^

from inclement weather. Later with the development of civilisation man J

became conscious about other needs of clothes. Like enhancing beauty of

the body, covering the defects of the body, expressing his religion, culture

and family status etc.

Definition of Clothes:

By clothes we generally mean the garments that we wear. Clothes are those

body covering things by which man maintains the decency of his body,

protects himself from cold and heat, increases the elegance of his body, feels

comfortable in work, and keeps the body free from the attack of germs.

Ladies' sari, blouse, petticoat, men's pyjama, panjabi, each is a dress. Man's

personality, status and nationality are expressed by clothes.

History of Clothes Evolution:

No body can say properly when man started wearing clothes. There was a

time when there was no use of clothes. In primitive age man while

protecting his body from winter, summer and rain with his hair and skin felt

the need of clothes. They used to hunt animals to meet the need of food.

After eating the flesh they used to throw the hides and bones. They used fish

bones and thin bones for making holes in hides. With these hides they used

to cover their bodies. They used to wrap their bodies with hides, which are

softened by pounding with stones.

92 Home Economics

Later they used to cover their bodies by wearing a sort of cloth woven with

grass, creepers, and leaves. In stone age in order to protect himself from the

inclement weather and attacks of wild animals man used to wrap his body

with unstitched hide and fastened it with hide belt or animal tail at the waist.

This was called loin.

With the advancement of civilisation men learnt to make yarn from

horse's or sheep's hair and tree fibres and wave cloth. For expressing

beauty clothes of many designs came into practice.

Due to industrial revolution new machines and machine parts were invented.

As a result clothes from latest designs to space suits are being made today.

Besides, today men are wearing special clothes for

swimming, gymnastics and for international athletics. Thus gradually

clothes have changed.

Relation of Clothes With Health:

As food is needed for the protection of the body so for proper growth and

.maintenance of health suitable clothes are needed. Clothes have special

relationship with health. Wearing clothes would be comfortable if this

relationship is kept in mind during selection of clothes. Clothes not only

provide comfort, but also protect health.

The reasons for wearing clothes for protection of health are:

l. Protection of the body from the extreme cold and heat

2. Protection from germs.

3. Not to create obstruction in circulation of blood in the body

4. Maintenance of mental health.

l) Protection of the Body from the Extreme Cold and Heat:

We wear clothes for taking protection against winter. In winter the

weather is cold. The humidity of air decreases. At that time we feel

Necessity of Clothing 93

comfortable if the body is covered with woollen or warm clothes. There is a possibility of suffering from fever, cold and cough due to cold if we do not wear suitable winter clothes.

Men sweat profusely in summer owing to hard work. It is better to use dress that is made from cotton, voil and thin cloth for absorbing the he In summer one feels comfortable by wearing dresses made from these materials. On the other hand by wearing embroidered, laced and patch worked clothes, we feel more hot. In summer sleeveless dress made from thin cotton cloth makes the children comfortable and keep them healthy.

2) Protection from Germs: Body is protected from the attack of germs and skin diseases if the skin remains covered with clothes. It helps healing of wounds by stopping the germs from entering the wounds.

3) Not to Create Obstruction In Circulation of Blood in the Body: Very tight clothes can make a pressure on the arteries and veins. This hampers blood circulation. It creates difficulties in the movements of limbs. These problems hamper the normal growth of the body. Generally the dresses, which are comfortable and do not create any obstruction in movement and maintain the growth, are suitable for children. The dresses, which can be easily put on of taken off, should be worn. Very tight clothes are harmful. On the other hand very loose clothes are also not suitable for working. If a child wearing very long and loose dress may fall while playing and break his arms or legs or cut any part of his body.

4) Maintenance of Mental Health: Mental health is related with physical health. If man wears beautiful designed clean clothes he feels happy. His personality is enhanced. He gets respect from others. When wearing a torn and dirty clothes one feels

94 Home Economics

bad. When children wear new clothes they feel happy and their hearts are

filled with joy. Therefore, clothes by making people happy keep the heart

cheerful.

Clothes and Nationality:

People wear dresses according to geographical, social, cultural and religious

customs. The country or his nationality can be known from person's clothes.

The identity of a nation can be found from clothes. Beside this person's

profession, social class and age are also known from clothes.

In Bangladesh the clothes of women are shari, blouse, petticoat and shalwar

kamiz and modesty scarf. On the other hand men wear lungi, genji at home

and pyjama, panjabi, shirt, pant etc, are used for going to office and going

out.

In different provinces of India different people live. People of different

province wear different clothes. Sikhs can be identified by the turbans on

their heads. Lungi and fatwa are Burmese dress. Japanese dress is kimono.

Muslims of central Asia wear long kurta or toap and small pant, in the lower

position. Ladies wear long ghagra, kurta, chadar, scarf and cover the whole

body in a yashmak or veil. Shirt, suit and tie are the national dress of the

inhabitants of Europe and America.

In Bangladesh there is difference in the clothes of the inhabitants of various

areas. Regional influence can be seen specially in the clothes of the tribes of

hilly areas. The clothes of Garos of Mymensing, Manipuris of Sylhet, Mogs

of Chittagong are different from those of general people of Bangladesh.

Section-3 Purpose of Wearing Clothes

There are some fundamental needs in every man's life. When these needs are

fulfilled, life becomes full of satisfaction and happiness. Clothes are also a

fundamental need, which help in fulfilling many requirements of life. The

purpose of wearing clothes was to cover one's modesty, keep the I body

warm and save it from cold and rain. With the development of education and

advancement of knowledge and science, man has been able to learn various

purpose of wearing clothes. Through clothes one can make oneself

handsome and attractive. One can become attractive to others by wearing

clothes according to one's figure, complexion and V climate, profession and

of latest designs. One purpose of wearing clothes is to manifest one's beauty.

Beautiful and dignified dresses express, the" quality of one's character. It

also reflects one's personality.

Purposes for wearing Clothes are Worn are Described Below: 1. To Protect the Body from Adverse Weather and Climate:

Different clothes are worn in different seasons. Woollen, flannel and thick

clothes are more comfortable to wear in winter. Woollen clothes are non-

conductor of heat. So it does not allow body heat to escape or allow outside

cold to enter.

On the other hand summer clothes made from cotton, linen, voil etc. are

more comfortable to wear. These clothes absorb the sweat from the body. It

keeps the body cool by allowing air to circulate because it is good conductor

of heat.

96 Home Economics

2. To Protect the Body from Outside Dust and Germs: Dust and infinite number of germs float in the air. Man has to go out daily for various activities. Clothes cover the human body. Due to the clothes outside dirts and different germs cannot easily come in contact with the skin. It is seen that while examining patients, the doctors and nurses wear hand gloves, appron and facemasks for protection against germs. To keep the body healthy protecting against germs is one of the purposes of wearing clothes. 3. To Protect Modesty: Men did not cover their bodies with anything in primitive time. Sense of modesty developed in men with the progress of civilisation. Then men started wearing tree barks to cover their modesty. There after necessity of clothes was felt. Clothes are necessary for covering the modesty of both men and women. Physical changes take place in growing stage of girls. At that time they need modesty scarf and loose clothes for comfortable movement. Only clothes provide civilised people to move freely by covering their modesty. Decent clothes wearer is glorified by everybody. 4. Identification: Clothes indicate national identity. It also identifies a special person. In all countries people engaged in a particular profession like police, defence, airforce, navy, doctors, nurses, lawyers, peons, cooks, guards and students have prescribed clothes or uniforms. Clothes are made keeping in view of the needs of one's work. Importance of people's work is understood by proper dresses. By identifying persons from their dresses, we can obtain services from them. General public can also obtain necessary services

Purpose of Wearing Clothes 97

from them e.g. ask for security on seeing an uniformed policeman or order

for food to a bearer in the restaurant etc.

We can understand wh6 plays football, who plays cricket or who is a

wrestler from the jersey or clothes of players. From the clothes of tribal

people of Bangladesh it can be said in which area they reside.

5. Show Respect to the Dignity of Rank:

There are rules for special

professions to wear prescribed

clothes or uniforms in all

countries. According to service

status, clothes or uniforms are used

in certain offices. By-using special

clothes with "monograms or

badges it is possible to

distinguish high level and low level

employees. It is easier for the low

level employees to show respect to

their high level officials if clothes

are worn according to ranks, e.g. a

traffic policeman on the street salutes

an uniformed police officer as soon

as he sees him. An office gatekeeper

Policeman, doctor and football player

opens the gate when he sees an officer in the car wearing office dress.

Everybody gets recognition according to his rank by wearing office dress.

Due to this, interest for work increases. Respect for one's profession is,

another purpose of uniform.

98 Home Economics

6. Enhancing Eelegance:

For ages man is trying to make him beautiful and attractive. Dress is a

perfect media for them. Man attracts other's attention by wearing suitable

clothes according to his figure, complexion, weather, and environment and

current fashion. A lean and tall girl who wears a dress of heavy material with

horizontal designs will look beautiful and less lean and tall. Clothes, which

have artistic touch of colour and balance of designs, make people beautiful

and attractive. Neat, clean and simple designed clothes help in projecting a

man's personality.

Everybody can enhance his elegance by wearing carefully chosen clothes.

Section-4 Care and Storage of Personal Clothes

We wear various kinds of clothes both inside and outside of our homes.

These clothes become unusable by dirt and sweat due to daily use. Due to

carelessness sometimes these are torn, sometimes these are stained or

discloured. The cleanliness, durability and beauty of clothes depend upon

the care taken by wearer. The clothes used daily, weekly and in different

seasons should be washed cleanly, dried and kept in proper places. This will

keep the clothes clean and return its newness. Besides, clothes remain

durable and can be used when necessary and also money is not wasted.

Many costly clothes become unsuitable for use due to neglect. Every

member of the family, small as well as grown up should be taught how to

take care of clothes. Otherwise, housewife will be loaded. By care of

clothes, we generally mean care during use, mending clothes, removing

stains, washing, drying, ironing and keeping in proper places.

Following cares of clothes are taken at home:

1. Daily care

2. Weekly care .

3. Seasonal care

1. Daily Care:

Generally cotton clothes are for daily use. Besides, clothes for daily use are

uniforms, ordinary clothes, under garments, shoes-socks, ribbons etc. These

require every day care.

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Uniforms: The dress made by specific materials

and with designs for schools, colleges,

offices and courts are called

uniforms. Every day care is not required

if the uniforms are clean. It can be

washed on alternate days. After use it

should be spread out in the air for

drying the sweat. After drying the sweat

if it is ironed and kept in the rack or

box, it will be useable for next day.

Dirty uniform is to be washed with

soap and water, rinsed with blue and

starch and ironed. After ironing it

should be folded and stored in a fixed

place so that it can be easily found.

A school girl in uniform

Ordinary Clothes:

Various jobs are performed in and outside the house wearing normal clothes.

As a result these clothes become dirty and give bad smell of sweat. Many

times buttons come out. Clothes can become spotted or torn due to

negligence. At first buttons are to be fixed. Clothes should be darned or

stitched if torn. Then the spots should be removed by following the proper

procedure if marked with spots. It should then be washed with soap and

water and if necessary should be rinsed with blue and starch. Then after

drying it should be ironed and folded and stored in the rack or cupboard, so

that it can be easily found.

Care and Storage of Personal Clothes 101

Undergarments: By undergarments we mean clothes like vest, chemise, shorts etc. All undergarments cling to the skin of the body. So it gives a bad smell and becomes dirty due to sweating. Undergarments are to be washed with soap and water after every use and then dried in the sun. Then it is to be rinsed with blue if white. These are never to be starched. Starched undergarments would be very uncomfortable to wear.

Shoes and Socks: After coming back to home men put off the shoes and socks along with the clothes. Then the pair of shoes is to be brushed and dried in air in case of dirt. If it is wet, it should be dried in mild sunlight or in air. It would shrink and lose its shape if dried in extreme sunlight or near the fire. It should be dried and then polished when discoloured. After taking off the socks these should be shaken and aired to dry the sweat. Socks become very bad smelling as a result of sweating. So these should be washed daily with soap and water and then dried in the sun and kept in a fixed place.

Ribbons: Girls use ribbons made of white or different coloured cloth to tie their hair. Due to frequent use ribbons catch hair oil and dirt and give'bad smell.' Besides they also get wrinkled. So every day after using ribbons these should be washed with warm water and soap and then dried. After dried these should be stretched, ironed and kept either folded or hanging.

2. Weekly Care: Care of those clothes which are used for going out twice or thrice a week are to be taken once a week. Besides, other clothes are also needed weekly care, like stitching buttons, sewing torn clothes, washing dirty clothes, applying blue and starching, drying, ironing and keeping in proper places.

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These are the weekly care of clothes. Besides, polishing shoes, cleaning the bags are also included in the weekly care. 3 Seasonal Care: We wear clothes according to seasons like summer, winter, rainy season etc. In winter woollen clothes like sweater, muffler, shawls etc. or heavy clothes are worn. These clothes are washed, dried and stored in proper place when the winter season is over. This is known as seasonal care. Winter clothes are to be kept in proper place after dust being removed by brush and being dried in the sun. Then these are thoroughly washed and dried at the end of winter if these become very dirty. After drying these should be kept in the air or in a cool place for sometime. When the clothes are cooled, they should be folded and stored either in trunks or cupboard, i and suits can be hanged using hangers. Woollen clothes are not to be hanged in hangers. This will spoil the shape of the clothes. To keep the clothes safe from insect bites, naphthalene should be put in each folding of the clothes. Fine thin clothes are used in summer. This summer clothes are not needed for wearing in winter or rainy season. Cotton clothes are to be kept after being washed, dried and ironed at the beginning of winter season. It is not -qecessary to starch them. Starched clothes if stored are eaten by insects and often become yellow in colour. After rainy season the costly clothes, which are occasionally used, should be dried in mild sunlight and stored in a fixed place after the clothes being cooled and folded. Woollen clothes must be sunned after thd rainy season. Otherwise these will be attacked by fungus. It is better to spread a cloth instead of old paper at the bottom for storing the clothes in the box or cupboard. Because old paper is easily attacked by insects and make the clothes dirty by ink in the paper. If seasonal clothes are preserved for next season naphthalene should be used


in the folding of the clothes. If small cloth bags filled with dry nigella or dry leaves of neem are kept in the box or cupboard, insects do not easily destroy clothes.

Introduction of Unit for the Storage of Clothes: Clothes must be kept carefully folded or hanged in a fixed place wearing. Clothes are not found when needed if these are strewn here and V there. Time and energy is wasted unnecessarily in searching them. On the other hand if clothes kept haphazardly, the elegance of the house and the folding of the clothes are spoiled. The clothes also become dirty. It is necessary to use cupboard, trunk or box according to needs to keep the clothes handy. The places in the house where arrangements for keeping ^ clothes exist are called units of storage. Some of the units for storing » clothes are described below:

Cupboard: Generally wood, steel, hard board, rexin or cloth are used for making cupboard and storing clothes. To save space wall cupboard is also used in modern time. A cupboard is divided into many shelves, rods for, hangers, drawers, hooks on the doors and secret drawers for keeping valuable things etc. Varnish of wooden and steel cupboard must be fast. Poor varnished with colour will be melt due to heat and it will spoil the clothes if it is not fast. Varnish must be dried well and only then clothes are kept. There should be no gaps in the doors and drawers. Otherwise dust and cockroaches will enter and damage the clothes.

Trunk and suitcase: In ancient times trunks were mostly used. In present time although the use of trunks have decreased, people in the villages still now use trunks for storing clothes. Trunks are made of tin or steel. These are of various sizes

104 Home Economics

both small and big. There are handles on two sides for holding. The trunks, which are deep, hold more clothes. The clothes do not get rusted if the inside of a trunk is painted. Clothes are damaged by moisture when trunks are kept on damp floor. Very heavy trunk is to be kept in a fixed place. Clothes are to be stored in trunk in such a place where there is proper air circulation. In the town suitcases made of rex in and leather are mostly used. After putting naphthalene winter and summer clothes are kept in suitcases. Box: Clothes are kept in wood and hard board made boxes of various sizes both small and big. In the villages heavy boxes are known as chests. Wheels are attached for easy handling. In the box dust and insects cannot enter if the lid is heavy. There are partitions inside the box for storing different kinds of clothes. Well-polished and patterned wooden box increases the beauty of the room as a valuable furniture. Rack: A stand made with straight wooden rods is called a rack. It comes in different sizes both small and big. For keeping shoes and other things there is a flat place under the rods. It is better to keep the rack in one side of the room. Rack should not be kept before windows. Because it would create difficulty in the circulation of air. The rods of the rack should be very smooth. So threads of the clothes are not entangled with the rod of rack. Well-varnished racks are durable and do not damage the clothes. Correct Procedure for Storing Clothes: In the care of clothes, storage is an important step. Storage of clothes is essential to save them from outside dust, insects, moisture etc. The clothes are easily attacked by fungus and damaged if neat and clean clothes are


kept scattered in damp atmosphere. Clothes are not easily found when

needed if it is not stored properly. This is not only the wastage of time but

also is annoying.

Before storing the clothes, it should be ensured that the furniture and other

things are kept in such a way that air easily passes and dust doss not enter.

For keeping clothes it is better to use trunk and cupboard. Because it is quite

easy and safe to store clothes in them

The following matters should be kept in view while storing

clothes: Preparation before Storing:

Torn clothes should be repaired before storing. Stains should be removed

from the cloth and washed according to procedure and then dried well.

Clothes should not be wet or moist. Clothes should be dried in the air and

cooled after being ironed and then stored. It is not proper to use blue and

starch in those clothes, which are to be stored for a long time. Metallic

buttons, hooks, cufflinks of coats, shirts, blouses and other clothes should be

detached. This will save them from rusting.

Storage of Clothes according to Types and Sizes:

We use dresses of different kinds like 'Shirts, pants, coat, pyjamas.

Punjabis, sarees, blouses, woollen clothes, sheets, handkerchiefs, caps etc.

If folding suits, pants and costly sarees are kepi in hangers in the

cupboard, these will not be spoiled. Blouses should also be hanged on the

hangers, as this will save them from spots of hooks. Ladies dress, skirt

etc. also do not loose their crease or get wrinkled when kept in

hangers. Clothes like cotton sarees, pyjamas, panjabis, sheets should be

106 Home Economics

folded and stored in the shelves of

cupboard or in trunks and boxes.

Different dresses are to be stored in

fixed places of cupboard. If clothes are

stored separately according to their

types much time has not to be spent to

search them when needed.

Small and big size clothes should

be stored separately. If handkerchiefs,

caps, ties, socks, ribbons etc. go

inside the folding of sarees or

large clothes, these are not easily found.

Different dresses stored in fixed places of cupboard.

These things should be stored in the drawers of the cupboard or in a fixed

place of a box. It would be better to keep the ties hanging on the rod or hook

of the door of the cupboard.

Storage of Clothes According to Use:

We use some clothes almost daily. These can be stored in the rack or lower

shelf of cupboard to keep these handy. Shirts, frocks, blouses etc. do not lose

their folding if kept in hangers in the rack. Clothes like sarees, lungis.

pyjamas if stored after being folded on different shelves of the rack, they can

be easily found when required.

Clothes, which we use on special occasion or after a long time should be

stored on the upper shelves of cupboard or at the bottom of trunks and

boxes. Sweaters, woollen shawls, mufflers etc. which are used in winter


should be stored on the upper shelves or on one side of the cupboard.

Woollen clothes will remain better if stored in trunks and boxes.

Woollen sweaters must not be kept hanging. Sweaters and shawls kept rolled

in white or brown paper remains crease less.

Shoes that are conslantly used can be stored after being cleaned in lower box

of the rack or in a separate shoe rack. Costly shoes which are used

occasionally are stored in a specific shelf at the bottom of the cupboard.

Protection from Insects:

Before storing clothes, empty cupboard, boxes or trunks should be sprayed

with insecticide and kept for two days. Then it is to be dusted well. When

storage place is free from the smells of insecticide, clothes are to be kept.

Naphthalene should be put in the folding of the clothes, specially the

woollen clothes. Insects will not make their abode there if tea leaves, dry

nigella or dry leaves of neem in small cloth bags are placed in

the cupboard or in the box.

Drying in the Sun:

Clothes give smell if stored for a long time in the box or in the cupboard.

Fungus is spared in clothes due to moisture after the rainy season or for

wants of free circulation of air. So after some days the clothes should be

taken out of cupboard, trunk or box and dried in the sunlight and air. After

being cooled they should be placed in the respective places. This keeps the

stored clothes in good condition for a long time.

108 Home Economics


1. “kimono” is a dress in -

(a) India (b) China

(c) Greece (d) Japan

2. What is the objective of wearing clothes?

(i) To protect the skin of the body from outside dust or germs.

(ii) To protect the body from adverse weather and climate

(iii) To identify and maintain the decency of a person


(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii)


Read the following paragraph and answer questions nos.3,4, 5 and 6

Mr. Jamal uses clothes of different yarns in different seasons of the year. He

preserves his clothes with care so that they remain suitable for use.

3. In what way does Mr. Jamal take care of his clothes?

(i) Daily

(ii) Seasonal

(iii) Weekly



(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)

4. Which should not be applied to preserve clothes for a long time?

(a) Glycerin (b) Vinegar (sirca)

(c) Soapnut (ritha) (d) Starch


5. In which season do clothes get musty?

(a) Summer (b) Monsoon

(c) Winter (d) Autumn

6. In what way does Mr. Jamal preserve his clothes?

(i) He keeps clothes in almirah after applying starch with them

(ii) He places naphthalene in the folds of the clothes.

(iii) He fills clothes with dry black cumin or powder of dry leaves of neem



(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii), and (iii)

Creative Questions:

1. Moushumi, a student of class six, likes clothes of cotton thread, but in festivals and functions she wears silk dress. Moushumi gives priority on season while wearing clothes and she preserves clothes with care after a season is over. (a) What is yarn ? (b) Explain why Moushumi gives priority on season in selecting clothes

or dress. (c) How does Moushumi maintain her clothes? Explain (d) Give a comparative analysis of cotton clothes and silk clothes.

2. In office Mr. Kamal wears suit and tie in winter. He uses shirt and trousers after the winter season. He preserves clothes, used in winter, in the almirah or cupboard without washing them. But in the next winter season when he wants to wear those clothes, he finds them not suitable for use.

(a) What is dress? (b) What do you understand by preservation of clothes? Explain. (c) What is, in your opinion, the way Mr. Kamal could have saved his

clothes from the unsuitability of their use? (d) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of his changing dresses

according to change of seasons.

Practicals

Chapter-V Planting of Fruit Seedlings by

Digging Pits

Pit for planting sapling. The measurement of the pit is 60 cm x 60 cm

Scene of planting sapling in the pit

At least 7 days before planting the sapling, the pit is to be filled up by moving the soil of the pit upside down.

The sapling is to he loosely tied Picture of sapling planted in a pit It has to be watered by a strainer just after planting the sapling.

Practicals 111

Making Vegetable Garden by Following Vegetable Cultivation Procedure: Necessary materials and equipment for cultivation of vegetables:

1. Model for cultivation of vegetables.

2. Land measuring tape.

3. Spade.

4. Weeding liol.

5. Strainer.

6. Pipe for watering the garden.

7. 20kg dried cowdung or compost.

Preparation and cultivation of vegetables:

1. Collection of the necessary materials and implements.

2. Selection of land for the garden.

3. Preparation of plan of the garden according to the model for

vegetable cultivation.

4. Construction of fence.

5. Preparation of lands according to the model.

6. Planting of seeds or saplings.

7. Taking care of the garden.

Making Suitable Rattles and Dolls for Babies

In the life of babies toys not only increase the joys of babies but also there

are other values of toys. In their physical, mental and social development

playing materials play an important role. Baby's toys should have the

following qualities:

1. It should be safe-Toy making materials should be safe so that the babies

do not receive any injury from toys. Toys made of cloth, light smooth wood,

soft rubber etc. are safe for the babies.

112 Home Economics

2. Toys must be colourful and the

colour must be fast.

3. It should be light. Its shape

should be according to the age

of the baby so that the baby may

be able to handle it easily.

4. Toys should be made according

to the age for example rattle,

top, doll made of cloth, soft

rubber ball etc. for a year old

child. Design for a doll

Procedure for making doll:

1. A design has to be drawn of required shape (big or small) on a

white paper according to the picture of doll.

2. The design of doll drawn on the paper is to be placed on a folded

light coloured cloth and then fixed with the pins.

3. Cutting out all sides with a scissors. Then keeping the shape intact

it should be closed with back-stitch.

4. On any side 2.5 cm space is to be kept for turning it inside out.

5. Then turning it inside out. After turning cotton or small pieces of

cloth are stuffed to give shape of the doll.

6. After stuffing cotton tightly, the cloth on the open-end side is to be

folded inside and closed by stitching.

7. Then eyes, nose, face, hair etc. are to be drawn with black colour

or black thread. In this way many people make dogs, cats, fish etc.

8. Varieties can be created by various dresses and by fixing lace and

sequins on these dolls.

Practicals 113

Rattle Making: Those babies who normally remain sitting or sleeping for them rattles are

suitable. All type of rattle must have certain specialities like:

1. It will ring and produce sweet sounds.

2. The handle should be smooth and round so that it may not hurt the

baby's hand,

3. It must be made of cloth, smooth soft cane and rubber or light

smooth wood.

4. It should not be large or heavy.

Procedure for making rattle:

1. Take a smooth thin round cane of

87cm in length.

2. A circle of 20cm diametre has to be

made at the middle of the cane.

Excluding the circle, equal length of

cane has to be kept on both sides for

the handle.

3. Portions of the cane on both the sides

have to be brought together and tied

tightly with coloured thread. The

handle has to be covered completely

with the same binding.

4. Length of the rattle's handle will be 12 cm.

5. To make the binding smooth and soft coloured or printed soft

cotton cloth can be wrapped around it.

6. Like the handle the circular portion is to be wrapped with thread or

cloth.

114 Home Economics

7. Now 7/8 light and soft ornamental small ring with bells are'to be tied .tightly in the circular portion as shown in the picture.

8. In the blank space between two ornamental bells coloured ribbons are to be hanged.

Introduction with Daily Kitchen Utensils and Preparation off Their List In the kitchen various kinds of activities are performed at the time of cooking like cutting, washing, cooking serving etc. Metallic utensils of various kinds are used for these jobs. At first students will be made familiar with these utensils then they will learn to prepare the list according to work, take care of them and go to the preparations of food.

List of utensils used in the kitchen according to the nature of their work:

Measuring utensils- Teaspoon, tablespoon, cup, glass, and one set measuring utensils.

Cutting utensils- Knife, chopper, scraper (coconut and vegetable), biscuit making carters.

Mixing utensils - Spoon, pestle, beater, sieve, bowl, large tray, plate, cup

Cooking utensils - Pots of various size, saucepan, deep frypan, metal baking plate, pressure cooker etc.

Serving utensils - Dish, bowl, cup, spoon, glass, tray etc. In the kitchen utensils made of aluminium, stainless steel, glass, iron, melamine, bamboo, wood, earth etc. are used. But for cooking aluminium utensils are mostly used. Deep fry pan of iron is suitable for frying. There is a possibility of food becoming toxic if sour-tasting food is cooked in iron or copper pot.

Practicals 115

Care of Utensils: All utensils should be washed cleanly and dried after use. If rubbed with ash and then washed with soap and water, aluminium utensils remain clean. Stainless steel, glass, melamine, bamboo and cane utensil, become clean with soap and water. Earthen utensils should be first soaked in water for sometime and then these should be scrubbed with a sponge or coir. Hot water and soap is to be used for removing oil from utensils.

After washing, all kinds of utensilis are to be kept in the rack or shelf. By this water is drained easily. These are to be dried with a coarse cloth or dishtowel after draining the water and kept them proper in the kitchen. These are readily available when needed. According to their size "if the utensils in the kitchen are kept in shelf or cupboard, no time is lost in searching for them. Some utensils are used occasionally. So those should be wiped and kept clean for future uses.

Preparation of Food and Serving Purpose or Importance of Cooking: Some fruits and green vegetables are used in salad and eaten raw by us. But most of the foods are eaten after cooking. Purpose of cooking is three folds:

1. To make the foods easily digestible Fish, meat, vegetables, rice, pulses when eaten after cooking well are digested easily. More nutritive value is found in the food.

2. Cooking is important to destroy the germs in the foods- Many time foods are attacked by various kinds of germs, which are destroyed by cooking and thus making the food safe.

3. To enhance the taste, smell and nutritional value of foods-Different ingredients and spices are used in cooking food. So the taste, smell and nutritive value of food increase. Besides this food's essence comes out and increases the taste and smell due to cooking.

116 Home Economics

Precautions in Cooking: The foods are cooked by different procedures. When we cook we must keep in mind that the nutritive value of each food should remain at the maximum. At every step in the preparation of foods the nutritive value of foods are wasted e.g. in cutting, in washing, in cooking and in serving. Precautions to be observed in cooking Food;

1. Before cutting vegetables are to be washed. 2. They are to be cut in pieces as big as possible after peeling. 3. Vegetables should not be kept open for long time after cutting. It

must be put on the oven for cooking. 4. In-cooking vegetables small quantity of water is to be used. The

water should not be drained after boiling. 5. Foods are to be cooked in the covered pan. 6. Food should be kept on the oven for the time as needed to be

cooked. If food is cooked for a longer period the colour, shape, smell and taste change. Besides this diminishes the nutritive value of food.

7. Vitamins of rice dissolve in water. So rice should not be washed many times and its starch should not be drained.

8. It should not be stirred excessively when cooking food. 9. When cooking the person should wear her clothes tightly. The hair

should be tied securely. The best habit is to wear apron while cooking. If sharee's end, modesty scarf, ribbon of hair are kept disorderly then there is possibility of catching fire.

10. Cotton pad or potholder should be used while taking down the pot from the oven. Modesty scarf or saree's end should never be used for this purpose.

11. It should be covered with the lid when oil in the frying pan catches fire. Never pour water on it.

12. When cooking is over the oven should be turned off.

Practicals 117

Serving Foods: Desire and all satisfaction of eating depends upon neat, clean and orderly serving of foods. Besides due to attractive serving, ordinary foods become tasty.

While Serving Food Some Matters to be Kept in View: 1. For serving food the place and necessary utensils should be washed

and .wiped clean. 2. According to menu necessary utensils should be available for

serving foods e.g. flat plate is necessary for fried vegetables, deep bowls is for curry with gravy or pulse, small cups and spoons are to be used for rice pudding or curd etc.

3. Foods on the table are to be arranged in proper way. There should not be any difficulty in reaching the required dish.

4. Glass full to the brim with water should not be placed on the table. The water may spill and spoil the table. While filling the glass with water top 2-3 cm. of the glass should be kept empty.

5. The server should always serve the food from the left side. 6. Low level flower vase should be kept on the table. The flower vase

should not block the faces of those seated around the table. 7. When the meal is over, all utensils should be removed in a tray. 8. Necessary utensils like glass, plate, spoon, napkin should be placed

on both sides of the table in buffet system. Serving dishes are also to be placed on both sides of the table so that these are easily accessible. Buffet system is better when number of persons is more and the space is small. Because more chairs are not required for sitting in this system. Normally people eat food standing. In case of need few chairs can be placed in one corner of the room.

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General rules for serving foods on the table

Drinks

We use liquid food like; sherbat, coconut water, juice etc. besides pure plain

water for meeting 'body's need of water. These are called drinks. Drinks are

very useful during summer, Ramadan and fever. Procedure for making some

soft drinks like lemon sherbat, wood apple sherbat and mango sherbat are

given below-

Lemon Sherbat Ingredients Quantity

Lemon juice 3 table spoons

Cold water 4 cups

Ice chips as required

Practicals 119

Procedure: 1. Lemon should be washed and cut into pieces. The lemon seeds are

to be removed. Juice is to be extracted by squeezing with hand. 2. Water and sugar are to be mixed with the lemon juice. 3. After straining with a clean thin cloth or strainer it is to be kept in

the refrigerator for being cooled and then to be drunk. 4. It can also be served by putting ice chips.

Wood Apple Sherbat: Ingredients

Ripen wood apple Cold water

Syrup or sugar Milk or curd

Rose water (if desired) Ice chips

Quantity 3 cups I cup

1/2 cup ; 1 table spoon as required

Procedure: 1. Ripen wood apple should be broken at the middle point and then

scooped out the pulp with a spoon and then soaked in 1 or one and a half cup of water.

2. Then it is to be strained with a bamboo or wire strainer. 3. After straining, one and a half cup or two cups of water and 1 cup

of syrup or sugar is to be mixed with wood apple. If it is very thick then more water is to be added.

4. Curd is to be whipped. Milk or whipped curd is to be mixed. 5. After mixing rose water and ice chips, the wood apple sherbat is

ready to be served. Many people like the sherbat without rose water and milk.

6. It will serve 4 persons.

120 Home Economics

Mango Sherbat: Ingredients

Green mango Syrup or sugar

Cold water Red or green colour

Quantity 4

1 cup 3 cups Little

Procedure:

1. Peel the green mango and slice it. After mashing the mango slice juice can be extracted. Juice can also be extracted by scraping the mango by the vegetable scraper and mixing the same with water and then squeezing.

2. 3 cups of water and 1 cup of sugar or syrup are to be mixed with the mango juice.

3. A little colour is to be added before serving. 4. Mango sherbat is to be served after adding ice.

Lassi:

Ingredients Curd

Cold water Syrup or sugar

Ice chips Salt

Quantity 1cup 1 cup

2 table spoons as required if desired

Procedure:

1. Cold water and syrup are to be mixed after whipping the curd. 2. Less of syrup or sugar is to be mixed if the curd is sweet. To be

served after putting ice chips. If desired little salt can be added. 4. It will make 2 servings.

Practicals 121

Snacks: Snacks are sered normally in the morning and sometimes in the evening. These are also made when guests come to the house. Many time heavy foods are arranged as snacks. Beside this light foods of various kinds are also welcome as snacks. Recipes of some snacks are given below-

Egg Sandwich: Ingredients Boiled eggs

Butter or mayonnaise

Salt Grounded black pepper

V Brea Tomato

Cucumber

Quantity 3

1/3 cup 3/4 tea spoon 1/4 tea spoon

1 pound 1 1

Procedure: 1. Boiled eggs are to be grated by a grater. 2. The cucumber is to be cut thinly or scraped by a scraper. 3. Tomato is to be cut thinly. 4. Except bread all ingredients and tomato are to be mixed together. 5. Mayonnaise is to be spread on two slices of bread. On one piece of

bread all the grated ingredients with eggs are to be spread with knife. Over this the thin sliced tomato should be spread. Then this is to be covered with the other piece of bread and then pressed with the palm of hand.

6. All sides of breads are to be cut evenly with a knife. Then cut into halves or diagonally to give it the shape of sandwich.

7. From one pound of bread nearly 10 pieces of sandwich would be made. It will make 10 servings.

122 Home Economics

Potato Chips: Ingredients

Potato Salt Oil

Quantity 1/2 kg

1/2 tea spoon l/2 cup

Procedure:

1. After peeling the potatoes these should be cut in the chips cutting machine. Besides potato should be sliced very thinly by a sharp knife if machine is not available.

2. The sliced potatoes are to be soaked in the salt water for 15-20 minutes.

3. After being soaked the potatoes should be taken out of the salted water and spread on a tray or in other dish to dry in the air.

4. When these are dried oil is to be heated in a fry pan. 5. At first to test the temperature of oil 1 or 2 pieces of potato is to be

placed in to the hot oil. Then all potatoes will be fried if bubble is appearing in oil.

6. Chips are to be taken out from oil by a slotted spoon when the potatoes are fried crisp. Then placed on a paper, which absorb oil. Some salt is sprinkled on potato chips.

7. It will make 3 servings. French Fry: Ingredients

Ingredients Potato

Salt Oil

Quantity 1/2 kg

1/2 tea spoon 1 l/2 Cup

Practicals 123

Procedure: 1. After peeling the skin of potatoes these should be cut into finger

size strips. 2. These should be soaked in salt water for some time after cutting. 3. After 10-15 minutes these should be taken out of salt water and

then dried in the air. Wiping with a cloth can make them dry. 4. Till the colour becomes light brown it should be deep oil fried.

Then taken out from oil and placed on a paper to absorb excess oil. 5. Hot french fry can be served with sauce. 6. It will make 3 servings.

Salad Fruit and Vegetable Salad: Salad made from fresh fruits and vegetables are very useful for health. Salad increases the appetite and brings variety in foods with polao quorma, rezala and biriyani on the table. Besides, coloured vegetables and fruits mixed salad increases the elegance of the table. Salad contains green citric fruits and vegetables. So vitamin C and other food components are found in it. After peeled off many fruits and vegetables turn brown in contact with air. These will not turn browning if mixed with salt water, lemon juice or sugar syrup.

Salad can be prepared from vegetables and fruits, which are given below-

Vegetables Fruits Cucumber, tomato carrot, beet, radish, cabbage, lettuce, coriander leaves, mint, green chillies, onions etc.

Pomelo, hog plum, bilimbi, apple, orange, pomegranate, papaya ripen mango, banana, lemon, pine-apple, ripen guava etc.

124 Home Economics

Ripen fruit salad: Ingredients Quantity Ingredients Quantity

Banana 4 Pomelo 1 Papaya 1/2 Lemon 1 Guava 2 Sugar 2 table spoons Hog-palm 2 Grounded black 1/2 tea spoons Apple 1 pepper

Procedure:

1. Banana, papaya, guava and apple are to be cut into small pieces,

and then kept after mixing with lemon juice.

2. Hog-plum is also to be sliced.

3. All fruits are to be mixed with grounded black pepper, sugar, salt

and lemon juice and kept in the refrigerator for marinated and to be

taken out at the time of eating.

4. It will make 8 serving,

Vegetable Salad ;

Ingredients Quantity Ingredients Quantity

Cucumber 4 Green chillies 4 Carrot 2 lemon 1 Tomato 6 salt 1 tea spoon Lettuce 3 Coriander leaves 2 table spoons Onion 4 (minces) Procedure:

1. All vegetables are to be peeled and sliced or cut into small pieces.

Lettuces are to be washed with water.

Practicals 125

2. Onions should be cut into rings. Green chillies and coriander leaves should be minced.

3. Spread the lettuce on a plate. Mix salt with all sliced vegetables and place on the lettuce.

4. Prepared cut onions, coriander leaves and green chillies are to be sprinkled over the vegetables.

5. Can be served to 10-12 persons.

Dress Making and Embroidery Making of a Single Cut Dress for a New Born Baby: The dress of a new born should be single cut and stitched very simply. It should be made of soft cotton and should be loosely fitted. In this type of dress the baby will feel ease and comfort. The material should be selected from cotton, handloom, voil, linen, mono colour or softly printed cloth etc. The drafting and the details to make a simple dress for a new-born are given below

Things that will be needed to make the dress- Cloth-35cm, pencil, rubber, measuring tape, scale, shape stick, pin, needle, scissors, thread, sewing machine etc. To make a dress of single cut there is no need of brown paper. We can take the measurement of the body and cut it forthright. For example- Measurement: Width: 65 cm. Length: 35 cm. Figure- AB = 14 of total girth. AC = Measurement of the length. CD = AB and AC = BD

126 Home Economics

65 cm. A B

Different steps for making dress

EF = Arm hole Mark E 7 cm, below the point B.

Mark F below 6 or 7 cm. Then cut EF in the shape of armpit.

At first the two sides of the girth should be stitched. Piping should be fixed

in the armpit. AC and BH should be folded for 2 cm. and should be hemmed

or stitched. In this fold a long ribbon has to be inserted. The bottom of the

length should be folded 2.5 cm. and hemmed. After putting on the dress to a

new born baby, a loose bow can be tied around the neck which would make

the dress frilly.

Making a Nappy for a Baby:

Nappies are used for the new born babies instead of panties. Because it is

easier to put on and change. To make this nappy a 35 cm. square piece of

cloth should be taken and folded diagonally. Then broad piping should be

fixed by stitched on all the sides of clothes. A loop should be made and

stitched in the point B as shown on the figure.

Picture-1 Picture-2 Picture-3

Picture-4 Picture-5 Picture-6 Back side Picture-7 Front side

35 c

m. G H

C D

A G

B H E

F

C D

Practicals 127

After putting on the nappy the loop of the side

B has to be brought near the belly from the

middle of the two Legs and the side A should

be inserted in it. Then the corners of AD

should be tied by a knot.

Embroidery:

In our daily life we use various types of

stitching work. The work is done by various

type of stitches. A proper stitch increases the

A baby with nappy

A B

beauty of a particular work enormously. Designs are made on frocks, sarees,

tablecloths, tray cloths and pillow covers by using different types of stitches.

Needle, thread of various colours and a frame are needed for work of

embroidery.

Methods of learning different types of stitches with figures are given

below:

RunStitch:

Of all hand made stitches this is the easiest one. The needle has to be

inserted equally on both sides of the cloth and the stitch should be continued

in the same manner. Our traditional quilts are made by using this type of

stitch.

Tuck Stitch:

In making dress with the help of run stitch the temporary stitch that is used is

known as tuck stitch. For example, tuck stitches are used to join two pieces

of cloth or in stitching pleats.

C D A

D B C

128 Home Economics

Run stitch Tuck Stitch Hem Stitch:

To hem, at first anchor your thread in a seam

allowance area and working from right to left

side. Pick up one thread of the garment and

then insert your needle into the hem edge and

pull needle and thread through. This stitch

is used in the edges of neckline, sleeves, Hem Stitch

bottom lines of blouses and frocks, tablecloths, tray cloths and

handkerchiefs. It will be made on the inside of the clothes.

BackStitch

At first after tie a knot at one end of

the thread and insert the needle

from the reverse side to the surface

of cloths. Then insert the needle

from the back of the stitch and take

out the needle in front of this stitch.

Back Stitch

Thus the stitch has to be continued gradually from back to forward. In the

Practicals 129

surface this stitch looks like the machine stitch. This stitch is very durable and it is used to join two parts of any dress or to stitch zips in pants and frock. Chain stitch: Take the needle from the edge of the thread to the front. Then make a loop around the needle and then pull it up. The next stitches will be formed in the same manner. This way make other loops around the needle and then pull those up.

Chain Stitch

It looks like a chain so this stitch is called chain stitch. It is used in filling the stems of different designs.

Cross Stitch In between two lines on the cloth the needle has to be moved diagonally from left to right side. The same stitch has to be repeated from right to left side along the same lines. As a result in a row full of cross- stitches are found. This stitch is used in making different designs on hessian, cellular cloth, prayer mat, bags, cushion covers, strainers etc.

Cross Stitch

Feather Stitch: This stitch generally works with the needle coming from right side to the left slightly bending and taking the thread encircling the needle. This stitch comes

130 Home Economics

on the surface of clothes, as a row of

bird's feather and that is why it is called

featherstitch. This stitch is like

buttonhole stitch.

Knot Stitch:

At first insert the needle from the

reverse surface of the cloth. Then wrap

the thread 3 or 4 times around the

needle. Pull the needle holding the

twisted thread as a knot with your right

hand finger. Then pull the needle back

through the fabric close to the previous

stitch. This stitch looks like a knot. So it

is called a knot stitch.

Satin Stitch:

At first make run stitch in the design

area. Then fill the entire place with

repeated stitches from inner side and

outer side. This stitch is used in frock,

handkerchiefs, tablecloths, sarees etc.

Feather Stitch

Knot Stitch

Satin Stitch

Traditional Motifs on Pillow Covers or Tray Cloths by Using

Embroidery Work:

Pillow covers and tray cloths can be made of mono coloured cloth. But it

can be made more beautiful and attractive by embroidery of different

Practicals 131

designs and coloured threads.In our country generally we use the different motifs like fish, bird, flower, leaf etc. These motifs are used in making tray cloth or a pillow cover by different stitches. The design can be worked in the centre or in one corner of the cloths. At first trace this design on the pillow covers or in the corner of a tray cloth. Then choose your own colour of the thread and finish it with chain stitch or back Stitch.: If desired this run stitch can also be used in engraved rag.

Run Stitch

Knitting: Run Stitch Different types of woollen wear are used in winter. Many of those wear like-cap, socks, muffler and sweater etc. are made by wool at home. Muffler is used in winter season to cover neck and ears jointly. Things needed for knitting a muffler:

1. A pair of knitting needles No 9. 2. 35 grams 4 ply mono colour wool. 3. Measuring tape.

Procedure of Knitting a Muffler: At first cast 40 stitches on the needle. Knit one right and one purl. Continue this process. When knitting, insert the needle in the back of the loop and make the stitch. In the start of the second row slip the first stitch to the right hand needle by inserting it to the

Muffler

132 Home Economics

back of the loop of the stitch. Now pull the wool in front and knit purl. Complete the row by knitting a right stitch and a purl. To start each row you have to slip the first stitch through back of loop. It is to remember that when you knit you have to insert the needle in the back of the loop. Knit upto 70 cm. and then cast off. Now take 14 pieces of wool measuring 16 cm. Take a single piece of wool and fold it twice. Then insert it in one corner of the muffler. Put the two ends together and knot a tie on the top. This will make the frill of the muffler. There will be 7 frills on one side of the muffler at equal distance.

Crochet Work: Making of a Glass Cover Using Long and Chain Materials Needed: No 1 1 Crochet hook : 1 Crochet thread : 1 ball Bead : 20 pieces of same colour as thread and the size of green pea. Making Procedure: 1st line: At first Make 10 chains and make it a circle. 2nd line: Knit long densely (18 long) on top of the chain of circle, 3rd line: Knit chain and long for 8 times to make 7 holes. 4th line: Knit 5 chains and 3 longs in each hole. Then knit 4 chains to finish the line. 5th line: Knit for one line longs densely on top of the 4th row. 6th line: Knit 2 chains and 3 longs to finish the line. 7th line: Knit 4 chains and knit 2 longs in each hole, 8th line: Finish knitting a line of densely knitted long. 9th line: Knit 3 chains and 2 longs.

Practicals 133

10th line: Knit 10 chains and join it in each hole with a half long. This is to

be done all along to make a figure. Spare a gap and use a bead. The

measurement of the cover with frill will be 13.5 cm.

Glass cover

Chapter-VI Rearing

Goat is one of the domestic animals in Bangladesh. Goat rearing is a

common activity in most of the family in our country. It is a calm andv

useful animal. At the homestead or a small farm goat rearing may be done-

by little money. In our country two types of goat are found.

1. Local variety of goat

2. Foreign variety of goat

Local Variety of Goat:

In local variety Black Bengal Goat is world famous. Black goats of Black

Bengal variety are mostly found in Bangladesh. So it is called Black Bengal

goat. But in our country mixed colour like white and brown goat

is also found. The meat and leather of this goat are of better standard.

Demand of our local goat leather is very high in foreign countries. On the

other hand milk is very tasteful and meat is rich in protein of this Black

Bengal variety of goat.

Goat Rearing 135

Foreign Variety of Goat:

Foreign variety goat is also available in our country. In the foreign variety

Jamuna crossing goat is remarkable. This variety of goats came from India.

They are also known as castrated goat. This is a big variety of goats with

long ears and legs. The colour of this variety is mainly brown ash. They give

much milk.

Income from Goat Rearing:

We can increase our family

income by goat rearing.

When income is increased

family becomes solvent. By

this project cultivator femily

overcomes their poverty and

unhappiness. Women are

more active in goat rearing.

So it may be an income

generating activity for poor

women in the village. For this

reason goat rearing is very

useful for Bangladesh.

Jamura Crossing Goat

136 Home Economics


1. How many types of goats are available in Bangladesh?

(a) 1 (b) 2

(c) 3 (d) 4

2. What can happen from goat-rearing?

(a) Income increases (b) Expenditure increases

(c) Environment is polluted (d) Disease spreads

Creative Questions:

Karim is an unemployed youth. Poverty is a regular matter in his family. He has

decided to rear goat to eradicate poverty of his family, according to the advice of

an officer of the “Directorate of Youth Development”. He begins to rear Black

Bengal” goats, for the purpose.

(a) How many types of goats are available in our country?

(b) Why is it suitable for Karim to rear ‘Black Bengal’ goats ?

(c) Write how goat - rearing can improve the standard of Karim’s livelihood.

Discuss the difference between “Black Bengal” and “Jamuna Pari” goats.

Documents

for Class VI from the academic year 1997. Economic... · for Class VI from the academic year 1997. Home Economics For Class VI Written by Suraiya Begum Feroza Besum Translated by