Energy Ramp

Project Advisor

( Saleem Ata )

Submitted by

(Faisal Iqbal-08122213)

(Mohsin Sharif-081220139)

( Azeem Tahir- 091420068 )

Department of Electrical Engineering

School of Science and Technology

University of Management and Technology

Energy Ramp

Project Report submitted to the

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Management and Technology

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science

In

Electrical Engineering

Advisor Name: Saleem Ata

Advisor Signature:-_____________

(Faisal Iqbal-08122213)

(Mohsin Sharif-08122039)

( Azeem Tahir- 091420068 )

Abstract

In the present scenario power becomes major need for human life. Due to Day-to-day

increase in population and lessen of the conventional sources, it becomes Necessary that we

must depend on non-conventional sources for power generation. While moving, the vehicles

possess some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic Energy can be utilized to

produce power by using a special arrangement called “ENERGY RAMP”. The Kinetic

energy of moving vehicles can be converted into mechanical Energy of the shaft through

rack and pinion mechanism. This shaft is connected to the Electric dynamo and it produces

electrical energy proportional to traffic density. .All this Mechanism can be housed under

the Ramp (slope that has been built to connect two places that are at different levels). The

generated power can be used for general purpose like streetlights, traffic Signals. The

electrical output can be improved by arranging Energy Ramp in series this generated

power can be amplified and stored by using different electric devices. The Maintenance

cost of Ramp is almost nullified. By adopting this arrangement, we can satisfy the future

demands to some extent.

KEY WORDS: Non-conventional sources, Kinetic energy, Electro-mechanical unit,

Energy Ramp, magnetic field.

i

Dedication

First of all we are very thankful to ALLHA ALMIGHTY who has given us enough courage to

complete.

Then

Dedicated to our kind teacher

Saleem Ata & Our Parents

Who enlightened our minds with Knowledge, tried

To include the spirit of hard work and dedicational us

So that we could have a BRIGHT FUTURE in terms

Of being good human and turn out to be competent

Engineers with powers to take challenging

ENGINEERING PROBLEMS

Table of ContentsAbstract....................................................................................................................................................... i

ii

Dedication................................................................................................................................................... ii

Table of Contents....................................................................................................................................... iii

List of Figures..............................................................................................................................................v

List of Tables...............................................................................................................................................vi

Chapter 1 Energy Ramp...........................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................1

1.1 NEED FOR THE MODEL.............................................................................................................2

1.2 Types of Energy Ramp Used to Generate Electricity.......................................................................5

1.2.1 Roller Mechanism.....................................................................................................................5

1.2.2 Rack and Pinion Mechanism...................................................................................................6

1.2.3 Crank Shaft Mechanism...........................................................................................................7

1.3 About Project...................................................................................................................................7

1.4 Our Aim...........................................................................................................................................8

Chapter 2....................................................................................................................................................9

2.1 Working Principle...........................................................................................................................9

2.2 Construction Details........................................................................................................................9

2.3 Components Details.......................................................................................................................11

2.3.1 Rack and Pinion:.....................................................................................................................11

2.3.2 SPUR GEAR:..........................................................................................................................12

2.3.3 FLY WHEEL:.........................................................................................................................13

2.3.4 SHAFTS:.................................................................................................................................14

2.3.5 SPRINGS:...............................................................................................................................14

2.3.6 BEARINGS:............................................................................................................................16

2.3.7 Electric Dynamo:....................................................................................................................16

Chapter 3..................................................................................................................................................18

Generator Selection and Mechanical Design Details............................................................................18

3.1 Energy Ramp Generator...................................................................................................................18

3.1.1 DC Motor..................................................................................................................................18

1. Brush:....................................................................................................................................................18

2. Brushless:..............................................................................................................................................19

3.2 A. Connection Types.......................................................................................................................20

3.2.1. Series Connection:..................................................................................................................20

3.2.2. Shunt Connection:...................................................................................................................21

3.2.3. Compound Connection:..........................................................................................................21

iii

3.2 Generator specification.................................................................................................................21

3.3 Generator selection........................................................................................................................22

3.3.1 Ametek generator (30v DC)...................................................................................................22

3.3.2 TWT (90v DC) Generator......................................................................................................23

3.4.1 Design......................................................................................................................................29

3.4.2 Mathematical Calculations.....................................................................................................30

Chapter 4..................................................................................................................................................31

Charge Controller Block.........................................................................................................................31

4.1 Schematic Diagram........................................................................................................................32

4.2 Working of charge controller.......................................................................................................32

Chapter 5..................................................................................................................................................34

Inverter Module.......................................................................................................................................34

5. Inverter Module...................................................................................................................................34

5.1 Schematic Diagram........................................................................................................................35

5.2 Working of Inverter......................................................................................................................36

5.3 Data Sheet’s....................................................................................................................................37

5.3.1 BD140......................................................................................................................................38

5.3.2 CD-4047...................................................................................................................................39

Chapter 6..................................................................................................................................................44

Display Circuit.........................................................................................................................................44

6.1 Component Details.........................................................................................................................45

A. Features................................................................................................................................................45

B. Device Features....................................................................................................................................46

C. Pic16F877a Pin out................................................................................................................................46

6.1.2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).....................................................................................................47

A. Features of 16x2 LCD............................................................................................................................48

B. Description............................................................................................................................................49

C. Technical Specification.........................................................................................................................49

6.1.3 Voltage Regulator....................................................................................................................50

6.1.4 Oscillator..................................................................................................................................51

6.1.5 Relay.........................................................................................................................................52

6.2 Proteus design, Simulation and Coding..........................................................................................54

6.2.1 Proteus Design.........................................................................................................................54

6.2.2 Simulation................................................................................................................................55

iv

6.2.3 Coding......................................................................................................................................56

List of Figures

Fig 1.1 Roller Mechanism--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6Fig 1.2 Rack and Pinion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6Fig 1.3 Crank shaft-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7Fig 2.1 Rack and Pinion--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12Fig 2.2 Rack and Pinion Top Side view------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12Fig 2.3 SpurGear-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12Fig 2.4 Fly Wheel----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13Fig 2.5 Shaft-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14Fig 2.6 Springs--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15

v

Fig 2.7 Bearings------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16Fig 2.8 DC motor----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17Fig 3.1 Brush DC Motor---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19Fig 3.2 Brushless DC Motor----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20Fig 3.3 DC Gear Motor----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21Fig 3.4 Ametek 30v generator------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22Fig 3.5 Ametek voltage to rpm graph---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23Fig 3.6 TWT 90v generator----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23Fig 3.9 Treadmill 180v generator--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25Fig 3.8 Treadmill voltage to rpm graph------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26Fig 3.9 DC Gear Motor----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27Fig 3.10-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29Fig 3.10 Energy Ramp Design-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29Fig 4.1 Schematic of charge controller-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32Fig 6.1 Schematic diagram of inverter--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35Fig 6.2 PIC-16F877a--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47Fig 6.3 16x2 LCD------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48Fig 6.4 Voltage Regulator schematic---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51Fig 6.5 Crystal oscillator-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52Fig 6.6 Relay----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------53

List of TablesTable 2.1....................................................................................................................................................11Table 3.1 comparison of TWT generators.................................................................................................26Table 6.1 Device Features..........................................................................................................................49Table 6.2 LCD Specifications......................................................................................................................52

vi

vii

Chapter 1 Energy Ramp

Chapter 1 Energy Ramp

INTRODUCTION

Before starting I have one question to you all who is really very happy with the current situation

of the electricity in Pakistan? I suppose no one. So this is my step to improve the situation of

electricity with an innovative and useful concept i.e. Generating Electricity from Energy Ramp.

First of all what is electricity means to us? Electricity is the form of energy. It is the flow of

electrical Power. Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms

of energy. We get electricity, which is a secondary energy source, from the conversion of other

sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are

called primary sources. Many cities and towns were built alongside water falls that turned water

wheels to perform work. Before electricity generation began slightly over 100 years ago, houses

were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by wood-

burning or coal-burning stoves. Direct current (DC) electricity had been used in arc lights for

outdoor lighting. In the late-1800s, Nikola Tesla pioneered the generation, transmission, and use

of alternating current (AC) electricity, which can be transmitted over much greater distances than

direct current. Tesla's inventions used electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes and to

power industrial machines. How is electricity generated?

Electricity generation was first developed in the 1800's using Faradays dynamo generator.

Almost 200 years later we are still using the same basic principles to generate electricity, only on

a much larger scale.

The Energy Ramp is directly connected to the Rack (chain) through an iron leg that is used to

support the Energy Ramp up and down motion. The Rack is then connected to the Pinion teeth.

The Pinion is connected to the Dynamo i.e. the gear box and then the gear box is connected to

the Generator. As the car moves over the Ramp it pushes it in the downward direction which is

then connected to the Pinion as the pinion rotates it rotates the inner assembly which are the fly

wheel and the gear box which eventually moves the generator. Inside the generator the rotor

contains a magnet that, when turned, produces a moving or rotating magnetic field. The rotor is

surrounded by a stationary casing called the stator, which contains the wound copper coils or

windings. When the moving magnetic field passes by these windings, electricity is produced in

1

Chapter 1 Energy Ramp

them. By controlling the speed at which the rotor is turned, a steady flow of electricity is

produced in the windings. These windings are connected to the electricity network via

transmission lines.

Now I’m throwing some light on the very new and innovative concept i.e. GENERATING

ELECTRICITY FROM ENERGY RAMP. Producing electricity from Energy Ramp is a new

concept that is undergoing research. The number of vehicles on road is increasing rapidly and if

we convert some of the kinetic energy of these vehicle into the rotational motion then we can

produce considerable amount of electricity, this is the main concept of this project. In this

project, a Ramp is fitted and some kind of a grip is provided on the Energy Ramp so that when a

vehicle passes over Energy Ramp it rotates the Shaft.

This downward movement of Ramp is used to rotate the shaft of D.C. generator by the help of

Rack-Pinion. As the shaft of D.C. generator rotates, it produces electricity. This electricity is

stored in a battery. Then the output of the battery is used to lighten the street lamps on the road.

Now during daytime we don’t need electricity for lightening the street lamps so we are using a

control switch which is manually operated .The control switch is connected by wire to the output

of the battery. The control switch has ON/OFF mechanism which allows the current to flow

when needed.

1.1 NEED FOR THE MODEL

An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an

economy. It usually refers to the shortage of oil and additionally to electricity or other natural

resources. An energy crisis may be referred to as an oil crisis, petroleum crisis, energy shortage,

electricity shortage electricity crisis. While not entering a full crisis, political riots that occurred

during the 2007 Burmese anti-government protests were initially sparked by rising energy prices.

Likewise the Russia-Ukraine gas dispute and the Russia-Belarus energy dispute have been

mostly resolved before entering a prolonged crisis stage. Market failure is possible when

monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A crisis can develop due to industrial actions like

union organized strikes and government embargoes. The cause may be ageing over-

consumption, infrastructure and sometimes bottlenecks at oil refineries and port facilities restrict 2

Chapter 1 Energy Ramp

fuel supply. An emergency may emerge during unusually cold winters. EMERGING

SHORTAGES Crisis that currently exist include; •

Oil price increases since 2003 - Cause: increasing demand from the U.S and

China, the falling state of the U.S. dollar, and stagnation of production due to the U.S.

occupation of Iraq. Iraq is 3rd in the world (besides Saudi Arabia and Iran) for its oil reserves.

However some observers have stated the global oil production peak occurred in December 2005.

If this is correct it is also to blame. • 2008 Central Asia energy crisis caused by abnormally cold

temperatures and low water levels in an area dependent on hydroelectric power. South African

electrical crisis Solution for Energy Crisis NEXT time on the roads, don’t scoff at the Energy-

Ramp. They could actually light up small villages off the highway. This project is about

GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY with the ENERGY RAMPS.

Generally when vehicle is in motion it produces various forms of energy like, due to friction

between vehicle’s wheel and road i.e. rough surface HEAT Energy is produced, also when

vehicle traveling at high speed strikes the wind then also heat energy is produced which is

always lost in environment and of which we can’t make use of….OR directly we can say that all

this energy that we can’t make use of is just the WASTAGE OF ENERGY that is abundantly

available around us. In this project we are just trying to make use of such energy in order to

generate an ELECTRICAL ENERGY. This project will work on the principle of “POTENTIAL

ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY

CONVERSION” Potential energy can be thought of as energy stored

within a physical system. This energy can be released or converted into other forms of energy,

including kinetic energy. It is called potential energy because it has the potential to change the

states of objects in the system when the energy is released if ‘h’ is the height above an arbitrarily

assigned reference point, then Kinetic energy of an object is the extra energy which it possesses

due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest

to its current velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this

kinetic energy unless its speed changes.

Negative work of the same magnitude would be required to return the

body to a state of rest from that velocity. The kinetic energy can be calculated using the formula:

In this project a mechanism to generate power by converting the potential energy generated by a

3

Chapter 1 Energy Ramp

vehicle going up on Energy Ramp into kinetic energy. When the vehicle cross over the inclined

plates, it gains height resulting in increase in potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional

rumble strip When the Ramp comes down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel type

mechanism (angular motion converter). This in turn rotates a geared shaft loaded with recoil

springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic energy into electricity.

A vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 0.16m on such a rumble strip produces

approximately 1.26 kilowatt power per minute ( Let 20% Mechanical losses). So one such speed-

breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles pass every minute, about one kilo watt of

electricity can be produced every single minute.

At present we are facing shortage of electricity. Electricity can be generated

using Energy Ramps, strange, isn't it? The benefits from this idea will be to generate electricity

for the streetlights, hoardings and then for other use. The functioning will be as follows:

1. The Energy Ramp on a busy road will be lifted from one side and fixed on other side (on

one way road)

2. There will be a crankshaft mechanism below the Energy Ramp. The shaft of the

generator will be attached to the disc and the rod connected to the disc from the Energy

Ramp.

This arrangement will make 1 push as soon as the vehicle moves over the Energy Ramp. There

will be electricity storing unit to store the generated electricity during the day and will be used

during the night. The manufacturing cost is low. But the installation might be bit expensive but

still affordable. Research: the prototype made using a simple dc motor gave an unbelievable

output of 12 volts. And the cost of the prototype was just 400 Rs . This proves the feasibility of

this project. The idea can be applied on heavy traffic road it works on the principle that when a

moving vehicle passes through this set up ,the kinetic energy of vehicle will cause roller to rotate

which will further rotate transmission shaft and hence the generator armature (i.e. acting as prime

mover to run generator).

When the vehicle moves over the inclined plates, it gains height resulting in increase in

potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble strip when the plates come down,

they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel type mechanism. This in turn rotates a geared shaft

4

Chapter 1 Energy Ramp

loaded with recoil springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic into

electricity vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 0.16m on such a rumble strip produces

approximately 1.26 kilowatt power (with 20% Mechanical losses). So one such speed-breaker on

a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles pass every minute, about one kilo watt of electricity

can be produced every single minute.

1.2 Types of Energy Ramp Used to Generate Electricity

Basically there are three design used to Generate Electricity

I. Roller mechanism

II. Rack- Pinion mechanism

III. Crank-shaft mechanism

1.2.1 Roller Mechanism

A roller blind mechanism for winding and unwinding a roll able blind, the Mechanism

comprising a support element, a drive sprocket which is rotatable mounted on The support

element for transmitting rotational movement to a blind supporting member, And a manually-

movable elongate flexible drive element which includes a plurality of Interlinked tooth-engaging

elements, the drive sprocket including a plurality of flexible Teeth engage able with the tooth-

engaging elements of the flexible drive element. A roller blind mechanism as claimed in claim 1,

wherein a radial extent of the teeth of the drive sprocket is equal to or greater than a maximum

dimension of the tooth-engaging elements of the flexible drive element. A roller blind

mechanism as claimed in claim 2, wherein the radial extent is equal to or greater than twice the

maximum dimension of the tooth-engaging elements of the flexible drive element. A roller blind

mechanism as claimed in claim 1, wherein the teeth of the drive sprocket flex in a

circumferential direction of the sprocket.

5

Chapter 1 Energy Ramp

Fig 1.1 Roller mechanism

1.2.2 Rack and Pinion Mechanism

Rack and pinion gears normally change rotary motion into linear motion, but sometimes we use

them to change linear motion into rotary motion. They transform a rotary movement (that of the

pinion) into a linear movement (that of the rack) or vice versa. We use them for sliding doors

moved by an electric motor. The rack is attached to the door and the pinion is attached to the

motor. The motor moves the pinion which moves the rack and the door moves.

Fig 1.2 Rack and Pinion

6

Chapter 1 Energy Ramp

1.2.3 Crank Shaft Mechanism

The crankshaft is a mechanism that transforms rotary movement into linear movement, or vice

versa.

For example, the motion of the pistons in the engine of a car is linear (they go up and down).But

the motion of the wheels has to be rotary. So, engineers put a crankshaft between the engines and

the transmission to the wheels. The pistons of the engine move the crankshaft and the movement

becomes rotary. Then the rotary movement goes past the clutch and the gear box all the way to

the wheels.

Fig 1.3 Crank shaft

1.3 About Project

Out of these three models, we have chosen Rack and pinion as our project. The theory behind the

three design are almost the same, as the Car(load) moves over the path the kinetic energy is

7

Chapter 1 Energy Ramp

converted into electric energy. We feel that inside of the roller and the crank shaft mechanism

this would be more applicable keeping the road condition of our country and vice versa.

1.4 Our Aim

The main aim of our project is to design Energy Ramp using rack and pinion to generate cheap

electricity. This project will be provide great use to light up the street lights, a small work place

or even a small house.

8

Chapter 2 Project working and Component Details

Chapter 2

Project Working and Component Details

2.1 Working Principle

While moving, the vehicles possess some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic

energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called ENERGY RAMP.

It is an Electro-Mechanical unit. It utilizes both mechanical technologies and electrical

techniques for the power generation and its storage. ENERGY RAMP is a Ramp like device

likely to be Energy Ramp. Whenever the vehicle is allowed to pass over the Ramp it gets pressed

downwards Then the springs are attached to the Ramp are compressed and the rack which is

attached to the bottom of the Ramp moves downward in reciprocating motion. Since the rack has

holes connected to the pinion teeth and the pinion connected with the gear, there exists

conversion of reciprocating motion of rack-pinion into Rotary motion of gears but the two gears

rotate in opposite direction. A flywheel is mounted on the shaft whose function is to regulate the

fluctuation in the energy and to make the energy uniform. So that the shafts will rotate with

certain R.P.M. these shafts are connected through a belt drive to the dynamos, which converts

the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The conversion will be proportional to traffic

density. Whenever an armature rotates between the magnetic fields of south and north poles, an

E.M.F (electro motive force) is induced in it. So, for inducing the E.M.F armature coil has to

rotate, for rotating this armature it is connected to a long shaft. By rotating same e.m.f, is

induced, for this rotation kinetic energy of moving vehicles is utilized. All this mechanism can

be housed under the Inclined, like Ramp, which is called Energy Ramp. The electrical output can

be improved by arranging these Energy Ramps in series. This generate power can be amplified

and stored by using different electrical devices.

2.2 Construction Details

The various machine elements used in the construction of ENERGY RAMP are

9

Chapter 2 Project working and Component Details

RACK

SPUR GEAR

FLY WHEEL

BEARINGS

SHAFT

SPRINGS

ELECTRIC DYNAMO

A Ramp is mounted on two springs and in the bottom, a rack is clamped. The rack consist holes

on both the faces. It is connected to one gear wheel to rotate the gear wheels only in one

direction. We have inserted a free wheel in the gear. The free wheel and the gear assembly are

mounted centrally. The flywheel is also mounted on the same shaft and the shaft is simply

supported at the both ends by means of ball bearings. Now a dynamo is connected to shaft by

belt drive. The output terminal of dynamo is connected to an electrical storing device. The total

assembly is arranged in iron case.

S.NO NAMEOFTHECOMPONENT

MATERIAL

USED

QUANTITY

1 Rack Mild Steel 1

2 Pinion Cast iron 1

3 Fly wheel Cast iron 1

10

Chapter 2 Project working and Component Details

4 Shaft Mild Steel 1

5 Springs CHROMEVANADIUMALLOY STEEL

3

6 Bearings HIGHCARBONCHROMIUMSTEEL

2

7 Electric Dynamo ____ 1

Table 2.1

2.3 Components Details

2.3.1 Rack and Pinion:

A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears which

convert rotational motion into linear motion. A circular gear called "the pinion" engages teeth on

a linear "gear" bar called "the rack"; rotational motion applied to the pinion causes the rack to

move, thereby translating the rotational motion of the pinion into the linear motion of the rack.

Its primary function is to convert translatory motion into rotary motion. It must have higher

strength, rigidity and resistance to shock load and less wear and tear.

11

Chapter 2 Project working and Component Details

Fig 2.1 Rack and Pinion

2.3.2 SPUR GEAR:

It is a positive power transmission device with definite velocity ratio. In volute teeth profile is

preferred for adjusting some linear misalignment. It should have high wear and tear, shock-

absorbing capacity.

Fig 2.2 Spur Gear

12

Chapter 2 Project working and Component Details

2.3.3 FLY WHEEL:

The primary function of flywheel is to act as an energy accumulator. It reduces the fluctuations

in speed. It absorbs the energy when demand is less and releases the same when it is required.

Fig 2.3 Fly Wheel

13

Chapter 2 Project working and Component Details

2.3.4 SHAFTS:

It is a rotating element, which is used to transmit power from one place to another place. It

supports the rotating elements like gears and flywheels. It must have high torsional rigidity and

lateral rigidity.

Fig 2.4 Shaft

2.3.5 SPRINGS:

It is defined as an elastic body whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover its

original shape when the load is removed. It cushions, absorbs or controls energy either due to

shocks or due to vibrations.

14

Chapter 2 Project working and Component Details

Fig 2.5 Springs

15

Chapter 2 Project working and Component Details

2.3.6 BEARINGS:

It is a machine element, which supports another machine. It permits relative motion between the

contacting surfaces while carrying the loads. They reduce the friction and transmit the motion

effectively.

Fig 2.6 Bearings

2.3.7 Electric Dynamo:

A dynamo, originally another name for an electrical generator, now means a generator that

produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical

generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other

later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternating-

current alternator, and the rotary converter. They are rarely used for power generation now

because of the dominance of alternating current, the disadvantages of the commutator, and the

ease of converting alternating to direct current using solid state methods.

The word still has some regional usage as a replacement for the word generator.

A small electrical generator built into the hub of a bicycle wheel to power lights is called a Hub

dynamo, although these are invariably AC devices.

16

Chapter 2 Project working and Component Details

Description

The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical

rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law. A dynamo machine consists

of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of

rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. The motion of the wire within

the magnetic field causes the field to push on the electrons in the metal, creating an electric

current in the wire. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or

more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or

more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.

The commutator was needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire

rotates in a magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half turn, generating an

alternating current. However, in the early days of electric experimentation, alternating current

generally had no known use. The few uses for electricity, such as electroplating, used direct

current provided by messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were invented as a replacement for

batteries. The commutator is an essentially a rotary switch capable of an extremely large number

of make and break operations. It consists of a set of contacts mounted on the machine's shaft,

combined with graphite-block stationary contacts, called "brushes", because the earliest such

fixed contacts were metal brushes. The commutator reverses the connection of the windings to

the external circuit when the potential reverses, so instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct

current is produced.

Fig 2.7 DC motor

17

Chapter 3 Generator Selection and Mechanical Design Details

Chapter 3

Generator Selection and Mechanical Design Details

3.1 Energy Ramp Generator

We are using permanent DC motor as a generator in our design because permanent magnet DC

generator is not available easily here in Pakistan. Generators that are available are of very high

rpm rating which is not suitable. The problem with AC generator is that they are not available in

permanent magnet structure with required specification so the design without permanent magnet

required external supply for field generation which is not an optimize and practical solution. This

is the main reason we are using DC motor as a generator.

3.1.1 DC Motor

A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity. DC motors

were used to run machinery.  DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries.  Today

DC motors are still found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to

operate steel rolling mills and paper machines. Modern DC motors are nearly always operated in

conjunction with power electronic devices.

Two important performance parameters of DC motors are the motor constants, Kv and Km.

There are two types of DC motors:

1. Brush.

2. Brushless.

1 Brush:

18

Chapter 3 Generator Selection and Mechanical Design Details

The brushed DC electric motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the

motor by using internal commutation, stationary magnets (permanent or electromagnets), and

rotating electrical magnets.

Like all electric motors or generators, torque is produced by the principle of Lorentz

force, which states that any current-carrying conductor placed within an external magnetic field

experiences a torque or force known as Lorentz force. Advantages of a brushed DC motor

include low initial cost, high reliability, and simple control of motor speed. Disadvantages are

high maintenance and low life-span for high intensity uses.

Fig 3.1 Brush DC Motor

2 Brushless:

Brushless DC motors use a rotating permanent magnet or soft magnetic core in the rotor,

and stationary electrical magnets on the motor housing. A motor controller converts DC to AC.

This design is simpler than that of brushed motors because it eliminates the complication of

transferring power from outside the motor to the spinning rotor.

Advantages of brushless motors include long life span, little or no maintenance, and high

efficiency.

Disadvantages include high initial cost, and more complicated motor speed controllers.

19

Chapter 3 Generator Selection and Mechanical Design Details

Fig 3.2 Brushless DC Motor

3.2 A. Connection Types

There are three types of connections used for DC electric motors:

1. Series

2. Shunt

3. Compound

These types of connections configure how the motor's field and armature windings are

connected. 

3.2.1. Series Connection:

A series DC motor connects the armature and field windings in series with a common

D.C. power source. This motor has poor speed regulation since its speed varies approximately

inversely to load. However, a series DC motor has very high starting torque and is commonly

used for starting high inertia loads, such as trains, elevators or hoists. With no mechanical load

‘n’ the series motor, the current is low, the magnetic field produced by the field winding is weak,

and so the armature must turn faster to produce sufficient counter-EMF to balance the supply

voltage (and internal voltage drops).

20

Chapter 3 Generator Selection and Mechanical Design Details

Series motors called "universal motors" can be used on alternating current. Since the

armature voltage and the field direction reverse at (substantially) the same time, torque continues

to be produced in the same direction. Since the speed is not related to the line frequency,

universal motors can develop higher-than-synchronous speeds, making them lighter than

induction motors of the same rated mechanical output. This is a valuable characteristic for hand-

held power tools. Universal motors for commercial power frequency are usually small, not more

than about 1 kW output. However, much larger universal motors were used, fed by special low-

frequency traction power networks to avoid problems with commutation under heavy and

varying loads.

3.2.2. Shunt Connection:

A shunt DC motor connects the armature and field windings in parallel or shunt with a

common D.C. power source. This type of motor has good speed regulation even as the load

varies, but does not have as high of starting torque as a series DC motor. It is typically used for

industrial, adjustable speed applications, such as machine tools, winding/unwinding machines

and tensioners.

3.2.3. Compound Connection:

A compound DC motor connects the armature and fields windings in a shunt and a series

combination to give it characteristics of both a shunt and a series DC motor. This motor is used

when both a high starting torque and good speed regulation is needed. The motor can be

connected in two arrangements: cumulatively or differentially. Cumulative compound motors

connect the series field to aid the shunt field, which provides higher starting torque but less speed

regulation. Differential compound DC motors have good speed regulation and are typically

operated at constant speed. They are commonly used in elevators, air compressors, conveyors

and punch presses.

3.3 Generator specification

21

Chapter 3 Generator Selection and Mechanical Design Details

There are probably lots of other brands and models of permanent magnet DC motors available

which will work well as generators. Permanent magnet DC motors work as generators, but they

weren't designed to be generators. Some types of motor are a lot worse than others. When used

as generators, motors generally have to be driven far faster than their rated speed to produce

anything near their rated voltage. So what you are looking for is a motor that is rated for high DC

voltage, low rpm and high current. Steer away from low voltage and/or high rpm motors. You

want a motor that will put out over 12 Volts at a fairly low rpm, and a useful level of current. So

a motor rated for say 325 rpm at 30 Volts when used as a generator, could be expected to

produce 12+ volts at some reasonably low rpm. On the other hand, a motor rated at 7200 rpm at

24 volts probably won't produce 12+ volts as a generator until it is spinning many thousands of

rpm, which is way too fast for a wind turbine.

3.4 Generator selection

We have seen many motors that can be uses as a generator but all of them not full filling our

design requirement. Some of the generators descriptions are given below.

3.4.1 Ametek generator (30v DC):

Fig 3.3 Ametek 30v generator

22

Chapter 3 Generator Selection and Mechanical Design Details

We managed to score one of the 30 volt Ametek generators. The generator we got was in good

shape and worked great. But the main problem with this generator is that of very high RPM. At

30 volt, generator shaft is rotating at almost 4500 rpm. If we calculate the ratio between volts and

rpm, it come out to be (1:150), which means that at 1 volt generator’s shaft is seems to be

rotating at 150 rpm. So, at 12 volt shaft is rotating at 1800 rpm, which is very high. So, this is the

major problem occur with this generator. As this generator is not fulfilling all the requirements,

we have to find another generator that fulfills our requirements.

1 5 10 150

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

RPMVoltages

Fig 3.4 Ametek voltage to rpm graph

3.4.2 TWT (90v DC) Generator

23

Chapter 3 Generator Selection and Mechanical Design Details

Fig 3.5 TWT 90v generator

We manage to get another 90 volt TWT DC generator. This generator fulfills the requirement of

getting low rpm at high volt. This generator is rotating at 1800 rpm at 90 volt. If we calculate the

voltage to rpm ratio it comes out to be (1:20).This means that at 1 volt it is rotating at 20 rpm,

which is really very low. This generator will give 12 volt at 240 rpm. This generator seems to be

fulfilling all the requirements associated with the generator, but this generator does not

producing the required amount of current to charge a battery, it is producing a 0.65 Ampere of

current which is very low for charging a battery. Actually, we need to find the generator which

also supposed to be producing a certain amount of current for charging the battery. So, this is the

problem associated with this generator. It will not work as well for our design.

TWT generator is of many types with different ratings. These ratings are given in the table.

type Voltage

V

Current

A

Revolution

Rpm

Output

W

Torque Weight

Kg

TWT-

10SP

12 9 1800 65 3.5 2.2

TWT 10- 24 4.5 1800 65 3.5 2.3

24

Chapter 3 Generator Selection and Mechanical Design Details

RP-H

TWT-

10SGN

90 1.2 1800 65 3.5 2.2

TWT-

10SGN

180 0.65 1800 65 3.5 2.2

Table 3.1 comparison of TWT generators

1 5 10 150

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

RPMVoltages

Fig 3.6 TWT voltage to rpm graph

3.4.3 Treadmill generator (180v dc)

25

Chapter 3 Generator Selection and Mechanical Design Details

Fig 3.7 Treadmill 180v generator

We have found another 180 volt treadmill DC generator. This generator is rotating at

approximately 4000 rpm at 180 volt. If we calculate the voltage to rpm ratio it comes out to be

(1:22.2).This means that at 1 volt it is rotating at 22.2 rpm. It will give 12 volt at approximately

264.64 rpm. And this generator is also generating a suitable amount of current that is needed for

charging the battery, it seems to be generating approximately (5 to 6)A of current, this current

would be essential enough to charge the battery.

26

Chapter 3 Generator Selection and Mechanical Design Details

1 5 10 150

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

RPMVoltages

Fig 3.8 Treadmill voltage to rpm graph

DC Gear Motor:

Dc gear motor is a powerful motor that drives heavy load to some extent. Two motors are

used for the movement that is connected to the wheels and the other one is for the rotation of

blades to pick the ball. The motors connected to the wheels are of 12V, 155rpm and draws 0.9

amperes current. The motors circuitry consists of H-bridge and a full wave rectifier. The working

of H-bridge to drive motors is explained in section 3.1.2.

27

Chapter 3 Generator Selection and Mechanical Design Details

Fig 3.9 DC Gear Motor

“After finding suitable generator for our design our next main focus will be the construction of

blades and hub which will be attached with the generator.”

28

Chapter 3 Generator Selection and Mechanical Design Details

Mechanical Design

3.5.1 Design

Fig 3.10 Energy Ramp Design

29

Chapter 3 Generator Selection and Mechanical Design Details

3.5.2 Mathematical Calculations

Let us consider,

The mass of the vehicle over the Energy Ramp =660Kg (Approximately)

Height of Ramp =16 cm =0.16m

Work done=Force x Distance

Here,

Force=Weight of the Body Since, F=mg

=660 Kg x 9.81

=6474.6 N

Distance traveled by the body = Height of the Ramp

=0.16 m

Output power=Work done/Sec

= (6474.6 x 0.16)/60

=17.27 Watts (For One pushing force)

Power developed for 1 vehicle passing over the Energy Ramp arrangement for one minute= 17.27 watts (Let say 20% Mechanical loss then, P=17.27(80/100)=13.816 W)

• Power developed for 60 minutes (1 hr.) =1.0362 kw

• Power developed for 24 hours=24.8688 Kw

• This power is sufficient to burn four street lights in the roads in the night time.

30

Chapter 4 Charge Controller Block

Chapter 4

Charge Controller Block

Once our Energy Ramp was up and running, the next obvious requirement was some sort of

charge controller, since continuous overcharging would boil the electrolyte dry and ruin the

expensive battery bank. Several small controllers came bundled with the other systems, but they

were totally unsuitable for wind power use.

Charge controllers intended for solar panels work by monitoring the battery voltage, and once it

reaches full charge, the controller simply shorts the solar panel leads together. This doesn't harm

the solar panels, but it does waste whatever power they're generating. The energy ends up

heating the transistors in the controller.

This type of controller is not ideal for our project, since shorting the output of the generator

while it's spinning at high speed will generate a huge current spike, possibly destroying the

controller and perhaps even the generator in the process. On the other hand, simply unhooking

the generator from the batteries is not a good idea either, since with no load on it, the generator

might over speed in a strong wind and destroys itself.

The ideal solution is to charge the batteries until they reach a full charge, then switch to an

alternate load where the energy can be safely handled. While we're at it, this energy should be

used for some useful purpose, such as supplementing a water heater, a bank of 12 volt light bulbs

will do.

31

Chapter 4 Charge Controller Block

4.1 Schematic Diagram

Fig 4.1 Schematic of charge controller

4.2 Working of charge controller

In any kind of wind system the charge controller is an essential part. Basically charge controller

is designed in wind system to monitor the battery charging condition and to prevent from over

and under charging. Charge controller takes care of the battery in such a way that it continuously

monitors the battery voltage when the battery is fully charged it switches the battery off and

32

Chapter 4 Charge Controller Block

similarly switches them back on charging state when they reach a pre-set level of discharge. So

the basic theme behind this is to keep the batteries safe from extra voltage.

The above schematic shows the simple charge controller circuit in topic. The voltage from the

battery is coming towards the pair of 10K variable resistor where the test points are connected,

the test points adjusted so as to set the voltage level at which controller will start charging and

also the level at which it stop charging and start dumping means to move extra voltage towards

the dummy load to prevent battery from over charging.

The actual test points will depend on particular battery, but the good starting point is 14.5V when

the battery is fully charge and 11.8V for discharge. These are the points where it switches from

sending power to the batteries to dumping power into a dummy load and vice versa.

The next obvious thing is to adjust the test points, the way to adjust test point is to set the DC

power supply at 11.8 and then measure the voltage at test point 1. Adjust the variable resistor R1

to until the voltage at test point 1 is as close to 1.667V. Similarly, set the supply at 14.5V and

measure the voltage at test point 2. Adjust R2 until it reaches as close to 3.333V.

Push buttons are connected with test points used to change state of the controller. Two push

buttons are connected PB2 with test point 1 and PB1 with test point 2 to operate it manually.

When the input voltage is in between the state of charging or dumping these push buttons are

used to change the state of the charge controller manually.

The two push-buttons provide a way to toggle the output manually when the battery voltage was

in the "null zone" between the test points. By momentarily pressing one of the buttons, the output

state will reverse and latch.

33

Chapter 5 Inverter Module

Chapter 5

Inverter Module

5. Inverter Module

Dc to ac converters are known as inverters. The function of an inverter is to change dc input

voltage to a symmetric ac output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency. The output voltage

could be fixed or variable at a fixed or variable frequency. A variable output voltage can be

obtained by changing the dc input voltage and maintain the gain of the inverter constant. On the

other hand if the dc input voltage is fixed and it is not controllable a variable output voltage can

be obtained by changing the gain of the inverter. This is normally accomplished by pulse width

modulation control within the inverter. The inverter gain can be defined as the ratio of the ac

output voltage to the dc input voltage.

The output voltage waveform of ideal inverters should be sinusoidal. However the output

waveforms of practical inverters are no sinusoidal and contain certain harmonics. For low and

medium power application square wave or quasi square wave voltage are acceptable and for high

power applications low distorted sinusoidal waveforms are required. With the availability of high

power semiconductor devices the harmonic content of the output voltages can be minimized or

reduced significantly by switching techniques. Inverters are widely used in industrial

applications e.g. in variable speed ac motor drives, induction heating, standby power supplies,

and in uninterruptable power supplies. The input may be from a battery, fuel cell, solar cell or

another dc source. The typical single phase outputs are 120v at 60 hertz, 220v at 50 hertz and

115v at 400 hertz. For high power three phase systems, typical outputs are 220 to 380v at 50

hertz, 120 to 208v at 60 hertz and 115 to 200v at 400 hertz.

34

Chapter 5 Inverter Module

5.1 Schematic Diagram

Fig 6.1 Schematic diagram of inverter

35

Chapter 5 Inverter Module

5.2 Working of Inverter

To understand the working of the circuit lets first have a look on CD 4047 IC this is an oscillator

IC used to produce 100 hertz pulses by Texas instruments. The next important component is

BD140 transistor which provides sufficient current amplification to drive the loads at

output.

The IC CD 4047 is used in as table mode and provides output pulses that are 180 degree out of

phase with each other. The frequency of the output can be changed by varying the trim pot at the

pins 1, 2; 3.the output pulse train is then amplified by C945 transistors that are used as preamps

here. Then they drive the BD140 transistors that actually boost the current for the load. The

collectors of BD140 are connected to primary side of a center tapped 12-0-12 volt transformer

220 volt is available at the output which is enough to bear a load up to 100 watt like fans and

energy savers etc. The wattage capacity of the inverter module can be increased by adding

further more stages of BD140 transistors and by increasing the current capacity of transformer.

Transformer with a primary rating of 10A is quite enough for 100 watt load but a 5A transformer

is also fine to a load of 60 watt in case of non-availability of 10A transformer. Transformer used

here is in reverse order mean primary for 220 volt load and secondary for 12-0-12 volt input

from the circuit.

36

Chapter 5 Inverter Module

5.3 Data Sheet’s

37

Chapter 5 Inverter Module

5.3.1 BD140

ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎ

38

Chapter 5 Inverter Module

5.3.2 CD-4047

39

Chapter 5 Inverter Module

40

Chapter 5 Inverter Module

41

Chapter 5 Inverter Module

42

Chapter 5 Inverter Module

43

Chapter 5 Inverter Module

44

Chapter 6

Display Circuit

We have designed a specific circuit instead of using an external source through this circuit we

can have the voltage that are being generated from the Energy Ramp and the voltage that are

being stored in the battery.

The circuit consists of the following components

Microcontroller (16F877A)

LCD

Capacitors

Resistors

Voltage Regulator (LM7805)

Push Buttons

Oscillator

Relays

Transistors(C945)

45

6.1 Component Details

6.1.1 Micro Controller (16F877a)

Microcontrollers are robot brains. Microcontrollers allow the designer to

interface sensors, electronics together (along with anything else required for the project) and

contain the overall logic of the robot. The logic can be programmed in many languages by

beginner to advanced programmers alike.

A. Features

• 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical.

• 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical.

• Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years.

• Self-reprogrammable under software control.

• In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) via two pins.

• Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming.

• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation.

• Programmable code protection.

• Power saving Sleep mode.

• Selectable oscillator options.

• In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins.

46

B. Device Features

Table 6.1 Device Features

C. Pic16F877a Pin out

47

Fig 6.2 PIC-16F877a

The main part of the circuit is PIC16f877a as all the other components are controlled by this

controller, PIC16f877a has 4 output ports. Port A (2-7), Port B (33-40), Port C (15-18 then 23-26), Port D

(19-22 then 27-30), Port E (8-10), Pin# 11, 32 (VDD), Pin# 12,31 (VSS), Pin#1 (VPP)

Here we use all the Ports except Port E.

Port A: This Port is reserve for IR modules, the outputs of the IR modules are inputs of

the Port.

Port B: This Port is used to control the 2 L298n modules.

Port C: This Port is used for LCD.

Port D: This Port is also for the operation of LCD.

6.1.2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display that uses the light modulating properties

of liquid crystals (LCD). LCD does not emit light directly.

48

LCD displays are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer

display) or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits,  7-

segment displays, etc., as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that

arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger

elements.

LCD are used in a wide range of applications, including computer monitors, television,

instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices

such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones. LCD have

replaced cathode (CRT) displays in most applications. They are available in a wider range of

screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot

suffer image burn-in. LCD are, however, susceptible to image persistence.[1]

The LCD is more energy efficient and offers safer disposal than a CRT. Its low electrical

power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is

an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of segments filled with liquid

crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in color

or monochrome.

Fig 6.3 16x2 LCD

A. Features of 16x2 LCD

Alphanumeric character display with 16x2 characters

Switchable blue backlight

3 push buttons

49

B. Description

This LCD Brick let is equipped with a 16x2 alphanumeric character display with blue

backlight and three push buttons. It can be controlled with Bricks. The API allows writing

characters to the LCD, get the state of the buttons, switch the backlight on or off and configure

events for the buttons.

You can use this Brick let to display text, for example a name of a song that is played on

your PC or measurements from other Brick lets.

C. Technical Specification

Table 6.2 LCD Specifications

The LCD is used for the clear description of the working of the robot. The LCD here displays all about the

movement of robot and the numbers balls picked.

50

6.1.3 Voltage Regulator

Voltage Regulator, usually having three legs, converts varying input voltage and

produces a constant regulated output voltage. They are available in a variety of outputs. 

 

The most common part numbers start with the numbers 78 or 79 and finish with two

digits indicating the output voltage. The number 78 represents positive voltage and 79 negative

one. The 78XX series of voltage regulators are designed for positive input. And the 79XX series

is designed for negative input.

 

Examples:  

·         5V DC Regulator Name: LM7805 or MC7805

·         -5V DC Regulator Name: LM7905 or MC7905

·         6V DC Regulator Name: LM7806 or MC7806

·         -9V DC Regulator Name: LM7909 or MC7909

The LM78XX series typically has the ability to drive current up to 1A. For application

requirements up to 150mA, 78LXX can be used. As mentioned above, the component has three

legs: Input leg which can hold up to 36VDC Common leg (GND) and an output leg with the

regulator's voltage. For maximum voltage regulation, adding a capacitor in parallel between the

common leg and the output is usually recommended. Typically a 0.1MF capacitor is used. This

eliminates any high frequency AC voltage that could otherwise combine with the output

voltage. See below circuit diagram which represents a typical use of a voltage regulator.

51

Fig 6.4 Voltage Regulator schematic

We have used the LM7805 to avoid the extra expense of an additional battery of 5V. It takes

12V directly from the battery and supply the 5V to micro-controller. So we have used only one

12V battery. It heats up a lot, for this we have used heat sink.

6.1.4 Oscillator

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the

mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal

with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as

in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize

frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric

resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them became known as

"crystal oscillators."

Oscillators are often characterized by the frequency of their output signal:

An audio oscillator produces frequencies in the audio range, about 16 Hz to 20 kHz.

An RF oscillator produces signals in the radio frequency (RF) range of about 100 kHz to

100 GHz.

52

A low-frequency oscillator (LFO) is an electronic oscillator that generates a frequency

below ≈20 Hz. This term is typically used in the field of audio synthesizers, to distinguish

it from an audio frequency oscillator.

Fig 6.5 Crystal oscillator

The oscillator used is of 4 MHz’s.

6.1.5 Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a

switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used

where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation

between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one

signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming

in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone

exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or

other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts,

instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating

characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from

overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital

instruments still called "protective relays"

53

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching

mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is

necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and

controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used

in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to

another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical

operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or other loads

is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a

semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and

sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern

electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays"

Fig 6.6 Relay

54

6.2 Proteus design, Simulation and Coding

6.2.1 Proteus Design

6.2.2 Simulation

55

6.2.3 Coding

unsigned int adc_rd0;

unsigned char ch;

void get_ad();

char *text;

long tlong;

56

unsigned int adc_rd1;

unsigned long V11;

void main()

{

DELAY_MS(500);

Lcd_Custom_Config(&PORTB,7,6,5,4,&PORTB,2,0,3);

Lcd_Custom_Cmd(Lcd_CURSOR_OFF);

Lcd_Custom_Cmd(Lcd_Clear);

ADCON1 = 0x82;

TRISA = 0xFF;

Lcd_Custom_Out(1,2,"well come ");

57

DELAY_MS(1000);

Lcd_Custom_Cmd(Lcd_Clear);

while(1) {

get_ad();

DELAY_MS(200);

}

}

void get_ad()

{

adc_rd0 = ADC_read(0);

tlong = (long)adc_rd0 * 5000;

tlong = tlong / 1023;

V11 =tlong ;

ch = tlong / 1000;

Lcd_Custom_Chr(1,1,'B');

LCD_Custom_Chr_CP('A');

LCD_Custom_Chr_CP('T');

LCD_Custom_Chr_CP('T');

LCD_Custom_Chr_CP('=');

LCD_Custom_Chr_CP(48+ch);

58

ch = (tlong / 100) % 10;

LCD_Custom_Chr_CP(48+ch);

LCD_Custom_Chr_CP('.');

ch = (tlong / 10) % 10;

LCD_Custom_Chr_CP(48+ch);

LCD_Custom_Chr_CP('V');

adc_rd0 = ADC_read(1);

Delay_ms(50);

adc_rd0 = ADC_read(1);

adc_rd0 = ADC_read(1);

tlong = (long)adc_rd0 * 5000;

tlong = tlong / 1023;

V11 =tlong ;

ch = tlong / 1000;

Lcd_Custom_Chr(2,1,'M');

LCD_Custom_Chr_CP('O');

LCD_Custom_Chr_CP('T');

LCD_Custom_Chr_CP('O');

LCD_Custom_Chr_CP('R');

LCD_Custom_Chr_CP('=');

LCD_Custom_Chr_CP(48+ch);

ch = (tlong / 100) % 10;

59

LCD_Custom_Chr_CP(48+ch);

LCD_Custom_Chr_CP('.');

CONCLUSION

Energy is an important input to sustain industrial growth and standard of living of

a country and can be directly related to per-capita energy consumption. The conventional sources

energy like coal, oil, uranium etc… are depleting very fast and by the turn of the century man

will have to depend upon non-conventional sources of energy for power generation. The various

types of non-conventional sources of energy are solar energy, wind energy, biogas etc… now by

developing “ENERGY RAMP” we can generate power without utilizing any external sources

mentioned earlier.

Now, vehicular traffic in big cities is more, causing a problem to human being.

But this vehicular traffic can also be utilized for power generation by means of new technique

called “ENERGY RAMP”. If it is placed in heavy traffic roads, the weight and kinetic energy of

the vehicles can be used to produce mechanical power in shafts and this mechanical power is

once again converted into electrical energy. As it does not utilize any external source, and traffic

will never be reduced, these ENERGY RAMPs are more reliable, and have more life than any

other power source. It is also feasible from the customer point of view as follows. The total

installation cost of the hump is 20000 rupees. Total cost = 20000 rupees Say with

improvements in design it can glow 5 streetlights of 40-watt capacity, which will consume 2.7

K.W.H. per day.

For t years electricity bill will be 2986.5*t T=2years i.e. the consumer

will be repaid his investment within 2 years period. From this onwards, there will be no

investment and free of cost. The life of ENERGY RAMP is estimated to be 6 years. So the

customer will get free power generation for 4 years period. But the major drawback of this

ENERGY RAMP is design of springs. When we have less traffic and there is difficulty in design

of springs also the generation of power is intermittent, we have to smooth out this variations.

60

With proper improvements in design and installation, we can produce 240v/230v with 5-10A

power smoothly and can be used for public use like streetlights or traffic signals.

FUTURE SCOPE

            In this world where there is shortage of electrical power supply, this project will be

helpful to solve some of the problems. This project has some advantages which are:-

1. The project is economical and easy to install.

2. This project is nonpolluting.

3. Maintenance cost is low.

4. Installation cost is low.

5. Will solve some of the electricity problems of the world.

6. The electricity produced by this system can be used to drive an electric motor, or for any other

purpose.

7. This project can be implemented on road and can be used to lighten the street lamps.

Advantage

1. We can generate more amount of electricity.

2. We can lighten our street lamps.

3. Extra electricity can be send to villages also.

Disadvantage

61

1. We have to check mechanism from time to time.

2. It can get rusted in rainy season. It will not work with light weight vehicle

Ethics:

We follow the IEEE codes of ethics closely in this project, and we consider safety as our top

priority in developing the product. Since there may be other tennis players in the tennis court, we need

to ensure that the tennis ball picker will not hurt other player’s legs while it picks up the balls. This is

done by installing a touch sensor in front of the ball picker. If the sensor detects anything, the robot will

change the direction so that it won’t hit the player. It is assumed that the picker is used after the players

have finish playing. There will not be any moving object in the tennis court.

62