FRBR and VIAF : Examples of Current International Initiatives in

Cataloging

A presentation byDr. Barbara B. Tillett

for the MAVIS Users Conference 2003

Nov. 6, 2003

Today’s Topics

• The FRBR Model(Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records)

• A Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

The FRBR Model(Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records)

MAVIS Users Conference 2003Nov. 6, 2003

FRBR

• Publisher: K.G. Saur

• Also available on the Web:

http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.pdf

FRBR

IFLA Cataloguing Section’s Review Group on FRBR

Web Page:

http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/wgfrbr.htm

Bibliographic UniverseWhat Are We Cataloging?

• Library collections– Books– Serials– Maps, globes, etc– Manuscripts.– Musical scores– A-V

• sound recordings• motion pictures• photographs, slides

– Multimedia– “Remote” digital

materials

Entity-Relationship Model

• Entities

• Relationships

FRBR

relationship

Entity 1 Entity 2

•Attributes•User Tasks and National LevelBibliographic Record

FRBR Entities

Group 1: Products of intellectual & artistic endeavor– Work– Expression– Manifestation– Item

Expression

Manifestation

Item

Work

Physical -recording ofcontent

Intellectual/artistic content

is realized through

is embodied in

is exemplified by

Vocabulary

• “Book”–Door prop

(item)

–“publication” at bookstore any copy

(manifestation)

Thanks to Patrick Le Bœuf

Vocabulary

• “Book”–Who translated?

(expression)

–Who wrote?

(work)

FRBR Entity Levels

Work:

Expression:

Manifestation:

The Novel

Orig.Text

Transl. CriticalEdition

Paper PDF HTML

The Movie

Orig.Version

FRBR Entity Levels

Work:

Expression:

Manifestation:

The Novel

Orig.Text

Transl. CriticalEdition

The Movie

Orig.Version

Paper PDF HTML

Item: Copy 1Autographed

Copy 2

FRBR Entity Levels

Work:

Expression:

Manifestation:

The Novel

Orig.Text

Transl. CriticalEdition

The Movie

Orig.Version

Paper PDF HTML

Item: Copy 1Autographed

Copy 2

Family of works

Possible FRBR applicationsScenario A - Now

Authority

Bibliographic

Holding Item

Work/Expression

UniformTitle Concept

Manifestation

Person

Series (work/expression)

UniformTitle

Work

Expression

Manifestation

Item

Item

Scenario B

Work/ExpressionUniform

Title

Manifestation

Authority

Bibliographic

Holding

Concept

Item

Person

PersonSeries

(work/expression)Uniform

Title

Scenario C Work

UniformTitle

Expression

Manifestation

Item

Authority

Bibliographic

Holding

ConceptPerson

Manifestation Manifestation

Item Item Item

Person

Modes of Expression• Alpha-numeric• Music notation• Other notation (e.g., choreographic)• Sound• Still image• Moving image• Three-dimensional object• Combinations of above

FRBR

Joint Steering Committee for Revision of AACR2 (JSC)

• Task Force on Format Variation– Work-level citations– Expression-level citations

• Update AACR terminology to use FRBR terms: – Work, Expression, Manifestation,

Item

FRBR Entities

Group 2: Those responsible for the intellectual & artistic content

– Person

– Corporate body

FRBR Entities

Group 3: Subjects of works– Groups 1 & 2 plus– Concept– Object– Event– Place

Group 1 - Relationships Inherent to the Entities

• Work “is realized by” an expression

– Expression “is embodied in” a manifestation

• Manifestation “is exemplified by” an item

–Item

FRBR

Relationships -Work/Expression

w1 Charles Dickens’ A Christmas carol

e1 the author’s original English text

e2 a Tamil translation by V.A. Venkatachari

FRBR, p. 59

“is realized by”FRBR

Relationships - Work/Expression/Manifestation

w1 J.S. Bach’s Goldberg variations

e1 performance by Glenn Gould in 1981

m1 recording released on 331/3 rpm sound disc in 1982 by CBS Records

m2 recording re-released on compact disc in 1993 by Sony

m3 digitization of the Sony re-release as MP3 in 2000

Based on FRBR, p. 59 “is embodied in”FRBR

Relationships - Work/Expression/Manifestation/Item w1 Lost treasures of the world

e1 the interactive electronic resource

m1 the CD published in 1994 by Follgard CD-

Visions

i1 first copy held by Calgary Public Library i2 second copy held by Calgary Public

Library

FRBR, p. 60“is exemplified by”

FRBR

Relationships• Inherent among the

entities

• Content relationships among works

Work

Expression

Manifestation

Item

Whole-Part

Accompanying

EQUIVALENT

Cataloging Rulescut-off point

Same work New work

DERIVATIVE DESCRIPTIVE

Parody

Revision

Translation

Criticism

Variations or versions

Editions SummaryAbstractDigest

Annotated edition

Expurgatededition

DramatizationNovelization

Freetranslation

Imitations

Evaluation

Review

Casebook

Commentary

Abridgededition

Arrangement

ScreenplayLibrettoIllustrated

edition

Slightmodifications Adaptations

Change of genre

Original

Same style or thematic content

Microformreproduction

Copy

Exactreproduction

Facsimile

Reprint

Simultaneous“publication”

Same Expression New Expression

Family of Works

New Work B. TillettDec. 2001

Group 1 Entities’ Attributes

• Work– ID– Title– Date– etc.

• Expression– ID– Title– Form– Date– Language– etc.

• Manifestation– ID– Title– Statement of responsibility– Edition– Imprint (place, publisher,

date)– Form/extent of carrier– Terms of availability– Mode of access– etc.

• Item– ID– Provenance– Location– etc.

FRBR

Relationship vs. Attribute

Work PersonCreated by

Creates

DRAFT FRANAR extension to FRBRReal

WorldEntities:e.g.,IndividualGroupEventContentObjectConceptPlaceTime

FRBREntities:PersonFamilyCorp.BodyWorkExpressionManifestationItem

NameIdentifier

Access Point

HeadingTargetTracing

Rules

Authority recordReference record

Explanatory heading

Explanatory record

Agency

May 2002

Objectives of Catalogs

• Cutter’s objectives for the catalog– Finding - description and access standards

– Collocating - controlled “vocabularies” for precision of searching

“User Tasks” - FRBR• Find (locate and collocate)• Identify• Select• Obtain

• Relate• Other possible tasks:

– Attribute Royalties to– Preserve

Collocation by Works

• Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. + All’s well that ends well+ As you like it+ Hamlet+ Macbeth+ Midsummer night’s dream

Collocation by Family of Works and Expressions

• Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet.+ Texts+ Motion Pictures+ Sound Recordings

Collocation by Expressions

• Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet.+ Motion Pictures – Danish+ Motion Pictures – Dutch+ Motion Pictures – English+ Motion Pictures – French+ Motion Pictures – Spanish

FRBR Applications

• Related models:– <indecs>– ABC model in

Project Harmony (US, UK, Australia)

– Indiana Univ.: Variations2 digital music

• Applications:– Denmark: VisualCat– Australia: AustLit– VTLS: Virtua’s

“FRBR-ized” catalog– OCLC’s Fiction

Finder; future WorldCat

– RLG’s Web union catalog plans: RedLightGreen

http://www.redlightgreen.com

Where is FRBR most useful?

• Classics of literature vs. scientific studies

• Examples in the OCLC database– Stephen King

• 102 works, 231 manifestations

– Shakespeare’s Hamlet• 1 work, 2696 manifestations

– Rowling, J.K. (Harry Potter stories)• 28 works, 300 manifestations

FRBR futures

• Terminology• Concepts

– Entities– Relationships– Attributes

• Goals of bibliographic control– Finding– Collocating

Thank you!

• Slides 9 and modified versions of 30 and 31 were published in Barbara B. Tillett, “Bibliographic Relationships.” In Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge, edited by Carol A. Bean and Rebecca Green, 19-35. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.© 2001 All Rights Reserved.If these images are reused, please include this citation.

A Virtual International Authority File

MAVIS Users Conference

Nov. 6, 2003

Objectives

• Facilitate sharing to reduce cataloguing costs to libraries, museums, archives, rights management agencies, etc.

• Simplify creation and maintenance of authority records internationally

• Enable users to access information in the language, script, form they prefer

Authority control virtues

• “Precision” in searching

• Syndetic structure of references to help navigate (the variant forms of name/title/subject/etc.)

• Displays to collocate works

• Links to forms used in particular resources

• Bring library catalogues into the mix of tools available on the Web

Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

IFLA UBC authority principles

• Each country responsible for authority headings for its own personal and corporate authors

• National authority records available for everyone to use

• Same form and structure used worldwide

New view of UBC• User perspective - to display

script/language(s) of one’s own country

• Bibliographic agencies still responsible for control in their own countries (or region/cataloguing rules/etc.)

• Link forms established in “national” or “regional” authority files to create a virtual international authority file

Same Entity/Variant Scripts

Japanese

japanisch

Switching for displaysLibrary defaultUser-selected preferences

– Client set-up, “cookies,” or future method• Language• Script• Culture (country)/spelling

– Labor vs. Labour

Scenario - Web Search of VIAF

• Original cataloguing with no match found in local authority file

• Launches Web search of virtual international authority file– Assumes response times/system reliability

will improve in future

Scenario

Create bibliographic record

100 1 ‡a Tchaikovsky, Peter I

245 ‡a Piano concerto

Not found in local authority file.Checking VIAF.

RUSMARC-recordМаркер: 00445nx 22001453 450001: 10326005: 20001108144619.0100: $a20001108arusy0103 ca200: 1$8rus$7ca$aЧайковский$bП. И.$f1840- 1893$gПетр Ильич$4070200: 1$8rus$7ba$aChajkovskij$bP. I.$f1840-1893$gPetr Il'ich$4070300: 0 $aРусский композитор, ученик А.Г. Рубинштейна.700: 1$310327$8rus$7ba$4070810: $aВсемирный биографический энциклопедический словарь. - М., 1998.801: 0$arus$brnb$c20001108

810: $aГАК РНБ.

Your search of the Virtual International Authority File found the following match:

Scenario

Link authorities

100 1 ‡a Tchaikovsky, Peter I

Create and Link? Yes

No

700 1 ‡a Чайковский‡b П. И.‡d 1840-1893‡q Петр Ильич ‡0 ()10326 ‡2 ‡l rus

Automatically creates local authority record

010 ‡a n 79072979 040 ‡a DLC ‡b eng 100 1 ‡a Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilich, ‡d 1840-1893 400 1 ‡a Chajkovskii, Petr Il’ich, ‡d 1840-1893

Cataloguer adds AACR2 form

with link

Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

Tchaikovsky

Чайковский()10326

(LC)n79072979

Scenario

Corrects bibliographic record

100 1 ‡a Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilich, ‡ d 1840-1893

245 ‡a Piano concerto

Local system - User view

User’s cookie specifies Cyrillic/Russian preferred.

Display 700 form, building on local system’s authority structure

Чайковский, Петр Ильич, 1840-1893

HKCAN

Centralized Virtual - Union Authority File (OAI Model)

VIAF Proof of ConceptDDB/LC/OCLC

OAI

Server(s)

LCNAFDDB/PND

Matching retrospective files

• One time project

• Matching algorithms, such as those developed by Ed O’Neill and others at OCLC

• Links– Text strings– Control numbers

Semantic Web Building Blocks

End-user

A&I controlledvocabularies

(Library) authority files

Other controlled vocabularies

“Ontologies”

Semantic Web Building Blocks

End-user

“Ontologies”

Web search engines

Digital world

Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)