By: Kristin Wawrzynski

CAUSE:National debt and the annual budget deficit soared*France was split into 3 Estates:

Clergy- owned about 10% of land and only paid “voluntary gifts” to the government every 5 years*.

Nobility- owned about 25% of land and taxed very lightly. They enjoyed many manorial rights* that allowed them to tax the peasantry

Everyone else- some were educated merchants, lawyers and officials, but majority were urban artisans and unskilled day laborers (peasants and countryside agricultural workers)

1789-Estates General convene at VersaillesThird Estate declared itself the “National Assembly”

and swore the famous Oath of the Tennis Court?*Storming of the Bastille for weapons and

gunpowderThe Great Fear- fear of vagabonds and outlaws-

fanned the flames of rebellionDeclaration of the Rights of Man declaredNational Assembly confiscates church lands

1791- Royal family is arrested during an attempt to flee France

1792- France declares war on AustriaLouis XVI is taken prisoner of Russian mobSeptember Massacre (second revolution)National Convention declares France a republic and

abolishes monarchy

***Rein of Terror (1793-1794)- used revolutionary terror to solidify the homefrontGenerally it

Strengthened the belief that France foolishly replaced a weak king with a bloody dictator

Was used to gain the goal for an ideal democratic republic* 1795-1799-

Directory rules

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)-realized the need to put an end to civil strife in France in order to create unity and consolidate his rule

November of 1799- he was named first consul of the republic

Concordat of 1801- Signed by both Napoleon and Pope Pius VII Pope gained, for French Catholics, the right to

practice their religion freelyNapoleon gained political power*

Family monarchy- re-established Free speech and press was violated

1800- Napoleon funds the Bank of France1801- Treaty of Luneville- Austria accepted

the loss of almost all its Italian possessions and German territory on the west bank of the Rhine

Treaty of Aimes- with Great Britain- France remained in control of Holland, the Austria

Netherlands, the West banks of the Rhines, and most of the Italian peninsula 1804- Crowns himself emperor1805- Battle of Trafalgar, Battle of Austerlitz

1807- redrew the map of Germany; to weaken Austria and restrict trade with Britain

1812- invades Russia with 600,000 men but disastrously retreats

1814- (Treaty of Chaumont) Quadruple Alliance is formed to defeat France

Napoleon abdicated and is exiled to ElbaEscapes from Elba and ruled France until defeat at Battle of Waterloo

Goals: 1.Establish a new balance of power in Europe to prevent imperialism and maintain peace2.Prevent political revolutions “maintain status quo”3.Reconstruct the map of Europe

Quadruple Alliance*: Austria. Britain, Prussia, and Russia

Low Countries: Belgium and Holland were united under an enlarged Dutch monarchy to be more effective

Host of delegates from smaller states

Started after Napoleon surrendered to the allied powers of Europe in Paris

1st Treaty of Paris (signed in 1814) gave France its boundaries from 1792, and France didn’t have to pay any war reparations.

Established Compensation:Prussia: Part of Saxony, Grand Duchy of Berg,

and part of the Duchy of WestphaliaRussia: Grand Duchy of Warsaw (made into a

separate kingdom of Poland), Finland, and Bessarabia

Austria: Received Venetia, Lombardy, and Milan in Italy; Galicia in Poland; and Tyrol and Salzburg in Germany

The German States: a German Confederacy was set up to replace the Old Holy Roman Empire

Etc. 1815, Napoleon landed in Southern France

with an army of 1000 men in the hopes of surprising the allies and regaining control of FranceThe representatives (still in Vienna) stopped fighting over the land boundaries and banded together to form a powerful army.

Final act of the Congress of Vienna (1815): ended the meeting with a plan for

Balance of power A reconstructed Europe Plan to meet periodically**

http://wps.ablongman.com/long_kishlansky_cw_5/0,6472,269723-,00.html

http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/westn/congvienna.html

http://ibatpv.org/projects/congress/vientime.html

http://www.victorianweb.org/history/forpol/vienna.html

Textbook