Napoleon and the French Napoleon and the French RevolutionRevolution

Napoleon and RevolutionNapoleon and Revolution

I. Background (1799- 1815)Coup d’Etat of 18 Brumaire

II. The Paradox of Napoleon Illusion of Democracy

Reality of Empire1802: Consul for Life1804: Emperor

III. Napoleon and the Romantic SwingBeethoven and EroicaGoya, Spanish Resistance, & NationalismResurgence of Nationalism

Napoleon and RevolutionNapoleon and Revolution

IV. Napoleon’s AchievementsStability of RevolutionConcordat of 1801Government ReformsNapoleonic CodeWar and Empire: Constitutional System,

Confederation of the Rhine V. The Undoing of Napoleon and of the

Revolution War with Russia (1812) and scorched earth policy March 1814: Napoleon’s abdication and exile to Elba March 1815: 100 Days 18 June 1815: Waterloo

VI. Lasting Significance of Napoleon VII. Congress of Vienna and the Alliance System

Young Napoleon Bonapart in Italy

“The Bridge at Arcole”

Napoleon Timeline

1799 1802 1804 1805 1810 1812 1815

Napoleon’s Coup D’Etat& New Constitution

Consul for LifePeace of Amiens-Peace w/Britain

Emperor& Coronation

Napoleonic Code

1801

ConcordatW/ Pius 7th

Battles:Trafalgar &

Austerlitz

Russia withdraws fromContinental

SystemRussian Campaign

WaterlooJune 1815

1806

Confederation of the RhineContinental System

1814

Congress of Vienna

Nap. ReturnsFrom ElbaMarch 1815

Congress of Vienna

1821

Nap. dies

Napoleon Conquers most of Europe

2nd

CoalitionAgainst France

Nap.-makes peace

NapoleonAbdicatesElba ExileMarch 1814

Nap’s Retreat

Did Napoleon Push Did Napoleon Push Revolution Forward? Revolution Forward? Or did he reject it?Or did he reject it?

Illusion of Democracy:New more conservative constitution in 1799Freedom of speech curbedUniversal male suffrageBut illusory representative government

Reality of Empire“authority from above, confidence from below”

1802: Consul for life1804: Hereditary emperor

“The government of the republic is entrusted to an emperor”

Birth of an Emperor (2 December Birth of an Emperor (2 December 1804)1804)

“Emperor of the French” (vs. Consul of the Republic)

From Consul to EmperorFrom Consul to Emperor

Romantic Attitudes to Napoleon:Romantic Attitudes to Napoleon:Beethoven’s SwingBeethoven’s Swing

Symphony #3: OriginallyBonaparte Symphony

“EROICA”:In Memory of a Hero

Tears up Dedication 1804Premiered in Vienna April 7, 1805.2 Dec. 1805: Battle of Austerlitz

Ludwig Von Beethoven (1770-1827)•Nature, Emotion, Common Humanity •Reflects uncertainty of period over impact of French Revolution

–Admired Napoleon in his early days

Romanticizing the NationRomanticizing the Nation Idea of the Nation Idea of the Nation Overcoming Tyranny & Breaking Overcoming Tyranny & Breaking

free from the Pastfree from the Past Writers like Percy Bysshe Writers like Percy Bysshe

Shelley and Lord ByronShelley and Lord Byron Philosophers and Nationalists Philosophers and Nationalists

like Johann Fichte (1762-1814) like Johann Fichte (1762-1814) in Germany and Giuseppe in Germany and Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) in ItalyMazzini (1805-1872) in Italy

Historians & Philosophers Historians & Philosophers G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) and G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) and

the Struggle of the World Spiritthe Struggle of the World Spirit Composers like:Composers like:

Chopin, Chopin, PolonaisesPolonaises (Polish (Polish Pieces)Pieces)

Franz List, “Hungarian Franz List, “Hungarian Rhapsodies”Rhapsodies”

Smetana, “Ma Vlast” (My Smetana, “Ma Vlast” (My Country)Country)

Delacroix, Greece Dying on the Ruins of Missolonghi (1827)

Musée des Beaux-Arts, Bordeaux

Romantic Attitudes to Napoleon:Romantic Attitudes to Napoleon:Goya’s OutrageGoya’s Outrage

Francisco de Goya, “Third of May, 1808”

Two Different Two Different Romantic Romantic VisionsVisions

Constable, “Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows”, 1831

Delacroix, “Liberty Leading the People”1830

Napoleon’s AchievementsNapoleon’s Achievements Revolution StabilizedRevolution Stabilized

Stability within FranceStability within France Concordat 1801Concordat 1801

basis of church/state relations till 1900sbasis of church/state relations till 1900s Begins “reconciliation” with Catholic ChurchBegins “reconciliation” with Catholic Church Gov’t retains a say in naming of bishopsGov’t retains a say in naming of bishops Catholicism recognized as Catholicism recognized as

“religion of the majority”“religion of the majority” France on the move across EuropeFrance on the move across Europe

Reorganization of GovernmentReorganization of Government Rationalization and Centralization of StateRationalization and Centralization of State Bank of France (1800)Bank of France (1800) EducationEducation Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) (1804)Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) (1804)

a) Rationalization b)Property c) workers a) Rationalization b)Property c) workers War and EmpireWar and Empire

Use of his Grande ArmUse of his Grande Arméée, Confederation of Rhinee, Confederation of Rhine Satellite Kingdoms, Continental SystemSatellite Kingdoms, Continental System

Napoleonic Empire: 1810Napoleonic Empire: 1810

ContinentalSystem

The Impact of the Napoleonic The Impact of the Napoleonic CodeCode

1812: The Russian Campaign and the Undoing of Napoleon

Long-term Significance of NapoleonLong-term Significance of Napoleon Domestic changes and Imperial ChangesDomestic changes and Imperial Changes Consolidation of German StatesConsolidation of German States Impact of Napoleonic CodeImpact of Napoleonic Code The Idea of The Idea of La NationLa Nation New diplomacy: The Alliance SystemNew diplomacy: The Alliance System Holy Roman Empire (dissolved 1806) not Holy Roman Empire (dissolved 1806) not

revivedrevived

Turning back the Revolution: The Congress of Turning back the Revolution: The Congress of Vienna, Restoration, and the Alliance SystemVienna, Restoration, and the Alliance System

Metternich (1773–1859): Austrian Foreign MinisterMetternich (1773–1859): Austrian Foreign Minister Agreements: Sept. 1814–Nov. 1815Agreements: Sept. 1814–Nov. 1815

New Territorial Boundaries (non-vindicative)New Territorial Boundaries (non-vindicative) Restoration of European Monarchies and Louis Restoration of European Monarchies and Louis

XVIIIXVIIILouis XVIII (Louis XVI’s brother) (1815-1824)Louis XVIII (Louis XVI’s brother) (1815-1824)Legitimacy of MonarchyLegitimacy of Monarchy

Dissolution of Holy Roman Empire (dissolved in Dissolution of Holy Roman Empire (dissolved in 1806)1806)

The German ConfederationThe German Confederation Balance of Powers: no one state would be Balance of Powers: no one state would be

allowed to dominate Europeallowed to dominate Europe

Quadruple Alliance and the “Concert of Europe”Quadruple Alliance and the “Concert of Europe” Austria, Britain, Prussia, and RussiaAustria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia

The Defeat of Liberal Revolution and LiberalismThe Defeat of Liberal Revolution and Liberalism Rejection of democracy, republicanism and Rejection of democracy, republicanism and

nationalismnationalism Assertion of a new ConservatismAssertion of a new Conservatism

“A World Restored”: The 1815 Settlement

The Legacy of the French The Legacy of the French Revolution: The Battle of Revolution: The Battle of

IdeologiesIdeologies Ideology: importance of ideas in political affairsIdeology: importance of ideas in political affairs

Body of ideas reflecting social needs or Body of ideas reflecting social needs or aspirations of an individual, group, class or cultureaspirations of an individual, group, class or culture

Spectrum of Ideologies that emerge from French Spectrum of Ideologies that emerge from French RevolutionRevolution

RightLeft

ConservatismLiberalism

Understanding Conservatism and LiberalismUnderstanding Conservatism and Liberalism

Liberalism Conservatism

Congress of Vienna & Holy Alliance

Defends landed interests and traditionStabilityNeeds to justify need for old orderNatural change: slow progressionRestoration of old orderInstitutions > Individual

Advocates: landed classes, monarchy, established church

Fears: democracy and mobsNationalismEnlightenmentRevolution

French RevolutionIndustrial RevolutionEuropean revolutions of 1820s & 1830s

Defends propertied interests and constitutionsAttacks privilege “Natural rights” but…Distinctions between active and passive citizenshipBasic belief in change and progress Individual > InstitutionsLimited role of GovernmentIn favor of industrialization, capitalism, free markets

Advocates: middle classes (bourgeoisie)

Fears: mass democracy (the working class)

Battle of Friedland

Europe in 1812

The Retreat from Russia

Retreat from Moscow

Return of Napoleon from Elba

Evening of waterloo