Friends and social networks

Announcements Treat Local and Cosmopolitan Networks Small Worlds (Milgram, Watts) Weak Ties (Granovetter)

Not functional

1

Minimal

Function2

Functional/not

mastered3

Functional/minor proble

ms4

Full success

5

Clear identification of individual factors

Clear identification of supra-individual factors

Discussion of inter-play between individual and social factors

Appropriate use of empirical evidence, concepts, and or readings

Readability (top-down organization, good use of headings, clear sentences, no confusing passages)

Grammar and syntactical correctness (scored, but not included in final grade)

Groups in Crowds

Primary Groups

Groups whose members have close and intimate emotional attachment to one another and to the group (strong sense of solidarity, loyalty)

Classic example: families Characteristic of gemeinschaft

Network Structure of Primary Groups

Strong ties Redundant ties (multiple paths

connecting nodes) Direct-person to person interaction Frequent interaction Clustered geographically (local) Self-contained

Significance of primary groups

• Members of groups characterized by strong and overlapping internal ties are likely to:– Share norms and beliefs– Trust each other– Recognize interdependence– Recognize each other as members of the

same group

Secondary groups

Groups whose members have only limited emotional attachment to one another, and weaker sense of belonging to a ‘group’ (weaker solidarity, little loyalty)

Classic examples: co-workers, members of a secondary association

Characteristic of gesellschaft

Network Structure of Secondary Groups

Full of ‘holes’ Weaker ties Scattered geographically Less face-to-face interaction

“Local”– Solidarity Emotional comfort Strong monitoring capacity (strong

influence) isolated

“Cosmopolitan” less solidarity Less conformity Access to more information

Local and Cosmopolitan nets

How small are our worlds?

Does person x know person y? Are they a ‘friend of a friend’? Why are we surprised to run into

someone who knows someone we know?

“Worst Case” Scenario

Travers and Milgram experiment

How could person x get in touch with person y?

Task: Get a letter to an arbitrary “target”: Boston Stockbroker

Randomly selected sample in Nebraska (included some stockbrokers)

Randomly selected sample in Boston Total sample = 296

217 sent it onto friends64 reached target (29%)

Average chain length: about six steps!

Findings

Many used geographic information to move letter, then it circled around for a while

Many tried to get the letter to someone they new in the financial industry

Men had shorter chains than women

Small World Number

Average number of steps, (jumps, links) between two people

In general, lower for people with higher social status

Though women have more friends than men, historically have tended to be more disconnected from the world

Clusters

Bridges

Small World Network

Features of Small Worlds

Balance sense of community with access to information

Strength of Weak Ties

•Weak ties are very important for spreading information •Less effective at exerting influence

Weak tie (bridge)

Strong and Weak Ties

Strong ties: Intense attachment Often reinforced by other ties

Weak ties: Acquaintances May link otherwise unconnected actors