From Republic To EmpireFrom Republic To Empire

SS.A.2.4.5; SS.B.2.4.1; SS.A.2.4.5; SS.B.2.4.1; SS.B.1.4.4SS.B.1.4.4

The Power of the SenateThe Power of the Senate““Fortune began to grow cruel…for Fortune began to grow cruel…for

greed destroyed honor, integrity and all greed destroyed honor, integrity and all other noble qualities”~Sallust, 133 B.C.other noble qualities”~Sallust, 133 B.C.

200 BC: All power lies with the Senate200 BC: All power lies with the SenateMost senators=rich land Most senators=rich land

owners/familiesowners/familiesDirected warsDirected warsControlled domestic & foreign policyControlled domestic & foreign policyControlled $Controlled $

Inequality & UnrestInequality & Unrest

Most land owned by richMost land owned by richSmall farmers forced to cities; poorSmall farmers forced to cities; poorPoor masses growing angryPoor masses growing angryTiberius and Gaius Gracchus, try to Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, try to

help, ask Council of the Plebes to help, ask Council of the Plebes to pass pass land reformsland reformsTake land from rich, give to poorTake land from rich, give to poor

Reforms anger Senate, Senators kill Reforms anger Senate, Senators kill Gracchus brothersGracchus brothers

Military Fills In GapsMilitary Fills In Gaps

New Roll For Roman MilitaryNew Roll For Roman MilitaryEarly Roman army=small land ownersEarly Roman army=small land ownersMarius (consul of Rome in 107 BC) begins Marius (consul of Rome in 107 BC) begins

recruiting from city’s poor, no landrecruiting from city’s poor, no landThese new volunteers swore loyalty to These new volunteers swore loyalty to

Marius, not Rome/Senate- no gov. controlMarius, not Rome/Senate- no gov. controlTo get land for army vets, Generals now To get land for army vets, Generals now

involved in politics, Gen=powerinvolved in politics, Gen=powerGens Sulla & Marius fight civil warGens Sulla & Marius fight civil war

Sulla takes control of Rome (82 BC), and after Sulla takes control of Rome (82 BC), and after killing all opposition, restores power to Senatekilling all opposition, restores power to Senate

Marius & SullaMarius & Sulla

Collapse of the RepublicCollapse of the Republic82-31 BC: 50 years of Civil War82-31 BC: 50 years of Civil WarCrassus, Pompey & Julius Caesar riseCrassus, Pompey & Julius Caesar rise

First First triumviratetriumvirateCrassus dies in battle, Senate decides Crassus dies in battle, Senate decides

Pompey should be only rulerPompey should be only rulerCaesar refuses to give up power, brings Caesar refuses to give up power, brings

army across Rubicon River, attack Romearmy across Rubicon River, attack RomePompey dies, Caesar only ruler leftPompey dies, Caesar only ruler left45 BC: Caesar=dictator; assassinated 44 45 BC: Caesar=dictator; assassinated 44

BCBC

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

Caesar’s LegacyCaesar’s Legacy

Increased Senate to 900 membersIncreased Senate to 900 membersGave land to poorGave land to poorNew calendar—Julian CalendarNew calendar—Julian CalendarNew buildings in RomeNew buildings in RomeRunning water for allRunning water for allTriumphs: public parties marking his Triumphs: public parties marking his

military victoriesmilitary victories

Caesar’s Empire; 44 B.C.Caesar’s Empire; 44 B.C.

Monument to CaesarMonument to Caesar

Caesar, Protector of RomeCaesar, Protector of Rome

The Julian CalendarThe Julian Calendar

IanuariusIanuarius 3131 FebruariusFebruarius 2828 MartiusMartius 3131 AprilisAprilis 3030 MaiusMaius 3131 IuniusIunius 3030 Quintilis (Iulius) 31Quintilis (Iulius) 31 Sextilis (Augustus) Sextilis (Augustus)

3131

SeptemberSeptember 3030 OctoberOctober 3131 NovemberNovember 3030 DecemberDecember 3131 IntercalarisIntercalaris 00

Total: 365 daysTotal: 365 days Leap year rather Leap year rather

than Intercalaristhan Intercalaris

Second TriumvirateSecond Triumvirate

After Caesar’s death; Octavian, Marc After Caesar’s death; Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus—after few years, Lep outAntony, Lepidus—after few years, Lep out

Caesar Octavian vs. Marc AntonyCaesar Octavian vs. Marc Antony31 BC: Octavian crushes joint army of 31 BC: Octavian crushes joint army of

Antony and Cleopatra VII of EgyptAntony and Cleopatra VII of EgyptAntony and Cleopatra commit suicideAntony and Cleopatra commit suicideAt age 32, Octavian alone rules Roman At age 32, Octavian alone rules Roman

Empire—changes name to Caesar Empire—changes name to Caesar Augustus (Age of Augustus: 31 BC-AD 14)Augustus (Age of Augustus: 31 BC-AD 14)

Hail, Caesar Augustus!Hail, Caesar Augustus!

Do Now: Section Review

Read Chapter 5, Section 2 (156-162)

Turn to page 162, write and answer questions 1, 2, 4, 5 & 7