Fuel Technology-Liquid Fuels

8/12/2019 Fuel Technology-Liquid Fuels

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F : L F

NI I


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C 8387%

H10 14% N0.1 2%

O0.05 1.5%

. . M < 0.1%

P 30%; N49%:

A15%

A 6%


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LIEFIED PEOLEM GA (LPG)

I

. I . I ,

.

1. I 2. I .


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LPG

N 38.5

I 25,000 /3

I 37

24.5


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LPG LPG

(C3H

8),

(C4H10) , ,

, . P

. A

, , .


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A LPG 1. LPG ,

.

2. LPG ()

H2 CO. 7

3 .

3. LPG .

4. I .

5. C , .

6. N .

7. I CO,


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D LPG

1. D ,

2. I .

3. H .

4. LPG

.


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A LPG I

, .

. O

, , ,

, ,


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G

.

A , , .

F L L N 11

G .

.

G , 120 .


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G O

M

O


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I , .

I :

() ()C

() : 500

600 C 70350 /.

() : I 150200 C ,

.

.

P

.


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D G 1925

A (.. )

, .

F G

L .

E


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CO + H2 CH4 + C2H6+ C3H8+

CO2+ H2 CH4 + C2H6+ C3H8+

C H

O

C

HH

C

HH

C

H CH2

CH2

CH3H2


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F2O3

F2O3+N2CO3.

5 25

, 200

300

C.

100 , 5 , 8

200 .

, .

.

.


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:

One of the main methods of direct conversion of coalto liquids by hydrogenation process is the Bergius

process.

In this process, coal is liquefied by mixing it withhydrogen gas and heating the system (hydrogenation).

Dry coal is mixed with heavy oil recycled from the

rocess.

Catalyst is typically added to the mixture. The reactionoccurs at between 400 C (752 F) to 5,000

C (9,030 F)and 20 to 70 MPa hydrogen pressure.

The reaction can be summarized as follows:


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C G


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In this process, the finely powdered coal is completedkeen on a paste through heavy oil and a catalyst powder

(tin or nickel oleate) is mixed with it. The paste is pumpedalong with hydrogen gas into the converter, where the

synthetic paste is heated to 400 - 450C under a pressure

.

During this process hydrogen combines with coal to formsaturated higher hydrocarbons, which experience

additional decay at superior temperature to acquiesce

combination of lesser hydrocarbons. The mix is led to a condenser, where the crude oil isattained. :

()G ()M ()H


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F L L N 25


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F L L N 26


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F O

N

(OM)

M O

N

(MON)

C

B

(C)

G 9298 8090 05 37205

O C

D 25 4555 140360M 106 92 5 65

E 107 89 5 79

P (LPG) 112 97 2 42.15

M (CNG) 120 120 0 161.6


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,

.

I ,

.

I ,

.

, , .

; , .

F ,


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I M A

L

A

A

P

P


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D

.

I I :

1. H (HD)

2. L (LDO)

.


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S.No. GeneralFormula

Hydrocarbon Characteristics

1. n-paraffins CnH2n+2(Straight chain)

Low specific gravity &

high cetane number

so-para ns n 2n+2(Branch chain)

ame sp.gr. as u

lower cetane no. & B.P.

3 Cyclo-

paraffins

CnH2n Higher sp.gr. than 1 but

lower cetane number

4 Benzenes CnH2n-6 Higher sp.gr & B.P. butlower cetane no. than 1-3

5 Naphthalenes CnH2n-12 Highest sp.gr & B.P. &

lowest cetane no.


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I D 1. : 0.832 /

2. F ( 130

C)3. F ( 1015C F )

4. ( )

5. C ( )

6. A ( )

7. D

L 50% 90% ).

E 370 . C

50% 90% .


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D , . L , ,

, , , ,

,

.

AM AM D 975

D F O. .

C N

C .

C .

D D .

, .


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I , , , , .

( )

.

.

P , ,

I

.

, .

I , , C16H34()

100

.


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C

I

M 45

H

Higher cetane related with:

improved combustion

improved cold starting

reduced noise, white smoke, HC, CO and particulate

emissions.


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OCTANE NUMBER AND CETANE NUMBER

Cetane number (diesel fuel) and octanenumber (gasoline) both measure the tendency of

the fuel to ignite spontaneously.

The cetane number refers to the ease with

which diesel fuel ignites easily at a relatively low

temperature.


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F O

N

(OM)

M O

N

(MON)

C

B

(C)

G 9298 8090 05 37205

O C

D 25 4555 140360M 106 92 5 65

E 107 89 5 79

P (LPG) 112 97 2 42.15

M (CNG) 120 120 0 161.6


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C


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E , ,

.

I

.

B

,

, , . I ,

.


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A . A .

A , , , ,

. A .

P .

A . A (11.70)

.

A , , , , ,

.

F .


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,

.

FI COP

F , , , ,

.

,

.ACHE

A

.

C

.

K ,

. ,

INDIA.


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:

( )

A .

B , , , .

,

.

. A , ,

. ,

.

F .

1 K 2 3.3 4

K 6 . B ,

.


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I

.

H ,

.

M .

G

() () ()

PHICAL CHAACEIIC

M .

H 6.8 8.5.

,

. M .

GADE OF MOLAE

) F M: I 50%. )

M: I 40% 50% . ) M: I 40% .


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2834

C 1.045

H 4.5 4.9

1.05

F 1.031.00 D 24

% 58%

C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

I G F

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + CO2 + H

A

.


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1.4. I

1.05 .

M . C .

P P.

N 1.05

(.) .

O .

H 4.5 5 . I 5 8 .

N B P . N

1.10 . I 7 8 .

.

A I


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A . I

24 .

C .

.

F

,

1. M .

2. F .

3. I .

4. CO2 .

5. C .

6. B

.

7. A .


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Fuel Technology-Liquid Fuels