Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne, IL 60439 630.252.2525 Future Generation Reactors Future Generation Reactors Argonne’s Nuclear Engineering programs are making important contributions to the development of future generation reactor systems and their underlying technologies Motivation for Future Use of Nuclear Power Proven and reliable, zero-emission energy option that already supplies significant energy worldwide! Existing “Generation II” plants produce: – 16% of electricity worldwide – 50% of Illinois electricity – 20% of U.S. electricity – 80-90% of Chicagoland electricity Great potential to meet growing energy demand worldwide (worldwide energy demand projected to double by 2050 at current 1.6% annual rate) without contributing to climate change. Future nuclear reactor designs address key issues: – Sustainability – Waste minimization – Competitive economics – Safety assurance – Proliferation resistance Generations of Nuclear Reactors Early Prototype Reactors Generation I Commercial Power Reactors Generation II Generation IV Advanced LWRs Generation III Generation III+ Evolutionary Designs Future Generation Designs Gen I Gen II Gen III Gen III+ Gen IV 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 Existing commercial reactors: producing 20% of U.S. electricity, 70% of emission-free electric power Excellent plant performance and safety record (90%+ capacity factor) Life extension has achieved favorable economics Used fuel currently stored at plant sites (long term disposition key issue) Improved operability, maintainability, and safety assurance Licensing streamlined through design standardization Plant design, construction, operation aided by modern information technology and project management tools Strong performance: extracts 100’s of times more energy from fuel Sustainable energy supply: creates additional fuel Improved waste management: 100-fold waste reduction Inherent safety The Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) enables multi- recycle of actinides to avoid nuclear waste accumulation and improve uranium utilization; its main missions are consumption of actinides recovered from discharged light water reactor (LWR) fuel and generation of electricity. Generation-IV Reactor Systems Substantial advances in performance are targeted with Gen-IV reactors and advanced fuel cycles - 100-300 times more energy yield from the same amount of nuclear fuel - ability to consume existing nuclear waste to produce electricity - ability to create more fuel than is consumed for a sustainable energy supply - 100-fold reduction in amount of high-level waste The Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) enables high temperature applications of nuclear energy including the efficient generation of electricity and hydrogen; its main application is delivery of heat at high temperature for efficient generation of electricity and hydrogen, and possibly for use in industrial applications. System Neutron Spectrum Fuel Cycle Power Applications Very High Temperature Gas Reactor (VHTR) Thermal Open Small to Medium Electricity, Heat Supply Supercritical Water Reactor (SCWR) Thermal, Fast Open, Closed Large Electricity Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR) Fast Closed Large Electricity, Heat, Actinide Mgmt. Lead Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) Fast Closed Small to Medium Electricity, Actinide Mgmt. Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) Fast Closed Small to Large Electricity, Actinide Mgmt. Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) Thermal, Fast Closed Large Electricity, Actinide Mgmt. Power Generator Turbine Condenser Heat Sink Pump Pump Pump Primary Sodium Cold Plenum Hot Plenum Primary Sodium (Hot) Control Rods Heat Exchanger Steam Generator Secondary Sodium Electrical Power (Cold) Core

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Argonne National Laboratory9700 S. Cass AvenueArgonne, IL 60439630.252.2525

Future Generation ReactorsFuture Generation ReactorsArgonne’s Nuclear Engineering programs are making important contributions to the development of future generation reactor systems and their underlying technologies

Motivation for Future Use of Nuclear Power Proven and reliable, zero-emission energy option that already supplies significant

energy worldwide! Existing “Generation II” plants produce:– 16% of electricity worldwide – 50% of Illinois electricity– 20% of U.S. electricity – 80-90% of Chicagoland electricity

Great potential to meet growing energy demand worldwide (worldwide energy demand projected to double by 2050 at current 1.6% annual rate) without contributing to climate change.

Future nuclear reactor designs address key issues:– Sustainability – Waste minimization – Competitive economics– Safety assurance – Proliferation resistance

Generations of Nuclear Reactors

Early PrototypeReactors

Generation I

Commercial Power Reactors

Generation II

Generation IV

Advanced LWRs

Generation IIIGeneration III+

Evolutionary DesignsFuture Generation

Designs

Gen I Gen II Gen III Gen III+ Gen IV

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Existing commercial reactors: producing 20% of U.S. electricity, 70% of emission-free electric power Excellent plant performance and safety record

(90%+ capacity factor) Life extension has achieved favorable economics Used fuel currently stored at plant sites

(long term disposition key issue)

Improved operability, maintainability, and safety assurance Licensing streamlined through design standardization Plant design, construction, operation aided by modern

information technology and project management tools

Strong performance: extracts 100’s of times more energy from fuel Sustainable energy supply: creates

additional fuel Improved waste management:

100-fold waste reduction Inherent safety

The Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) enables multi-recycle of actinides to avoid nuclear waste accumulation and improve uranium utilization; its main missions are consumption of actinides recovered from discharged light water reactor (LWR) fuel and generation of electricity.

Generation-IV Reactor SystemsSubstantial advances in performance are targeted with Gen-IV reactors and advanced fuel cycles- 100-300 times more energy yield from the same amount of nuclear fuel- ability to consume existing nuclear waste to produce electricity- ability to create more fuel than is consumed for a sustainable energy supply- 100-fold reduction in amount of high-level waste

The Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) enables high temperature applications of nuclear energy including the efficient generation of electricity and hydrogen; its main application is delivery of heat at high temperature for efficient generation of electricity and hydrogen, and possibly for use in industrial applications.

System Neutron Spectrum Fuel Cycle Power Applications

Very High Temperature Gas Reactor (VHTR) Thermal Open Small to Medium Electricity, Heat SupplySupercritical Water Reactor (SCWR) Thermal, Fast Open, Closed Large ElectricityGas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR) Fast Closed Large Electricity, Heat, Actinide Mgmt.

Lead Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR) Fast Closed Small to Medium Electricity, Actinide Mgmt.Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) Fast Closed Small to Large Electricity, Actinide Mgmt.Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) Thermal, Fast Closed Large Electricity, Actinide Mgmt.

Power

GeneratorTurbine

Condenser

Heat Sink

Pump

Pump

Pump

PrimarySodium

Cold Plenum

Hot Plenum

PrimarySodium

(Hot)

Control Rods

Heat Exchanger

Steam Generator

SecondarySodium

ElectricalPower

(Cold)

Core