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Manure handling

Göran CarlsonJTI - Swedish Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering

Nutrient flows from agriculture

Exhaust

Mineral Fertilisers

Plant productionNH3-losses

N-fixationDeposition

Run-offSewer

Food

Watercourse

Households

Field

Forest

Pasture

FeedAnimals

N-fixationDepositionMineral fertilisers

Farms

NH3-losses

Components in manure

FaecesUrine

Manure

Water Litter

Water• Spilt water• Dishwater• Cleaning water• Precipitation - evaporation

• Litter• Bedding material• Feed residuals

Factors influencing the distribution of components in manure

Selected technicalsolutions

Componentsin manure

Type ofanimal

Type ofanimalkeepingsystem

Productionlevel

in stables outdoors

Management

Feaces Yes YesUrine Yes Yes YesWaterSpilt water Yes YesDishwater Yes Yes YesCleaningwater

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Precipitation-evaporation

Yes

LitterBeddingmaterial

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Feedresiduals

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Chemical composition of Solid and Semi-solid manure

Bild diagram flyt- resp fastgödsel

Kg/tonnes

Total N Ammonia N Phosphorus Potassium

Chemical composition of slurry

Kg/tonnes

PhosphorusAmmonia N PotassiumTotal N

Availability and loss of N for manure from milking cows

Barn

15 kg

11 kg

58 kg N/

5 kg

11 kg27 kg

7 kg

73

7 kg

7 kg

13 kg

SlurryStorage

Spreading

107 kg N/cow and year

Solid manure Urine

cow and year

Barn

Storage

Spreading

107 kg N/cow and year

80 kg N/ cow and year

Aspects on manure handling systems

Manurehandlingsystem

Animalwelfare

Production efficiency

Workingconditions

Conditionsfor nutrientutilisation

Investmentneeds

Educationneeds

Costefficiency

Sustain-ability

In barns

Good Good Good Good Good Yeslarge

Yes Could behigh

Probable

Bad Bad Low Bad Bad Yes Yes Could below

No

Storage

Good Good Could begood

Good Yes,large

Yes Depends Probable

Bad Couldbe bad

Bad Could bebad

Bad Yes Yes Depends No

Spreading

Good Good Good Good Yes,large

Yes Depends Probable

Bad Could bebad

Bad Bad Yes Yes Depends No

Basic rules for planning manure handling systems

Analyse and discuss the situation on each farm in order to select a suitable manure handling system which:

• Optimises utilisation of nutrients• Supports good animal welfare to achieve high

production • Create good and safe working conditions

Basic rules for planning manure handling systems, cont.

The most suitable manure handling system for an individual farm could not be selected without taking into account:

• All other handling chains on the farm • The farmer’s knowledge and future plans• The farmer’s economic situation

Important parameters for planning of manure handling systems

Selection of handling system depends on the farmers knowledge, interests and planning horizon

Parameters In barns Storage SpreadingSpecific situation on individual farmsEconomic situation Yes Yes YesType of animal Yes Yes YesNumber of animals Yes Yes YesProduction level Yes Yes YesFavourable technologyFor large farms Available Available AvailableFor small farms Available Hard to find Co-operationLegislation and rulesAnimal welfare YesNitrate directive/GAP Yes Yes YesPermits for large farms Yes Yes YesOccupational health Yes Yes YesConstruction rules Yes

JTI - Institutet för jordbruks- och miljöteknik

Economy slurry handling, EEKExample: Pig farm (5 000/year), trailing hoses

Income, EEK/tonne• Nitrogen 28,90

• Phosphorus 21,90

• Potassium * 0,90

Total 51,70* Not utilised maximally

Costs, EEK/tonne• Storage 30,42

• Loading 7,30

• Transportation 7,76

• Spreading 40,46

• Soil compaction 1,67

Total 87,61

Types of manure in SwedenAccording to Satistics Sweden

1987/88 1992/93 1998/990

20

40

60

80

100Solid manure

Semi-solidmanure

Urine

Slurry

Mucking out

Why should I work for a well functioning manure handling

system in my barn?

• Higher production

• Cleaner animals

• Better animal health

• Better hygienic status

• Better working conditions

0,0

2 000,0

4 000,0

6 000,0

8 000,0

10 000,0

12 000,0

14 000,0

16 000,0

18 000,0

20 000,0

Amount of manureper 8 months

Slurry Solid manure Deep straw litter

Production of manuremilk production 6 000 kg/cow and year

Rainw ater

Washing w ater etc.

Urine

Feaces

Bedding material

Manure handling system

0,0

2 000,0

4 000,0

6 000,0

8 000,0

10 000,0

12 000,0

14 000,0

16 000,0

18 000,0

20 000,0

Amount of manureper 8 month

Slurry Solid manure Deep straw litter

Production of manuremilk production 8 000 kg/cow and year

Rainw ater

Washing w ater etc.

Urine

Feaces

Bedding material

Manure handling system

Manure Spreading

Spreading precision, application rate, longitudinal and transversal

Factors causing ammonia emissions

Metrologicalfactor

Manure

Spreadingtechnique

Application rate

Soil

temperaturewindair humidity

pHDMphysical propertiescontent of ammonia Nin kg per tonnes

structure, type of crop, type of soil, pH .....

Rear discharge, one-step spreader, vertical beaters

Rear discharge, one-step spreader, horizontal beaters

Rear discharge, one-step spreader, horizontal beaters

Rear discharge, two-step spreader, horizontal beaters+ spreading discs

Rear discharge, two-step spreader,longitudinal augers + spreading discs,

especially for semi-solid manure

Slurry spreader with splash plate

Slurry spreader with trailing hoses

Spreading technique for slurryin Sweden 1998/99

According to Statistics Sweden

Entire country

• 66% splash plate

• 26% trailing hoses

• 8 % technique unknown

Southern Sweden

• 43 % splash plate

• 56% trailing hoses

• 1% technique unknown

Advantages and disadvantages, shallow injection versus traditional technique

Advantages:• Low ammonia

losses• Improved feed

quality• Higher N-utilisation• Low odour

emissions

Disadvantages:• Increased power

requirement

• Increased spreading costs

• Risk for damage in ley

Harvested winter wheat after broadcast and band spreading of slurry

at different occasions

Time for spreadingSpring Crop height 15 cm

240

220

200

180

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Relative harvest; 100 = 4570 kg/ha

Unfertilized

160

Just before heading

100 kg N/ha, mineral fertilizer

Open slot+injectorc/c 25cmSplash plate Band spreading c/c 25cm Band spreading c/c 37,5cm

Open slot+injectorc/c 37.5cm

Open slot+injectorc/c 37 cm + harrow

Hygienic risks in grassland cropping