5.6 Forces and braking - High Demand – Questions
Q1.
(a) A car driver sees the traffic in
front is not moving and brakes to stop his car.
The stopping distance of a car is the thinking distance plus the
braking distance.
(i) What is meant by the
‘braking distance’?
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(1)
(ii) The braking distance of a car
depends on the speed of the car and the braking force.
State one other factor that affects braking distance.
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(1)
(iii) How does the braking force needed
to stop a car in a particular distance depend on the speed of the
car?
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(1)
(b) Figure 1 shows the distance−time
graph for the car in the 10 seconds before the driver applied the
brakes.
Use Figure 1 to calculate the maximum speed the car was
travelling at.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
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___________________________________________________________________
Maximum speed = ________________ m / s
(2)
(c) The car did not stop in time. It
collided with the stationary car in front, joining the two cars
together.
Figure 2 shows both cars, just before and just after the
collision.
(i) The momentum of the two
cars was conserved.
What is meant by the statement ‘momentum is conserved’?
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(1)
(ii) Calculate the velocity of the
two joined cars immediately after the collision.
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Velocity = ___________________ m/s
(3)
(d) Since 1965, all cars manufactured
for use in the UK must have seat belts.
It is safer for a car driver to be wearing a seat belt, compared
with not wearing a seat belt, if the car is involved in a
collision.
Explain why.
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(4)
(Total 13 marks)
Q2.
Speed and velocity are different quantities.
(a) Complete the sentences.
Velocity is a ____________________ quantity.
The velocity of an object is its speed in a given
____________________.
(2)
The graph shows a distance-time graph for an athlete in a
race.
(b) Determine the distance of the race
and the time taken for the athlete to complete the race.
Use the graph.
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Distance = ____________________
Time = ____________________
(1)
(c) Describe how you can use the graph
to determine the velocity of the athlete 20 minutes after the start
of the race.
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(3)
A car following the race accelerates at a constant rate in a
straight line.
The velocity of the car increases from 4.9 m/s to 6.4 m/s in
3.00 minutes.
(d) Calculate the acceleration of the
car.
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
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___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
Acceleration = ____________________ m/s2
(4)
(e) Sketch a velocity-time graph to
represent the acceleration of the car in part (d).
(2)
(f) At the end of the race the car
is travelling at 5.2 m/s
The brakes are applied causing the car to slow down and
stop.
The brakes apply a constant force of 855 N in the opposite
direction to the car’s motion.
The mass of the car is 950 kg
Calculate the braking distance travelled by the car.
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Braking distance = ____________________ m
(6)
(Total 18 marks)
Q3.
Figure 1 shows a velocity–time graph for a short car
journey.
Figure 1
(a) Determine the acceleration of the
car in the first 20 seconds of the journey.
Give the unit.
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Acceleration = ____________________ Unit
____________________
(3)
(b) Determine the total distance
travelled by the car during the journey shown in Figure 1.
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Total distance travelled = ____________________ m
(4)
(c) The driver had to stop suddenly.
The car’s shock absorbers are springs.
At one point while the car was braking, one shock absorber had
an elastic potential energy of 258 J
The spring constant of the shock absorber is 45 300 N/m
Calculate the extension of the shock absorber.
Use the Physics Equations Sheet.
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Extension = ____________________ m
(3)
The stopping distance of a car can be affected by the condition
of both the tyres and the road.
• The ‘tread depth’ of
a tyre is the depth of the grooves in the tyre.
• Most roads have
surfaces made of asphalt.
• Some roads have
surfaces made of concrete.
Figure 2 shows how these factors affect the stopping distance
for a car travelling at a certain speed.
Figure 2
(d) Give three conclusions about the
factors affecting stopping distance that can be made from Figure
2.
1.
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2.
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3.
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(3)
(e) The lowest stopping distance shown
on Figure 2 is 24 m
Explain why the stopping distance does not go below 24 m
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(2)
(Total 15 marks)
Q4.
A bus is taking some children to school.
(a) The bus has to stop a few times. The
figure below shows the distance–time graph for part of the
journey.
Time
in seconds
(i) How far has the bus
travelled in the first 20 seconds?
Distance travelled = ______________________ m
(1)
(ii) Describe the motion of the bus
between 20 seconds and 30 seconds.
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______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii) Describe the motion of the bus
between 30 seconds and 60 seconds.
Tick () one box.
Tick ()
Accelerating
Reversing
Travelling at constant speed
(1)
(iv) What is the speed of the bus at 45
seconds?
Show clearly on the figure above how you obtained your
answer.
______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________
Speed = ______________________ m / s
(3)
(b) Later in the journey, the bus is
moving and has 500 000 J of kinetic energy.
The brakes are applied and the bus stops.
(i) How much work is needed
to stop the bus?
______________________________________________________________
Work = ______________________ J
(1)
(ii) The bus stopped in a distance
of 25 m.
Calculate the force that was needed to stop the bus.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Force = ______________________ N
(2)
(iii) What happens to the kinetic energy
of the bus as it is braking?
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)
Q5.
(a) The stopping distance of a vehicle is
made up of two parts, the thinking distance and the braking
distance.
(i) What is meant by thinking
distance?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) State two factors that affect
thinking distance.
1.
____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2.
____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) A car is travelling at a speed of 20
m/s when the driver applies the brakes. The car decelerates at a
constant rate and stops.
(i) The mass of the car and
driver is 1600 kg.
Calculate the kinetic energy of the car and driver before the
brakes are applied.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Kinetic energy = _________________________ J
(2)
(ii) How much work is done by the
braking force to stop the car and driver?
Work done = _________________________ J
(1)
(iii) The braking force used to stop the
car and driver was 8000 N.
Calculate the braking distance of the car.
______________________________________________________________
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Braking distance = _________________________ m
(2)
(iv) The braking distance of a car
depends on the speed of the car and the braking force applied.
State one other factor that affects braking distance.
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______________________________________________________________
(1)
(v) Applying the brakes of the car causes
the temperature of the brakes to increase.
Explain why.
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(2)
(c) Hybrid cars have an electric engine
and a petrol engine. This type of car is often fitted with a
regenerative braking system. A regenerative braking system not only
slows a car down but at the same time causes a generator to charge
the car’s battery.
State and explain the benefit of a hybrid car being fitted with
a regenerative braking system.
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(3)
(Total 14 marks)
Q6.
(a) Some students have designed and built
an electric-powered go-kart. After testing, the students decided to
make changes to the design of their go-kart.
The go-kart always had the same mass and used the same
motor.
The change in shape from the first design (X) to the final
design (Y) will affect the top speed of the go-kart.
Explain why.
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(3)
(b) The final design go-kart, Y, is
entered into a race.
The graph shows how the velocity of the go-kart changes during
the first 40 seconds of the race.
Time in seconds
(i) Use the graph to
calculate the acceleration of the go-kart between points J and
K.
Give your answer to two significant figures.
______________________________________________________________
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Acceleration = ____________________ m/s2
(2)
(ii) Use the graph to calculate the
distance the go-kart travels between points J and K.
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Distance = ____________________ m
(2)
(iii) What causes most of the resistive
forces acting on the go-kart?
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(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q7.
(a) The graphs show how the velocity of
two cars, A and B, change from the moment the car drivers see an
obstacle blocking the road.
Time in secondsTime in seconds
One of the car drivers has been drinking alcohol. The other
driver is wide awake and alert.
(i) How does a comparison of
the two graphs suggest that the driver of car B is the one who has
been drinking alcohol?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) How do the graphs show that
the two cars have the same deceleration?
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______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii) Use the graphs to calculate how
much further car B travels before stopping compared to
car A.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________
Additional stopping distance = _________________________ m
(3)
(b) In a crash-test laboratory,
scientists use sensors to measure the forces exerted in collisions.
The graphs show how the electrical resistance of 3 experimental
types of sensor, X, Y, and Z, change with the force applied to the
sensor.
Which of the sensors, X, Y or Z, would be the best one to use as
a force sensor?
_________________________
Give a reason for your answer.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q8.
The London Eye is one of the largest observation wheels in the
world.
© Angelo Ferraris/Shutterstock
The passengers ride in capsules. Each capsule moves in a
circular path and accelerates.
(a) Explain how the wheel can move at a
steady speed and the capsules accelerate at the same time.
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(2)
(b) In which direction is the resultant
force on each capsule?
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(1)
(c) The designers of the London Eye had
to consider three factors which affect the resultant force
described in part (b).
Two factors that increase the resultant force are:
• an increase in
the speed of rotation
• an increase in
the total mass of the wheel, the capsules and the passengers.
Name the other factor that affects the resultant force and state
what effect it has on the resultant force.
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(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q9.
(a) The graphs show how the
velocity of two cars, A and B, change from the moment the car
drivers see an obstacle blocking the road.
Car A
Car
B
One of the car drivers has been drinking alcohol. The other
driver is wide awake and alert.
(i) How does a comparison of the
two graphs suggest that the driver of car B is the one who has been
drinking alcohol?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) How do the graphs show that
the two cars have the same deceleration?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii) Use the graphs to calculate how
much further car B travels before stopping compared to car A.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Additional stopping distance = ________________________ m
(3)
(b) In a crash test laboratory,
scientists use sensors to measure the forces exerted in collisions.
The graphs show how the electrical resistance of 3 experimental
types of sensor, X, Y and Z, change with the force applied to the
sensor.
Which of the sensors, X, Y or Z, would be the best one to use as
a force sensor?
_________________________
Give a reason for your answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q10.
A driver is driving along a road at 30 m/s. The driver suddenly
sees a large truck parked across the road and reacts to the
situation by applying the brakes so that a constant braking force
stops the car. The reaction time of the driver is 0.67 seconds, it
then takes another 5 seconds for the brakes to bring the car to
rest.
(a) Using the data above, draw a
speed-time graph to show the speed of the car from the instant the
truck was seen by the driver until the car stopped.
(5)
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the
car whilst the brakes are applied.
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Answer = __________________ m/s2
(3)
(c) The mass of the car is 1500 kg.
Calculate the braking force applied to the car.
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Answer = __________________ N
(3)
(d) The diagrams below show what would
happen to a driver in a car crash.
(i) Explain why the driver tends
to be thrown towards the windscreen.
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(ii) The car was travelling at 30 m/s
immediately before the crash. Calculate the energy which has to be
dissipated as the front of the car crumples.
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(8)
(Total 17 marks)
Q11.
The Highway Code gives tables of the shortest stopping distances
for cars travelling at various speeds. An extract from the Highway
Code is given below.
thinking distance + braking distance = total stopping
distance
(a) A driver’s reaction time is 0.7
s.
(i) Write down two factors which
could increase a driver’s reaction time.
1.
____________________________________________________________
2.
____________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii) What effect does an increase in
reaction time have on:
A thinking distance;
_____________________________________________
B braking distance;
_____________________________________________
C total stopping distance?
________________________________________
(3)
(b) Explain why the braking distance
would change on a wet road.
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(2)
(c) A car was travelling at 30 m/s. The
driver braked. The graph below is a velocity-time graph showing the
velocity of the car during braking.
Calculate:
(i) the rate at which the velocity
decreases (deceleration);
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Rate _____________ m/s2
(2)
(ii) the braking force, if the mass of
the car is 900 kg;
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Braking force ________________ N
(2)
(iii) the braking distance.
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Braking distance _______________ m
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
Q12.
A car driver sees a dog on the road ahead and has to make an
emergency stop.
The graph shows how the speed of the car changes with time after
the driver first sees the dog.
(a) Which part of the graph represents
the “reaction time” or “thinking time” of the driver?
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) (i)
What is the thinking time of the driver?
Time ____________ seconds
(1)
(ii) Calculate the distance travelled by
the car in this thinking time.
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Distance ___________________ m
(3)
(c) Calculate the acceleration of the
car after the brakes are applied.
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Acceleration ______________________
(4)
(d) Calculate the distance travelled by
the car during braking.
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Distance ________________________ m
(3)
(e) The mass of the car is 800 kg.
Calculate the braking force.
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Braking force ____________________ N
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
Q13.
A racing driver is driving his car along a straight and level
road as shown in the diagram below.
(a) The driver pushes the accelerator
pedal as far down as possible. The car does not accelerate above a
certain maximum speed. Explain the reasons for this in terms of the
forces acting on the car.
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(4)
(b) The racing car has a mass of 1250
kg. When the brake pedal is pushed down a constant braking force of
10 000 N is exerted on the car.
(i) Calculate the acceleration of
the car.
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(ii) Calculate the kinetic energy of the
car when it is travelling at a speed of 48 m/s.
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(iii) When the brakes are applied with a
constant force of 10 000 N the car travels a distance of 144 m
before it stops. Calculate the work done in stopping the car.
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(12)
(Total 16 marks)
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