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7/25/2019 Geog 102 Topic 8
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GEOG 102 Population, Resources, and the Environment
Professor: Dr. ean!Paul Rodri"ue
Topic 8 Environment and Society
# Environmental Perception and $oncern
% &he Ecolo"ical 'ootprint
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Environmental Perception and Concern
1. Historical Changes 2. Environmental Movements (1960s and 1970s) 3. Environmental etreat (19!0s) ". Environmental #lo$alism (1990s) %. C&rrent 'ersective ealit* Chec+
A
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1 Historical Changes ,estern ersective
-at&re as adversar* something that had
to $e overcome. 'rono&nced man/nat&re dichotom*. ttit&des toards &nrestrained
eloitation o nat&ral reso&rces. -o sense o limits in terms o caacit*. 4ten s&orted $* religio&s $elies
artic&larl* Christianit*.
-on5,estern societies
oer technolog* levels and dierentattit&des revailed.
Man / nat&re s*m$iolism.
Nature
Nature
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Technological Changes and Environment
Relationships
(unter!Gatherer)ocieties
&rvival $ased $* gathering edi$le lants and +illing animals.ittle acc&m&lated economic and ood s&rl&s.mall n&m$ers decentrali8ed and little &se o reso&rces.trong lin+age ith nat&re.
#"riculturalsocieties
'rod&ce larger and more sta$le ood s&lies.arger settlements and o&lations.irst ma:or environmental degradation.;ecline or collase o civili8ations lin+ed ith the degradation othe soils and reso&rce $ases.H&man domination o nat&re (anthroocentric vie).
*ndustrialsocieties
&$stit&tion o h&man and animal la$or $* machines.
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Climate change and the collapse of civilizations
$ivili+ation *ssue
++adian Emire (2170=C)
Esta$lished $eteen the >igris and E&hrates rivers.Collased $eca&se climate change destro*ed itsagric<&ral $ase. Cooling o the -orth tlantic 4ceaninl&ence rainall in the Middle East.
Ma*an Civili8ation (900;)
ocated in the ?&catan 'enins&la. Collased ater 200*ears o loer reciitations.
oano+e settlement-orth merica (1%!7)
irst ermanent =ritish colon* vanished ater " *ears.Corresonded to the orst dro&ght on the East Coast in700 *ears
1
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Historical Changes
'reservation vs. conservationdichotom* 'reservation
@ oc&sed on the maintenance o
ilderness.
@ n* &se o the reso&rces containedtherein o&ld negate the contin&ed
eistence o the ilderness itsel.@ o imact to&rism oten ermitted.
Conservation@ avors reso&rce management.@ 'reventing ramant eloitation $&t
alloing some develoment to occ&r.@ ;iic< to assess the right level o
reso&rce eloitation (non5renea$le
reso&rces).
1
Preservation
$onservation
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Historical Changes
Earl* conservation movements An E&roe earl* conservation movements ere the reserve o
the elite. Mainl* h&nting gro&nds in large rivate estates.
Heled to reserve man* secies in E&roe that o&ld otherisehave disaeared.
-ational ar+s irst as ?osemite (1!6").
'rotection o one or several ecos*stems rom h&man eloitationor alteration.
'rotected $* the highest a&thorit* in the co&ntr*. Bisitors m&st resect a set o r&les and reg&lations.
1
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Environmental Movements (!"#s and !$#s%
Risin" affluence #roth o leis&re and to&rism (ristine environments).
Risin" levels ofeducation
=etter5ed&cated eole develoed greater aareness oenvironmental ro$lems
Environmental
or"ani+ations
Man* environmental organi8ations o&nded. -ational ,ildlie
ederation (1936)
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Environmental Movements (!"#s and !$#s%
egislations eg&lator* las ere assed in the
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Environmental Movements (!"#s and !$#s%
Environmentalism and the glo$al crisis Carried the roots o environmentalism $e*ond local and national
scales to the glo$al scale. >ransnational dimensions o man* environmental ro$lems
@ Man* environmental ro$lems do not recogni8e $o&ndaries.@ cid rain in ,estern E&roe (eden) and -orth merica.
irst
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3 Environmental Retreat (!8#s%
etreat etreat or the environmental movement in the he oil crises heled ea+en &$lic s&ort or environmental
rograms.
Conservative agenda o de5reg&lation. ,ea+ening o some environmental controls in the
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Environmental Retreat (!8#s%
Creation o a s&staina$le develoment ideolog* Car$on ;ioide as o&nd to ca&se glo$al arming (19!3). hole in the o8one la*er as o&nd over the ntarctic (19!%). =r&ndtland eort D4&r Common &t&re
@ &staina$le is &sed or the irst time.@ Maintenance o lie s&ort s*stems.
@ ,or+ing to red&ce the threats to those s*stems reresented $* erosion
oll&tion deorestation etc.
@ 'reservation o genetic diversit*.
@ 'roviding &s ith ins&rance or the &t&re $* g&arding against the ravageso cro diseases.@ Anvestment or &t&re cro5$reeding or harmace&tical develoment.
@ &staina$le develoment o secies and ecos*stems
3
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Environmental Retreat (!8#s%
Environmental ethics D,e have not inherited the earth rom o&r arents e have
$orroed it rom o&r children. ;eveloment is oten vieed in materialistic terms.
oc&sing on reso&rce &tilit* thro&gh conservation. Environmentalism as an elitist attit&de intended to revent
develoment in the o&th.
3
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Environmental &lo'alism (!!#s%
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verage Temperat)re at the Earth*s S)rface and
+orld Car'on Emissions ,rom ,ossil ,)el -)rning. (in
millions of tons% 88#/0##04
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Estimated Climate ,actors Change. 81#/0### (in
2atts3m0%4
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Environmental &lo'alism (!!#s%
>he io ;eclaration Ddeveloment m&st occ&r on a s&staina$le $asis to meet the
needs o resent and &t&re generations. ac+ o detail and no oerational asects are considered.
Have relativel* little meaning. #lo$al ,arming >reat*
Dta$ili8ation o the amo&nt o greenho&se gases in the
atmoshere at a level hich o&ld revent dangero&s
intererence ith climate s*stems. ac+s a seciic timeta$le or decreasing emissions. -o mandator* maim&m levels or emissions. Most co&ntries other than the
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Environmental &lo'alism (!!#s%
=iodiversit* Convention #&arantees the rotection and conservation o lant and animal
secies threatened ith etinction. ;eclares ho has the right to develo and mar+et rod&cts
$ased on s&ch secies. >he
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Co)ntries Having Ratified the -iodiversity
Convention. 0##4
Not ratified
Ratified
4
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Environmental &lo'alism (!!#s%
genda 21(=l&erint or ction) Commitment to s&staina$le develoment thro&gh a set o o&r
rogram areas. 1) 'romoting s&staina$le develoment thro&gh trade.
2) Ma+ing trade and environment m&t&all* s&ortive. 3) 'roviding adeF&ate inancial reso&rces to develoing
co&ntries@ Committed to 0.7I o #-'.
@ C&rrentl* stands at aro&nd 0.%I o #-' or most E&roean co&ntries
Canada and aan.@ &st 0.2%I or the
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Environmental &lo'alism (!!#s%
J*oto 'rotocol >he #lo$al ,arming >reat* as not or+ing. 2000 goals o&ld not achieved. High roile meeting in J*oto in 1997.
160 nations ormall* adoted the rotocol@ egall* committing ind&strial co&ntries do red&ce Car$on ;ioide
emissions.@ ed&ce climate5altering gases $* %.2I $elo 1990 levels $eteen 200!
and 2012.
;eveloing co&ntries mainl* China and Andia o$:ected@ Meeting the target o&ld crile their economies leaning on coal.@ ;eveloing co&ntries ere th&s eemted.
4
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Co)ntries Having Ratified the 5yoto Protocol. 0##4
Did not ratify
Ratified
4
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Characteristics of the 5yoto Protocol
*ssue $haracteristics
Commitments ed&ctions o 60 to !0I $elo 1990 levels are reF&ired tosto glo$al arming. ;eveloing co&ntries not incl&ded
lei$ilit* Consideration o Dcar$on sin+s s&ch as orests.;oes not address C42 emissions
C42 trading -ations can trade C42 alloances (1990 levels) ith othernations. &ssia he
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Total Car'on Emissions. !##/!!! (in millions of
tons%4
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nthropogenic C60 Emissions. !!1
Million tons of CO2
High : 27500
Low : 0
4
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C)rrent Perspective7 Reality Chec
'ersective o or over val&ation o the environment
@ Cons&mers and environmental radicals.
Maimi8ation o ealth and ris+ ta+ing.
-o limits to groth and ro$lems can $e overcome $*technolog*.
hort term ersective. 4strichKs aroachL
Environmental divide =eteen develoing and develoed co&ntries. =eteen E&roe and the
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C)rrent Perspective7 Reality Chec
;eendenc* ocieties are ca&ght in the reF&irements the* have created
@ Economic groth.@ tandard o living.
@ Mo$ilit*.
merican resonse@ ,o&ld not contemlate an* action that o&ld h&rt mericaKs econom* or
restrict its access to energ*.
@ D,e m&st $e ver* care&l not to ta+e actions that co&ld harm cons&mers.
'resident =&sh (2001).@ ;id not rati* the J*oto 'rotocol (2001).
hit o emhasis datation more than revention. Coe ith the conseF&ences o #, instead o dealing ith the
so&rces.
5
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Environmental Perception7 +ho Cares95
Week Year Lifetime Next Generation
Family
Community
Nation
World er- *mportant
)ome *mportance
ittle *mportance
/o *mportance
Gloal armin"
(a+ardous materials#ir pollution
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C)rrent Perspective7 Reality Chec
Environmentalism ascismL Man* environmentalists ell re* to irrationalism and ear
mongering@ el5righteo&sness and hatred o dierent ideas.@
Moral deca* &se o violence decetion and $io5terrorism to achievegoals.
cience is less art o the agenda@ elaced $* ideolog* and dogmatism.
Environmentalism ta+es aa* rivate roert* rights and
reedom@ >he goal is socialism / comm&nism and control o the o&lation.
=iocentrism@ H&man $eings are less imortant than nat&re.
@
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The Ecological ,ootprint
1. ;riving orces 2. >he Bicio&s Circle 3. >he Ecological ootrint
B
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:riving ,orces
Contet ;emograhic groth. #roing si8e o societies and comm&nities. echnological develoment. Ancreasing ineF&alities. arger levels o ersonal cons&mtion. Higher generation o astes
@ everal are diic< to $e a$sor$ed.
#roing imacts on the environment
1
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:riving ,orces
'o&lation change orld o 6.3 $illion Dcons&mers. Each addition o cons&mers generate more ress&res on
@ ood.@
,ater.@ Energ*.@ a materials.
@ ace.
Comara$le negative imact on the environment.
,hat ill $e the imacts o a$o&t 9 $illion cons&mers $* 20%0L
1
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:riving ,orces
'romotion o economic groth Mar+et economies are $ased on economic eansion
@ #roth o rod&ction (s&l*).@ #roth o cons&mtion (demand).
Ass&e reinorced $* glo$ali8ation. #overnments tr* to reinorce economic groth
@ Elected or s&ch a &rose.@ eversed i the* Dmismanage the econom*.
ConseF&ences
@ ;eletion o nonrenea$le reso&rces.@ 4ver&se o renea$le reso&rces.@ =eteen 199% and 199! the orldNs economic o&t&t eceeded the
o&t&t rom the $eginning o histor* to 1900.
1
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:riving ,orces
C<&re and $elie s*stems Cons&merism incarnates materialistic val&es in h&man $ehavior. &lillment derived rom the acc&m&lation o goods. Eands the demand side o the mar+et econom*.
e$o (commenting merican cons&merism)@ D4&r enormo&sl* rod&ctive econom* O demands that e ma+e
cons&mtion o&r a* o lie that e convert the $&*ing and &se o good
into rit&als that e see+ o&r sirit&al satisaction and ego satisaction in
cons&mtion. O ,e need things cons&med $&rned & orn o&t
relaced and discarded at an ever increasing rate.@ >he
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,)lfillment C)rve
$onsumption
'ulfillment
Su
rviv
al
Com
fort
Luury
!travagan"e
#ther mean$
1
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:riving ,orces
>echnolog* 'o&lation groth economic groth and cons&merism eisted
to vario&s degrees $eore the ind&strial revol&tion. >echnological develoments have eanded the rocesses.
>echnological groth oten the res< o reso&rce deletion. More eicient technologies also a actor o accelerated reso&rce
deletion. o ar technolog* as $een more a actor o reso&rce deletion
and environmental destr&ction than o conservation.
1
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The ;icio)s Circle
Era o s&erdisasters Climate change. ;eorestation. 'overt*.
Croding. Collision to create larger ha8ards
1 $illion eole are living in shant*tons. everal o the largest cities are at ris+ $* earthF&a+es.
%0I o the glo$al o&lation lives along the coastline. 10 million are at high ris+ o $eing looded. 96I o all ca&salities rom nat&ral disasters are in the >hird
,orld.
2
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The ;icio)s Circle2
PopulationPoverty
Environment
Instability
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The ;icio)s Circle
More children to comensate highmortalit*.
More children to hel domestic tas+sand c<ivation.
ac+ o rotection in vie o disease or
old age. ac+ o ed&cation la*s against amil*lanning.
,omen stat&s and overt* or$idaccess to ed&cation.
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The ;icio)s Circle
Ancrease o ress&res over marginalland overeloitation and
deorestation. Erosion and loods.
Ancrease &se o ertili8ers esticidesand ater. Migration to shant*tons. Erosion salination and loods loer
agric<&ral *ields emlo*ment and
incomes. 4vero&lation increases health
ro$lems and loers rod&ctivit*.
Population
Environment
2
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The ;icio)s Circle
hort term needs are a riorit* andor$ids environmental rotection.
;eveloment ins over
environmental iss&es.Poverty
Environment
2
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The ;icio)s Circle
all $ac+ o democrac* reression anddictatorshi.
>he arm* ta+es most o &$lic sending. =ad investment environment loss o
to&rism incomes. ;isorgani8ation o health and ed&cation
services. ;isorgani8ation o trade and limited
develoment oort&nities.
-ational and international reso&rces
toards &rgencies. ocial divisions and olitical ro$lems. e&gees.
>errorismL
Instability
2
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The Ecological ,ootprint
*stem rocessing in&ts to rod&ceo&t&ts An&ts
@ Energ* and ra materials.
'rocesses
@ Energ* and ra materials ith la$orand inrastr&ct&re.
4&t&ts@ 'rod&cts services and astes.
4ers conditions (oort&nities) to
s&ort its or+ing conditions and
ins&re its groth. ast groth can $e seen as a disease
(cancer). &staina$ilit* achieved thro&gh the
red&ction o in&ts and o&t&ts.
3
Processes
Inputs
utputs
Ener"-
Ra materials
Products
)ervices
astes
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Material ,lo2 Cycle
!esourcesupply
Productionand
manufacturin"
Consumption
!ecyclin"
Reneale and
/onreneale resources
Rec-cled flo
aste or losses Post!consumer discards
andfills, impoundments,
Deep ells and ocean
disposal
Releases to air, land and
ater
#ink
3
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The Ecological ,ootprint
Concet >he environment is a sin+. Consideration o h*sical meas&res
o environmental damage. Eval&ation o involved costs or the
societ*. Can $e considered rom economic
social and environmental
dimensions.
#ink
Lit$osp$ere
%ydrosp$ere
&tmosp$ere
Ecosp$ere
3
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The Sears To2er. Chicago
eat&res Enclosed entit*. 1700 eet high. 110 stories. 10000 or+ers.
Energ* Cons&mes more energ* than an
merican cit* o 1%0000. Cons&mes more energ* than an
Andian cit* o 1 million.
3
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The Ecological ,ootprint
Amacts 'ossi$le to meas&re the general
imacts o h&man activities on
the environment. Amacts (A) 'PP>
,here ' is o&lation isal&ence (level o cons&mtion)
and > is technolog*. >he imacts m&st $e loer than
the carr*ing caacit* o the
orld.
Impacts
Population &'uence
(ec$nolo"y
3
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The Ecological ,ootprint
Calc&lating the ootrint Jee trac+ o most o the reso&rces cons&med and the astes
generated. Converted to a $iologicall* rod&ctive area necessar* to rovide
these &nctions. >he ootrint is not a contin&o&s iece o land
@ ;&e to international trade the land and ater areas &sed $* most glo$al
citi8ens are scattered all over the lanet.
3
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Ecological -alance. !!ondon (yearly fig)res%
*nputs Outputs
20 million tons o &el"0 million tons o o*gen1 $illion tons o ater2." million tons o ood1% million tons o ra materials
3.9 million tons o ho&sehold andcommercial astes11." million tons o ind&strial anddemolition astes60 million tons o C42"00000 tons o 422!0000 tons o -42
3
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The =r'an ,ootprint of >ondon
ondon, Population 3 millions, 145,000 hectares
'ood production, 0.2 hectares per person, 5.6 million hectares
$aron se7uestration, 1.4 hectares per person, 10.4 million hectares
ood products, 385,000 hectares
&otal: 19.3 million hectares, 124 times
the surface of the cit-
3