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Geographical profiling and Geographical profiling and serial murder inserial murder inthe UKthe UK
As serial murder offending spaces As serial murder offending spaces evolve, does geographical profiling evolve, does geographical profiling matter?matter? Prof Craig A. JacksonProf Craig A. Jackson
Head of Division of PsychologyHead of Division of Psychology
School of Social SciencesSchool of Social SciencesFaculty of Education, Law & Social SciencesFaculty of Education, Law & Social Sciences
Convicted UK Serial Murderers
Drivers /Drivers /Travellers Travellers
Authority Authority /Respectability/Respectability
Health Health Care Care
Unemployed /Unemployed /Petty crimePetty crime
Archibald Hall John Haigh Beverley Allit Steve Grieveson
Peter Sutcliffe Michael Copeland Harold Shipman Peter Manuel
John Duffy George Chapman Colin Norris Kenneth Erskine
David Mulcahy Reg Christie Neil Cream Patrick Mackay
Fred West Steven Griffiths John Bodkin-Adams Colin Ireland
Peter Moore Ian Brady Trevor Hardy
Robert Black Myra Hindley George Smith
Levi Bellfield Dennis Nilsen Mark Martin
Peter Tobin Rose West
Steve Wright Michael Kitto
Current serial murder Current serial murder hunt: UKhunt: UKStepping Hill HospitalStepping Hill Hospital
3 inpatients murdered over 3 weeks 3 inpatients murdered over 3 weeks 44yr female44yr female84yr male84yr male71yr male71yr male
Insulin overdose via saline tamperingInsulin overdose via saline tampering
Arrest of 27yr Female nurseArrest of 27yr Female nurseRebecca LeightonRebecca Leighton
Remanded for 1 monthRemanded for 1 month
Released - no grounds for prosecutionReleased - no grounds for prosecution
Offender spaceOffender space
VictimsVictims
Un-subUn-sub
SuspectSuspect
4000 staff4000 staff700 possible unsubs700 possible unsubs
Serial offender Serial offender investigationsinvestigations
Overview
Consider failings of offender profiling
Assess development of Geo profiling
Consider importance of work & working apropos crimes
Don't understand the offenders - understand the environment
The role and context of driving, remoteness & isolation
Personality trait influences upon career selection
Placing serial murderers in broader categories neglected
Occupational typographies of UK serial murderers
I was worried about John...
Night-terrors
Emotional breakdown
Paranoia
Cardiovascular problems
Wellbeing of Law Wellbeing of Law EnforcementEnforcementHealth effects of high profile murder investigationsHealth effects of high profile murder investigations
Soham murders:Soham murders:SIO Chris StevensonSIO Chris Stevenson
James Bulger murder:James Bulger murder:SIO Albert KirkbySIO Albert Kirkby
Ipswich ripper murders:Ipswich ripper murders:SIO Roy LambertSIO Roy Lambert
Cromwell Street murders:Cromwell Street murders:SIO John BennettSIO John Bennett
Team of 47 detectivesTeam of 47 detectives
Sought proactive "Stress Counselling”Sought proactive "Stress Counselling”
Some accepted – others did notSome accepted – others did not
Upon retirement, He did one more investigation...Upon retirement, He did one more investigation...
Side-tracked
Think about "work"Think about "work"
LabelLabel
IdentityIdentity
Judge others & selvesJudge others & selves
Five days per weekFive days per week
Fifty years of lifeFifty years of life
Voluntarily trappedVoluntarily trapped
Larry D HallLarry D Hall Civil War Re-enactmentCivil War Re-enactment
Cary StaynerCary StaynerForestry workerForestry worker
Westonaria serial murdererWestonaria serial murderer"Taxi driver""Taxi driver"
Muldersdrift rapistMuldersdrift rapist Offering workOffering workTrain workerTrain worker
Impact of working Impact of working
Work leaves imprint on most peopleWork leaves imprint on most peoplePhysical, Psychological, Behavioural, LinguisticPhysical, Psychological, Behavioural, Linguistic
Imprints van be specific to specific:Imprints van be specific to specific:OccupationOccupationProcessesProcessesCompaniesCompaniesChemicalsChemicals
Industrial "acute" injury - scars, removals, mutilationsIndustrial "acute" injury - scars, removals, mutilations
Chronic disease / effects - mesothelioma, COPD, hearing lossChronic disease / effects - mesothelioma, COPD, hearing loss
Dennis Rader aka BTKService in USAFService in USAF
ADT home security installer ADT home security installer (1980s)(1980s)
Graduate Kansas State UniversityGraduate Kansas State University(Computer science)(Computer science)
Scout LeaderScout Leader(1980s 1990s)(1980s 1990s)
Church MinisterChurch Minister
City compliance officer City compliance officer (1990s)(1990s)
Work assisting investigations
Latitude & independence
Manifests
Skills / Training e.g. knots, ligatures, chemicals, processesbutchery, stalking, record-snooping
Tools - imprints, technique, misuse, tapes, chemicals
Jokes with colleagues / BoastsStories / Narratives / Slips
Sickness absence data
Pre-employment interview / medical assessment
Colleague hunches and suspicions
Offending space within work duties
Work assisting investigations
Existing routine dataShift routines
Occ diseases - lung, spine, extremities
Modifications - vehicles, posture
Near misses
Warnings / disciplinary procedures
Complaints / investigations
Annual leave / compassionate leave
Sickness absenceDays, spells, duration, clusters, shot v long, weekends
John Snow - Broad Street Pump
Pioneer of Geographic Profiling
Prof. Stuart Kind
UK govt scientist & academic
Home Office Central Research Establishment
Accidentally invented geo profiling
Realised maps of serial crimes could predict base
Before term "offender profiling" even used
Led to "Lawrence Byford" report
(Geographic) Profiling Systems
HOLMES
CATCHEM
VICAP
VICLAS
DRAGNET
Reductionist
Data-Driven
Hypothetico-Deductive
Pioneer of Geographic Profiling
"In a few hours, using techniques he learned as a Royal Air Force wartime navigator, he mapped the dates and times of the killings, trying to determine the centre of gravity of the attacks. He realised the killer needed darkness and was trying to mislead the police as to his operational base. But Kind knew the Ripper had to return to his home as soon as possible to avoid capture near the crime scene. He deduced that the earlier in the evening an attack happened, the further away from "home" the killer was. Very late attacks happened close to his base, so he could return home quickly."
Geo Profile #1Yorkshire ripper attacks
5th Jul 1975 - 17th Nov 1980
20 attacks13 deaths
Killer returns to same base
Early eve attacks far from base
HQ is Manningham or Shipley
Geo Profile #1Assumptions
Had a singe base
Had access to a vehicle
Knew areas well
Had legitimate reason to be "mobile"
Offending space
Offending Space
Structural approach
Context and background of offender
Not ignoring victimology
Leyton's homicidal protest
1000,000 remote / isolated workers in UK (Crawford & Jackson)
HQ visit median 11 days
Offending spaces
Bulger murder & Soham murderersChanged parenting style Child victim access harder
Stranger-murder; victims changed to:Sex workersElderlyRunawaysGay menMigrants
Workplace: one of new hunting grounds
Legitimate access / authority / alibiWilson & Jones 2007
Thinking
Feeling
Fantasising
Doing
Offending spaces are changing
New ways of working
New jobs / technology / services
Remote / Isolated working 1000,000 in UK
More people working more hours
More flexibility required
CCTV
ANPR
Geo Profile #2Washington Snipers 2002
Assumed single sniper
Assumed anchor point somewhere
Anchor Points
The base, home or HQ of offender
Profiling harder if above defied
"Safe space"
"Psychological base"
En route
Jobs, second homes,
Multiple vehicles
Anchor PointsRailway rapists
1982-1985
Geo Profile #3Robert Black 1982-1986
Younger abductees travel further before struggling
Midland Triangle
PDS
Moving Target
Geo Profile #4Simon Wadland 1988-1992
Bizarre phone calls
9am -5pm
Mons & Tues
The role of work
Holland's RIASEC model
Individuals actively "search" for jobs to match interests
Pairing of Individual and Job
When pairing succeeds, individuals are satisfied
When pairing does not match, individual will look around
Describes Personalities & Environments
Personality type gives clue to their ideal work environment
HollandHolland 1997 1997
RIASEC Model
"Conventional""Conventional" OrganiserOrganiser
"Investigative""Investigative" ThinkerThinker
"Enterprising""Enterprising" PersuaderPersuader
"Artistic”"Artistic”CreatorCreator
HollandHolland 1997 1997
Relates to both PERSONALITY and ENVIRONMENTRelates to both PERSONALITY and ENVIRONMENT
"Social""Social" HelperHelper
"Realistic""Realistic"DoerDoer
"Realistics"
Practical individualsPractical individuals
ConformistConformist
OrderedOrdered
Prefer objects and toolsPrefer objects and tools
Not keen on concepts or abstracts Not keen on concepts or abstracts
Heuristics-drivenHeuristics-driven
Mechanic, Labourer, Driver Mechanic, Labourer, Driver
"Investigatives"
ObservationalObservational
AnalyticalAnalytical
IndependentIndependent
IntellectualIntellectual
Problem-solvingProblem-solving
Scientific, Technical, Engineering, ResearchScientific, Technical, Engineering, Research
"Artistics"
Similar to "Investigative"Similar to "Investigative"
Prefers objectivesPrefers objectives
Enjoys manipulation & freedom of mediaEnjoys manipulation & freedom of media
Prefers feasts rules / structural hierarchy Prefers feasts rules / structural hierarchy
Painting, Decorator, Designer, Journalist, WriterPainting, Decorator, Designer, Journalist, Writer
RIASEC Model HollandHolland 1997 1997
Relates to both PERSONALITY and ENVIRONMENTRelates to both PERSONALITY and ENVIRONMENT
"Conventional""Conventional" OrganiserOrganiser
"Investigative""Investigative" ThinkerThinker
"Enterprising""Enterprising" PersuaderPersuader
"Artistic”"Artistic”CreatorCreator
"Social""Social" HelperHelper
"Realistic""Realistic"DoerDoer
ideasideas
datadata
peoplepeople
thingsthings
Prediger's dimensionsPrediger's dimensions
Trait influences on Job choice
Realist Social Artistic types
Recollections of childhood preferences, vocation choice were predictive of job characteristics
Traits at childhood & adolescence predictive of job 40 years later
Kasler & Novo 2005
Woods & Hampson 2011
Workplace devianceSafe testing ground for deviant behaviours
Boundary testing
Rebelliousness
Grounded anchor to reality
Funds crimes
Alibis
Excitement of outwitting authority
Social structure and stability reassures
Proactive use of workplaces
Offence
Discovery
Investigation
Arrest
Evidence
Offence
Discovery
Investigation
Arrest
Evidence
The age of transit
Structural approach
Context and background of offender
Not ignoring victims
Leyton's homicidal protest
HQ visit median 11 days
Growth of car
Traveling serial murderer
1960s 1970s boom in car ownership
Expanding road network
Midlands home of car manufacture
Cheapest ownership in UK
Social protests at work and de-skilling of Midlands man
Prostitutes chased from urban streets by angry residents
Transport links
Midlands triangle
Intersection cities
Increase get away options / confusion
Decrease linkage likelihood
Midlands prostitute murders of 1980s 1990s
Multiple Police force boundaries
Vehicles - mobile anchor points
Essential hunting tool for sexually motivated
Psychological refuge place
Vital in folie a deux - teamwork not paired together
Crosses boundaries
Increases linkage blindness (Keppel & Birnes 2003)
Change vehicles increase further
Ford Capri; Corsair; Sunbeam Rapier; Rover 3.5
Access offending areas / sites
The age of transit
Jacques Lantier and "Lison" in La Bete Humaine, Emile Zola (1890)
The age of transit
The age of transit
"Realistics" and their toys
Structural approach: vehicle use
Enables trolling / stalking
Fantasy space - anchor point
Covert trial runs
Extends Offending space
Valid reason for solitude / Alibi
Authority / Respectable
Drops likelihood of victim being related to offender
Summary
Working and Workplace rich source of data
Coupled with Geo Profiles IF conditions optimal
Evolution of serial murders creates conditions not suitable for geo profiling
Placing serial murderers in broader categories neglected
Impact of Occupational choice upon serial murderers
Evolution of "offending space" models, incorporates more time alone in role of work
ReferencesByford L, 1981, The Yorkshire Ripper Case, review of the police investigation. HMSO.
Canter D, 2003, Mapping Murder: the secrets of geographical profiling. Virgin, London.
Crawford J, MacCalman L, Jackson CA. 2011, In Depth Review: The Health and Wellbeing of Remote and Mobile Workers. Occup Medicine, 61: 385-394
Jackson CA, Wilson D, Kaur-Rana B. 2011, The usefulness of criminal profiling. Criminal Justice Matters, 84: 6-7.
Kind S, 1987, 'Navigational ideas and the Yorkshire Ripper investigation', Journal of Navigation, 40, pp. 385-393.
Kind S, 1987, The Scientific Investigation of Crime, Forensic Sciences Services Ltd.
Snook B, 2003, Serial Crime andDistance: an analysis of serial offender spatial analysis. Unpublished PhD thesis - University of Liverpool
Wilson D, Jackson CA, Kaur-Rana B. 2010' Against the Medical-Psychological Tradition of Understanding Serial Killing by Studying the Killers. Amicus Journal, 22: 8-16.