George Mason University

School of Public Policy DRAFT

PUBP 880-001: Doctoral Seminar in

Global and International Public Policy

Mondays, 4:30-7:10 PM Founder’s Hall (Arlington)

Fall 2012

Professor Audrey Kurth Cronin Email: acronin2@gmu.edu (preferred) Office Hours: Tuesdays, 4:30-6:30 PM Telephone: (703) 993-4161 (also available by appointment) 530 Founders Hall This course provides a doctoral-level survey of research in global and international public policy, with a particular focus on important topics in international security studies. It covers both enduring classics and recent scholarship addressing the making of strategy, international security, war and peace. The eventual goal is to begin to develop areas of in-depth interest or expertise that might yield rigorous, important, policy-relevant dissertation research on international topics. The seminar employs both international relations history and theory to lay the groundwork for understanding major themes and problems in international security policy. But it is neither a comprehensive history course nor a full treatment of international relations theory. Instead, it is designed to cover a broad range of complex topics, pitched to the PhD level, so that enterprising advanced graduate students may continue to pursue these areas in their own reading and writing. In addition to the compulsory weekly assignments, the syllabus will provide a list of suggested books and articles for those who wish to read more deeply or more widely—especially in areas where you may want to do original dissertation research in the future. Class will be conducted as a doctoral seminar, using the Socratic method of active questioning. Students will be evaluated on the basis of participation in class discussions, formally leading and presenting on assigned topics in two seminars, and a major research paper due during the last class. Objectives: The goal of this course is to provide doctoral students with a firm foundation in the major questions and important publications in the field, so as to gain an understanding of prominent writers, concepts, challenges, and areas for further potential research. It is

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designed to help to prepare PhD candidates for potential field examinations in the area of international security policy and to suggest potential areas for eventual dissertation research. Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this course, the advanced PhD student will have gained an understanding of

a broad range of important questions in international security policy, as well as both classic and

new writings on the topics covered. They will have a basis upon which to judge the relationship

between advanced academic concepts and policy outcomes, analyzing the gap between them

and ways to bridge that gap. Another major goal is to hone students‟ discussion, writing and

research skills. Students will twice have the experience of leading the seminar so as to polish

their presentation and pedagogical skills. The course should also help with the development of

field statements in the areas of global and international policy, with an emphasis on

international security studies. In addition, by researching and writing a significant paper at the

end of the term, the student may explore a question or interest that potentially be relevant to the

dissertation.

Readings: The following books are required reading in the course. Philip Bobbitt, The Shield of Achilles (New York: Anchor Books, 2002). Barry Buzan and Lene Hansen, The Evolution of International Security Studies (Cambridge,

U.K.: Cambridge University Press,2009). Erica Chenoweth and Maria J. Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of

Nonviolent Conflict (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011). Audrey Kurth Cronin, How Terrorism Ends (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2009). Lawrence Freedman, The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy, 3rd edition (New York: Palgrave

Macmillan, 2003). B. H. Liddell Hart, Strategy, second revised edition (New York: Meridian, 1991). John Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001). Anne-Marie Slaughter, A New World Order (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2004). Rupert Smith, The Art of War in the Modern World (New York: Vintage Books, 2008). Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New

York: Basic Books, 1992).

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Reading: The course averages about 300 pages (or approximately a book) a week, standard for a PhD Seminar. Please always bring your copy of the book we are reading to class. Class Format

Given the small size of this seminar, the course will be conducted as an advanced Oxford-style

tutorial, relying upon the Socratic method of teaching through interactive questions and

answers. It will also incorporate more formal presentations by the students. It is vital that every

student read each week‟s assignments prior to arriving in class. Active class participation is

mandatory.

Course Evaluation This course will rely heavily upon extensive reading, active class participation, presentations, and a major research paper at the end.

Leadership of two seminars (20% each)* 40%

Research Paper (due 12 December)** 50% Class participation* 10% (including résumé due 4 September)*** *One seminar should be on presentation topics 1-6 (academic concepts) and one from topics 7-9 (current policy problems). **The best research papers in this seminar may be submitted for publication. ***Please email a short professional résumé to the professor (acronin2@gmu.edu) no later than Tuesday 4 September 2012. Due Dates: Late papers will be penalized one grade level (e.g., A- to B+) for each calendar day or part thereof, up to a full grade (e.g., A- to B-) each week. Barring officially-validated emergencies, the instructor will not give extra credit assignments or incomplete grades. Class Decorum: Mobile Phones must be turned off during class. Taking notes on your laptop is allowed; other computer activity is not. Our purpose is to engage in discussion, argumentation and debate. Absences: Students who must be absent for work or other foreseeable events should inform the professor beforehand so that make-up work can be arranged, as necessary. You are responsible for getting notes from colleagues for missed class periods. Attendance is important and has an impact upon the class participation grade: it is difficult to imagine a student earning above a “B” in the course if more than two classes are missed for any reason.

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Students with Special Needs: If you are a student with a disability and you need academic accommodations, please inform me and contact the Disability Resource Center (DRC) at 703-993-2474. All academic accommodations must be arranged through the DRC. In-Class Presentations:

Arrive prepared to lead a seminar discussion for one hour on the book that is assigned for the

day. You can structure the class discussion according to your own tastes and judgment;

however, at a minimum the following should be covered (no necessarily in this order):

For Presentation Topics 1-6:

The biography of the author

The context within which the book was written

What is the central research question that this book addresses?

What the book covers

The strengths and weaknesses of the book, including its argument, breadth, and methodology.

What sorts of research questions does this book leave unasked or unanswered?

Why is this an important book? What influence has the book had?

(In assessing the book, you are free to read and report on scholarly reviews.)

For Presentation Topics 7-9:

What are the major policy issues in this field?

What academic research has been done?

Who are the major writers and thinkers?

What questions remain to be answered?

How might they be approached?

In some cases you will collaborate with a partner on the presentation. Please coordinate your

roles, for example by dividing the areas to be covered and blocking out the time.

Major Research Paper:

You must write a 20-30-page research paper that answers a significant question on a topic in

international public policy that is relevant to this class. You are not confined to the topics listed

in this syllabus. As it is designed to give you an opportunity to explore a potential area of

research for the dissertation, the paper should relate to a significant question that interests you in

the field. The paper must meet standards that would be expected of a scholarly, professional

research paper, including proper footnotes (or endnotes), titles and subtitles, a Bibliography. It

should include both primary and secondary sources. It must be well written, in clear and

readable prose: by the time it is in final form, this kind of advanced research paper will

typically have been thoroughly edited and re-written 4 or 5 times.

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Dues dates for the paper are as follows:

1. Initial Question and Preliminary Outline of the Paper: No later than

Friday 19 October at noon.

2. First (edited by the author and complete) draft: No later than

Friday 16 November at noon.

3. Final, polished paper: No later than Wednesday 12 December at noon.

In all cases, please send the paper as an electronic file to the professor and all other seminar

members. We will be discussing and critiquing all of these papers in the seminar.

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Overview: Course Outline

1. Introduction and Course Overview

PART ONE: War, Peace and Statecraft

2. Tactics, Strategy, Grand Strategy

3. War, Peace and the Evolution of the Modern State

4. Ethics and the Use of Force 5. Interstate Wars and Great Power Politics 6. Strategy and Policy in the Nuclear Age 7. International Terrorism 8. Civil Wars and Insurgencies: War Among the People

9. Revolutions, Civil Resistance, and Non-Violent Change 10. Globalization and Cooperative Networks

PART TWO: Current Challenges in International Security Policy

11. Weapons Proliferation 12. The Information Revolution and Cyberwarfare 13. The Return of Great Power Rivalry? China and the United States 14. Conclusion

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Course Assignments:

1. Introduction and Course Overview

Monday 27 August 2012

Required:

Barry Buzan, The Evolution of International Security Studies, pp. 1-100, 156-186 and

226-272.

Richard Betts,” Should Security Studies Survive?” World Politics, Vol. 50, No. 1 (1997),

pp. 7-33.

Recommended:

David Ekbladh, “Present at the Creation: Edward Mead Earle and the Depression-Era

Origins of Security Studies,” International Security, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Winter 2011/12), pp. 107-

141.

Richard Ullman, “Redefining Security,” International Security, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Summer

1983), pp. 129-153.

Note: No Class on Labor Day, 3 September

PART ONE: War and Statecraft

2. Tactics, Strategy, Grand Strategy

Monday 10 September 2012

Required:

B. H. Liddell Hart, Strategy, second revised edition (New York: Meridian, 1991).

(Focus especially carefully on Chapters 19-22).

Carl von Clausewitz, On War, Book 1, Chapter One, pp. 75-89; edited and translated by

Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976).

Hew Strachan, “The Lost Meaning of Strategy,” Survival, vol. 47, No. 3 (Autumn 2005),

pp. 33-54.

Recommended:

Richard Betts, “Is Strategy an Illusion?” International Security, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Fall

2000), pp. 5-50.

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Edward Mead Earle, Makers of Modern Strategy: Military thought from Machiavelli to

Hitler (New York: Atheneum, 1970).

Azar Gat, A History of Military Thought from the Enlightenment to the Cold War

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

Michael I. Handel, Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought (New York: Routledge,

2000).

Beatrice Heuser, The Evolution of Strategy: Thinking War from Antiquity to the Present

(Cambridge University Press, 2010).

Michael Howard, The Causes of War and Other Essays, 2nd

edition (Cambridge, MA:

Harvard University Press, 1983), pp. 7-22.

Michael Howard, The Lessons of History (Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1991).

Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995).

Williamson Murray, Alvin Bernstein and MacGregor Knox, The Making of Strategy:

Rulers, States and War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

Peter Paret, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age

(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986).

3. War, Peace and the Evolution of the Modern State

Monday 17 September 2012

Required:

Philip Bobbitt, The Shield of Achilles (New York: Anchor Books, 2002), pp. 5-242.

Recommended:

Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press, 1983).

Michael Howard, War in European History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976).

Michael Howard, The Invention of Peace (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press,

2000).

Charles Tilley, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992 (Oxford:

Blackwell, 1990).

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Kenneth N. Waltz, Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis (New York:

Columbia University Press, revised edition, 2001).

Stephen D. Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University

Press, 1999).

Handrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems

Change (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).

4. Ethics and the Use of Force

Monday 24 September 2012

Presentation Topic #1

Required:

Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations

(New York: Basic Books, 1992), all.

Remarks of John O. Brennan, “The Ethics and Efficacy of the President‟s

Counterterrorism Strategy,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 30 April 2012;

accessible here: http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/04/brennanspeech/

Recommended:

Alia Brahimi, Jihad and Just War in the War on Terror (Oxford: Oxford University

Press, 2011).

Renee de Nevers, “Modernizing the Geneva Conventions,” The Washington Quarterly

(Spring 2006), pp. 99-113.

Charles J. Dunlap, “Technology: Recomplicating Moral Life for the Nation‟s

Defenders,” Parameters (Autumn 1999), pp. 24-53.

J. L. Holzgrefe and Robert O. Keohane, Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and

Political Dilemmas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).

James Turner Johnson, Morality and Contemporary Warfare (New Haven: Yale

University Press, 1999).

James Turner Johnson, Ethics and the Use of Force (New York: Ashgate, 2011).

E. Adam Roberts, “The Laws of War in the War on Terror,” in Fred L. Borch and Paul

S.Wilson, eds., International Law and the War on Terror (International Law Studies, Vol. 79),

Naval War College, 2003.

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E. Adam Roberts, “The Equal Application of the Laws of War: A Principle under

Pressure,” International Review of the Red Cross, Cambridge, Vol. 90, No. 872, December

2008, pp. 1-32.

Thomas Weiss, Humanitarian Intervention (New York: Polity, 2012).

Michael Walzer, Arguing about War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006).

Michael Walzer, “The Triumph of Just War Theory (And the Dangers of Success),”

Social Research, Vol. 69, No. 4 (Winter 2002), p. 925.

5. Interstate Wars and Great Power Politics

Monday 1 October 2012

Presentation Topic #2:

Required:

John Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: W. W. Norton,

2001), all.

Recommended:

Jack S. Levy and William R. Thompson, “Balancing on Land and at Sea,” International

Security, Vol. 35, No. 1 (Summer 2010), pp. 7-43.

Helen Milner, “The Assumption of Anarchy in International Relations Theory: A

Critique,” Review of International Studies 17 (January 1991), pp. 67-85.

Hans Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations (New York: Knopf, 1985).

Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York: McGraw Hill, 1979).

Alexander Wendt, “Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of

Power Politics,” International Organization Vol. 46, No. 2 (Spring 1992), pp. 391-425.

William C. Wohlforth, et al., “Testing Balance-of-Power Theory in World History,”

European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 13, No. 2 (June 2007), pp. 155-185.

6. Strategy and Policy in the Nuclear Age

Tuesday 9 October 2012 [***Please note change of day.***]

Presentation Topic #3

Required:

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Lawrence Freedman, The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy, 3rd

edition (New York: Palgrave

Macmillan, 2003), all.

Recommended:

Bernard Brodie, Strategy in the Missile Age (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press,

1959).

Lawrence Freedman, Deterrence (Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2004).

Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton:

Princeton University Press, 1976).

Edward Rhodes, Power and MADness: The Logic of Nuclear Coercion (New York:

Columbia University Press, 1989.

Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,

1960).

Thomas Schelling, Arms and Influence (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966).

Nina Tannenwald, “The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Normative Basis of

Nuclear Non-Use,” International Organization, Vol. 53, No. 3 (1999), pp. 433-468.

Kosta Tsipis, Arsenal: Understanding Weapons in the Nuclear Age (New York: Simon

and Schuster, 1983),

7. International Terrorism and Counterterrorism

Monday 15 October 2012

Assignment: Cronin’s Presentation: Attend Vision Series lecture at 7:15 p.m. in

Founders‟ Hall in the place of our regular seminar time.

Required:

Audrey Kurth Cronin, How Terrorism Ends (New Jersey: Princeton University Press,

2009), all.

Recommended:

Robert J. Art and Louise Richardson, eds., Democracy and Counterterrorism: Lessons

from the Past (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2007).

Martha Crenshaw, ed., Terrorism in Context (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State

University Press, 1995).

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Audrey Kurth Cronin and James Ludes, eds., Attacking Terrorism: Elements of A Grand

Strategy (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2004).

Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006).

Walter Laqueur, No End to War: Terrorism in the Twenty-first Century ((New York:

Continuum, 2003).

Akhmed Rashid, Descent into Chaos: The United States and the Failure of Nation-

building in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia (New York: Viking, 2008).

Louise Richardson, What Terrorists Want: Understanding the Terrorist Threat (London:

John Murray, 2006).

8. Civil Wars and Insurgencies: War Among the People

Monday 22 October 2012

Presentation Topic #4

Required:

Rupert Smith, The Art of War in the Modern World (New York: Vintage Books, 2008),

all.

Recommended:

Stathis Kalyvas, The Logic of Violence in Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press, 2006).

Monica Duffy Toft, Securing the Peace: The Durable Settlement of Civil Wars

(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2010).

Hew Strachan, “Strategy and the Limitation of War,” Survival, Vol. 50, No. 1

(February/March 2008), pp. 31-54.

Alastair Horne, A Savage War of Peace, 1954-1962 (New York: Viking, 1978).

John Nagl, Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,

2005).

David Galula, Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice (New York: Praeger,

2006).

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David Kilcullen, The Accidental Guerrilla (Oxford: Oxford University Press, reprinted

2011)

C.E. Callwell, Small Wars (originally published 1896).

Bernard Fall, The Street without Joy (originally published 1961).

Robert Taber, The War of the Flea (New York: Potomac Books, 2002).

T.X. Hammes, The Sling and the Stone: On War in the 21st Century (New York: Zenith

Press, 2004).

Mao Tse-tung, On Guerrilla Warfare (translated) (University of Illinois Press, 2000).

9. Revolutions, Civil Resistance, and Non-Violent Change

Monday 29 October 2012

Presentation Topic #5

Required:

Erica Chenoweth and Maria J. Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic

Logic of Nonviolent Conflict (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), all.

Recommended:

Erica Chenoweth and Maria J. Stephan, “Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic

Logic of Nonviolent Conflict,” International Security, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Summer 2008).

10. Cooperation, Institutions, and Peace

Monday 5 November 2012

Presentation Topic #6

Required:

Anne-Marie Slaughter, A New World Order (New Jersey: Princeton University Press,

2004), all.

Recommended:

Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 1984).

Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society (New York: Columbia Unviersity Press, 1977).

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G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restrains, and the Rebuilding of

Order after Major Wars (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).

Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the Wrold Political

Economy (Princeton: Princeton Univeristy Press, 1984).

Bruce Russett and John O‟Neal, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence and

International Organizations (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001).

PART TWO: Current Challenges in International Security Policy

Strongly Recommended for this entire section of the course:

Alexander L. George, Bridging the Gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy

(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 1993).

11. Weapons Proliferation

Monday 12 November 2012

Presentation Topic #7

Required:

Bruce Jentleson, “Bridging the Beltway-Ivory Tower Gap,” International Studies

Review, Vol. 13, No. 1 (March 2011) pp. 6-11.

Caitlin Talmadge, “Deterring a Nuclear 9-11,” Washington Quarterly (Spring 2007), pp.

21-34.

John Mueller, “The Rise of Nuclear Alarmism,” Foreign Policy.com, 23 October 2009;

accessible at

http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/23/the_rise_of_nuclear_alarmism?page=0,1

Recommended:

Graham Allison, Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe (New York:

Henry Holt, 2004).

Gordon Corera, Shopping for Bombs: Nuclear Proliferation, Global Insecurity and the

Rise and Fall of the A. Q. Khan Network (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).

Charles D. Ferguson and William C. Potter, with Amy Sands, Leonard S. Spector and

Fred L. Wehling, The Four Faces of Nuclear Terrorism (Monterey, CA: Center for

Nonproliferation Studies, 2004).

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Richard Garwin and Georges Charpak, Megawatts and Megatons (Chicago, Ill.:

University of Chicago Press, 2002).

Brian Michael Jenkins, Will Terrorists Go Nuclear? (New York: Prometheus Books,

2008).

Gregory D. Koblentz, “Biosecurity Reconsidered: Calibrating Biological Threats and

Responses,” International Security, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Spring 2010), pp. 96-132.

Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate

Renewed, 2nd

ed. (New York: W.W. Norton, 2002).

T. V. Paul, Prudence vs. Power: Why Nations Forgo Nuclear Weapons (Montreal:

McGill-Queens University Press, 2000).

Greg D. Koblentz, Living Weapons: Biological Warfare and International Security,

Cornell Studies in Security Affairs (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011).

Michael Levi, On Nuclear Terrorism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,

2007).

John Mueller, Atomic Obsession: Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 20110).

12. The Information Revolution, Robots, Technology and Cyberwarfare

Monday 19 November 2012

Presentation Topic #8

Required:

Andrew Krepinevich, “Cyber Warfare: A „Nuclear Option‟?” Center for Strategic and

Budgetary Assessments, 2012; accessible through the CSBA website at

http://www.csbaonline.org/publications/

[Additional Readings to be announced.]

Recommended:

Richard A. Clarke, Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do

about It (New York: Harper Collins, 2010).

P.W. Singer, Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century

(London: Penguin Books, 2009).

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13. The Return of Great Power Rivalry? China and the United States

Monday 26 November 2012

Presentation Topic #9

Required:

Aaron L. Friedberg, “The Future of U.S.-China Relations: Is Conflict Inevitable?”

International Security, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Fall 2005), pp. 7-45.

Azar Gat, “The Return of Authoritarian Great Powers,” Foreign Affairs (July/August

2007), and responses by Daniel Deudney and G. John Ikenberry, and Ronald Inglehard and

Christian Welzel, Foreign Affairs (July/August 2009).

Thomas Christensen, “Fostering Stability or Creating a Monster? The Rise of China and

U.S. Policy toward East Asia,” International Security, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Summer 2006), pp. 81-

126.

G. John Ikenberry, “The Rise of China and the Future of the West,” Foreign Affairs,

Vol. 87, No. 1 (January/February 2008), pp. 23-37.

Hugh White, “Power Shift: Australia‟s Future between Washington and Beijing,”

Quarterly Essay No. 39 (September 2010).

Recommended:

Jeffrey A. Bader, Obama and China’s Rise: An Insider’s Account of America’s Asia

Strategy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2012).

Aaron Friedberg, A Contest for Supremacy: China, America and the Struggle for

Mastery in Asia (New York: W.W. Norton, 2011).

Henry Kissinger, On China (New York: Penguin, 2011).

Thomas G. Mahnken, Competitive Strategies for the 21st Century: Theory, History and

Practice (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012).

Hugh White, The China Choice: Why America Should Share Power (New York: Black,

2012).

Ezra Vogel, Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (Cambridge, MA:

Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011).

14. Conclusion

Monday 3 December 2012

(No additional required reading assignments.)