g]kfn sfgg klqsf @)^%, c+s - Supreme Court of Nepalg]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^%, c+s ^File Size: 1MBPage Count: 128

gg]]kkffnn ssffgg""gg kkllqqssff @@))^̂%%,, cc++ss ^̂

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lg0f{o g+=&(&# g]=sf=k= @)^%

;af]{Rr cbfnt ljz]if Ohnf; ;DdfggLo k|wfgGofofwLz >L s]bf/k|;fb

lu/L dfggLo GofofwLz >L cg'k/fh zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L=

;Dat\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^$–))#% cfb]z ldltM @)^%.#.@^.%

laifoM– g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#

sf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg ;d]t;+u jflemPsf sfg"gnfO{ ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm .

lgj]bsM lhNnf gjnk/f;L uf=la=;= dfs/

j8f g+= $ j:g] lhts'df/L k+u]gL -Gof}kfg]_ ;d]t

lj?4 lakIfLM g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf

dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no l;+xb/jf/ ;d]t

ck/fw ug]{ JolQmsf] kLl8t;+usf]]

gftf ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf ;hfodf sdL x'g] cGoq sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf] gkfObf nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]df, s'6kL6 u/]]df nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] gftf /x]sf] sf/0fn] ;hfo sdL x'g] Joj:yf 5}g .

hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxndf ePsf] Joj:yfn] anfTsf/nfO{ h3Go kmf}hbf/L ck/fw gfdfs/0f u/]sf] cj:yfdf ck/fwsf] kl/0ffd Pp6} x'g] ePkl5 ;hfodf a}aflxs anfTsf/ / u}/j}jflxs jnfTsf/ aLrdf leGgtf ug'{sf] s'g} cf}lrTok"0f{ cfwf/ /x]sf] gb]lvg] .

ck/fw, ck/flws sfo{ u/] jfkt x'g] ePsf]n] stf{sf] x}l;otsf] leGgtfn] ;hfodf sdL ug]{ xf] eg] ;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/ u/]sf] ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf] jlv{nfk u/]sf] x'g hfg] .

-k|s/0f g+=%_ s'g} ck/fwdf x'g] ;hfosf] dfqf

ck/fwsf] k|s[lt / kL8s kLl8tsf] :jf:Yo cj:yf, pd]/ nufotsf cfwf/df d"n ;hfodf yk x'+b} hfg] t/ d"n ;hfo eGbf yk ;hfo a9L eg] x'g g;Sg] .

l;4fGttM yk ;hfo eGbf sd d"n ;hfo x'g] x'+b}g, j? d"n ;hfodf ck/fwsf] ufDeLo{tf cg';f/ ;hfo s]lx yk x'+b} hfg] s'/f xf] . t;y{ yk ;hfo eGbf d"n ;hfo sd x'g] u/L ePsf] hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] # g+= sf] b]xfo ^ sf] ljjflbt k|fjwfgnfO{ Gofof]lrt / ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf] cg's"n /x]sf] dfGg gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=^_

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;hfo ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt b]lvPklg To;nfO{ o; cbfntn] cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug{] cj:yf ePg . tyfkL ;+ljwflgs l;4fGt, df}lns xsdf g} k|xf/ ug{] ck/fwzf:qsf l;4fGt k|lts"n x'g], ck/fw ug{ lg?T;fxg eGbf k|f]T;fxg lbg] vfnsf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] cj:yfdf To:fn] kmf}hbf/L sfg"g / Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;df g} cj/f]w Nofpg] x'+bf b08 gLlt lawflosfn] to ug]{ laifo xf] egL cbfnt cfkm\gf] bfloTjaf6 klG5g gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=&_ ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf] cg's"n x'g]

u/L yk ;hfo eGbf d"n ;hfo sdL x'g] u/L ePsf] tyf a}jflxs anfTsf/ / u}/a}jflxs anfTsf/sf] ck/fwsf aLrdf ePsf] lae]bk"0f{ ;hfosf] Joj:yfdf ;fdfGh:otf Nofpg] u/L cfjZos / Gofof]lrt Joj:yf ug{] tkm{ cfjZos kxn ug{' egL sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]tsf gfpFdf lgb{]zgfTds cfb]z x'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=*_ lgj]bs tkm{jf6Mljåfg clwjQmf >L ;kgf

k|wfg dNn, ld/f 9'+ufgf, nf]sxl/ j:ofn, 8f=/+lhteQm k|wfgfË / ;u'g >]i7

ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljåfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf >L g/]Gb|k|;fb kf7s

cjnlDjt ghL/M @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= %% / %^ lgj]bs ;kgf k|wfg dNn lj= >L % sf] ;/sf/, ld/f 9'+ufgf lj= >L % sf] ;/sf/

cfb]z

Gof=cg"k/fh zdf{M g]kfn cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !,!)&-!_, !)&-@_ cGtu{t bfo/ eO{ o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5 M– xfdL lgj]bsx? dWo] d lhts'df/L k+u]gL -Gof}kfg]sf]_ ljjfx lhNnf gjnk/f;L uf=lj=;=dfs/ j8f g+= $ j:g] j]bk|;fb k+u]gL;+u @)%) ;fndf eO{ # 5f]/fx?sf] hGd ;d]t ePsf] 5 . @)%* ;fn ;Dd xfd|f] ;DaGw /fd|f] /x]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 eg] lgh kltn] dnfO{ 8/, wfs, wDsL, s'6lk6 u/L hj/h:tL of}g ;Dks{ /fVg] dfq xf]Og, lghsf] lnË hj/h:tL r';fpg], gdfGbf s'6kL6 ug]{ h:tf of}g lx+;f ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] / ;+emfp+bf ;d]t Jojxf/df s'g} kl/jt{g cfPg . ldlt @)^# ;fn kmfu'g !& ut] /ftL !@ ah] lgh klt j]bk|;fb k+u]gLn] d]/f] OR5f ljk/Lt of}g ;Dks{ /fVg vf]h]sf]df d}n] OGsf/ ubf{ d]/f] cfFvf, d'v, :tg h:tf c+udf d'Ssf k|xf/ ug]{, /f+} tfGg], lnË d'vdf sf]r]/ jLo{ emfg]{ h:tf b'Jo{jxf/ u/L hj/h:tL jnfTsf/ ug'{ eof] . ef]lnkN6 ljxfg ;d]t s'6lk6


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u/]sf] x'+bf dnfO{ c;X\o eO{ ldlt @)^# kmfu'g @# ut] lh=k|=sf=sf= gjnk/f;Ldf hfx]/L bvf{:t lbPsL lyP+ . k|x/Lsf] cg';Gwfg kl5 d'2f sf/jfxL x'+bf ldlt @)^#.!@.$ ut] cbfntn] lgh j]bk|;fb k+u]gL;+u ?= $%)).– w/f}6 dfu u/]sf]df ;f] j'emfpg g;sL y'gfdf g} /x]sf / pQm /sd j'emfO{ s'g} klg j]nf 5'6]/ cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] x'+bf km]l/ d}n] oftgf v]Kg' kg]{ / hLJfg ;d]t c;'/Iff x'g] lglZrt 5 . o;n] s] b]lvG5 eg] k|rlnt sfg"g s;"/bf/nfO{ b08;hfo ug{ ckof{Kt 5, kLl8tnfO{ dfq xf]Og, afnaRrf, ;xof]uL ;fyL ;d]]tnfO{ To;sf] gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] 5 . o;/L ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfn] d]/f] ;dfgtf ;DaGwL df}lns xs, zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs, oftgf lj?4sf] xs, lx+;fjf6 d'Qm kfpg] xs, of}lgstfsf] xs xgg ePsf]n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #@ cGtu{t ;+j}wflgs pkrf/ lbnfO{ kfp+g of] lgj]bg lnO{ cfPsf] 5' . xfdL cGo l/6 lgj]bsx? dlxnf, sfg"g / ljsf; d~rdf cfj4 eO{ dlxnf ju{sf] xslxtdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg],;+/If0f ug]{ dlxnf clwsf/sf] jsfnt ub}{ cfPsf sfg"g Joj;foL xf}+ . lje]bsf/L sfg"gsf] sf/0fn] ub{} dlxnfsf] df}lns xs xggdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #@,!)& cGtu{tsf] pkrf/ k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 .

k|rlnt d'n'sL P]g, @)@) sf] hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= n] s;}n] Æs'g} dlxnfnfO{ lghsf] dGh'/L glnO{ s/0fL u/]df jf !^ aif{ eGbf sd pd]/sf]

jflnsfnfO{ lghsf] dGh'/L lnO{ jf glnO{ s/0fL u/]df hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] 7x5{Æ egL kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 . P]hg # g+= n] hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]df kLl8tsf] pd]/sf] cfwf/df s;"/bf/nfO{ % aif{b]vL !% aif{ ;Dd s}b ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]df # dlxgf b]lv ^ dlxgf;Dd s}b ;hfo x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf ckof{Kt / lje]bsf/L /x]sf] 5 . ;dfg kl/eflift s;"/df cf/f]lkt JolQmnfO{ kLl8t;+usf] gftf, ;fdflhs ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df km/s ;hfosf] Joj:yf ug'{ kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGt tyf ;dfgtfsf] ;d]t ljk/Lt xf] . ljBdfg hj/h:tL s/0fL ;DaGwL sfg"gn] cfkm\g} nf]Ug]n] cfkm\g} :jf:gLnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fL u/L jnfTsf/ ug{ o:tf] km/s ;hfon] pTk]|l/t u/]sf] 5 .

of}g ;DaGwdf b'j} kIfsf] ;xdlt rflxG5 . Ps kIfsf] ;xdlt 5}g eg] ToxfF lx+;f x'G5 . o:tf] lx+;fnfO{ kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] ck/fwsf] ?kdf kl/efiff u/L kof{Kt ;hfosf] Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] x'G5 . xfd|f] ljBdfg sfg"gn] dlxnfsf] of}lgs clwsf/nfO{ gsfb}{ clt sd ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'gfn] cleo"Qm w/f}6Ldf 5'6\g ;kmn eO{ kLl8t dlxnf k'gM kLl8t x'g] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf u/]sf] 5 . :jf:gL aGg] dlxnf dfly of}g zf]if0f ug{ nf]Ug]nfO{ j9jf lbPsf] 5 . ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ldlt @)%(.!.!( sf] j}jflxs jnfTsf/ ;DaGwL d'2fdf ePsf] lgb]{zfgfTds cfb]zsf]

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c+s ^

sfof{Gjog ug{ n}lËs ;dfgtf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# n] NofPsf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf e]befjk"0f{ ?kn] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . ljjflxt dlxnfnfO{ klg s;n] hj/h:tL s/0fL u¥of] eGg] cfwf/df e]befj u/L sfg"g lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . h'g Joj:yf cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !# sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs k|lts"n /x]sf] :ki6 5 . wf/f !# pkwf/f # sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zn] dlxnfsf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms0f / ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf, wf/f @) df dlxnf ePs} sf/0fn] s'g} lsl;dsf] e]befj ul/g] 5}g eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf ;d]tsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fL ubf{ 36L ;hfo x'g] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf e]befjhGo sfg"g xf] egL eGg'kg]{ x'G5 . To:t} pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfn kIf ePsf] dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;Dk"0f{ e]befj pGd'ng ug]{ dxf;lGw -CEDAW_ !(&( sf] wf/f !, @, #, $, ^, !% gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq !(^^ sf] wf/f !, @, #, %, !& cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL k|lt1fkq !(^^ sf] wf/f !, @, #, % dfgj clwsf/sf] laZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq !($* sf] wf/f !,!@ dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f pGd"ng ug]{ /fi6«;+l3o 3f]if0ffkq, !((# sf] wf/f @ ;+u :ki6 ?kdf jflemPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf (-!_ df g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] ;lGw aflemPsf] xb;Dd k|rlnt sfg"g cdfGo x'g] /

;lGwsf k|fjwfg g]kfnsf] /fli6«o sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g] 5 eGg] Joj:yf tyf g]kfn kIf ePsf] ;lGwx?sf] sfg"g laifos leogf dxf;lGw !(^( sf] wf/f @^ / @& n] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwx? To;sf kIf /fi6«sf nflu jfWofTds x'g] / pQ/bfloTjjf6 klG5g gkfpg] eGg] Joj:yf ;d]tjf6 :jf:gL dfly nf]Ug]n] ug]{ hj/h:tL s/0fLdf cGo dlxnfnfO{ ul/g] hj/h:tL s/0fLeGbf sd b08;hfo tf]Sg] d'n'sL P]g hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] # g+= sf] b]xfo ^ sf] Joj:yfn] dlxnfsf] ;+j}wflgs xs, ;dfgtfsf] xs, dlxnfsf] k|hgg :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs, dlxnfsf] of}lgstfsf] xs, dlxnfsf] lx+;f lj?4sf] xs, zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs, uf]klgotfsf] xs, oftgf lj?4sf] xs, cfTd;Ddfgsf] clwsf/, :jtGqtfsf] xs, n}lËs lje]b lj?4sf] clwsf/ ;d]tsf] lj?4 ePsf] x'+bf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]zåf/f ;dfg b08;hfo ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ u/fpgsf] nflu hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpF . ;fy} k|:t't laifo dlxnf dlxnf jLr e]befj x'g] u/L lgdf{0f / nfu' ePsf] sfg"g x'+bf ;dfg b08 ;hfosf] sfg"g rfF8f] lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ x'+bf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgnfO{ k]zL k|fyldstf cu|flwsf/df /fvL ;'g'jfO{ ul/kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < lakIfLx?jf6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ cfPk5L cu|flwsf/ lbO{ k]z


668

ug'{ eGg] ldlt @)^#.!@.!$.$ df ePsf] cfb]z . xfd|f] sfg"gn] h'g;'s} k|s[ltsf] jnfTsf/nfO{ uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L ck/fw dfgL ;hfosf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfw'lgs kmf}hbf/L ljlwzf:qn] ;hfonfO{ s]jn ;hfosf] ?kdf dfq geO{ ;'wf/sf] ?kdf ;d]t x]/]sf] kfOG5 . ck/fwsf] k5fl8 ljleGg k[i7e"ld, sf/0f, ck/fwLsf] x}l;ot / kl/l:ylt Ps} ge} km/s km/s x'g] u5{ . ;a}nfO{ Ps} lsl;dsf] ;hfo ug'{ Gofof]lrt klg x'+b}g . To;}n] ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmsf] x}l;ot, cj:yf, 36gf kl/l:ylt h:tf df}lns tTjx?n] ljBdfgtf /xg] x'+bf s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ Pp6} k|s[ltsf] ck/fwdf ;d]t km/s km/s ;hfo x'g] dfGotfsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . j}jflxs anfTsf/ / cGo anfTsf/sf] ck/fw jLr klg :ki6 leGgtfsf] jf]w x'G5 . j}jflxs jnfTsf/sf] c;/ ;dfhdf eGbf a9L kLl8ts} 3/ kl/jf/, efjL hLjg;+u uf+l;Psf] x'+bf kl/0ffd ;dfg ePklg k|efjsf] b[li6n] cGo anfTsf/ / j}jflxs jnfTsf/ jLr 7"nf] cGt/ 5 . oxL oyfy{nfO{ b[li6ut u/L j}jflxs anfTsf/df sd ck/flws bfloTjsf] Joj:yf ljwflosfn] u/]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . s:tf] k|sf/sf] ck/fwdf s:tf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf ug]{ eGg] laifo ljwflosL j'l4dtf leqsf] laifo klg x'+bf o;nfO{ lg/k]If ;dfgtfsf] cjwf/0ffjf6 cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ldNg] xf]Og . olb dflg;x? jLr km/s ug{ ;lsg] ljj]s km/s cfwf/ 5, leGg

k|fjwfg ug'{sf] lglZrt p2]Zo 5, Tof] p2]Zo cfkm}df Gofof]lrt 5 eg] km/s Jojxf/ ug]{ u/L sfg"g jgfpg ;lsG5 . o;y{ lgj]bsn] k|Zg p7fpg' ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf Gofof]lrt / j}w x'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfnosf] tkm{jf6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm . l/6 lgj]bsn] g]kfn kIf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwnfO{ cfwf/ lnP klg ;lGwsf] laifonfO{ g} k|ToIf ?kdf clwsf/ :j?k JolQmn] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] xf]Og . dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] u/]s} 5 . s'g}klg ck/fwdf ;hfo tf]Sbf s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ tf]Sg' k5{ eGg] kmf}hbf/L ljlwzf:qLo dfGotf /x]sf] / Ps} lsl;dsf] ck/fwdf klg pd]/, ck/fw ubf{sf] cj:yf cflbdf ljrf/ u/L km/s km/s ;hfo tf]Sg' Gofof]lrt g} x'G5 . To:t} s] s:tf] laifodf s] s:tf] P]g lgdf{0f jf ;+zf]wg ug]{ eGg] s'/f ljwflosfsf] Psnf}6L clwsf/ If]qleq kg]{ laifo ePsf], To:tf] laifo o; sfof{non] lgoldt ug]{ laifo xf]Og . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg k|ydb[li6df g} vf/]hefuL x'+bf vf/]h ul/kfp eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{nosf] tkm{jf6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm . d'n'sL P]g hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] # g+= b]xfo ^ sf] Joj:yfn] nf]Ug]n] :jf:gL dfly u/]sf] j}jflxs anfTsf/nfO{ ck/fwsf] kl/efiffdf ;d]6L ;hfosf] ;d]t

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c+s ^

Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljjfxnfO{ Ps dof{lbt ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf] ?kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 . To;}n] sfg"g lgdf{0f ubf{ ;fdflhs d"No, dfGotf Pj+ k/Dk/f ;d]tnfO{ larf/ u/L pQm ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . s'g} ck/fwdf s] slt ;hfo ug]{ eGg] s'/f /fHosf] gLltut laifo ePsf] / ck/fwdf ;+nUg JolQmsf] cj:yf, k|s[lt, ufDeLo{tfn] ;hfosf] dfqf / kl/0ffdsf] lg?k0f ub{5 . j}jflxs anfTsf/ ;DaGwL ;hfosf] ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;+emf}tf ljk/Lt ;d]t 5}g . l/6 lgj]bs ld/f 9'+ufgf la?4 o; dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= %% df ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntjf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGtdf ;d]t ;fdfGo JolQmn] ug]{ hj/h:tL s/0fL / kltn] ug]{ hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] kl/0ffd Ps}gf;sf] gx'g] eGg] JofVof e};s]sf] cj:yfdf j}jflxs anfTsf/df x'g] ;hfo / cGo k|s[ltsf] hj/h:tL s/0fLdf x'g] ;hfodf km/s x'g' Gofof]lrt g} /x]sf] x'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf] tkm{jf6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm . lakIfL l/6 lgj]bsn] lgj]bgkqsf] s'g} klg k|s/0fx?df o; dGqfnon] ug'{kg]{ s'g sfd gu/]sf] jf gug'{kg]{ s'g} sfd u/]sf] sf/0fjf6 lghsf] df}lns jf ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] 5 egL v'nfpg ;s]sf] b]lvGg . lgj]bg

kqsf] Joxf]/f dgf]ut ePsf] x'+bf vf/]h ul/kfp+ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] tkm{jf6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgod adf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs ljåfg clwjQmfx? ;kgf k|wfg dNn, dL/f 9'+ufgf, nf]sxl/ a:ofn tyf lgj]bstkm{af6 pkl:yt laåfg clwjQmfåo 8f= /lhteQm k|wfgfË / ;u'g >]i7n] hjh{:tL s/0fL Ps h3Go / uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L ck/fw xf] . nf]Ug]n] :jf:gL pk/ hj{h:tL s/0fL ubf{ cGo JolQmnfO{ eGbf x'g] ;hfo eGbf Hofb} sd ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf ug'{sf] k5fl8sf] af]wuDo cfwf/ 5}g . tLg jif{ eGbf sd ;hfo x'g] ck/fwdf cleo'St w/f}6 jf hdfgt lbO{ k"k{Ifsf] nflu tf/]vdf 5'6\g] x'gfn] lghsf] k"j{ b'Jo{jxf/ sfod} x'g] eO{ dlxnf pk/ lx+;f x'g] cj:yf /x]sf]n] d'n'sL P]g hj{h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] # g+= sf] b]xfo -^_ sf] Aoj:yf ;+ljwfg tyf dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;j} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd'ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw cGtu{tsf k|fjwfgx? ;d]tsf] k|lts"n x'+bf cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift xf]; egL ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] . k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg gfoa dxfGofolwjQmf g/]Gb|k|;fb kf7sn] anfTsf/ Ps uDeL/ ck/fw xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ ljwflosfn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . hxf+;Dd ;hfosf] s'/f xf], ck/flws 36\gfdf ;+nUg x'g] x}l;ot / kl/l:yltdf ePsf] ljleGgtfsf] cfwf/df km/s x'g


670

;Sb5 . cfk/flws 36\gfx? ljleGg vfnsf cj:yfsf JolQmjf6 x'g ;S5g\, cflv/ kl/0ffd Pp6} k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . t/ To; 36\gfdf ;+nUg JolQmx?sf] x}l;ot, cj:yf / 36gfsf] kl/l:ylt h:tf tTjx?n] ;hfosf] dfqfdf km/s kf5{ . kl/0ffddf ;dfg ePklg k|efjsf b[li6n] cGo anfTsf/ / a}aflxs anfTsf/ jLr leGgtf x'+bf nf]Ug] / c? dflg;n] u/]sf] j}jflxs anfTsf/df x'g] ;hfosf] leGgtf ug{ ;lsg] ljj]sk/s cfwf/ 5 . slt ;hfo ug]{ eGg] s'/f lawflosfsf] Psnf}6L If]qflwsf/sf] laifo ePsf]n] lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] l/6 cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sb}g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h xf];\ eGg] ;d]t ax; ug{'eof] . lgj]bsx?n] ax;gf]6 ;d]t k]z ug'{ePsf] 5 . cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf/]v tf]sL k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6df l/6 lgj]bg tyf lnlvt hjfkm / b'j} tkm{sf ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] ug'{ePsf] ax; / k]z ePsf] ax;gf]6 ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ u/L b]xfosf k|Zgdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof]M– -s_ a}aflxs anfTsf/df x'g] u/]sf]

jt{dfg b08sf] Joj:yfnfO{ lje]bk"0f{ dfGg ldNg] xf] xf]Og < lje]bk"0f{ ;hfo ePsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] ;hfo ug]{ sfg"gnfO{ o; cbfntjf6 cdfGo ug{ ;lsg] xf], xf]O{g <

-v_ l/6 lgj]bg dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g ;S5 ;Sb}g <

@= klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{

n}lËs ;dfgtf sfod ug{ s]lx g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^# n] d'n'sL P]g hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] # g+= df ;+zf]wg u/L hjh{:tL s/0fL ug]{nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd s}b ;hfo x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v u/L b]xfodf ;hfosf] Joj:yf ubf{ b]xfo -^_ df o; g+j/df cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df tLg dlxgf b]lv ^ dlxgf ;Dd s}b x'g] eGg] e]befjk"0f{ / sd ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/L dlxnf lx+;fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] x'+bf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] bkmf !#, @) tyf g]kfn kIf ePsf] dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd'ng ug]{ dxf;lGw, !(&( sf] wf/f @,#,^,!% ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt eO{ dlxnfsf] ;dfgtf ;DaGwL xs ;d]tsf] lj?4 ePsf] x'+bf ;dfg b08 ;hfo ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{ u/fpg' egL lakIfLx?sf gfpdf k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfp+ eGg] l/6 lgj]bg lhls/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lakIfLx?sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf s] s'g ck/fwdf s] slt ;hfo ug]{ eGg] s'/f /fHosf] gLltut ljifo ePsf] / ck/flws sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] cj:yf, ck/fwsf] k|s[lt / ufDeLo{tf h:tf s'/fn] ;hfosf] dfqf / kl/df0fsf] lg/f]k0f u5{ . To;}n] a}aflxs anfTsf/ / cGo anfTsf/sf] ck/fw jLr :ki6 leGgtf af]w ug{ ;lsG5 . a}aflxs anfTsf/df ul/Psf] ;hfosf] c;/ ;dfhdf eGbf a9L lkl8ts} 3/ kl/jf/ /

671

c+s ^

efjL hLjg;+u ufFl;Psf] x'+bf kl/0ffddf ;dfg ePklg k|efjsf] b[li6n] cGo anfTsf/ / j}jflxs jnfTsf/ / aLr 7"nf] cGt/ x'+bf o;nfO{ lg/k]If ;dfgtfsf] cawf/0ffjf6 x]g{ Gofof]lrt x'+b}g, s'g} :jf:gL dflg;sf] klt / cGo JolQmn] ug]{ anfTsf/df x'g] ;hfodf km/s ug{ ;lsg] lglZrt / Gofof]lrt p2]Zo, cfwf/ ;d]t x'+bf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h xf]; eGg] lhls/ lnPsf] kfO{G5 . #= hjh{:tL s/0fL Pp6f uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] kmf}hbf/L ck/fw ePsf]df ljjfb 5}g . o:tf] ck/fwnfO{ kLl8t dlxnfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, kfl/jfl/s hLjgdf ;d]t gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ dfq xf]O{g, l;+uf] ;dfhdf o;sf] k|efj /xG5 . To;}n] hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwdf sltko b]zdf cfhGd s}bsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] klg kfO{G5 . xfdLsxf+ klg of] ck/fwnfO{ Ps lgs[i6 tyf uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf] ?kdf lnO{ ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} :jf:gL dflg;sf] nf]Ug]n] afx]s c?n] u/]sf] hjh{:tL s/0fLnfO{ ck/fw dfGg] k|rng /x]sf] xfd|f] sfg"gL lawfdf /x]sf]df o; cbfntn] @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= %%, lgj]bs clwjQmf dL/f 9'+ufgf lakIfL sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] ;+ljwfg;+u aflemPsf] sfg"g cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfp+ egL k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf tTsfnsf] hjh{:tL s/0Lsf] ! g+= df pNn]lvt sGof, ljwjf jf csf{sf] ;wjf :jf:gL dflg;df ;f]x| aif{ d'lgsLnfO{ p;sf] dGh'/L lnO{ jf glnO{

h'g;'s} Aoxf]/f;+u s/0fL u/]klg / ;f]x| aif{ gf3]sLsf] /fhLv';L ljgf a]dGh'/Ln] h'g;'s} t/x;+u ePklg hf]/h'n'd u/L jf 8/wfs b]vfO{ jf cg'lrt k|efjdf kf/L s/0fL u/]sf] ;d]t hj{h:tL s/0fL 7x5{ eGg] Joj:yfn] a}aflxs anfTsf/nfO{ pGd'lQm lbPsf] gb]lvPsf] eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] -cfb]z ldlt @)%(.!.!(_ kfO{G5 . tTkZrft pk/f]Qm hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+=df ;+zf]wg eO{ P]=# df ePsf] ;hfosf] Joj:yfdf ;d]t ;+zf]wg u/L b]xfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg cfp+5M– # g+= .. .. hjh{:tL s/0fL ug]{nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd s}b ;hfo x'g]5 M–

bz jif{eGbf d'gLsL aflnsf eP bz b]lv kGw| jif{;Dd ======!

bz jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L rf}w aif{ eGbf sd pd]/sL aflnsf eP cf7jif{ b]lv afx| aif{ ;Dd ======@

rf}w jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;f]x| aif{eGbf sd pd]/sL aflnsf eP ^ b]lv bz jif{ ;Dd ===== #

;f]x| jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L jL; jif{ eGbf sd pd]/sL dlxnf eP kf+r jif{ b]lv cf7 aif{;Dd ========== $

aL; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L pd]/sL dlxnf eP kfFr b]lv ;ft aif{ ;Dd=========%

o; g+j/df cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df tLg dlxgf b]lv ^ dlxgf;Dd ==^


672

$= pk/f]Qm ;+zf]lwt Joj:yfn]

hjh{:tL s/0fL ug]{nfO{ dlxnfsf] pd]/ tyf cj:yf -nf]Ug] :jf:gL _ sf] cfwf/df tLg dlxgf b]lv kGw|jif{ ;Dd s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] u/]sf] b]lvof] . kLl8t dlxnfsf] pd]/sf cfwf/df ;hfo 3l6 a9L x'g] u/]sf]df ljjfb geO{ kLl8t dlxnfsf] hjh{:tL s/0fL ug]{ JolQm;+usf] gftf ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df cGodf eGbf sd ;hfo x'g] u/]sf] Joj:yfsf] ;+j}wflgstfsf] af/]df g} k|:t't ljjfb c8]sf] b]lvG5 .

%= kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?df ck/fwsf] uDeL/tf cg';f/ b08 ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . s;}n] s;}sf] lgotk"j{s Hofg df/]df ;j{Zj ;Dd hGds}b ;Ddsf] ;hfo x'G5 eg] eljtJojz Hofg dg{ k'u]df t'nfgfTds ?kdf sd ;hfo x'g ;Sb5 . s'g} ck/fwdf s;"/sf] k|s[lt, uDeL/tf, ck/fw ubf{sf] kl/l:ylt cflbsf] cfwf/df ck/fw ug]{nfO{ x'g] ;hfodf laleGgtf jf km/s x'g ;Sb5 . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] # g+=sf] b]xfosf cj:yf x]bf{ klg gfjflnsfnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL ug]{ ck/fwnfO{ a9L uDeL/ / ;+uLg ck/fw dfgL a9L ;hfosf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . t/ ck/fw ug]{ JolQmsf] kLl8t;+usf]] gftf ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf ;hfodf sdL x'g] cGoq sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf] kfO{b}g . nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]df, s'6kL6 u/]]df nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] gftf /x]sf] sf/0fn] ;hfo sdL x'g] Joj:yf 5}g . hjh{:tL

s/0fLsf] dxndf ePsf] Joj:yfn] anfTsf/nfO{ h3Go kmf}hbf/L ck/fw gfdfs/0f u/]sf] cj:yfdf ck/fwsf] kl/0ffd Pp6} x'g] ePkl5 ;hfodf a}aflxs anfTsf/ / u}/j}jflxs jnfTsf/ aLrdf leGgtf ug'{sf] s'g} cf}lrTok"0f{ cffwf/ /x]sf] b]lv+b}g . ck/fw ck/flws sfo{ u/] jfkt x'g] ePsf]n] stf{sf] x}l;otsf] leGgtfn] ;hfodf sdL ug]{ xf] eg] ;+ljwfgn] c+uLsf/ u/]sf] ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf] klg jlv{nfk u/]sf] x'g hfG5 . ;fdfGotof klt kTgL aLrdf k|]d ;b\efj /xG5, anfTsf/sf] cj:yf /x+b}g eGg] cg'dfg xf] . t/ l:ylt ;+w} To:tf] /x+b}g, kTgLnfO{ dgf]/~hgsf] ;fwg, zf]if0f ug]{ dfWodsf] ?kdf lnO{ kTgLsf] a}w OR5f, :jf:Yosf] cj:yf / cfjZostfsf] ljk/Lt cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] ;aeGbf ghLssf] elgPsf] dflg; kltaf6 g} kTgL pk/ anfTsf/sf] c:jefljs / kf;ljs sfo{ ug{ k'Ub5 eg] To:tf] ck/flws sfo{ ug]{ nf]Ug] dflg; pk/ nf]Ug] gftfsf] ePsf] cfwf/df ;hfodf sdL x'g'kg]{ eGg] s'g} ljlwzf:qLo cfwf/ /x]sf] kfpg ;ls+b}g . ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwdf kLl8tsf] rl/q / k]zfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ck/fwLnfO{ sd ;hfo ug]{ hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] & g+= sf] Aoj:yf dlxnf dlxnf aLr c;dfg ePsf] cfwf/df o; cbfntaf6 cdfGo / ab/ ePsf] b[i6fGt klg xfdL sxfF 5 -;Djt @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+=%^, lgj]bs ;kgf k|wfg dNn lakIfL sfg'g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Aoj:yf dGqfno ;d]t, cfb]z

673

c+s ^

ldlt @)%(.!.!(_ . To;}n] kLl8t dlxnf;+usf] ck/fw ug]{ AolQmsf] gftf ;DaGw, kLl8tsf] k]zf tyf rl/q cflbsf] cfwf/df kmf}hbf/L ck/fw ug]{ AolQmnfO{ ;hfodf sdL x'g;Sg] Aoj:yf x'g' dlxnf dlxnfaLr g} e]befj u/]sf] dflgg] x'G5 . xfd|f] kmf}hbf/L sfg"g k|0ffnLdf tLgjif{ eGbf sd ;hfo x'g] ck/fwdf cleo'QmnfO{ y'gfdf g/fvL w/f}6 jf hdfgt lnO{ tf/]vdf 5f8L d'2fsf] k"k{If ug{ ;lsg] / tLg aif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;hfo x'g] ck/fwdf w/f}6 jf h]yf hdfgt c:jLsf/ ug{ jf tf/]vdf /fvL d'2fsf] k"k{If ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf klg 5 . j}jflxs anfTsf/df tLgjif{ eGbf sd ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] / d'2f k/]kl5 5'§} a:g] Judicial Separation sf] Joj:yf klg gePsf] ;Gbe{df j}jflxs anfTsf/sf] d'2f k/]kl5 y'gfdf g/xg klg ;Sg] cleo'Qm nf]Ug]sf] k'gM oftgfsf] lzsf/ :jf:gL dflg; x'g ljjz x'g k'Ug] cj:yfsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ klg /x]sf] OGsf/ ug{ ;lsb}g . ^= s'g} ck/fwdf x'g] ;hfosf] dfqf klg ck/fwsf] k|s[lt / kL8s kLl8tsf] :jf:Yo cj:yf, pd]/ nufotsf cfwf/df d"n ;hfodf yk x'+b} hfg] x'G5 . k6s] rf]/L ug]{nfO{ k6s} lkR5] s]xL ;hfo yk x'+b} hfG5 . Pshgf JolQmn] Hofg df/]sf] eGbf a9L JolQmx?sf] ;d"x eO{ Hofg df/]df Hofg df/] afkt x'g] d"n ;hfodf ;d"xsf] ;+nUgtf ePjfkt yk ;hfo x'G5 . t/ d"n ;hfo eGbf yk ;hfo a9L eg] x'g g;Sg] lalwzf:qLo

dfGotf xf] . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] # g+= x]bf{ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fLdf ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf xf] . P]=sf] # s g+=df dlxnfnfO{ ;fd'lxs ?kdf hjh{:tL s/0fL ug]{ jf ue{jtL, czQm jf ckfË dlxnfnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL ug]{nfO{ d"n ;hfodf yk kf+r jif{ s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf 5 . To:t} P]= # v g+=df cfkm"nfO{ dfgj /f]u k|lt/f]ws Ifdtf gi6 ug]{ lhjf0f' -Pr=cfO{=eL= kf]lhl6e_ sf] /f]u ePsf] yfxf kfpbf kfp+b} s;}n] hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] s;"/bf/nfO{ ykdf klg yk Ps jif{ s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . P]= $ g+=df hjh{:tL s/0fL ug]{ ePsf] s'/f hfgL hfgL yfxf kfO{ x'n u/L ;+u nflu hfg] ;dfpg] / ;f] sfddf d2t ug]{ dltof/nfO{ hgxL tLg aif{ ;Dd s}b ug]{ / ;f]x| jif{ d'lgsL :jf:gL dflg;sf] ;DaGwdf eg] bf]Aa/ ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf 5 . pk/f]Qm Joj:yfjf6 s'g} dlxnfnfO{ ;fd'lxs jnfTsf/ ug]{ jf ue{jtL, c;Qm, ckfË dlxnfnfO{ jnfTsf/ ug]{ jf Pr =cfO{=eL= kf]lhl6e ePsf] yfxf kfPsfn] ug]{ jnfTsf/sf] ck/fwdf d"n ;hfodf yk ;hfo sDtLdf klg Ps aif{ x'g] / dltof/nfO{ klg tLg aif{ ;Dd s}b ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf ePsf]df yk ;hfosf] eGbf 36L ;hfo x'g] u/L ePsf] hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] # g++= sf] b]xfo -^_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ s'g} t/xn] klg Gofof]lrt dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ;+/rgfn] t nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df d"n ;hfo tLg


674

dlxgf b]lv ^ dlxgf ;Dd s}b x'g ;Sg] eof] eg] cfkm\gL ue{JftL, czQm jf ckfË kTgL ePdf To:tfnfO{ kltn] hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df yk ;hfo eg] Ps jif{ x'g] cj:yf eof] . To:t} cfkm"nfO{ Pr=cfO{=eL ;+qmldt /f]u nfu]sf] yfxf kfPsf] kltn] cfkm\gL kTgLnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df km]l/ yk Ps jif{ s}b ;hfo x'g] eO{ yk ;hfo eGbf d"n ;hfo sdL x'g] c:jefljs / cldNbf] cj:yf /xg uPsf] 5 .

&= oBlk s] s:tf] ck/fwdf s] slt / s:tf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf ug{] eGg] s'/f ljwflosfsf] a'l4dQf -Legislative Wisdom_ sf] s'/f xf] . ljwflosL a'l4dQfsf] ljifodf o; cbfntn] ;fdfGotof z+sf ub{}g / x:tIf]k klg ub{}g . ljwflosfn] s'g} sfo{nfO{ ck/fw dfgL ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul//fv]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf c;dfg ePklg To;nfO{ 36fpg] a9fpg] jf vf/]h ug]{ sfd o; cbfntn] ub}{g / /fHo zlQm laefhgsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ To;f] ug{ klg ldNb}g . s'g} sfo{nfO{ ck/fw 3f]if0ff ug]{, ck/fw ug]{nfO{ ;hfosf] Aoj:yf ug]{ sfo{ z'4 lawflosL sfo{ xf] . lawflosfaf6 s'g} sfo{nfO{ ck/fw 3f]lift u/]kl5 g} ;hfosf] Joj:yf klg ul/g] x'G5 . ;hfosf] Joj:yf cj}wflgs g} ePklg ck/fw 3f]lift ug{] sfg"g /x];Dd ;hfo ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ cdfGo u/L z'Go ug{ ldNg] x'+b}g . o;f] ubf{ s'g} sfo{ ck/fw x'g] t/ b08 eg] gx'g] b08laxLgtfsf] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf

x'G5, hf] kmf}hbf/L sfg"g / Gofosf] cjwf/0ff ljk/Lt s'/f xf] . t;y{ ;hfo ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt b]lvPklg To;nfO{ o; cbfntn] cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug{] cj:yf ePg . tyflk ;+ljwflgs l;4fGt, df}lns xsdf g} k|xf/ ug{] ck/fwzf:qsf l;4fGt k|lts"n x'g], ck/fw ug{ lg?T;fxg eGbf k|f]T;fxg lbg] vfnsf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] cj:yfdf To:fn] kmf}hbf/L sfg"g / Gofo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;df g} cj/f]w Nofpg] x'+bf b08 gLlt lawflosfn] to ug]{ laifo xf] egL cbfnt cfkm\gf] bfloTjaf6 klG5g ldNb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] JofVoftf / gful/s xssf] ;+/Ifssf] gftfn] ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ bfloTj k"/f ug{sf] nflu Gofof]lrt / e]befjl/xt cfjZos Aoj:yf ug{ o; cbfntn] ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos lgb{]zg lbg jf Wofgfsif{0f ug{ ;Sg] g} x'G5 .

*= ctM pk/f]Qm pNn]lvt k|s/0fx?x?df ljj]rgf ul/P adf]lhd anfTsf/nfO{ Ps h3Go ck/fw 3f]lift u/]kl5 ;hfodf j}jflxs anfTsf/ / u}/j}jflxs anfTsf/ aLr lje]b u/L gftfsf] cfwf/df To:tf] kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf] ;hfodf j}jflxs anfTsf/df sd ;hfo u/L jlu{s/0f ug{'sf] s'g} cf}lrTok"0f{ cfwf/ gb]lvPsf], yk ;hfodf eGbf a}jflxs anfTsf/sf] d"n s;"/df sd ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf /xL Pp6f uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L ck/fwdf gftfsf] cfwf/df sd ;hfo x'g] hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] # g+=sf] b]xfo ^ sf] c;fdfGhok"0f{ sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvg

675

c+s ^

cfPsf] 5 . t;y{ ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf] cg's"n x'g] u/L yk ;hfo eGbf d"n ;hfo sdL x'g] u/L ePsf] tyf a}jflxs anfTsf/ / u}/a}jflxs anfTsf/sf] ck/fwsf aLrdf ePsf] lae]bk"0f{ ;hfosf] Joj:yfdf ;fdfGh:otf Nofpg] u/L cfjZos / Gofof]lrt Joj:yf ug{] tkm{ cfjZos kxn ug{' egL k|ToyL{ sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]tsf gfpFdf lgb{]zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . o;sf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t ljkIfLx?nfO{ k7fO{ lbg' . bfo/L nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' .

pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . k|=Gof=s]bf/k|;fb lu/L

Gof=an/fd s]=;L=sf] /fo k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf

b]xfo adf]lhdsf] 5'§} /fo AoQm u/]sf] 5'M– lgj]bssf] d'Vo dfu d'n'sL P]g

hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #-^_ g+= df ul/Psf] nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ ha/h:tL s/0fL u/]df # dlxgfb]lv ^ dxLgf;Dd s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;+u afem]sf]n] cdfGo ul/kfp+ eGg] 5 . ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] #-^_ cdfGo ul/kfpg dfu ul/Psf] lhls/ x]bf{ ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] # g+= df hjh{:tL s/0fL ;DaGwL cGo cfwf/x?df ha/h:tL s/0fL ug]{ cGonfO{ a9L ;hfo t/ nf]Ug]n]

:jf:gLnfO{ u/]sf] ha/h:tL s/0fLdf rflx # b]lv ^ dlxgf ;Dd dfq s}b ;hfo ubf{ anfTsf/sf] ;hfodf dlxnf dlxnf aLr e]befj u/]sf] eGg] lhls/ b]lvG5 . l/6 lgj]bg tyf k]z ePsf] ax;gf]6df dL/f 9'Ëfgf lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ sfg"g Gofo dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= %% df :yflkt l;4fGt CEDAW sf] wf/f !,@,#,$,^,!%, ICCPR 1966 sf] wf/f !,@,#,%,!& ICESCR 1966 sf] wf/f !,@,#%, Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women 1993 sf] wf/f @ nufot a}aflxs anfTsf/ ;DaGwL s]lx jfx\o cbfntsf km};nfx? ;d]tcfwf/:j?k k]z ePsf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !#-#_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zdf dlxnf ju{sf] ;+/If0f ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . wf/f !*-@_ df dlxnf gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xssf] Joj:Yff ePsf] 5 . wf/f @) df dlxnfnfO{ k|hgg :jf:Yo tyf k|hgg ;DaGwL xs k|fKt ePsf] 5 . dlxnf lj?4 zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] lx+;fhGo sfd ug{ gkfO{g] / To:tf] sfd eP u/]df sfg"gåf/f b08gLo x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . wf/f @! n] dlxnfnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . pk/f]St xsx? df}lns xssf] ?kdf k|bfg ug'{sf] ;fy}


676

dlxnf ju{sf] pTyfg Pj+ ljsf; ug{, dlxnf au{sf] nflu laz]if Joj:Yff ug{ /fHosf] gLlt /xg] s'/f ;+ljwfgsf] efu $ df :ki6 Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnn] CEDAW 1979 22 Apr,1991 df cg'df]bg u/]sf] , ICCPR 1966-14 May 1991 df ICESCR 1966, 14 may 1991 cg'df]bg u/]sf] xf] . g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& nfu" eO pQm P]gsf] bkmf ( df g]kfn kIf ePsf] s'g} ;lGwsf] Joj:yf g]kfn sfg"g;+u afem]df To;/L afem]sf] xb;Dd g]kfn sfg"g nfu" gx'g] ;lGwsf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

dlxnf lj?4sf] e]befj cGTo ug]{ / dlxnf ju{sf] lxt ;+/If0f ug{ Pj+ dlxnf ju{nfO{ ;+ljwfg / ljleGg dxf;lGWfx?n] lbPsf] xs Pj+ clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{ o; cbfntaf6 laleGg l/6 lgj]bgx?df k6s k6s ;/sf/sf lj?4 laleGg lgb]{zgfTds cfb]zx? ;d]t hf/L ePsf] 5 . of] cbfnt gful/sx?sf] / To; cGtu{t dlxnfx?sf] xs Pj+ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ cleefjs cyf{t Guardian of the Fundamental Rights of the Citizen ePsf] gftfn] o; cbfnt CEDAW, ICCPR, ICESCR tyf ;+ljwfgn] dlxnfx?nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] ljleGg xs Pj+ clwsf/sf] af/]df ;r]t / ;hu -Aware & alert _ 5 .

lgj]bgdf h];'s} n]lvPsf] ePklg, h] h;/L lhls/ ul/Pklg / CEDAW, ICCPR, ICESCR pNn]v u/]klg k|:t't lgj]bg g]kfnL dlxnfnfO{ g]kfn kIf ePsf]

dxf;lGw tyf ;+ljwfg / g]kfn sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] xs k|rng u/fO{ kfp eGg] geO{ k|:t't lgj]bgsf] dfu j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod eO{ Ps} 7fpFdf Co-habit u/L a;]sf] nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df jt{dfg sfg'gL Aoj:yf cg';f/ 5 dxLgf s}b ;Dd dfq ;hfo x'g] s}bsf] cjlw sd eof], s}bsf] ;hfosf] dfqf cyf{t Quantum of punishment j9fpg' k/\of] egL o; cbfntn] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;hfosf] dfqf j9fpg' eGg] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfp eGg] g} dfu xf] . CEDAW nufot g]kfn kIf ePsf] cGo dxf;lGw pNn]v u/L ;+w} / ;+u} Co-habit ug]{ lajflxtf :jf:gL Ps au{ / cGo dlxnf csf]{ / leGg au{ aLr c;dfg Aojxf/ eof] egL b'O{ Dissimilarly Situated au{ aLr t'ngf u/L Tof] klg s'g} ck/fwdf slt s}b ;hfo ug]{ eGg] laz'4 Legislative Domain leqsf] laifodf wf/f !)&-!_ cGtu{tsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ cGtu{t ;hfo a9fpg' eGg] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfp+ eGg] dfu ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ / -@_ sf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qsf] Domain leq k5{ kb}{g, o:tf] dfu / lhls/ slQsf] k|f;f+lus, ts{k"0f{ / ;+ljwfg cg's"n 5, ;f] ljrf/0fLo 5 .

d'n'sL P]g ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] # g+= ;+zf]wg eO{ #-^_ g+= df nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df # dlxgfb]lv ^ dlxgf;Dd s}b ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ha/h:tL

677

c+s ^

s/0fLsf] kl/efiffdf s'g} ;+zf]wg ePsf] b]lv+b}g .

d'n'sL P]g ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] # g+= df ePsf] ;hfosf] Aoj:yf @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= %% df o; cbfntsf] laz]if Ohnf;n] lbPsf] lgb]{zgfTds cfb]zsf cfwf/df ;+zf]wg ePsf] b]lvG5 . @)%(.!.!( sf] ljz]if Ohnf;sf] pQm cfb]z x]bf{ lgj]bg vf/]h u/L b]xfo adf]lhd lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 M–

Æj}jflxs anfTsf/ klg b08gLo ck/fw sfod ePsf]n] ;fdfGo pgfp JolQmn] ug]{ hjh{:tL s/0fL / kltn] ug]{ hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] k|df0f Ps}gf;sf] x'g] gePsf]n] tt\;DaGwL k|df0f, kl/l:ylt / ;hfosf] dfqfsf] cf}lrTosf] laifodf, hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] * g+= n] jfXo JolQmåf/f x'g] anfTsf/df l;lh{t kl/0ffdsf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf]n] kltn] cfˆg} kTgLnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0L u/]sf] ;DaGwdf, hah{:tL s/0fL ug]{ kltaf6 cnu a:g kfpg] jf ;DaGw laR5]b ug{ kfpg] u/L tTsfn /fxt lbnfpg] laifodf, lgif]lwt afn laafxsf] ca:yfdf ePsf] hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwsf] dfqf sfod ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;d]t a}aflxs ;DaGwsf] laz]if l:ylt / kltsf] x}l;otnfO{ ;d]t larf/ u/L ;dli6ut ?kn] Gofof]lrt / :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L a}aflxs anfTsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg'kg]{ ePsf]n] tt\;DaGwdf cfjZos sfg"gL ;+zf]wg ljw]os ;+;bdf k]z ug'{ egL

lakIfL sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;lbo Joj:Yff d+qfnosf] gfpdf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ .

o; cbfntn] u/]sf] sfg"gsf] JofVof– h;nfO{ ghL/ elgG5– nfO{ c? j9L JofVof cyf{t ghL/nfO{ interpretation ug{ kfO{b}g . ;dfg laifoj:t' ePsf] laafbdf To;nfO{ k|of]u dfq ul/G5 . pQm l/6 lgj]bgsf] pQm lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z x]bf{ lgb]{zgfTds cfb]zdf c? s;}n] s'g} dlxnfnfO{ u/]sf] hjh{:tL s/0fL / j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod /x]sf] cj:yfsf] nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ u/]]sf] hjh{:tL s/0fL leGg / km/s xf] egL :ki6 eg]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] JofVofnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm l/6 g+= %% sf] l/6df ;dfgtfsf] gfddf nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df cGonfO{ x'g] ;hfo ;/x g} ;hfosf] Aoj:yf ug'{{ eGg] cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] b]lv+b}g . o:tf] cfb]z hf/L x'g klg ;Qm}g . c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qaf6 s}b ;hfo a9fpg' jf 36fpg' egL cfb]z ug{ s;/L ldNnf < t;y{ lgj]bsn] h'g k|sf/n] @)%* sf] l/6 g+= %% nfO{ xjfnf lbO{ marital rape sf] JofVof u/L jt{dfg s}bsf] ;hfosf] dfqf j9fpg lhls/ u/]sf] 5, @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= %% df To;k|sf/sf] AofVof ePsf] xf]O{g . pQm l/6df ePsf] cfb]zn] c? Rape / marital rape km/s km/s s/0fL xf] eGg] JofVof u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;df lajfb ug]{ 7fp+ 5}g .


678

s'g} k|sf/sf] Judicial Separation gePsf] Valid Marriage cGtu{t Pp6} cf]R5\ofgdf Co-habit ul//x]sf] nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ u/]sf] hjh{:tL s/0fLdf ;hfosf] dfqf a9fO{ cGo s;}n] s'g} dlxnfnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df x'g] ;hfo ;/x g} ;hfo ug]{ ;dfg b08 ;hfosf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ eGg] d"Vo lhls/sf] ;DaGwdf ljleGg s'/fx? ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L ck/fw xf] / xfd|f] sfg"gn] klg o;nfO{ uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L ck/fw dfg]sf] 5 . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] * g+=df dlxnfnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fLaf6 aRg cfTd/Iffsf] clwsf/ :j?k cfkm"nfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL ug{ cfpg]] JolQmsf] Hofg ;d]t lng kfpg] / To;/L Hofg lnPklg cfTd/Iffsf] clwsf/ dfgL ck/fw gdflgg] / hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]kl5 klg Ps 306fleq To:tf] JolQmsf] Hofg} lnPklg cfTd/Iffsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t ck/fw u/]sf] egL vt aft gnfUg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .

dlxnfx?sf] z/L/ cgltqmDo z/L/ xf] . cfkm\gf] ;ltTj arfpg dlxnfx?nfO{ of] clwsf/ cfjZos klg 5 . Ps lgz:q dlxnf pk/ hgfj/L Jojxf/jf6 k'?ifåf/f x'g] zf/Ll/s JolQmTj / ;ltTj pk/sf] cfqmd0fdf cfkm\gf] arfp / /Iffsf] nflu dlxnfx?nfO{ h'g;'s} tj/n] cfkm\gf]tkm{jf6 cfTd/Iff ug{ kfpg] clwsf/af6 ;DkGg x'g cfjZos x'G5 . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] * g+= sf] Aoj:yfnfO{ ax't /fd|f] lawflosL

a'l4dQf k'u]sf] sfg'g dfGg' kb{5 . o;df ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . hjh{:tL s/0fLn] dlxnfx?sf] dfgl;s, af}l4s zf/Ll/s, kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, k]zfut nufot ;Dk"0f{ If]qdf c;/ ub{5 . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw Hofg dfg]{ ck/fw eGbf klg a9L 3fts ck/fw xf] . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwnfO{ ;dfh / dfgjtfs} lj?4sf] ck/fw dflgG5 . o;df ljjfb ug]{ 7fp+ 5}g . To;}n] xfd|f] ljwflosfn] hfg]/ a'em]/ g} zf/Ll/s?kn] g} g/d / sf]dn x'g] dlxnf pk/ x'g] hjh{:tL s/0fL h:tf] h3Go ck/fwaf6 aRg cfTd/Iffsf] clwsf/ :j?k hjh{:tL s/0fL ug]{sf] Hofg lnPklg ck/fw gx'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] xf] . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] pk/f]Qm * g+= sf] clgjfo{tfsf] af/]df lajfb x'g ;Qm}g . xfd|f] sfg"gn] hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwnfO{ uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L ck/fw dfgL ;/sf/ cfkm}n] cfkm\gf] tkm{jf6 ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{, cfkm}n] cleof]u nufO{ d'2f rnfpg] / cfkm}n] k"k{Ifdf efu lng] tyf clGtd ca:yf ;Dd klg hjh{:tL s/0fLaf6 kLl8tsf] tkm{af6 cfkm}n] d'2f n8\g] Joj:yf u/L hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwnfO{ ;/sf/L d'2f ;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rLdf ;dfj]z u/L ;/sf/ afbL d'2f x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= %% df lg0f{o ePkl5 Marital Rape sf] 5'§} kl/efiffsf] cefjdf cGo JolQmn] s'g} :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ ug]{ hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw /

679

c+s ^

Co-habit ul//x]sf nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ ug]{ hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw Pp6} P]gsf] kl/efiffdf cfwfl/t eP/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . jt{dfg sfg"gL Joj:yf d'n'sL P]g hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= cg';f/ hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw x'g /fhLv';L ljgf a]d~h'/Ln] h'g;'s} t/x;+u hf]/h'n'd u/L jf 8/wfs b]vfO{ jf cg'lrt k|efjdf kf/L s/0fL u/]df hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw dflgG5 . Pp6} sf]7f / Pp6} ljR5\of}gf Share u/L co-habit ug]{ nf]Ug] :jf:gLaLr ePsf] s/0fLdf s'g} t]>f] JolQm ;fIfL x'g ;Qm}g . xfd|f] k|df0f sfg"g cg';f/ hjh{:tL s/0fLaf6 kLl8t JolQm s'g} sfd, 36gf jf cj:yfjf6 kLl8t eO{ To:tf] JolQmn] To:tf] 36gfsf ;DaGwdf df}sfdf, tTsfn jf kl5 JoSt u/]sf] s'/f k|df0fdf lng x'g] k|df0f leq kb{5 . nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ :jf:gLsf] O{R5f ljk/Lt a]dGh"/Ln] hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] egL rn]sf] d'2fdf :jf:gL k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !)-!_ -v_ sf] ;fIfL x'g ;Qm5 .

s;}n] s'g} :jf:gL dflg;sf] O{R5f ljk/Lt a]dGh'/Ln] hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] eGg] ck/fwdf s/0fL ePsf] nuQ} kl5 dlxnf k'?if b'j}sf] sk8f, of}gL Pj+ zf/Ll/s k/LIf0f / s/0fL ePsf] :yfgsf] k/LIf0faf6 e]l6g] k|df0fx? csf6\o k|df0f x'g;S5 . Pp6} laR5of}gf Share ug]{ / Ps} 7fp+df Co-habit ug]{ Judicial Separation gePsf nf]Ug] / :jf:gL aLr /fhLv';L / dGh'/Ln] xf]; jf a]dGh'/Ln] ha/h:tL;+u xf]; h];'s} k|sf/n] ePklg

s/0fL x'G5 eg] s/0fLsf] nuQ} kl5 s/0fL ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf ;a't ;+sngsf] nflu olb k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0f ug]{ xf] eg] nf]Ug] dflg; / :jf:gL dflg;sf] c+udf Ps csf{sf] Pubic Hair, semen nufot sk8fsf Fiber Transfer nufot s/0fL ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|df0f e]l6G5 . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwdf s'g} dflg;n] s'g} cGo :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df hjh{:tL s/0fL ug]{ nf]Ug] dflg; / hjh{:tL s/0fLaf6 kLl8t dlxnfsf] sk8fsf] zf/Ll/s k/LIf0f / hjh{:tL s/0fL ul/Psf] Crime scene af6 e]l6g] k|df0f / nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]kdf nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] sk8f tyf zf/Ll/s k/LIf0f / nf]Ug] / :jf:gLn] ;'tL Share u/]sf] Crime scene eGg'kg]{ ljR5f}gf / vf6af6 e]l6g] k|df0f Pp6} k|sf/sf] x'G5 . Forensic Science n] hj/h:tL s/0fL of ;xdltk"j{ssf] s/0fL zfob 5'6\ofpg g;Snf . nf]Ug] / :jf:gLn] share u/]sf] ljR5f}gfaf6 / :jf:gLsf] z/L/af6 nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ s/0fL u/]sf] eGg] k|df0f e]l6Pkl5 nf]Ug] / :jf:gL aLrsf] pQm s/0fL Rape xf] jf Consent af6 ePsf] lgoldt Consensual intercourse eg]/ 5'6\ofpg] cfwf/ s] < nf]Ug] / :jf:gL h;sf] ljjfx Valid Marriage xf], hf] Co-habit u5{g\ Pp6} cf]5\ofg Share u5{g\, hxf+ living apart jf Judicial separation Pending Divorce ePsf] 5}g eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf nf]Ug] :jf:gL aLr ePsf] s/0fLnfO{ klg


680

hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw dfGg] xf] eg] nf]Ug]sf] life / liberty hf]lvddf kb{5 . nf]Ug]n] Consensual Sexual intercourse egL k|dfl0ft ug{ ;Qm}g . ;a} :jf:gL dflg; c;n rl/qsf x'G5g\ eGg] 5}g . s'g} s'g} :jf:gL v/fa rl/qsf] klg x'g;Qm5 . To:tf] ePdf olb s'g} :jf:gLn] nf]Ug]nfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] * g+= adf]lhd s/0fL ePsf] Ps306f leq df/L cfTd/Iffsf] lhls/ -Plea_ lng] xf] eg] nf]Ug]sf] hLag / :jtGqtf vt/fdf /xG5 . To;}n] sfg'gdf Living apart / Judicial Separation sf] :ki6 Aoj:yf u/L Marital Rape sf] :ki6 kl/efiff gu/L hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] jt{dfg kl/efiffdf Marital Rape nfO{ tfgt'g u/L ldnfpg x'+b}g .

d'n'sL P]g hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] kl/efiff nf]Ug] / :jf:gL Pp6} sf]7f Pp6f cf]R5fofg Share ug]{ Living apart jf Judical Separation ;Dd klg gePsf] Valid marriage df klg nfu" x'G5 x'+b}g, ;f] a'em\g cfjZos 5 . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= sf] kl/efiff n]lv+bf g]kfndf dfq xf]O{g sltko cGo /fi6«df klg Marital Rape sf] Concept g} lyPg . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] kl/efiff ug]{ d:of}bfsf/ / pQm d:of}bf ljw]ossf] ?kdf k]z eO{ kf/Lt ug]{ ljwflosfn] klg Tolta]nf Marital Rape nfO{ ;f]lrPs} lyPg . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g++ n] s;}n] cfkm\gf] :jf:gL afx]ssf c? dlxnfnfO{ d+h'/La]u/ s/0fL u/]df hjh{:tL s/0fL x'g] u/L kl/efiff

u/]sf] xf] . pQm g+= sf] kl/efiff n]lVf+bf s;}n] :jf:gL afx]s cGo :jf:gL dflg;sf] hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]df hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw dflgg] u/L kl/efiff u/]sf] xf] . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxn cGtu{t hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] kl/efiffsf] d:of}bf x'+bf ljjfx eg]sf] An implicit general consent to sexual intercourse by a wife on marriage to her husband eGg] k|rng, dfGotf, larf/, cjwf/0ff / cj:yfsf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / Legal Regime cGtu{t kl/efiff ePsf] xf] .

d'n'sL P]g hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] !g+=sf] kl/efiffn] nf]Ug] / :jf:gL aLrsf] s/0fLnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw x'G5 eg]/ dfg]sf] 5}g . t;y{ lawflosfn] ck/fwsf] kl/efiff gu/Lsg} Valid Marriage cGtu{t Pp6} cf]R5\ofg Share ug]{ / living apart / judicial separation gePsf] nf]Ug] / :jf:gL Co-habit u/]sf] cj:yfdf :jf:gLnfO{ nf]Ug]n] hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]sf] egL ;hfo a9fpg' cufl8 hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] kl/efiffdf living apart / Judicial Separation sf] cjwf/0ff ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L marital rape sf] 5'§} kl/efiff x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 . o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q dfkm{t ck/fwsf] kl/efiff ug{ ;lsb}g . To;f] ug'{ zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt / sfg'g AofVofsf] dfGo l;4fGt ljk/Lt x'G5 .

hj/h:tL s/0fLnfO{ ztfAbLof}+ cufl8b]lv ck/fw dfgL cfOPsf] 5 . lxGb'

681

c+s ^

;dfhn] dfq xf]O{g lqmlZrog, d'l:nd h'g;'s} wd{ jf ;dfhn] klg dlxnf pk/ x'g] hj/h:tL s/0fLnfO{ ck/fw dfgL s8f ;hfo x'g] Aoj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwdf ;hfosf ;DaGwdf P]ltxf+l;s lasf; x]bf{ hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw eGgfn] s'g} nf]Ug] dflg;n] cfkm\gf] :jf:gL afx]s c? g} :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ lgh :jf:gL dflg;sf] O{R5f ljk/Lt a]dGh'/Ln] s/0fL u/]df hj/h:tL s/0fL dflgPsf] b]lvG5 . Hartford University sf k|fWofks Charles W Dean / cg';Gwfgstf{ Mary De Bruyn Kop sf] The Crime and The Consequences of Rape sf] efu b'O{sf] Historical Background of Rape x]bf{ Christ sf] hGd eGbf cufl8 klg hj/h:tL s/0fLnfO{ ck/fw dflgPsf] t/ nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] dflgg] sfg'gL Aoj:yf ePsf] b]lv+b}g . pQm k':tsdf Records show that rapist were subject to punishment as far back as thousands of years before christ. The code of Hammurabi which was carved in Babylyon around 1900 B.C.on an abelisk of Blackstone decreed that men should be punished if they raped. The early Hebrews considered rape a crime as did Assyrians. All these early civilization meted out punishment according to their own systems of justice. Justice however was a double edges word back then for

not only was there punishment for the criminal but also for victim.

Under the code of Hammurabi the Babylonians considered a married woman who was raped to be guilty of adultery bond her to the rapist and threw them both in the river. Both the assailant and the victim could be saved from death however the husband if he wised could pull his wife from the water in which case the king would pardon the adulterer. The Hebrews also considered some women to be responsible for their own rape.A married women who was raped was stoned to death along with her assailant at the gates of the city.The same punishment was dealt a virgin who was raped within the city walls the reasoning being that she could have cried out and been heard and rescued if she had wanted.

The Assyrians went one step further of they also punished the wife of the rapist. If a man raped a virgin her father was entitled to take the wife of the ravisher. Rape was a crime to be sure but not against the women only against the women's father or husband since it was his property that has been damaged. elgPsf] 5 .

t]x|f}++ ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/ a]nfotdf hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwnfO{ Crime Against Society rather than Women ;Dd


682

t elgof] t/ nf]Ug]n] :jf:gL pk/ u/]sf] s/0fL hj/h:tL s/0fL x'G5 elgPg . a}jflxs ;DaGw sfod /x]sf] Valid Marriage cGtu{t Co-habit ul//x]sf nf]Ug] :jf:gL aLr klg hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw x'G5 egL lawflosfn] sfg'gåf/f kl/efiff ug'{ kb{5 / cfjZos klg 5 . cbfntn] ck/fw zAbsf] sfg'gL AofVof ug{ ;S5 t/ nf]Ug] :jf:gL aLrsf] s] s:tf] s/0fL hj/h:tL s/0fL x'g] egL cfk/flws kl/efiff ug{ ;Qm}g . s] s:tf] sfo{ cfk/flws sfo{ x'g] egL kl/efiff ug]{ sfo{ Legislative Domain leqsf] lawflosfsf] clwsf/sf] s'/f xf] .

d'n'sL P]g hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] ! g+= sf] hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] kl/efiff / P]= #-^_ g+=sf] ;hfosf] Aoj:yf b08gLo sfg'g Penal Law xf] . sfg'g AofVofsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ Penal Law sf] lawflosfn] u/]sf] ck/fwsf] kl/efiff / ;hfosf] AofVof ubf{ cbfntn] hlxn] klg To;df k|of]u ePsf] zAbsf] ;fdfGo cy{df h] dtna lg:sG5 Tolx cy{ / AofVof ug'{kb{5 elgG5 . cyf{t Penal Law sf] AofVof ubf{ k|of]u ePsf] zAbn] lawflosfn] s] eg]sf] 5 Tolx lgisif{ lgsfNg' kb{5 . lawflosfn] o:tf] eGg rfx]sf] xf]nf eg]/ ck/fwsf] k|sf/ a9fpg] jf ;hfosf] dfqf a9fpg] vfnsf] AofVof ug'{ x'+b}g .

Marital rape sf] ;DaGwdf df]bLsf] Medical jurisprudence x]g{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . ef/tsf] Penal Code sf]

Sec.376 A df Marital Rape sf] kl/efiff o;/L ul/Psf] kfO{G5 M–

Forcible sexual intercourse by a man with this wife -a_ who is living separately from him

under a decree of separation or, -b_ under any Custom or usage -c_ without her consent is punishable

with imprisonment which may extend to two years.

ef/tsf] Penal code x]bf{ Toxf klg

marital rape ck/fw x'gsf] nflu nf]Ug] / :jf:gL Ps} 7fpFdf Co–habit u/L a;]sf] x'g x'g] geO{ 5'l§ leGg leGg a;]sf] cyf{t Judicial Separation jf Living Apart eP/ a;]sf] ca:yfdf :jf:gLsf] d~h'/L glnO{ s/0fL u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ / ;hfosf] xsdf Toxf klg b'O{ aif{ dfq ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 .

Marital rape sf ;DaGwdf lgj]bsn] g} ax;gf]6 ;fy k]z u/]sf] jfXo b]zsf] sfg"g / s]lx km};nf x]bf{ Toxfklg nf]Ug] :jf:gL;+u} ga;]sf] cyf{t Co–habit gu/]sf] cj:yfdf living apart jf cbfntsf] decree jf cfb]zn] judicial separation u/L a;]sf] ca:yfdf dfq nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ OR5f ljk/Lt d~h'/L glnO{ s/0fL u/]df dfq hjh{:tL s/0fL dflgPsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] ax;gf]6 ;fy k]z u/]sf] People V. liberta sf] d'2fdf Toxfsf]

683

c+s ^

family court sf] cfb]zn] pQm d'2sf afbL k|ltjfbL cyf{t nf]Ug] :jf:gL Living apart df a;]sf] ca:yfdf leGg a;]sf] :jf:gLnfO{ :jf:gLsf] OR5f ljk/Lt leGg a;]sf] nf]Ug]n] s/0fL u/]sf] sfo{ hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw dflgPsf] b]lvG5 . To:t} Regina V. Appellatte sf] a]nfotsf] Court of Appeal Criminal Division sf] 23 oct. 1991 sf] km};nf k]z u/L a]nfot nufot cGoq klg nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ :jf:gLsf] OR5f ljk/Lt s/0fL u/]df hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]sf] dfgL s8f ;hfo x'G5 eGg] lgj]bsn] ax;gf]6df lhls/ u/]sf]b]lvG5 .

lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] Regina V.R,Appellatte sf] d'2fdf Sir Mathew Hale sf] History of the Pleas of the Crown vol. 1736,Rv.clerence 1888 sf] d'2f, S v HM Advocate 1989 sf] d'2f, H.M Advocate V,duffy.1983,H.m Advocate V.paxton 1985 , Reg v. Clearance 1888, Reg v.Miller,1954,Reg V. Jackson 1891,Reg V.Robert 1986,Reg v.Kowalski 1987,Reg V.H.1990, Reg v.J1991, Reg v. Chopman 1959, Reg v US 1991, Reg v.sharples 1990,Regina v.O.Brien 1979, Regina v. Steal 1986 Reg v.Clark 1949 pk/f]Qm ;a} d'2fx? nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ d+h'/L a]u/ s/0fL u/]sf] sfo{ hjh{:tL s/0fL x'g] jf gx'g] ;DaGwL ljjfbsf] b]lvG5 . tL ;a} d'2fx?nfO{ cWoog ubf{ nf]Ug] / :jf:gL jLr a}aflxs ;DaGw sfod x'gf;fy :jf:gLn] nf]Ug]nfO{ s/0fL ug]{ ;xdlt lbPsf] dflgg] t/ olb :jf:gL nf]Ug];+u a:g rfxGg / ;DaGw laR5]b

gx'Gh]n sfg"g cg';f/ cbfntsf] Decree n] Living Apart jf Judicial Separation eP/ leGg eP/ a:f]sf] cyf{t Living apart eP/ a;]sf] cj:yfdf To;/L 5'l§P/ cnu a:gf;fy a}aflxs ;DaGw :yfkgf kl5 :jf:gL dflg;n] cfkm"nfO{ s/0fL ug{ nf]Ug]nfO{ lbPsf] ;xdlt :jf:gLn] :jtM lkmtf{ lnPsf] cyf{t cnu a:gf;fy nf]Ug]n] cfkm"nfO{ s/0fL ug{ lbPsf] clwsf/ :jf:gLn] :jtM revoke u/]sf] dflgG5 / To;/L 5'l§P/ leGg a;]kl5 :jf:gLsf] dGh'/L glnO{ nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ s/0fL u5{ eg] To:tf] s/0fL hjh{:tL s/0fL dflgg] l;4fGt :yflkt ePsf] b]lvG5 .

k|:t't lgj]bssf] dfu nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ :jf:gLsf] d+h'/L glnO{ s/0fL u/]df To;nfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL dfgL hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #-^_ sf] at{dfg ;hfosf] Joj:yf gk'u eof], c? dlxnfnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]sf]df x'g] ;hfo ;/x x'g'kb{5 cGoyf ;hfosf ;DaGwdf ;dfgtfsf] xs ljk/Lt x'G5 eGg] lgj]bssf] dfu ePsf] b]lvG5 .

lgj]bssf] pQm dfusf ;DaGwdf oxf+ ;dfgtfsf] xs cyf{t Right to Equality, Equal Protection of Law / d'n'sL P]g hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #-^_ g+= sf] at{dfg Aoj:yfdf CEDAW, ICCPR,ICESCR sf pNn]lvt wf/fx? cfslif{t x'g] gx'g] af/]df s]lx rrf{ ug{ cfjZos b]lvof] . ;j{k|yd hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #-^_ g+= sf] jt{dfg ;hfosf] Aoj:yfn] lajflxtf :jf:gL


684

dflg;x? ;dfgtfsf] xsaf6 alGrt ePsf] xf] xf]O{g ;f] g} x]g'{kg]{ x'g cfof] . ;dfgtfsf] xs ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# o;k|sf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5M– !#= ;dfgtfsf] xsM -!_ ;a} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df

;dfg x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g .

-@_ ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] k|of]udf s'g} klg gful/s dfly wd{, j0f{, lnË, pTklQ efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf lt dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g .

-#_ /fHon] gful/sx?sf aLr wd{, j0f{, hft hflt, lnË, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ 5}g .

t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L

hghflt, dw];L jf ls;fg, dhb"/ jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{ jf afns, j[4 tyf ckfË jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ?kn] czQm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf lasf;sf] nfuL sfg"g4f/f laz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .

pk/f]Qm wf/f !# n] lnË,hft hflt,

wd{, ju{, efiff nufot s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df klg nf]Ug] dflg; jf :jf:gL dflg; aLr e]befj ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf

u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ sfg"g agfP/ dgfl;j juL{s/0f ug{ kfOg] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #-^_ g+=df Valid marriage cGtu{t nf]Ug] / :jf:gL Ps;fy Co-habit u/]sf] cj:yfdf s;}sf] ljjflxtf :jf:gL dflg; Ps ju{ / s;}n] cfkm\gf] :jf:gL afx]s cGo pgfp :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ hj{h:tL s/0fL ul/Psf] pgfp :jf:gL dflg; csf]{ ju{ u/L juL{s/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] dgfl;j juL{s/0f cyf{t Resonable classification cg';f/ Co-habit ug]{ :jf:gL dflg; Ps ju{ / :jf:gL afx]s cGo :jf:gL dflg; csf]{ / leGg ju{ x'g eGg] j'em\g cfjZos 5 . Valid marriage cGtu{t Co-habit ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ u/]sf] s/0fL :jf:gLsf] a]dGh'/n] s/0fL u/]sf] k|dfl0ft g} ePklg nf]Ug] / :jf:gLsf] gftf / Co-habit u/L/x]sf] cfwf/df sd ;hfo s;}n] pgfp :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]sf] ck/fwdf a9L ;hfo ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/df u/]sf] Reasonable classfication elgG5 . oL b'O{ cj:yf Valid marriage cGtu{t Co-habit ul//x]sf] cj:yfsf] hjh{:tL s/0fLaf6 kLl8t ePsf] elgg] :jf:gL Ps ju{ / c? s;}af6 hjh{:tL s/0fL ul/Psf] kLl8t :jf:gL dflg; csf]{ ju{ / leGg ju{sf x'g . juL{s/0fsf] of] dfGo l;4fGt g} xf] . s'g} p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nfuL sfg"gåf/f dgfl;j juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / dfGo l;4fGtk|lt lgj]bssf] Wofg uPsf] b]lvPg .

685

c+s ^

ctM hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #-^_ g+= ;+ljwfgsf] ;dfgtfsf] xs ljk/Lt /x]sf] eGg] lhls/;+u ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .

ck/fwsf] kl/efiff s;/L ug]{ / ;hfosf] dfqf slt ug]{ eGg] laz'4 /fli6«o lawflosfsf] clwsf/ If]q leqsf] s'/f xf] . a}w laafx - valid Marriage _ cGtu{t nf]ug] :jf:gL cnu cnu klg ga;]sf] Judicial separation klg gePsf] Pp6} sf]7f / cf]R5\ofg share u/L Co–habit ug]{ nf]Ug] :jf:gL aLr s/0fL ;DaGwL laifodf :jf:gLsf] d+h'/L / s;}n] s'g} :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ p;sf] d+h'/L glnO{ OR5f ljk/Lt s/0fL u/]sf] ;DaGw / ;Gbe{sf] d+h'/Lsf] cy{ Pp6} sf]0faf6 x]g{ ldNb}g . Pp6} cf]5\ofg share u/L co–habit ug]{ nf]Ug] / :jf:gL aLr ePsf] s/0fL / nf]Ug] :jf:gL aLr ;DaGwljR5]b eO{ g;s] klg cbfntsf] cfb]zn] Judicial seperation jf Living apart ePsf] cj:yfdf :jf:gLsf] OR5f lak/Lt a]dGh'/Ln] leGg a]Un} j:g] nf]Ug]n] leGg / j]Un} a:g] :jf:gLnfO{ s/0fL u/]df hjh{:tL s/0fL dfGg ljwflosfn] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos 5 . Judicial separation / living apart sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf gu/L olb :jf:gLn] d]/f] OR5f ljk/Lt d]/f] d~h'/L glnO{ nf]Ug]n] s/0fL u/\of] eg]sf] ph'/Lsf] cfwf/df hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fw dfGg] xf] / Marital Rape sf] kl/efiff gul/sg lgj]bg dfu cg';f/ cGo JolQmn] cGo :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ u/]sf] hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] ;hfo ;/x nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ u/]sf] hjh{:tL

s/0fLdf ;hfo j9fpg' eGg] cfb]z ug]{ xf] eg] Miscarriage of justice x'g ;S5 .

Ps t kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL ljZjdf st}klg k"0f{?k]0f Fool Proof system x'Fb}g . To;df klg xfd|f] h:tf] k|0ffnLdf s'g} sfo{nfO{ uDeL/ kmf}hbf/L ck/fwdf dfGg / ;hfosf] dfqf a9fpbf ljwflosfn] a9L larf/ k'/\ofpg' kb{5 . olx s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL @)%* ;fnsf] l/6 g+= %% df j}jflxs ;DaGwsf] laz]if kl/l:ylt / kltsf] x}l;otnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L j}jflxs jnfTsf/nfO{ k"0f{tf lbg sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug'{ eg]sf] b]lvG5 .

l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf CEDAW, ICCPR,ICESCR nufot cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwsf] wf/fx? o; laifodf ck|f;+lus b]lvG5 . lgj]bsx?sf] dfu pk/f]St dxf;lGwn] dlxnf ju{nfO{ lbPsf xsx? sfg"gsf] cefj jf sfo{kflnsf] l9nf;':tL, nfk/jfxL jf Wofg gk'/\ofpgfn] dlxnfx? cfkm\gf] xs clwsf/ pkef]u ug{jf6 jl~rt ePsf]n] tL xsx? k|rng u/fpg cfb]z hf/L ul/kfp eGg] lgj]bg geO{ nf]Ug]n] :jf:gLnfO{ hjh{:tL s/0fL u/]sf]df ;hfo a9fO{ kfp egL k/]sf] xf] . lgj]bgdf pNn]lvt CEDAW, ICCPR, ICESCR sf wf/fx? dlxnfx?nfO{ Empower ug]{ wf/fx? x'g\ . laZjdf g} vf;u/L xfd|f] h:tf] u/LjL, clzIff, k/+k/f k|rng dfGotf /Lltl/jfh ?9LjfbL wd{ ;+:sl[t nufot cGo s'k|yfsf sf/0f dlxnfx? /fHoaf6 k|fKt x'g] k|fo ;a} cj;/jf6 jlGrt x'g k/]sf] lyof] .


686

/fli6«o:t/df @)$& ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng kZrft jg]sf] @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] wf/f !!-#_ df dlxnf ju{sf] pTyfgsf] nfuL sfg"g jgfP/ ljz]if Aoj:yf ug{ ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf eof] . jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] klg To;}nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 . cGt/fli6«o :t/df bf]>f] laZjo'4 kZrft vf;u/L ;+o'St /fi6« ;+3sf] u7g kl5 CEDAW nufot dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGWfL ljleGg Conventions n] dlxnfx?sf] jf}l4s z}lIfs cfly{s ;f+:s[lts :j:Yo cflb ljleGg kIfsf] pTyfgsf] nflu ljZf]if Joj:yf ug]{ l;nl;nfdf dlxnfx?sf] pTyfgsf nfuL dlxnfx?nfO{ Empower ug{ k'?ifnfO{ eGbf leGg / a]Un} Aojxf/ u/L laz]if Aoj:yf ug{;S5 . t/ tL Conventions n] hj{h:tL s/0fL h:tf] s8f / uDeL/ ck/fwdf k'?if au{sf] hLjg / :jtGqtfdf vt/fdf kg{] u/L ljwflosfn] ck/fwsf] kl/efiff g} gu/L :j]R5frf/L 9+un] s}b ;hfo a9fpg] Joj:yf ub}{g .

pk/f]Qm cGt/f{li6«o cle;lGwx?n] dlxnf au{sf] lasf; / pTyfgsf] nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, l;k hf+u/, k]zf Aoj;fo /f]huf/ ug{df k'?if;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ gkg]{ jf k'?ifnfO{ eGbf dlxnf au{nfO{ a9L nufgL, a9L ;x'lnot k|bfg ug]{ jf dlxnf au{sf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ If]qdf ;+/If0fsf] laz]if Aoj:yf ug{ ;S5 . o:tf]df dlxnf / k'?if aLr e]befj eof] egL k'?ifn] la/f]w ug{ kfp+b}g t/ dlxnfx?nfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug]{ gfddf kmf}hbf/L ck/fwdf nf]Ug]sf] hLjg

/ :jtGqtf g} vt/fdf kg]{ u/L kmf}hbf/L sfg'g lgdf{0f x'g ;Qm}g . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg dlxnfk|lt a9L Sentimental eP/ tof/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . dlxnf / k'?ifsf] nflu kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] dfkb08 ;dfg x'G5 . :jf:gLsf] hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] e/df nf]Ug]sf] hLjg / :jtGqtf vt/fdf kg]{ u/L ;hfosf] dfqf a9fpg] s'g}klg dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cle;lGwx?sf] p2]Zo, dg;fo / Aoj:yf klg xf]O{g .

t;y{ l/6 vf/]h ug]{ ax'dt /fo;+u ;xdt xF'b} hjh{:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] #-^_ g+=df ePsf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf a9fpg] ;DaGwdf a}B ljjfx -Valid Marrage_ cGtu{t nf]Ug] / :jf:gL Co–habit u/]sf] cj:yfsf] s/0fL / nf]Ug] / :jf:gLsf] ;DaGwljR5]b gePklg nf]Ug] / :jf:gL cbfntsf] cfb]zn] cnu cnu eO{ leGg a;]sf] cyf{t Living apart / Judicial separation u/L a;]sf] cj:yfsf] s/0fLnfO{ km/s km/s cj:yfsf] sfg'gdf kl/efiff u/L :jf:gL Co–habit ePsf] geO{ cnu / leGg a;]sf] cj:yfsf] dGh'/L glnO{ u/]sf] s/0fL rflx hjh{:tL s/0fL dflgg] kl/efiff u/L ;f] cj:yfsf] s/0fLdf dfq ;hfosf] dfqfdf k'gla{rf/ ug'{ egL lakIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 .

Olt ;+jt\ @)^% ;fn c;f/ @^ ut]

/f]h % z'ed\

687

c+s ^

lg0f{o g+=&(&$ g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf{]Rr cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemL

dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L= dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L ;Djt\ @)^% ;fnsf] kmf}=k"=O{=g+=)^%–CF–

))@$ cfb]z ldltM @)^%.%.%.%

d'2fM e|i6frf/ -gSsnL k|df0fkq_ .

k'g/fj]bs÷k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf uf]+ua'

uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $ gofF a;kfs{ a:g] tf/f /fhe08f/L -sfsL{_

lj?4 k|ToyL{÷jfbLM clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg

cfof]usf] tkm{af6 efg'eQm lg/f}nfsf] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfn ;/sf/

cl3 km};nf ug]{M

df= cWoIf >L tkaxfb'/ du/ df=;b:o >L uf]laGbk|;fb k/fh'nL df= ;b:o >L e"kWjh clwsf/L

ck/fw x'gnfO{ ck/flws sfo{

-Actus Reus_ / ck/fwL dg -Mens Rea_ b'a} cfjZos x'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=$_

k]z ePsf] ;l6{lkms]6 cf]xbf kfpg, cf]xbfdf jxfn x'g jf s'g} nfe ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zon] k]z

gu/]sf] eGg] ePsf]df k]z ug{ cfjZos} gePsf] ;l6{lkms]6 gSsnL agfO{ k]z ug]{ sfo{ k5fl8 cf]xbf ;DaGwL ;DEffljt nfe k|fKt ug]{ ck/flws clek|fo jf p2]Zo -Mens Rea_ /x]sf] :ki6 b]lvg cfpFbf gSsnL k|df0f kq k]z ug]{ sfo{df ck/flws sfo{ -Actus Reus_ / ck/flws dg jf p2]Zo -Mens Rea_ ;d]tsf b''a} tTj ;dfj]z ePsf] b]lvg] .

-k|s/0f g+=%_

k]z ePsf] k|df0fkqaf6 nfe lnPsf] jf glnPsf] eGg] s'/fsf] ljrf/ eO{ dflyNnf] kbdf j9'jf k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ;d]t ljjfbsf] k|df0fkqsf] s'g} k|of]hg x'g] gb]lvPsf] l:yltdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u jdf]lhd s;"/bf/ 7x/ ug{ pko'Qm / Gofof]lrt gb]lvg] egL ;kmfO{ lbg] 7x¥ofPsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ePsf] ?lnª;Fu of] Ohnf; ;xdt x'g g;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+=^_

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg

clwjQmfåo >L jfj'/fd s'+j/ / ledfh'{g cfrfo{

k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]z yfkf

cjnlDjt ghL/M


688

cfb]z Gof=dLgjxfb'/ /fodfemLM ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !& cg';f/ o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/L ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -v_ jdf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] nutdf btf{ e} k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M tf/f /fhe08f/L -sfsL{_ n] a9'jf lgo'lQm x'g] p2]Zon] k]z u/]sf] ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff ;ldlt, k6gfaf6 ;g\ !(*& df /f]nsf]8 #@!& l;=g+= #!@ jf6 P;=Pn=;L= -xfO:s"n_ k/LIff kf; u/]sf] 5fgljgsf] l;nl;nfdf pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb ;fgf]l7dL eQmk'/ dfkm{t k|dfl0fs/0fsf] nflu n]vL k7fpFbf ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff ;ldlt, k6gf, ef/tsf] ;Tofkg kqf+s $@) lbgf+s )!.)(.))# sf] kq;fy k|fKt ljj/0fsf] l;=g+= @% df k/LIffyL{sf gfd tf/f /fhe08f/L sfsL{, /f]n #@!&–#!@–*& -A_ pNn]v u/L s}lkmot dxndf Æ;ldlt clen]v ;] ldnfg s] qmd d] jl0f{t sf]8, qmdf+s Pj+ jif{ s] k'/] k|ljli6 d] leGgtf x} Æ egL n]vL cfPsf] ljj/0f pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\, ;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/sf] r=g+= !#, ldlt @)^).%.@% sf] kq;fy clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf k|fKt x'g cfPsf] . d g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f s]Gb|Lo sfof{no /Tgkfs{df t]>f] tx 6fO{lki6 kbdf sfo{/t 5' . d}n] 6]i6 k/LIff g]kfn

o'y xfO:s"njf6 @)#& ;fndf plQ0f{ u/]sf] tyf P;=Pn=;L= ;/xsf] k/LIff ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff ;ldltjf6 ;g\ !(*& df kf; u/]sL x'F . pQm k|df0fkqx? a9'jf kfpg] p2]Zon] k]z u/]sL x'F . d]/f] k|df0fkqsf] ;DaGwdf k|df0fLs/0f ljj/0fsf] l;=g+= @% df tf/f /fhe08f/L sfsL{, cg'qmdf+s #@!&–#!@–*&-A_ pNn]v u/L s}lkmot dxndf Æ;ldlt clen]v ;] ldnfg s] qmd;] jl0f{t sf]8 qmdf+s Pj+ jif{ s] k'/] k|ljli6 d] leGgtf x}Æ egL n]vL cfPsf]n] pQm k|df0fLs/0f ljj/0f cg';f/ d]/f] k|df0fkq unt b]lvg cfof] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL tf/f /fhe08f/Ln] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf u/]sf] jofg . /fi6«;]jssf] dflyNnf] cf]xf]bf kfpg] p2]Zon] jblgotk"j{s cfkm\gf] z}lIfs of]Uotf 9fF6L gSsnL k|df0fkq k]z u/]sf k|ltjfbL tf/f /fhe08f/L sfsL{n] ;fljs e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@, @( Pj+ k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !^-!_ cGtu{tsf] s;"/ u/]sf]n] lghnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@, @( Pj+ k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !^-!_ adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cf/f]k kq . d}n] @)%$ ;fndf k6gfsf] ljxf/ :s"n jf]8{jf6 cfkm+}n] k/LIff lbO{ P;=Pn=;L= ;/xsf] k/LIff plQ0f{ u/]sf] x'F . ;l6{lkms]6 ;DaGwdf lsg cf/f]k nufOof] yfxf 5}g . pQm ;l6{lkms]6n] lgo'lQm

689

c+s ^

kfPsf] klg xf]Og / j9'jf klg ePsf] 5}g, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf ePsf] jofg :j]R5fn] u/]sf] x'F eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL tf/f /fhe08f/L -sfsL{_ n] ljz]if cbfnt ;dIf u/]sf] jofg . k|ltjfbLn] ljjflbt k|df0fkq j9'jf kfpg] p2]Zon] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf k]z u/]sf] egL cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf jofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] cf/f]lkt s;"/df cbfntdf jfog ubf{ OGsf/ /x] klg cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ePsf] jofgnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L jofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] k]z u/]sf] ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff ;ldltjf6 k|fKt u/]sf] xfO:s"n k/LIffsf] k|df0fkq k|df0fLs/0fsf] nflu clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ldlt @)%(.%.!) sf] kq;fy pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\ ;fgf]l7dL dfkm{t ;DalGwt lgsfodf k7fpFbf ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff ;ldltsf] ;Tofkg kqfÍ $@), lbgfÍ )!.)(.))# sf] kq;fy k|fKt ljj/0fsf] l;=g+= @% sf] s}lkmot dxndf Æ;ldlt clen]v ;] ldnfg s] qmd d] jl0f{t sf]8, qmdfÍ Pj+ jif{ s] k'/] k|ljli6 d] leGgtf x} Æ egL n]vL cfPsf] ljj/0f pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb ;fgf] l7dL eQmk'/sf] @)^).%.@% sf] kq;fy clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf k|fKt x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm n]vL cfPsf] Joxf]/fnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] cGoyf xf] egL eGg / k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvPg . To:tf] cflwsfl/s lgsfojf6 n]vL cfPsf] s'/fnfO{ cGoyf k|dfl0ft geP;Dd k|df0fdf lng'kg]{ x'G5 .

k|ltjfbLn] g} cbfntdf jofg ubf{ cg';GWffgsf] qmddf ePsf] jofg cg';f/ ljjflbt k|df0fkq j9'jf kfpg] p2]Zon] k]z u/]sf] egL v'nfO{ lbPsf] cj:yfdf lghn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf xf]Ogg\ eGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvPg . t;y{ ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0fx?jf6 k|ltjfbL tf/f /fhe08f/L -sfsL{_ n] cf/f]kkq dfubfjL jdf]lhdsf] sfo{ u/L tTsfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ jdf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7x5{ . ;f] 7xgf{n] lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !@ / @(-@_ jdf]lhd ?=!,%)).– -Psxhf/ kfFr;o_ hl/jfgf x'G5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)^!.#.#! sf] km};nf . d k'g/fj]bsn] k|df0fkq k]z ug]{ sfo{af6 s'g} lsl;dsf] cg'lrt nfe lnPsf] / jfbLn] c'glrt xfgL Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] cj:yf 5}g . e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL ck/fwsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt jdf]lhd klg To:tf] sfo{ e|i6frf/ 7xb}{g . d}n] k]z u/]sf] k|df0fkqsf] cfwf/df s'g} k|sf/sf] nfe k|fKt gu/]sf] / em'7\7f k|df0fkq ;d]t k]z gu/]sf] x'Fbf cleof]u k|dfl0ft x'g ;Sb}g . d}n] k]z u/]sf] k|df0fkqsf] ;DaGwdf ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff ;ldlt k6gfaf6 n]lvPsf] Joxf]/fnfO{ cbfntaf6 :jtGq ?kn] k'i6L ug]{ sfo{ ePsf] 5}g . t;y{ To:tf] Joxf]/fnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ e|i6frf/ h:tf] g}lts ktg x'g] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf s;"/bf/ 7x¥ofpg gldNg] x'Fbf ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf jb/ u/L cf/f]lkt


690

s;"/af6 ;kmfO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg kq . o;df k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tf/f /fhe08f/L -sfsL{_ n] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f, hgzlQm dxfzfvfsf] 6fOlki6 kbdf g]kfn o'y xfO{:s"naf6 6]i6 kf; u/]sf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq k]z u/]sf] cfwf/df lgo'lQm k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] ljxf/ ljBfno, k/LIff ;ldlt, k6gfaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] elgPsf P;=Pn=l;=sf] k|df0f kq k]z u/L a9'jf eO{ kmfO{bf lnPsf] cj:yf klg b]lvFb}g . o:tf] l:yltdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u bfjL jdf]lhd e|i6frf/ u/]sf] 7x¥ofPsf] ljz]if cbfnt, sf7df8f}+sf] km};nf km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf 5nkmnsf] nflu dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.#.# sf] cfb]z . o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^$.@.!$ df km};nf ePsf] ;Dat\ @)^) ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=@((% sf] e|i6frf/ -gSsnL k|df0fkq_ d'2fdf k]z ePsf] ljjflbt k|df0fkqaf6 nfe lnPsf] jf glnPsf] eGg] s'/fsf] ljrf/ eO{ dflyNnf] kbdf j9'jf k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ljjfbsf] k|df0fkqsf] s'g} k|of]hg x'g] gb]lvPsf] egL s;"/ gdfgL ;kmfO{ lbg] 7x¥ofPsf] ljz]if cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ ePsf]df o;} cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ;Dat\ @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #*##, g]=sf=k=@)^$ lg=g+=&*@% sf] e|i6frf/ d'2fdf k|ltkflbt

l;4fGtdf em'6[f k|df0fkq k]z u/L ;s]sf] s'/fdf nfe nPsf] 5}g eGg] lhsL/ dfGo gx'g] egL ljz]if cbfntn] cleof]u dfu bfjL cg';f/ 7x/ u/]sf] OG;fkm ;b/ ePaf6 em6[f cyf{t\ gSsnL k|df0fkq h'g;'s} k|of]hgn] k]z ePklg s;"/hGo x'g] egL Pp6} k|sf/sf ljjfb / sfg"gL k|Zgdf b'O{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] lg0f{o leGbfleGb} b]lvg cfPaf6 o:tf] k|Zgdf Ps?ktf sfod x'g kg]{ b]lvFbf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf] lgod #-v_ sf] cfwf/df k|:t't d'2fx? k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf]n] k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^$.!!.@* sf] cfb]z . lgod jdf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs÷k|ltjfbL tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmfåo >L afa'/fd s'Fj/ tyf >L ledfh'{g cfrfo{ / jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]z yfkfn] ug'{ ePsf] jx; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ k'g/fj]bs tf/f /fhe08f/L -sfsL{_ g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] 6fOlki6 -t];|f] tx_ kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lghn] 6fOlki6 -t];|f] tx_ kbaf6 a9'jf kfpg k]z u/]sf] jif{ !(*& sf] ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff ;ldltjf6 k|fKt u/]sf] xfO:s"n k/LIffsf] k|df0fkq k|df0fLs/0fsf] nflu clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ldlt @)%(.%.!) sf] kq;fy pRr dfWolds

691

c+s ^

lzIff kl/ifb\ ;fgf]l7dL dfkm{t ;DalGwt lgsfodf k7fpFbf ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff ;ldltsf] ;Tofkg kqfÍ $@), lbgfÍ )!(.))# sf] kq;fy k|fKt ljj/0fsf] l;=g+= @% sf] s}lkmot dxndf Æ;ldlt clen]v ;] ldnfg s] qmd d] jl0f{t sf]8, qmdfÍ Pj+ jif{ s] k'/] k|ljli6 d] leGgtf x}Æ egL n]vL cfPsf]n] k'g/fj]bsn] z}lIfs of]Uotf 9fF6L gSsnL k|df0fkq k]z u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]kdf k'g/fj]bs pk/ tTsfnLg e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ / @( tyf k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !^-!_ jdf]lhd ;hfo dfu u/L d'2f rnfO{Psf]df ljz]if cbfntn] k'g/fj]bsnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7x/ u/L bkmf @(-@_ jdf]lhd ?=!,%)).– hl/jfgf u/]sf]n] lgh k|ltjfbLsf] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] b]lvof] . k'g/fj]bsn] ljz]if cbfnt ;dIf jofg ubf{ ljjflbt z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq cfkm"n] k]z u/]sf] s'/fdf ;fljt eO{ pQm k|df0fkq cfkm"n] k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt eO{ plQ0f{ eO{ k|fKt u/]sf] t/ k]z u/]klg pQm k|df0fkqsf cfwf/df lgo'QmL gkfPsf] x'Fbf ;hfo x'g kg]{ xf]Og eGg] lhsL/ lnFb} jofg u/]sf] b]lvof] . o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] o:t} ljifoj:t' /x]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 ljdnf kf]v/]n ePsf] ;Dat\ @)^) ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= @((% sf] e|i6frf/ d'2fdf / ;'bz{g yfkf lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf] ;Dat\ @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #*## -g]=sf=k=@)^$

lg=g+=&*@%_ sf] e|i6frf/ d'2fdf km/s km/s ?lnª ePsf] egL ldlt @)^$.!!.@* df k"0f{ Ohnf;df k7fPsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ k|:t't d'2f o; k"0f{ Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] /x]5 . k|:t't d'2fdf o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 km/s km/s ?lnª ePsf] elgPsf plNnlvt km};nfx?, k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ / k'g/fj]bs tkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] jx; lhsL/ ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ ePsf] 5 . @= lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& nfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] vf/]h u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(, ldlt @)%(.#.% b]lv nfu" ePsf] / ;f] P]gsf] bkmf ^% df /x]sf] vf/]hL / arfp lzif{s cGtu{t pkbkmf -#_ df e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& adf]lhd eP u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL o;} P]g adf]lhd eP u/]sf] dflgg]5 eGg] k|fawfg /x]sf] kfO{of] . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ n] æs'g} JolQmn] /fi6«;]jssf] cf]xbf kfpg] jf ;f] cf]xbfdf jxfn /xg] p2]Zon] lzIff ;DaGwL s'g} of]Uotf, gfd, tLgk':t], pd]/, hft, y/, jtg, gful/stf jf cof]Uotf 9fF6]df lghnfO{ s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ @ jif{ b]lv ^ jif{;Dd s}b jf hl/jfgf jf b'a} ;hfo x'g]5Æ eGg] Aoj:yf u/]sf]df vf/]h ug]{ P]g e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !^-!_ n] æs'g} JolQmn] /fi6«;]jssf] cf]xbf kfpg] jf ;f] cf]xbfdf jxfn /xg] jf s'g} x}l;ot, nfe jf ;'ljwf kfpg]


692

p2]Zon] z}lIfs of]Uotf, gfd, tLgk':t], pd]/, hft, y/, 7]ufgf, gful/stf jf of]Uotf jf cGo s'g} s'/fsf] em'6\7f ljj/0f lbPdf jf ;f] ;DaGwL em'6\7f k|df0fkq k]z u/]df lghnfO{ s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ 5 dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{;Dd s}b / bz xhf/ ?k}ofb]lv jL; xhf/ ?k}of;Dd hl/jfgf x'g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yfaf6 vf/]h ePsf] P]gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] /fi6«;]jssf] cf]xbf lgldQ of]Uotf gfd OToflb 9f6\g] ck/fwnfO{ vf/]h ug]{ P]g cyf{t e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !^-!_ n] cem :ki6 / lj:tfl/t ?kdf lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] b]lvg cfof] . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ldlt @)%(.%.!) sf] kqåf/f clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf yk 5fgljgsf] nflu cfjZos sfuhft k7fPsf] jf/]sf] kq k|]lift ul/P kZrft\ ;f] cfof]uaf6 5fgljg ePsf]df gSsnL k|df0fkq ePsf] tYo pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb, ;fgf]l7dLsf] ldlt @)^).%.@% sf] kqaf6 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf] cj:yf b]lvG5 .

#= tf/f /fhe08f/L -sfsL{_ ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff ;ldlt, k6gfaf6 ;g\ !(*& df /f]n sf]8 #@!& l;=g+= #!@ P;=Pn=;L= k/LIff kf; u/]sf] egL k]z u/]sf] k|df0f kq ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg z'? ePsf] ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf @$s= n] æo; P]g jdf]lhd d'2f bfo/ ug]{ xbDofb sfod ubf{ ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ jf >L

% sf] ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yfsf] ;DklQ lxgfldgf u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf]df s'g} xbDofb nfUg] 5}g . ;f] jfx]s c? e|i6frf/sf] s;"/df ljefuLo sf/jfO{ ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfsf] / ljefuLo sf/jfO{ gePsf]df cg';Gwfgsf] sf/jfO{ z'? ePsf] ldltn] @ jif{sf] xbDofb x'g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df k|:t't d'2f ljefuLo sf/jfxL gePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf cg';Gwfg z'? ePsf] cyf{t ldlt @)%(.%.!) sf] b''O{ aif{ leq d'2f rnfpg' kg]{ xbDofb vf/]h ePsf] P]gn] tf]s]sf]df vf/]h ePsf] P]g cGt/ut sf/jfxL ;'? ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf cg';Gwfg z'? ePsf] b''O{ aif{ leq d'2f rNg ;Sg] g;Sg] s] xf] < ;f] tkm{ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'g cfof] . sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g @)!) sf] bkmf $ n] vf/]hLsf] kl/0ffdsf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ub}{ v08 -ª_ df æs'g} g]kfn P]gn] clxn];Dd ag]sf] / kl5 aGg] s'g} P]gnfO{ vf/]h u¥of] eg] cs}{ clek|fo gb]lvPdf vf/]h ePsf] P]gn] s'g} txlssft, sfg"gL sf/jfO{ jf pkfonfO{ z'? ug{, hf/L /fVg jf nfu" ug{ x'G5 / vf/]h ug]{ P]g kf; geP ;/x u/L To:tf] b08 ;hfo jf hkmt u/] x'G5Æ eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kl/k|]Ifdf bkmf $ -ª_ sf] pQm Joj:yfn] vf/]h ePsf] e|i6frf/ P]gsf] bkmf !@ sf] s;"/df txlssft, sfg'gL sf/jfxL jf pkfonfO{ vf/]h ePsf] bkmf @$s= sf] xbDofb leq z'? ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf gb]lvPsf] vf/]h ug]{, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf ^% -

693

c+s ^

#_ n] klg e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& adf]lhd eP u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL o;} P]g adf]lhd eP u/]sf] dflgg] 5 egL arfp u/L /x]sf] cj:yfdf k|:t't ljjfbdf vf/]h ePsf] P]g cfslif{t gx'g] eGg ;lsg] ePg .

$= k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tf/f /fhe08f/L -sfsL{_ n] ljxf/ ljBfno kl/Iff ;ldlt, k6gfaf6 !(*& df /f]nsf]8 #@!& l;=g+= #!@ P;=Pn=;L= -xfO{:s'n_ kl/Iff kf; u/]sf] ;l6{lkms]6 k]z u/]sf] tYodf s'g} ljjfb b]lvFb}g . k|ltjfbL k'g/fj]bsn] ;l6{lkms]6af6 lgo'lQm kfPsf] / ;l6{lkms]6sf cfwf/df a9'jf kfPsf] cj:yf ge} ;l6{lkms]6sf cfwf/df cf]xbf kfpg], cf]xbfdf axfn /xg] ;d]tsf s'g} nfe ;'ljwf k|fKt gePsf] x'Fbf To:tf] ;l6{lkms]6sf cfwf/df ;hfo ug{ gldNg] eGg];Ddsf] lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvof] . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ n] æs'g} JolQmn] /fi6«;]jssf] cf]xbf kfpg] jf ;f] cf]xbfdf jxfn /xg] p2]Zon] lzIff ;DaGwL s'g} of]Uotf, gfd, tLgk':t], pd]/, hft, y/, jtg, gful/stf jf cof]Uotf 9fF6]df lghnfO{ s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ @ jif{ b]lv ^ jif{;Dd s}b jf hl/jfgf jf b'a} ;hfo x'g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf u/]af6 /fi6« ;]jsn] s'g} cf]xbf kfpg], cf]xbfdf jxfn /xg] jf s'g} nfe jf ;'ljwf kfpg] p2]Zon] lzIff ;DaGwL s'g} of]Uotf, gfd, ltg k':t], pd]/, hft, y/, jtg, gful/stf jf cof]Uotf 9f6\g gx'g] u/L o:tf sfo{nfO{

ck/fwhGo u/L :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg cfpFb5 . ck/fw x'gnfO{ lgZro g} ck/flws sfo{ -Actus Reus_ / ck/fwL dg -Mens Rea_ b'a} cfjZos x'G5 . ck/fwLs sfo{ -Actus Reus_ eGgfn] ck/fw;Fu ;DalGwt zf/Ll/s jf ef}lts sfo{ a''‰g'' kg]{ x'G5 eg] ck/flws dg -Mens Rea_ ck/flws clek|fo jf p2]ZonfO{ af]w u/fpFb5 . ck/flws clek|fo jf p2]Zo ljxLgsf] sfo{af6 dfq ck/fw sfod x'g ;Sb}g -Actus Non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea_ eGg] kmf}Hbf/L Gofosf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt /x]sf] 5 .

%= k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLaf6 gSsnL ;l6{lkms]6 k]z ug]{ sfo{ cyf{t ck/flws sfo{ -Actus Reus_ ePsf] tYodf s'g} ljjfb 5}g, k]z ePsf] ;l6{lkms]6 cf]xbf kfpg, cf]xbfdf jxfn x'g jf s'g} nfe ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zon] k]z gu/]sf] eGg] ePsf]df k]z ug{ cfjZos} gePsf] ;l6{lkms]6 gSsnL agfO{ k]z ug]{ sfo{ k5fl8 cf]xbf ;DaGwL ;DEffljt nfe k|fKt ug]{ ck/flws clek|fo jf p2]Zo -Mens Rea_ /x]sf] :ki6 b]lvg cfpFbf gSsnL k|df0f kq k]z ug]{ sfo{df ck/flws sfo{ -Actus Reus_ / ck/flws dg jf p2]Zo -Mens Rea_ ;d]tsf b''a} tTj ;dfj]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ k|ltjfbLsf] pQm sfo{nfO{ s;"/ dfgL e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ tyf @(-@_ jdf]lhd lghnfO{ ?=!,%)).– hl/jfgf x'g] 7x¥ofPsf] ljz]if cbfnt


694

sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)^!.#.#! sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .

^= o:t} ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 ljdnf kf]v/]n ePsf] ;Dat\ @)^) ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=@((% sf] e|i6frf/ -gSsnL k|df0fkq_ d'2fdf k]z ePsf] ljjflbt k|df0fkqaf6 nfe lnPsf] jf glnPsf] eGg] s'/fsf] ljrf/ eO{ dflyNnf] kbdf j9'jf k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ;d]t ljjfbsf] k|df0fkqsf] s'g} k|of]hg x'g] gb]lvPsf] l:yltdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u jdf]lhd s;"/bf/ 7x/ ug{ pko'Qm / Gofof]lrt gb]lvg] egL ;kmfO{ lbg] 7x¥ofPsf] o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^#.#.!! df ePsf] ?lnª;Fu of] Ohnf; ;xdt x'g ;s]g . ldl;n lgod jdf]lhd u/L a'emfO{lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=tflx/cln cG;f/L

Gof= an/fd s]=;L=sf] /foM k|:t't d'2fdf gSsnL k|df0fkq h'g;'s} k|of]hgn] k]z ePklg s;"/hGo x'g] eGg] jx'dt dfggLo GofofwLzx?sf] /fo;Fu ;xdt x'Fb} ;f] lgisif{df k'Ugsf nflu d]/f] yk / 5'6[} /fo k|:t't u/]sf] 5' . o:t} ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf d'2fx?df o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 km/s km/s ?lnª ePsf] egL pNn]v

ul/Psf km};nfx?, k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ / k'g/fj]bssf] tkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] jx; lhsL/ ;d]tsf cfwf/df x]bf{ b]xfosf ljifodf s]lGb|t e} Gofo lg?k0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . != ;fj{hlgs sfof{nodf jxfn /xL

;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf JolQmn] z}lIfs of]Uotf ;DaGwL jf cof]Uotf ;DaGwL Joxf]/f 9fF6L gSsnL k|df0fkq jf em'6[f Joxf]/f k]z u/]sf] t/ To;sf] kmfObf jf nfe lnOg;s]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] sfo{ ck/fwk"0f{ sfo{ x'G5 jf x'Fb}g / To;sf nflu ;DalGwt JolQm ;hfosf] efuL x'G5 jf x'Fb}g <

@= e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& nfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] vf/]h u/]sf] t/ k'g/fj]bsnfO{ ;fljssf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& cg';f/ ;hfo u/]sf] x'Fbf vf/]h ePsf] P]gn] ;hfo ug{ ldN5 jf ldNb}g <

ca, ;j{k|yd klxnf] k|Zg tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ oL k|ltjfbL g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] 6fOlki6 -t];|f] tx_ kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvPg . lghn] k]z u/]sf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq ;SsnL geO{ gSsnL eGg] ePsf]n] lghn] k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf] lzIf0f ;+:yf ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff ;ldlt ;dIf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]

695

c+s ^

ldlt @)%(.%.!) sf] kq;fy pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\ ;fgf]l7dL dfkm{t k7fpFbf pQm ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff ;ldltsf] ;Tofkg kqfÍ $@), lbgfÍ )!.)(.))# sf] kq;fy k|fKt ljj/0fsf] l;=g+= @% sf] s}lkmot dxndf Æ;ldlt clen]v ;] ldnfg s] qmd d] jl0f{t sf]8, qmdfÍ Pj+ jif{ s] k'/] k|ljli6 d] leGgtf x} Æ egL n]vL cfPsf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf lghn] gSsnL k|df0fkq k]z u/L ;f] k|df0fkqaf6 kmfObf glnP klg lghn] cof]Uotf 9fF6]sf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb ePg / ;f] s'/fsf] cGo yk k|df0f klg cfjZos k/]g . k|ltjfbLn] cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;dIf jofg ubf{ dfWolds k/LIff plQ0f{ u/]sf] pQm z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq a9'jf kfpg] p2]Zon] k]z u/]sf] egL ;fljtL jofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ df æs'g} JolQmn] /fi6«;]jssf] cf]xbf kfpg] jf ;f] cf]xbfdf jxfn /xg] p2]Zon] lzIff ;DaGwL s'g} of]Uotf, gfd, tLgk':t], pd]/, hft y/, jtg, gful/stf jf cof]Uotf 9fF6]df lghnfO{ s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ @ jif{ b]lv ^ jif{;Dd s}b jf hl/jfgf jf b'a} ;hfo x'g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . pQm k|fawfgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo / cfzo s'g} sd{rf/Ln] lzIff ;DaGwL of]Uotf jf gfd jf tLgk':t] jf pd]/ cflb jf s'g} cof]Uotf 9fF6\g gx'g], olb tL dWo] s'g} of]Uotf jf cof]Uotf 9fF6]df ck/fwk"0f{ sfo{ x'g] eGg] b]lvG5 .

pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfn] of]Uotf jf cof]Uotf 9fF6\g] sfo{nfO{ cfk/flws sfo{ kl/eflift u/L ;hfosf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf bkmf !@ cg';f/sf] ck/fw x'g of]Uotf jf cof]Uotf 9fF6]sf]df To;af6 nfe lnO{ ;s]sf] jf lng gkfPsf] jf glnPsf] jf lnO{ g;s]sf] h] ;'s} ePklg To;sf] glthf jf c;/sf] s'g} dtnj x'Fb}g . plNnlvt ck/fw x'g dg;fo s] s:tf] xf] k|dfl0ft x'g kb}{g, of]Uotf jf cof]Uotf 9fF6\g] sfo{ g} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . s'g} /fi6«;]jsn] cfkm\gf] ;+u7g cyjf cfkm\gf] Employer ;dIf cfkm"df gePsf] of]Uotf 5 egL gSsnL of]Uotf k]z u/] jf s'g} cof]Uotf n'sfO{ To:tf] cof]Uotf 5}g egL e'm6[f ljj/0f k]z u/]df To:tf] sfo{ g} bkmf !@ sf] s;"/ x'G5 . kmf}hbf/L ck/fwdf cleo'Qmsf] dg;fo -Mens Rea_ klg x]l/G5, t/ s]xL ck/fwx?, h;nfO{ Strict liability jf Absolute prohibition sf] ck/fw elgG5, To:tf]df Mens Rea x]l/Fb}g . Strict liability sf] ck/fwdf klxnf] s'/f s'g} sfo{ ug]{ OR5f eO{ To:tf] sfo{ u/]sf] x''gk5{ / bf];|f] s'/f To:tf] sfo{ ug'{ ck/fw xf] eGg] s'/f ck/fw ug]{nfO{ yfxf ePsf] x'G5 . o; d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs ÷ k|ltjfbLsf] cfkm\gf] o;=Pn=l;=sf] of]Uotf gePsf]n] gePsf] of]Uotf 5 egL gSsnL k|df0fkq u}/ sfg"gL tl/sfn] k|fKt u/L of]Uotf 5 egL k]z ug]{ / To;/L cfkm"df gePsf] of]Uotf 5 egL gSsnL k|df0fkq k]z ug]{ sfo{ ck/fw xf] eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lghnfO{ x'g' kof{Kt x'G5 . Strict liability


696

sf] o:tf] ck/fwdf Mens Rea x]l/Fb}g . gSsnL k|df0fkq k]z u/]sf] k|dfl0ft x'gf;fy} gePsf] of]Uotf 5 egL jf cof]Uotf 9fF6L nfe lng vf]h]sf] Mens Rea :jtM k|dfl0ft x'G5 . k'g/fj]bsn] lhsL/ u/] ;/x nfe lnO{ g;s]sf]df ck/fw gx'g] ljwfoLsL dg;fo eP bkmf !@ df k|ltaGwfTds afSof+z /fvL jf cGo cfjZos Joj:yf u/L nfe lnO{ g;s]sf]df ck/fw gx'g] :ki6 Joj:yf x'g] lyof] . kmf}hbf/L ck/fwdf sfo{ eGbf klg Mind guilty dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bsn] df}sf k/] kmfObf p7fpg] p2]Zon] cj;/jfbL eP/ g} pQm gSsnL k|df0fkq k]z u/]sf] x'Fbf nfe lnO{ g;s]sf] eGg] k|Zg g} cfpFb}g . To:tf] JofVof ug'{ eg]sf] bkmf !@ sf] unt / ljwfoLsL OR5f ljk/Lt JofVof ug'{ xf] . pQm bkmf !@ sf] of]Uotf jf cof]Uotf 9fF6\g] sfo{nfO{ e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ dfgL /fHosf] tkm{af6 cg';Gwfg eO{ /fHos} tkm{af6 cleof]u nufO{ d'2f ;d]t rnfOg] / ;f] d'2f clGtd geP;Dd /fHos} tkm{af6 k|lt/Iff ul/g] bkmf !@ sf] Joj:yfsf k5fl8 s]xL dfGotfx? /x]sf 5g\ . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmnfO{, /fi6«;]jsnfO{, ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{, sfg"g jdf]lhd ul7t sfof{no, ;+:yfg, ;+:yf jf lgsfo jf ;+u7gdf sfo{/t kbflwsf/L jf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ nfu" x'g] sfg"g xf] . hf] JolQm ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQm jf /fi6«;]js jf sd{rf/L jf kbflwsf/Lsf]

kl/efiff leq kb}{g, s]xL ckjfb jfx]s To:tf] JolQmnfO{ pQm P]g nfu" x'Fb}g . o;sf] p2]Zo b]zsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfngdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] To:tf kbflwsf/Lx? tf]lsPsf] of]Uotf k'u]sf], of]Uo, :jR5, g}ltsjfg, OdfGbf/, ;TojfbL / c;n rl/q Pj+ c;n rfnrngsf] x'g'k5{ eGg] g} xf] . xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgf Pj+ Joj:yf cg';f/ dlGqkl/ifb\, h;nfO{ Political Executive klg elgG5, dlGqkl/ifb\n] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ cGtu{t gLlt lgdf{0f ub{5, /fHo ;~rfng ub{5 / tL Political Executive nfO{ sd{rf/Lx? cyf{t\ Permanent Executive n] cfkm\gf] nfdf] cg'ejsf cfwf/df lgikIf ?kdf ;Nnfx k|bfg u/L lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] gLlt nfu" u/L /fHo ;~rfngdf ;3fp k'¥ofpFb5g\ . To;}n] o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf ePsf] ;d"x tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ;DkGg, :jR5 rl/qsf] OdfGbf/ / /fhgLltdf gnfu]sf] x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df tL lgsfox?sf] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"gdf Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf ;d]t tf]sL ljleGg cfr/0fx?sf] Joj:yf u/L z}lIfs of]Uotf ;DkGg x'g' kg]{, cfr/0fsf] kfngf ug'{kg]{ / ;f]sf] ljk/Lt u/]df ljefuLo sf/jfxL x'g] ;d]tsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;}n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u / e|i6frf/ h:tf sfo{ u/]df b08gLo x'g] ;d]tsf] Joj:yf sfg"gdf ul/Psf] x'G5, To:tf] Joj:yf klg ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQm jf /fi6«;]jssf nflu cfslif{t

697

c+s ^

x'G5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g oxL p2]Zon] :jR5 k|zf;g ;~rfngsf ;fy} ljleGg lgsfosf kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/Lsf] pRr g}ltstf sfod ug{sf nflu NofOPsf] sfg"g xf] . ;+u7g ;+rfngdf sd{rf/Lx?sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . ;/sf/L sfof{no jf u}/;/sf/L sfof{no jf ;+:yfx?sf] sfo{ cf–cfkm\gf] sfg"g cg'?k x'G5 . To:tf ;+:yfx?sf] sfd eg]s} gful/sx?, hf] ;]jfu|fxL jf jf:tljs pkef]Qmf x'g\, nfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg' xf] . To;}n] tL ;+u7gx?n] cfkm\gf kbflwsf/L Pj+ sd{rf/Laf6 pRr g}ltstf / OdfGbfl/tfsf] ck]Iff ub{5 / k|To]s ;+u7gn] cfkm\gf] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL lgodfjnLdf cfr/0f ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf u/L cfr/0f ljk/Lt sfd u/]df ToxL cfr/0f ljk/Lt sfd u/]sf] sf/0f ljefuLo sf/jfO{ u/L s;"/sf] dfqf cg'?k ;]jfaf6} x6fpg ;Sg] jf jvf{:t ug{ ;Sg] ;d]tsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL lgodfjnLdf ePsf sltko cfr/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yfx?df cfd gful/ssf] x}l;otn] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] df}lns xs ;d]t /fi6«;]js ePsf] sf/0f /fi6«;]jssf] kbdf /x'~h]n Ps k|sf/n] To:tf xsx? lgnDjgdf /x] ;/x u/L /fi6«;]js kbdf jxfn /x'~h]n pkef]u ug{ gkfpg] k|fawfgx? /flvPsf] x'G5, t/ klg To;nfO{ df}lns xs ljk/Lt dflgb}g . o;sf] p2]Zo /fi6«;]jssf] x}l;ot /fVg] sd{rf/L /fhgLltaf6 6f9f / Neutral /xg To:tf] sd{rf/Ldf OdfGbfl/tf, pRr

g}ltstf, nugzLntf, ;Totf, ljZj;gLotf x'g'k5{ eGg] g} xf] . t/ o;sf] ljk/Lt olb s'g} kbflwsf/L jf sd{rf/Ln] cfr/0f / sfg"g ljk/Lt cfkm\gf] JolQmut lghL :jfy{sf] nflu cfkm\gf] ;+u7g ;dIf g} gSsnL z}lIfs of]Uotf k]z u/L cfkm\gf] z}lIfs of]Uotf 9fF6\g] jf cof]Uotf 9fF6\g] h:tf] sfo{ ub{5 eg] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ ;+u7gn] ljZjf; ug{ ;Sb}g / ToxL s'/fnfO{ dxz'; u/L e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ df z}lIfs of]Uotf 9fF6\g' jf z}lIfs cof]Uotf n'sfpg' g} e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ dfgL ljefuLo sf/jfxL u/L kbaf6 x6fpg'sf ;fy} kmf}hbf/L ck/fwdf ;hfo ;d]t ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . k|zf;goGqdf z}lIfs of]Uotf 9fF6\g] jf cof]Uotf n'sfpg] JolQmsf] pkl:ylt /xg' eg]sf] Psftkm{ ;'zf;gsf] k|lts"n x'G5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf of]Uo JolQmx?n] c;dfg JolQmx?;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{' kg]{ e} of]Uo JolQmx?n] ;dfgtfsf] xssf] pkef]u ug{ gkfpg] l:yltsf] ;d]t pbo x'g hfG5 . To;}n] z}lIfs of]Uotf 9fF6\g] / z}lIfs cof]Uotf n'sfpg] sfo{n] ;'zf;g / ;dfgtfsf] xs ljk/Lt x'g hfg] x'gfn] klg To:tf] sfo{nfO{ cfr/0f ljk/Lt / b08gLo sfo{ dflgPsf] xf] . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ df of]Uotf jf cof]Uotf 9fF6] klg To;sf] nfe lnO{ ;s]sf] ePdfq ck/fw 7xl/g] elgPsf] 5}g . ;f] s'/f k'g/fj]bssf] lhsL/ dfq xf] . bkmf !@ sf] ck/fw x'g


698

of]Uotf jf cof]Uotf 9fF6\g' g} kof{Kt x'G5, nfe lnO{ ;s]sf] x'g' kb}{g . k|To]s /fi6«;]jsaf6 ;+u7gn] OdfGbfl/tf / ;Totfsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] x'G5 . cfkm"df gePsf] of]Uotf 5 egL 9fF6L jf cfkm"df s'g} cof]Uotf 5 eg] To:tf] cof]UotfnfO{ n'sfO{ gePsf] of]Uotf 5 egL 9fF6L b]vfpg'sf] Psdfq p2]Zo eg]sf] df}sf k/] cfkm"df g/x]sf] of]UotfnfO{ 5 egL / cfkm"df /x]sf] cof]UotfnfO{ n'sfO{ 9fF6L of]Uotf ;DkGg 5 egL k|:t't u/L kmfO{bf lng' g} xf] . t;y{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ sf] ;Gbe{df k'g/fj]bsn] dfWolds txsf] k|df0fkq k]z ;Dddfq u/]sf] t/ To;sf] nfe lnO{ g;s]sf] x'Fbf ;kmfO{ kfpg'k5{ eGg] lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . ca, bf];|f] k|Zgsf ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ k'g/fj]bstkm{af6 jx; ug'{ x'g] sfg"g Joj;foLåf/f e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& vf/]h e} ;s]sf] cj:yfdf ljz]if cbfntn] vf/]h eO{;s]sf] pQm P]gsf] cfwf/df ;hfo u/]sf] ldn]g, d'2f g} vf/]h x'g' k5{ eGg] ;d]tsf] lhsL/ lnOPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& klxnf] k6s ldlt @)!&.!@.@* df /fhkqdf k|sflzt eO{ pQm P]g k|sflzt ldltaf6} nfu" ePsf] / k6s k6s ;+zf]wg ;d]t ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm P]gnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf ^%-@_ n] ldlt @)%(.#.% b]lv vf/]h u/]sf] b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/sf] ck/fwdf s}b / hl/jfgf b'a} ;hfo x'g ;Sb5 .

e|i6frf/sf] ck/fw kmf}hbf/L ck/fw xf] . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -3_ df s;"/sf] dfqfsf] kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 eg] kl/R5]b @ cGtu{t bkmf # b]lv bkmf !^u ;Dd ug{ gx'g] sfo{x? pNn]v ePsf] / olb To:tf] ug{ gx'g] sfo{ u/] ck/fw dflgg] / ;hfo ;d]t x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltjfbLtkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLn] jx;sf qmddf lng' ePsf] lhsL/sf ;Gbe{df b]xfosf b'O{ k|Zgdf klg ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5M != ;fljssf] Penal Law nfO{ kl5

ag]sf] s'g} gofF P]gn] vf/]h u/]df ;fljs P]g cGtu{t eP u/]sf ck/flws sfo{df s'g P]g nfu" x'g] xf] <

@= ;fljssf] P]gnfO{ vf/]h u/L nfu" ePsf] P]g cGtu{t sf/jfO{ x'Fbf kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] xs ljk/Lt x'g] xf] ls <

plNnlvt ;Gbe{df x]bf{ xfd|f] sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g / sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL dfGo l;4fGt cg';f/ ;fljs eO/x]sf] P]gnfO{ s'g} P]gn] vf/]h u/] klg P]g vf/]h geP;/x ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg txlssft rfn' /fvL sfg"gL sf/jfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;lsG5 . ;fljs P]gnfO{ vf/]h u/L s'g} gofF P]g nfu" ePdf P]gn] :ki6 Joj:yf gu/]sf] cj:yfdf ;fljs P]g vf/]h x'Fb}df vtjft dfkm x'g ;Sb}g .

699

c+s ^

vf/]h ug]{ kl5 ag]sf] P]g kfl/t÷nfu" geP ;/x ;fljssf] P]g cGtu{t ck/fw cg';Gwfg, txlssft, cleof]hg / cbfntL sf/jfO{sf] k|lqmof cufl8 a9\b5 . sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t e} /fHo ;+rfng x'g] ;+j}wflgs k|lta4tf /x]sf] 5 . tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !$ df / jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f @$-$_ df kmf}hbf/L Gofo ;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm wf/fx?df ætTsfn k|rlnt sfg"gn] ;hfo gx'g] s'g} sfd u/] jfkt s'g} JolQm ;hfosf] efuL x'g] 5}g / s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s;"/ ubf{sf] cj:yfdf k|rlnt sfg"gdf tf]lsPeGbf a9L ;hfo lbOg] 5}gÆ eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . of] Joj:yf Ex Post Facto Law lj?4sf] xs xf] . ;f] xs cGtu{t olb klxn] u/]sf] s'g} sfo{df ck/fw dflgg] / ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] 5}g eg] klxn] u/]sf] sfo{df kl5 P]g agfO{ ck/fw 3f]lift u/L ;hfo ug{ gkfOg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . ;f] xs /fHosf lj?4 k|fKt x'g] kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] xs xf] . gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw, !(^^ -ICCPR_ nfO{ g]kfnn] d] !$, !((! df cg'df]bg ;d]t u/]sfn] ;GwL P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( cg';f/ ;f] cg'aGw g]kfnsf nflu sfg"g ;/x afWofTds ?kn] nfu" x'G5 . ;f] cg'aGwsf] wf/f !% o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M

No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time when the criminal offence was committed. If, subsequent to the commission of the offence, provision is made by law for the imposition of the lighter penalty, the offender shall benefit thereby. ICCPR sf] wf/f !% sf] pQm Joj:yf / g]kfnsf] tTsfnLg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$-!_ df /x]sf] Joj:yf ;dfg 5 . Ex Post Facto Law sf ;DaGwdf cd]l/sfsf] cbfntn] Calder vs. Bull, (1798) 3 Dall 386 sf] d'2fdf olb kl5 ag]sf] P]gdf b]xfosf] rf/ cj:yfx? ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 eg] To:tf] sfg"g Ex Post Facto Law x'G5 eg]sf] 5M 1. Every law that makes an action done

before the passing of the law and which was innocent when done criminal and punishes such action.

2. Every law that aggravates a crime or makes it greater than it was when committed.

3. Every law that changes the punishment and inflicts a greater punishment than the law annexed to the crime when committed.


700

4. Every law that alters the legal rules of evidence and receives less or different testimony than the law required at the time of commission of the offence in order to convict the offender.

Cooley (Constitutional Law, p. 357) sf cg';f/ b]xfosf b'O{ cj:yf ;dfj]z ePsf] sfg"g klg Ex Post Facto Law x'g] eGg] b]lvG5M 1. Every law which assuming to

regulate civil rights and remedies only in effect imposes a penalty or the deprivation of a right for something which when done was lawful.

2. Every law which deprives persons accused of crime of some lawful protection to which they have become entitled.

o;/L kl5 ag]sf] sfg"gn] ;fljssf] sfg"g cGtu{tsf] ck/fwsf] kl/efiffnfO{ Jofks u/L a9fO{ a9L sfo{nfO{ ck/fw egL kl/eflift u/]df klg To:tf] sfg"g Ex Post Facto Law dflgg] b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& ;+zf]wg ePsf] geO{ ;f] P]gnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] vf/]h u/L ldlt @)%(.#.% af6 nfu" ePsf] xf] . of]Uotf n'sfpg] jf cof]Uotf 9fF6\g] sfo{ cfk/flws sfo{ x'g] ;fljs

e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ df klg Joj:yf gePsf] xf]Og . pQm P]gn] klg of]Uotf n'sfpg] / cof]Uotf 9fF6\g] sfo{ cfk/flws sfo{ dfg]sf] / e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] klg pQm sfo{x?nfO{ s;"/sf ?kdf lg/Gt/tf lbP klg e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( k'g/fj]bsn] gSsnL k|df0fkq k]z u/] kl5 nfu" ePsf] b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !^ n] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ sf] eGbf a9L / yk sfo{nfO{ ck/flws sfo{ dfgL ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L kl5 ag]sf] sfg"g To;df klg ;fljssf] bkmf !@ n] ck/flws sfo{ egL kl/efiff u/]sf] eGbf a9L / yk sfo{nfO{ klg ck/fw dflgPsf] x'Fbf ldlt @)%(.#.% eGbf cufl8sf] sfo{df e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& nfu" x'G5 . t;y{ ;fljs P]g e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& vf/]h ePsf]n] d'2f g} rNg g;Sg] / rn]sf] d'2f klg vf/]h x'g' kg]{ eGg] lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . k'g/fj]bssf] lhsL/nfO{ dfGg] xf] eg] xfd|f] Penal Code sf ?kdf /x]sf] d'n'sL P]gsf] efu % vf/]h u/L gofF ck/fw ;+lxtf nfu" ePdf d'2f g} rNg ;Sb}g . d'n'sL P]g efu % cGtu{tsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] ck/fwsf] ?kdf dfg]sf ;Dk"0f{ ck/fwx? :jtM dfkm x'g hfG5 . t/ sfg"gsf] dg;fo / Joj:yf To:tf] xf]Og . olb sfg"g :ki6 5 eg] Impunity sf] cj:yf >[hgf x'g] u/L cbfntn] slxNo} klg JofVof ug'{ x'Fb}g . sfg"g

701

c+s ^

JofVof ;DaGwL P]g cg'?k vf/]h ePsf] P]g cGtu{t ePsf] s'g} ck/fw ;DaGwL txlssft, sfg"gL sf/jfO{ jf pkfodf s'g} c;/ kb}{g . o:tf] txlssft, sfg"gL sf/jfO{ jf pkfonfO{ z'? ug{, hf/L /fVg jf nfu" ug{ x'G5 / vf/]h ug]{ P]g kf; geP ;/x sfd sf/jfO{ cufl8 a9fpg x'G5 . sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]gn] u/]sf] of] Joj:yf sfg"gsf] dfGo l;4fGt klg xf] . xfd|f] sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g dfq xf]Og ef/tsf] General Clauses Act, 1897 sf] bkmf ^ df klg xfd|} h:tf] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5, h'g o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M

6. Effect of repeal- Where this Act, viz., the General Clause Act, or any Central Act or Regulation made after the commencement of this Act, repeals any enactment hitherto made or hereafter to be made, then, unless a different intention appears, the repeal shall not-

a. Revive anything not in force or existing at the time at which the repeal takes effect; or

b. Affect the previous operation of any enactment so repealed or anything duly done or suffered there under; or

c. Affect any right, privilege, obligation or liability acquired,

accrued or incurrent under any enactment so repealed; or

d. Affect any penalty, forfeiture or punishment incurred in respect of any offence committed against any enactment so repealed; or

e. Affect any investigation, legal proceeding or remedy in respect of any such right, privilege, obligation, liability, penalty, forfeiture or punishment as aforesaid;

And any such investig ation, legal proceeding or remedy may be instituted, continued or enforced, and any such penalty, forfeiture or punishment may be imposed as if the repealing Act or regulation had not been passed.

oxfF ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] olb kl5 ag]sf] P]gn] pxL ck/fwdf klxnf ag]sf] P]gn] eGbf sd ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] /x]5 eg] ;hfosf] xsdf dfq cleo'Qmn] kl5 ag]sf] sd ;hfosf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ub{5 / kl5 ag]sf] P]g jdf]lhd sd ;hfo ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ICCPR sf] wf/f !%-!_ df If, subsequent to the commission of the offence, provision is made by law for the imposition of the lighter penalty, the offender shall benefit thereby eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . b08gLo sfg"gdf ck/fwsf] kl/efiff / ;hfosf] Joj:yfsf]


702

;fy} xbDofb, d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L, ck/fw cg';Gwfg ug]{ clwsf/L jf lgsfo / k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] lgsfo ;d]tsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'g ;S5 . ;fljs P]gnfO{ vf/]h u/L kl/dflh{t gofF P]g nfu" ePdf vf/]h ug]{ P]gn] ;hfosf] xsdf sd ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]df sd ;hfo g} ul/g'sf] cnfjf cg';Gwfg clwsf/L / d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L klg kl5 ag]sf] P]g cGtu{ts} nfu" x'G5 . ;f] afx]s cGo s'/fdf kl5 ag]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf nfu" x'Fb}g . k|:t't d'2fdf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ tyf bkmf @(-@_ df ePsf] ;hfosf] Joj:yf / kl5 ag]sf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !^ df ePsf] ;hfosf] dfqf x]bf{ kl5 ag]sf] P]gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;hfosf] dfqf g} a9L ePsf] x'Fbf ;hfo tkm{ ljrf/ ug'{ k/]g . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] s;"/sf] kl/efiff, ;hfosf] Joj:yf, ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfo, d'2f rnfpg] xbDofb cflb Joj:yf u/] h:t} e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& n] klg s;"/sf] kl/efiff, ;hfosf] Joj:yf, ck/fwsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ / d'2f rnfpg] xbDofb cflb pQm P]gdf g} Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf ldlt @)%(.#.% eGbf cufl8 ePsf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] kl/R5]b @ cGtu{tsf] ck/fwdf ;f] P]gsf] xbDofb leq ;f] P]g cyf{t\ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& cGtu{t g} d'2f rNg / sf/jfO{ x'g ;S5 . o;df s'g} q'6L x'Fb}g .

ctM dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f ;d]taf6 k|ltjfbLn] k]z u/]sf] dfWolds txsf] ef/tsf] ljxf/ ljBfno k/LIff ;ldltsf] k|df0fkq gSsnL eGg] k'i6L x'g cfof] . To;/L gSsnL k|df0fkq k]z ug]{ sfo{ g} ck/flws sfo{ xf] . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ df gSsnL k|df0fkq k]z u/L of]Uotf jf cof]Uotf 9fF6L s'g} nfe lnO{ ;s]sf] ePdfq cfk/flws sfo{ x'g] gegL of]Uotf jf cof]Uotf 9fF6]df dfq klg s;"/ sfod x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] / k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLaf6 k]z ePsf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq gSsnL k|df0fkq ePsf]n] lghn] ;f] k|df0fkqaf6 nfe xfl;n u/] klg of gu/]klg To:tf] gSsnL k|df0fkq cfkm" sfo{/t ;+:yfdf k]z ug]{ sfo{ :jo+ g} tTsfnLg e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ jdf]lhd s;"/hGo sfo{ ePsf] x'Fbf k|ltjfbLsf] pQm sfo{nfO{ s;"/ dfgL P]gsf] bkmf !@ tyf @(-@_ jdf]lhd ?=!,%)).– hl/jfgf x'g] 7x¥ofPsf] ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)^!.#.#! sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . o:t} ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ lj?4 ljdnf kf]v/]n ePsf] ;Dat\ @)^) ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= @((% sf] e|i6frf/ -gSsnL k|df0fkq_ d'2fdf k]z ePsf] ljjflbt k|df0fkqaf6 nfe lnPsf] jf glnPsf] eGg] s'/fsf] ljrf/ eO{ dflyNnf] kbdf j9'jf k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ;d]t ljjfbsf] k|df0fkqsf]

703

c+s ^

s'g} k|of]hg x'g] gb]lvPsf] l:yltdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u jdf]lhd s;"/bf/ 7x/ ug{ pko'Qm / Gofof]lrt gb]lvg] egL ;kmfO{ lbg] 7x¥ofPsf] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^#.#.!! df ePsf] ?lnª;Fu ;xdt x'g g;lsPsf] x'Fbf pQm ?lnªnfO{ Overrule ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg' . Olt;Dat\ @)^% ;fn efb| % ut] /f]h % z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf


704

lg0f{o g+=&(&% g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf{]Rr cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx ;Djt\ @)^% ;fnsf] b]=k'=O{=g+=)^$—

DF====))#! cfb]z ldltM @)^%.%.!@.%

d'2fM—n]gb]g .

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM e'6gd08n d3}of wfg's

lj?4 k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL dw'/Lk|;fb ofbj

tfd]nL zAbn] d'2fdf lg0f{o ug]{ cj:yf gk/L eO{/x]sf] sf/afxLnfO{ tTsfnsf nflu :ylut ug]{ jf ;'/lIft -Reserve_ /fVg] sfo{nfO{ hgfpg] x'Fbf To;/L tfd]nL /flvPsf] d'2fsf] sf/jfxL s'g} vf; k|df0fsf] pknAwtfdf jf vf; cj:yfdf k'gM hufO{ k"j{jt ?kdf p7fg u/L To:tf] d'2fsf] ljjflbt k|Zgsf] Goflos lg0f{o4f/f lg/f]k0f ug{ ;lsg] .

-k|s/0f g+=%_ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 d'2f tfd]nLdf

/fVg] cfb]z ubf{ d'2fsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L ljjfbsf] lg?k0f u/]sf] geO{ e/L kfpg] /sd a'emL lnO;s]sf] egL lgj]bg k/]sf]n]

aFfsL sf/jfxL ul//xg' gkg]{ eO{ tfd]nL /flvPsf]df kl5 lgj]bg k/L d'2fsf] tYoaf6 k"j{ tfd]nL cfb]z sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg] kl/l:ylt pTkGg ePsf]n] d'2fdf Goflos lg?k0f g} ug'{kg]{ eO{ ;dfg :t/sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] tfd]nLaf6 hufO{ sf/afxL ug]{ u/L cfb]z u/]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf pQm tfd]nL hufpg] u/L ePsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] cfb]zaf6 k"j{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] lg0f{osf] cl:tTj g} kl/j{tg x'g] u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod % adf]lhd clwsf/ If]qfTds q'6L eP u/]sf] dfGg g;lsg] .

-k|s/0f g+=!!_ Pp6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] tfd]nLdf

/fVg] u/L u/]sf] cfb]z ePsf]df ;d:t/sf] csf]{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] cfwf/ / sf/0f ;lxt tfd]nLaf6 hufO{ afFsL+ sf/jfxL ug]{ u/L cfb]z ug{ s'g} sfg'gL afwf /x]sf] gb]lvg] .

-k|s/0f g+=!!_ d'2fsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L u/]sf]

Pp6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] lg0f{o jf clGtd cfb]z csf]{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ab/ x'g g;Sg] t/ d'2fsf] lg0f{o u'g{kg]{ k|Zgdf k|j]z g} gu/L d'2fsf] sf/jfxL tfd]nLdf /fVg] cfb]z ePsf]df ;f] cfb]zaf6 tfd]nLdf /x]sf] d'2fnfO{ hufpg]

705

c+s ^

u/L csf]{ ;dfg:t/sf] Ohnf;n] cfb]z ug{ ;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+=!@_

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L ;'lgns'df/ kf]v/]n

k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M cjnlDjt ghL/Mg]=sf=k= @)^$, c+s $,

lg0f{o g+= &*#!, k[i7 #(&

cfb]z o;df k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf tkm{jf6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L ;'lgn s'df/ kf]v/]nn] ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'gL k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ z'? ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntn] jfbLn] k|ltjfbLjf6 n]gb]gsf] ;fjfF Jofhsf] ljuf] ?=#%,%(#.@) / sf]6{ kmL ?=!$$#.)! ;d]t e/L kfpg] 7x/ u/]sf] km};nf k'g/fj]bg cbfntjf6 s]xL pN6L u/L ?=@,(#).—dfq e/L kfpg] 7x/ u/] pk/ k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/L ldlt @)%&.@.!^ df k|ToyL{ lemsfpg] cfb]z ;d]t ePsf] b]lvG5 . sf/jfxLo'Qm cj:yfdf /x]sf] k|:t't d'2fdf ljkIfL dw'/Lk|;fb ofbjn] bfjL adf]lhdsf] ?=#&,))#.@) a'emfP/ /f]Ssf /x]sf] hUuf km's'jf u/fO{ ;s]sf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bssf] jf/]z OGb|b]j d08nn] ldlt @)^).!).% df Ohnf; ;dIf lgj]bg u/]sf] b]lvof] . bfjLsf] ;fjfF Jofhsf] /sd k|ltjfbLjf6 3/;f/df a'emL /f]Ssf ePsf] hUuf k'ms'jf

eO{ ;s]sf] eGg] lgj]bg k/]sf] eGb} lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] eGbf km/s Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;jf6 ;f]xL ldltdf k|:t't d'2fjf6 cGo s'g} sf/jfxL ug'{ gkg]{ egL tfd]nLdf /fvL lbPsf] cj:yf /x]5 . k|ltjfbLn] bfjLsf] /sd ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntdf w/f}6 /fvL /f]Ssf /x]sf] hUuf k'ms'jf u/fO{ nu]sf] eGg] x'g' kg]{df o; cbfntsf] cfb]zdf /sd a'emL ;s]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePjf6 ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntjf6 w/f}6 lkmtf{ lng cK7\of/f] k/]sf]n] cfb]z z+;f]wg ul/kfpFm egL k'gMldlt @)^!.#.@! df k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] jf/]z rknf kf]v/]nsf] lgj]bg k/L ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfnt;+u s}lkmot k|ltj]bg dfu eO{ o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;jf6 ldlt @)^!.^.! df k"j{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^).!).% sf] cfb]z ;+zf]wg ug]{ cfb]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o2lk pQm cfb]zsf] lz/ Joxf]/fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] km};nf cg';f/sf] /sd w/f}6Ljf6 lbg' kg]{ b]lvPsf] eGg] s}lkmot k|ltj]bgsf] Joxf]/f p3[t ub}{ lgisif{df sfg"gn] nfUg] b:t'/ lnO{ w/f}6L /sd lkmtf{ lbg' egL @)^).!).% df o; cbfntjf6 ePsf] cfb]z ;+zf]wg u/L lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] kfOof] . z'?sf] km};nf s]xL pN6L u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pk/ lrQ ga'emfO{ o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg u/L sf/jfxLo'Qm /x]sf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] 7x/ adf]lhdsf] w/f}6L dfq


706

kfpg] cj:yf ePsf]n] ldlt @)^).!).% sf] tfd]nL cfb]z ab/ u/L tfd]nLjf6 hufO{ kfpF egL k'g/fj]bssf] d+h'/Lgfdf /fvL /fh]Gb|k|;fb ;]9fO{n] ldlt @)^@.!.* df lbPsf] lgj]bgsf] /f]xjf6 k"j{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^).!).% sf] tfd]nL cfb]z / ldlt @)^!.^.! sf] tfd]nL ;+zf]wg cfb]z ;d]t ab/ u/L tfd]nL hufO{ k'g/fj]bg bfo/Ldf btf{ u/L d'2fsf kIfx?nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' eGg] ;d]t o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;jf6 ldlt @)^@.@.!! df cfb]z ePsf] b]lvof] . ;dfg:t/sf] Pp6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] d'2fsf] sf/jfxL tfd]nLdf /fVg] u/L u/]sf] cfb]znfO{ csf]{ ;+o'Qm O+hnfzn] ;+;f]wg tyf ab/ u/L tfd]nLaf6 k|:t't d'2f hufpFg] u/L cfb]z u/]sf]df ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL,@)$( sf] lgod % sf] Joj:yfn] ;d:t/sf] Pp6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;nfO{ k"j{ cfb]z g} ;+;f]wg tyf ab/ ug{ If]qflwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvb}g . ;d:t/sf] Pp6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] lg0f{o af]ln;s]sf] ljifodf csf]{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] ;f] lg0f{osf] cl:tTj g} kl/jt{g x'g] u/L ;f] cfb]znfO{ ;+zf]wg tyf ab/ ug]{ u/]sf] ljifodf clwsf/If]qfTds q'6L b]lvO{ h6Ln sfg'gL k|Zg pkl:yt ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df k|:t't d'2f o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^$.!@.@! df ;+o'Qm Ohfnzaf6 cfb]z ePsf] b]lvof] . ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] pQm cfb]zdf ;dfg :t/sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] tfd]nLdf /fVg]u/L klxn] g} u/]sf] cfb]znfO{ ;+zf]wg

ug]{ / To:tf] tfd]nL Pj+ ;+zf]wg cfb]z ;d]tnfO{ km]l/ csf]{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] ab/ u/L tfd]nL hufpg] u/L u/]sf] cfb]zdf clwsf/ If]q ;DaGwL q'6L ePsf] eGg] cfwf/ lnPsf] b]lvbf k|:t't ljifodf o; Ohnf;af6 d'nt lgDg @ j6f k|Zgx?sf] lg/f]k0f x'g'kg]{ b]lvof] . -s_ ;dfg :t/sf] Pp6f Ohnf;af6

ePsf] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z csf]{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ;+;f]wg ug{ ldNg] gldNg] s] xf] <

-v_ PpF6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ePsf] tfd]nL cfb]z ab/ u/L csf]{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 d'2fsf] sf/jfxL hufpg ldNg] xf] , xf]Og <

@= ;j{k|yd klxnf] k|Zg tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ d'2fdf ePsf] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z ;+zf]wg ug]{ ;DaGwdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !(-@_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd Psk6s lg0f{o u/L ;s]sf] d'2fsf] O{G;fkmdf km/s kg]{ u/L ;+zf]wg ug'{ x'Fb}g eGg] /x]sf] kfO{G5 . To:t} ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf] lgod &!-!_ adf]lhd km};nf jf cfb]zdf n]vfO{sf] ;fdfGo q'l6 b]lvPdf ;f]sf] ;'wf/sf] nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfn] lgj]bg lbg jf cbfnt :jo+sf] tkm{af6 k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ ;lsg] ;Ddsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfO{G5 . ;f]xL pklgod -#_ df æpklgod -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg kq kg{ cfPdf jf k|ltj]bg k]z x'g cfPdf /lhi6«f/n] ;f]

707

c+s ^

lgj]bgkq jf k|ltj]bg / ;DalGwt ldl;n km};nf jf cfb]z ug]{ GofofwLzx? ;dIf k]z ug'{ k5{ . ;f] dWo] s'g} GofofwLz jf GofofwLzx? ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] ?kdf axfn g/x]sf] jf cg'kl:yt /x]sf] jf ljbfdf a;]sf] eP k|wfg GofofwLzn] s'g} cGo GofofwLz ;dIf k]z u/fpFg ;Sg]5 . km};nf ;+zf]wg ug{ u7g ePsf] Ohnf;n] To;df e"n ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{ b]v]df km};nf jf cfb]zdf ;+zf]wg ug]{ u/L 5'§} cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5Æ eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . #= pNn]lvt sfg'gL Joj:yf cg';f/ Pp6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] d'2fsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L ljjflbt ljifodf Psk6s Goflos lg0f{o u/L ;s]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] d'2fsf] OG;fkmdf g} c;/ kg]{ u/L ;+zf]wg ug{ gldNg] t/ OG;fkmdf km/s kg]{ ljifo afx]s km};nf jf cfb]zsf] n]vfOdf jf 6fOkdf x'g uPsf] ;fdfGo q'6L ;RofpFg] u/L ;+zf]wg ug{ ldNg] g} b]lvG5 . t/ To;/L ;+zf]wg ug]{ sfo{ ;Dej eP ;Dd k"j{ cfb]z jf km};nf ug]{ Ohnf;n] g} ug'{kg]{ / k"j{ Ohnf;sf GofofwLzx? pknAw g/x]df k|wfg GofofwLzn] ;+zf]wgsf] lgj]bg jf k|ltj]bg cGo GofofwLz ;dIf k]z u/fO{ ;+zf]wg u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvbf d'2fsf] km};nf jf cfb]zdf ePsf] ;fdfGo q'6L ;Rofpg] u/L ;+zf]wg ug]{ sfo{ ;DalGwt k"j{ Ohnf; jf k|wfg GofofwLzn] tf]s]sf] ;dfg:tsf] csf]{ Ohnf;af6 ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOof] . k|:t't ljjfbsf]

tYosf] cWoog ubf{ jfbLsf] bfjLsf] /sd k|ltjfbLn] ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntdf w/f}6 /fvL /f]Ssf /x]sf] hUuf km's'jf u/fO{ nu]sf] eGg] x'g'kg]{df o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^).!).% sf] cfb]zdf k'g/fj]bgdf lhls/ lnP cg';f/sf] /sd lnO{ a'emL ;s]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntdf k|ltjfbLn] w/f}6 /fv]sf] /sd lkmtf{ lng cK7\of/f] k/]sf]n] ;f] cfb]z ;+zf]wg u/L kfpFm egL ldlt @)^!.#.@! df k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] jf/]z rknf kf]v/]nsf] lgj]bg k/L ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfnt;Fu s}lkmot k|ltj]bg ;d]t dfu e} o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^!.^.! df æsfg'gn] nfUg] b:t'/ lnO{ w/f}6L /sd lkmtf{ lbg' egL @)^).!).% df o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z ;+zf]wg u/L lbPsf] 5Æ egL klxn]sf] tfd]nL cfb]z ;+zf]wg ePsf] b]lvG5 . $= ldlt @)^).!).% sf] tfd]nL cfb]zdf k'g/fj]bsn] lhls/ lnPsf] /sd a'emL ;s]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePklg oyfy{df z'? ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf cg';f/ jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 e/fO{ lng kfpg] /sd ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntdf k|ltjfbLn]] w/f}6Ldf /fvL /f]Ssf /flvPsf] hUuf ;Dd km's'jf u/L nu]sf] b]lvPsf]df ;f] tfd]nL cfb]zdf w/f}6L /sd lkmtf{ lbg' eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v x'g' kg]{df cbfntsf] q'6Lsf sf/0f /sd a'emL ;s]sf] b]lvPsf] eGg] pNn]v e} ldl;nsf] sf/jfxL tfd]nLdf /fVg] cfb]z ePsf] / ;f]


708

cfb]zaf6 k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 e/fO{ kfpg] w/f}6L /sd lkmtf{ lng cK7\of/f] k/]sf] sf/0fn] g} kl5 ldlt @)^!.^.! sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ;+zf]wg cfb]zdf /sd a'emL ;s]sf] eGg] jfSofz+sf] ;§f sfg'gn] nfUg] b:t'/ lnO{ w/f}6L /sd lkmtf{ lbg' eGg] jfSofz+ /fvL klxn]sf] ldlt @)^).!).% sf] tfd]nL cfb]z ;+zf]wg ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] ;+zf]wg cfb]zaf6 k|:t't d'2fsf] tYoaf6 w/f}6Ldf /fv]sf] b]lvPsf] jfbLn] e/fO{ lng kfpg] 7x/]sf] /sd lkmtf{ lbg' eGg] ;Dd Joxf]/f k/L ;+zf]wg ePsf] b]lvbf ;+zf]wg cfb]z pNn]lvt sfg'gL Joj:yf ljk/Lt d'2fsf] lg0f{odf g} tflTjs leGgtf x'g] u/L ePsf] geO{ sfg'gL k|fjwfg cg'?k ;dfg :t/sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ;+zf]wg ePsf] b]lvbf ;f] ;+zf]wg cfb]zdf o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] p7fPsf] h:tf] clwsf/ If]q ;DaGwL s'g} h6Ln sfg"gL k|Zg laBdfg /x]sf] b]lvPg . %= ca Pp6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] tfd]nLdf /fVg] u/L u/]sf] cfb]znfO{ csf]{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] ab/ u/L d'2fsf] sf/jfxL hufpg ldNg] gldNg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, ;j{k|yd tfd]nL cfb]z eGgfn] d'2fsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L ul/Psf] Goflos lg0f{o xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf ljj]rgf ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . tfd]nL zAbsf] kl/efiff k|rlnt sfg'gdf ePsf] gkfOPtf klg ;f] zAbsf] cy{ x]bf{ d'''''2f rNg g;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPsf]df tT;DaGwL Joxf]/f hgfO{ ;f] d'2f :yug /fVg] lg0f{onfO{ tfd]nL elgPsf]

kfOG5 -;Dkfbs z+s/ s'df/ >]i7, g]kfnL sfg'gL zAbsf]if,k|yd ;+:s/0f, @)$^, k|sfzs >LdtL uf]lkgL >]i7,k[i7 !*%_ ljleGg sfg"gdf k|o'Qm ePsf] tfd]nL zAbsf] ;Gbe{ / Goflos k/Dk/f ;d]tnfO{ x]bf{ tfd]nL zAbn] d2fdf lg0f{o ug]{ cj:yf gk/L eO{/x]sf] sf/afxLnfO{ tTsfnsf nflu :ylut ug]{ jf ;'/lIft -Reserve_ /fVg] sfo{nfO{ hgfpFb5 . To;/L tfd]nL /flvPsf] d'2fsf] sf/jfxL s'g} vf; k|df0fsf] pknAwtfdf jf vf; cj:yfdf k'gM hufO{ k"j{jt ?kdf p7fg u/L To:tf] d'2fsf] ljjflbt k|Zgsf] Goflos lg0f{o4f/f lg/f]k0f ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . ^= k|rlnt g]kfn sfg'gdf tfd]nL ;DaGwL Joj:yf x]bf{ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !(-!@_ df ;+slnt k|df0fsf cfwf/df cf/f]k k|dfl0ft x'g g;Sg] ePdf cfof]un] ;DalGwt ph'/LnfO{ sf/0f ;lxtsf] krf{ v8f u/L tfd]nLdf /fVg ;Sg], t/ kl5 s'g} gofF k|df0f km]nf k/]df To:tf] ph'/Lsf ;DaGwdf k'g M cg';Gwfg / txlssftsf] sf/afxL cufl8 a9fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:t} Joj:yf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf #% df klg /x]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} Gofo kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf %-#_ df k|f/lDes hfFr a'emaf6 GofofwLz lj?4sf] cf/f]k tYoxLg b]lvPdf kl/ifb\n] To:tf] sf/jfxLnfO{ tfd]nLdf /fVg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

709

c+s ^

&= To:t} o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ;Dat\ @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=O=g+= )))@ sf] df]xL nut s§f d'2fdf ldlt @)^$.#.@* df lg0f{o x'Fbf æe"dL ;'wf/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ab/ lgldQ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/Lkfpg lgj]bg lbO{ tf/]v 5f8]sf] sf/0f tfd]nL /fv]sf] sfo{af6 ;f] lgj]bg pk/sf] sf/jfxL cufl8 ga9fpg] ;Dd xf] . tfd]nLsf] cj:yfn] km};nfnfO{ a}wtf lbPsf] jf ;f] lg0f{o x'g k"j{ p7fOPsf] sfg'gL k|Zgsf] lg/fs/0f u/]sf] dfGg ldNg] x'b}g . km};nfsf] a}wtf jf s'g} sfg"gL k|Zg p7fOPsf]df ;f] p7fOPsf] k|Zg pk/ ljrf/ e} km};nfsf] sfg'gL x}l;ot k/LIf0f ePsf] lg0f{oaf6 km};nfsf] x}l;ot lgwf{/0f x'G5 . lgj]bg tfd]nLdf /fVg] sfo{df oL sfo{x? gx'g] x'Fbf tfd]nLdf /fv]sf] sfo{n] s'g} sfo{nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] dfGg ldNb}gÆ eGg] ;d]t l;4fGt - g]=sf=k=@)^$ c+s$, lg=g+= &*#! k[i7–#(& _ k|ltkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 . *= pNn]lvt sfg'gL Joj:yf / k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]taf6 tfd]nL eGgfn] d'2fsf] sfd sf/afxL cufl8 a9fO{ lg0f{o ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yf geO{ h] h'g cj:yfdf 5 ;f]xL cj:yfdf d'2fsf] sf/afxL :ylut u/L nut s§f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ hgfpg] x'Fbf tfd]nLn] d'2fsf] tYo / cf}lrTodf k|j]z u/L ul/Psf] lg0f{onfO{ hgfpg g;Sg] b]lvg cfpF5 . (= k|:t't d'2fdf jfbLsf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/L

sf/jfxL o'Qm cj:yfdf /x]sf]df lkm/fbbfjL adf]lhdsf] ;fFjf Jofhsf] ?=#&,))#.@) k|ltjfbLaf6 3/;f/df a'emL lnO{ ljuf] e/L e/fp ;Ddsf] nflu /f]Ssf /flvPsf] hUuf ;d]t km's'jf ul/;lsPsf] egL k'g/fj]bssf] jf/]z OGb|b]j d08nn] ldlt @)^).!).% df lgj]bg lbPsf] x'Fbf ;f]xL ldltdf o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 k|:t't d'2fdf æcGo sf/afxL ug'{ gk/L tfd]nLdf /fvL lbPsf] 5Æ eGg] cfb]z e} d'2fsf] sf/jfxL tfd]nLdf /flvPsf] b]lvG5 . ldlt @)^!.^.! df k"j{ tfd]nL cfb]zdf k|o'Qm æ/sd a'emL ;s]sf]Æ eGg] jfSofz+sf] ;§f æsfg'gn] nfUg] b:t'/ lnO{ w/f}6L /sd lkmtf{ lbg'Æ egL ;+zf]wg ePsf] / ldlt @)^@.!.* df k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] dGh'/gfdf lng] /fh]Gb|k|;fb ;]9fO{n] k'gM tfd]nL hufO{ d'2fsf] sf/jfxL u/L OG;fkm ul/kfpFm egL o; cbfntdf lgj]bg lbP kl5 ;f] lgj]bg k|:t't d'2f tfd]nLdf /fVg] cfb]z ug]{ o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzx? dWo] /fd glugf l;+x ;d]tsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df k]z ug]{ cfb]z e} ;f] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^@.@.!! df k|:t't d'2fdf æz'? ;Kt/L lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L ljuf] ?=@,(#).– dfq jfbLn] e/L kfpg] 7x¥ofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pk/ k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf 7x/ km};nf gx'Fb} clwsf/ g} glbPsf] jf/]zn] /sd a'emL ;s]sf] egL lgj]bg lbPsf] eGg] jfbLn]] lgj]bg hLls/ lnPsf] b]lv+bf o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z k|fljlws sf/0fn] sfof{Gjog x'g


710

g;s]sf] ,ljuf]tkm{ osLg geP;Dd z'? lhNnf cbfntdf w/f}6Ldf /x]sf] /sd jfbLnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg sfg'gL c8\rg pTkGg x'g uPsf],c•fsf] uNtLn] ubf{ kIfsf] clxt x'g' x'Fb}g eGg] dfGo l;4fGt /x]sf] / k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 ;Dat\M @)^! ;fnsf] k"=O{=k|=g+= !) sf] k|ltj]bgdf ldlt @)^!.!.@$ df - ;=c=a'n]l6g,jif{ !#,c+s@ k[i7 %_ k'g/fj]bgdf k'g/fj]bsn] tf/]v u'hf/]sf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg tfd]nLdf /x]sf]df tfd]nL cfb]z ab/ u/L tfd]nLaf6 hufO{ ;DaGwLt kIfnfO{ hfgsf/L lbO{ sfg'g adf]lhd sf/jfxL ug]{ u/L cfb]z eO/x]sf]Æ eGg] ;d]tsf cfwf/df ldlt @)^).!).% sf] tfd]nL cfb]z / ldlt @)^!.^.! sf] ;+zf]wg cfb]z ;d]t ab/ u/L tfd]nL hufO{ sf/jfxL ug]{ u/L cfb]z ePsf] b]lvg cfof] . !)= s'g} sfg'gn] :ki6 ?kdf clwsf/ lbPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s Pp6f Ohnf;n] d'2fsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L u/]sf] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]z ;dfg:t/sf] csf]{ Ohnf;af6 ab/ x'g ;Sb}g . olb To;f] x'g uPdf To:tf] sfo{ k|rlnt sfg'g / Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt x'g hfG5 . To;}n] To:tf] ljifonfO{ lg?T;flxt u/L Goflos lg0f{osf] clGtdtf -Finality of judgement_ sf] l;4fGtsf] ;+/If0f ;d]t ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t/ k|:t't d'2fdf k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLn] n]gb]gsf] ljuf] a'emfPsf]n] k'g/fj]bg kqdf jfbLn] lnPsf] hLls/ cg'?kdf sfo{ ;DkGg e} ;s]sf] /x]5 eGg] lgisif{ af]w x'g] u/L

k'g/fj]bssf] jf/]zn] lbPsf] lgj]bgsf] cfwf/df d'2fsf] afFsL sf/jfxL ul//xg' gkg]{ egL Pp6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] tfd]nLdf /fVg] cfb]z u/]sf] / ;f] cfb]zdf /sd a'emL ;s]sf] eGg] jfSof+z ;Dd d'2fsf] oyfy{ tYo;Fu ldNg gcfO{ jfbLn] kfpg' kg]{ /sd w/f}6Ldf /x]sf] b]lvPsfn] ;f] w/f}6L lkmtf{ lbg afwf c8\rg k/]sf] eGg] k|ltj]bg k]z eO{ w/f}6Laf6 lkmtf{ lbg] u/L ;+zf]wg x'Fbf ;d]t z'? km};nf adf]lhdsf] /sd lkmtf{ lbg' kg]{ xf] jf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf adf]lhdsf] /sd jfbLnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg' kg]{ xf] eGg] ljifodf sfg'gL afwf c8\rg kg{ uPsf] b]lvPsf] ;fy} k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf lrQ ga'emfO{ jfbLn] g} o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ul//fv]sf]df To:tf] k'g/fj]bg kqsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L jfbLbfjLsf] /sd osLg u/L o; cbfntaf6 lg0f{o geP;Dd jfbLn] bfjL cg'?ksf] /sd e/fO{ kfpg] cj:yf ;d]t gb]lvPsf] l:ylt x'Fbf k|:t't d'2fsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L lg0f{o g} u'g{kg]{ cfjZostf af]w u/L To:tf] cfwf/ / sf/0f ;d]t vf]nL o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^@.@.!! df ePsf] cfb]z clwsf/ If]q ljlxg dfGg ldNg] b]lvPg . !!= o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)%).!).% df k|:t't d'2f tfd]nLdf /fVg] cfb]z ubf{ d'2fsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L ljjfbsf] lg?k0f u/]sf] geO{ jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 e/L kfpg] /sd a'emL lnO;s]sf] egL k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf]

711

c+s ^

jf/]zsf] lgj]bg k/]sf]n] aFfsL sf/jfxL ul//xg' gkg]{ eO{ tfd]nL /fvLPsf]df kl5 k'g/fj]bss} lgj]bg k/L d'2fsf] tYoaf6 k"j{ tfd]nL cfb]z sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg] kl/l:ylt pTkGg ePsf]n] d'2fdf Goflos lg?k0f g} ug'{kg]{ eO{ ;dfg :t/sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] tfd]nLaf6 hufO{ sf/afxL ug]{ u/L cfb]z u/]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf pQm tfd]nL hufpg] u/L ePsf] ldlt @)^@.@.!! sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] cfb]zaf6 k"j{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] lg0f{osf] cl:tTj g} kl/j{tg x'g] u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf] lgod % adf]lhd clwsf/ If]qfTds q'6L eP u/]sf] dfGg ;lsPg . Pp6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] tfd]nLdf /fVg] u/L u/]sf] cfb]z ePsf]df ;d:t/sf] csf]{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] cfwf/ / sf/0f ;lxt tfd]nLaf6 hufO{ afFsL+ sf/jfxL ug]{ u/L cfb]z ug{ s'g} sfg'gL afwf /xsf] b]lvb}g . !@= dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf ul/Psf] tYout ljj]rgf, cfwf/ / sf/0f tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf Pjd\ k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]taf6 d'2fsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L u/]sf] Pp6f ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] lg0f{o jf clGtd cfb]z csf]{ ;+o'Qm Ohfnzaf6 ab/ x'g g;Sg] x'G5 . t/ d'2fsf] lg0f{o u'g{kg]{ k|Zgdf k|j]z g} gu/L d'2fsf]

sf/jfxL tfd]nLdf /fVg] cfb]z ePsf]df ;f] cfb]zaf6 tfd]nLdf /x]sf] d'2fnfO{ hufpg] u/L csf]{ ;dfg:t/sf] Ohnf;n] cfb]z ug{ ;Sg] g} x'G5 . t;y{ o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^@.@.!! df ePsf] cfb]zdf ældlt @)^).!).% df ePsf] tfd]nL cfb]z / ldlt @)^!.^.! df ePsf] tfd]nL ;+zf]wg cfb]z ;d]t ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5Æ eGg] pNn]v ul//xg' gkg]{ b]lvPsf]n] ;f] xb;Dd sfod /xg g;Sg] x'Fbf ;f] afx]s k|:t't d'2f tfd]nLaf6 hufpg] u/L ePsf] pQm cfb]zdf ;+o'Qm Ohnf;n] p7fPsf] h:tf] clwsf/ If]q ;DaGwL h6Ln sfg"gL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] gb]lvbf++ pQm ldlt @)^$.!@.@! sf] cfb]z adf]lhd k|:t't d'2f o; k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 x]]g{ ldn]g . k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] nut s§f u/L k'/fgf] d'2f x'Fbf k|fyldstf ;fy rfF8f] sf/jfxL lsgf/f ug]{ u/L lgod adf]lhd ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df k]z ug'{ . Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7 Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ Gof=/fds'df/k|;fb zfx Olt ;Djt @)^% ;fn efb| dlxgf !@ ut] /f]h % z'ed==========


712

lg0f{o g+=&(&^ g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; ;DdfggLo sf=d'=k|wfg GofofwLz >L

dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemL dfggLo GofofwLz >L zf/bf >]i7 ;Dat\ @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= **@%

km};nf ldltM @)^%.!.@).^

d'2fM jfnL df]xL lg:sfzg .

k'g/fj]bs÷jfbLM lhNnf ;Kt/L /fdk'/ hd'jf uf=lj=;=j8f g+=@ j:g] sf/L ;fx t]nL

la?4 k|ToyL{÷k|ltjfbLM lhNnf ;Kt/L /fdk'/

hd'jf uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ! j:g] /ljnfn ;fx

cl3 km};nf ug]{M e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/L /f]lxts'df/ e6[/fO{ k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{M

df=Gof= >L nId0fd0fL l/;fn df=Gof= >L a'l4k|;fb /]UdL

df]xLn] a'emfPsf] w/f}6 /sd

hUufjfnfnfO{ a'emfpg] ;DaGwdf cfjZos sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{ bfloTj /x]sf] sfof{non] ;f] bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf] cfwf/df df]xLn] /fv]sf] s't w/f}6L cl:tTjljxLg x'g] jf j]l/tsf] gx'g] .

df]xLsf] bfloTj eg]sf] lgwf{l/t s'tjfnL lgwf{l/t ;doleq hUufwgLnfO{ a'emfpg] jf hUufwgLn] a'em\g OGsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf s'tnfO{ gubdf kl/0ft u/L ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsf jf lhNnf dfn c8\8f jf e"ld k|zf;g sfof{nodf w/f}6L /fVg' kg]{ .

sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] bfloTjnfO{ df]xLn] k"/f u/]sf] b]lvbf To;/L cfkm"n] sdfPsf] hUufsf] s't a'emfpg' kg]{ cfkm\gf] sfg"gL st{Jo kfngf u/L ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf s't w/f}6 /fv]sf] tYo :yflkt x'g k'u]sf] cj:yfdf To;nfO{ j]l/tsf] dfGg gldNg] .

ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf w/f}6 /x]sf] jfnL a'emL lng;Sg] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf /x]af6 klg ;f] w/f}6nfO{ cGoyf eGg jf hUufwgLn] df]xLaf6 s't jfnL gkfPsf] cy{df u|x0f ug{ gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=@_

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{jf6M k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M cjnlDjt ghL/M

km};nf sf=d'=k|=Gof=dLgjxfb'/ /fodfemLM

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ jdf]lhd o;

713

c+s ^

cbfntdf bfo/ e} k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M

o;df :j= afa' l6dfO{ ;fx' t]nLsf] gfddf btf{ /x]sf] uf=lj=;=/fdk'/ hd'jf jf8{ g+= !s sf] ls=g+= $$ h=lj= )–!–!^ hUufsf] @)%% ;fnsf] x'g] s't dnfO{ glbO{ w/f}6L ;d]t g/fv]sf] x'Fbf pQm hUufsf] x'g] s't wfg dg )–@@–* sf] df]n ?= @&).– lbnfO{ e/fO{ df]xL lgisf;g ;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL bfjL .

jfbL bfjL adf]lhdsf] hUufsf] x'g] s'tafnL @)%%.!!.@* ut] uf=lj=;=sf] sfof{no /fdk'/ hd'jfdf w/f}6L /fvL lbPsf] 5' . s't p7fpg nufO{ jfbLsf] bfjLaf6 km';{b kfpF EfGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] k|ltpQ/ kq .

k|ltjfbLn] s'tafnL uf=lj=;=df a'emfPsf] 5' eGg] lhls/ lnPsf]df ;f] a'‰bf uf=lj=;=sf cWoIfsf] lhDdfdf w/f}6L /x]sf] eGg] hjfkm k|fKt ePsf] x'Fbf To:tf] /Ltk"j{s g/flvPsf] /sdnfO{ w/f}6L /fv]sf] eGg ldn]g . df]xL lgisf;g ubf{ ;'lw|g] df}sfaf6 alGrt x'g] x'Fbf df]xL xs oyfjt\ sfod /fvL @)%% ;fnsf] s't afnL ?=@&).– jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 e/fO{ lng kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] z'? e"ld ;'wf/ sfof{no ;Kt/Lsf] ldlt @)%*.%.@& sf] lg0f{o .

z'?n] u/]sf] lg0f{odf lrQ a'em]g, e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf #^ adf]lhd uf=lj=;=df s't w/f}6L /fv]/ df]xLsf] sfg"gL bfloTj k"/f u/]sf] 5' .

uf=lj=;=df l/tk'j{s s'tafnL w/f}6L /fv]sf] s'/f s] slt sf/0faf6 j]l/t ePsf] xf] ;f] pNn]v gu/L j]l/t egL cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . df]xLn] Ps jif{df b'O{ k6s s't a'emfpg] u/L ePsf] z'?sf] q'6Lk"0f{ lg0f{o ab/ u/L OG;fkm kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

@)%% ;fnsf] s'tafnL ga'emfPsf] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L df]xL xs oyfjt\ sfod /fVg] 7x¥ofPsf] z'?sf] lg0f{o q'6Lk"0f{ 5 . e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @(-!_ adf]lhd s'tafnL ga'emfpg] df]xLnfO{ lgisf;g ug{' kg{]df afnL dfq e/fO{ df]xL xs oyfjt\ sfod /fVg] 7x¥ofPsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd q'6Lk"0f{ x'Fbf ab/ u/L df]xL ;d]t lgisf;g ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

k|ltjfbLn] hd'jf uf=lj=;=sf] sfof{nodf @)%% ;fnsf] s't w/f}6 /fv]sf] egL pQm sfof{noaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] gubL /l;bsf] kmf]6f]skL ;lxt k|ltpQ/ lbPsf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLaf6 s'tafnL e/fO{ lbg] 7x¥ofPsf] z'?sf] lg0f{o km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ k]z ug{' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] ldlt @)%*.!@.& sf] cfb]z .

o;df jfbL k|ltjfbL b'j} kIfsf] z'? km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] b]lvFbf Ps csf{nfO{ k'g/fj]bg k/:k/ ;'gfO{ ;'gL kfPsf] lg:;f ldl;n ;fd]n /fvL lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]


714

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] ldlt @)%(.#.@* sf] cfb]z .

hUufwgLn] jfnL a'em\g c:jLsf/ u/] kZrft\ k|ltjfbL df]xLn] uf=lj=; sfof{no /fdk'/ hd'jfdf w/f}6 /fv]sf] s'/f k|ltjfbLn] k]z u/]sf] ldlt @)%% sf] /l;baf6 b]lvG5 . ;f] s'/fnfO{ uf=lj=;= sf] ldlt @)%&.$.$ sf] ldl;n ;+nUg kqn] klg k'li6 ub{5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] cfb]z jdf]lhd k'gM ;DalGwt uf=lj=; a'em\bf ToxfFaf6 @)^).!@.@% df k7fPsf] kqsf] Joxf]/f k9\bf df]xLn] s't a'emfPsf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5}g . b'a} kqx?af6 df]xLsf] lhsL/ k'i6L eO{ /x]sf] 5 . plNnlvt cfwf/ k|df0fx?af6 df]xL k|ltjfbLn] @)%% ;fnsf] s'tjfnL lgod jdf]lhd ga'emfPsf], s't a'emfpg] bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf] eGg ldn]g . csf]{ s'/f uf=lj=; df df]xLn] a'emfPsf] s'tjfnL sfg"g jdf]lhd jfbLn] kfpg] g} b]lvG5 . @)%% ;fnsf] s'tjfnL uf=lj=; df w/f}6 /fv]sf] cj:yfdf bf]xf]/f] s't e/fpg] s'/f klg ePg . t;y{ jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] u/L km};nf ug'{kg]{df jfnL e/fpg] ;Dd u/]sf] z'? e"ld ;'wf/ sfof{no ;Kt/Lsf] ldlt @)%*.%.@& sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvPsfn] s]xL pN6L e} ;Dk"0f{ jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] ldlt @)^!.@.!) sf] km};nf .

e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf #^-#_ n] df]xLn] w/f}6L /fVg cfPdf w/f}6L /fVg] uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsf jf dfn

c8\8f jf e"ld k|zf;g sfof{non] ;f] w/f}6L /fVg NofPsf] /sd w/f}6Ldf cfDbfgL afFwL ;f] ?k}of a'em\g & lbgleq hUufjfnfsf] gfpFdf ;"rgf hf/L ug'{ kb{5 egL sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]df To:tf] s'g} klg k|s[of cjnDjg gul/Psf] / w/f}6 /fv]sf] /l;bsf] 7]nL / a}+s hDdf u/]sf] ef}r/sf] cw{sl6[ ;d]tsf s'g} klg ;Ssn sfuhftx? k]z x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf j]l/tsf] /l;bnfO{ dfGotf lbO{ ul/Psf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] km};nf pN6L u/L df]xL lgisfzg ;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

lgod jdf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ cfkm\gf] ls=g+= $$ h=lj= )–!–!^ hUufsf] @)%% ;fnsf] x'g] s't glbO{ w/f}6L ;d]t g/fv]sf] x'Fbf pQm s't lbnfO{ df]xL lgisf;g ;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg]] jfbL bfjL /x]sf]df jfbL bfjL adf]lhdsf] s'tafnL uf==lj=;=sf] sfof{nodf w/f}6L /fv]sf] x'Fbf jfbLsf] bfjLaf6 km';{b kfpF EfgL k|ltjfbLsf] k|ltpQ/ k/]sf] b]lvG5 . z'? e"ld;'wf/ sfof{non] s'tjfnL uf=lj=;=sf cWoIfsf] lhDdfdf w/f}6 /x]sf] tYonfO{ :jLsf/ u/]tfklt l/tk"j{s w/f}6 g/x]sf] egL s'tjfnL e/fO{ lng kfpg] u/L km};nf eP pk/ jfbL k|ltjfbL b'a} kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 s'tjfnL uf=lj=;= df a'emfPsf] cj:yfdf jfbLn] kfpg ;Sg] x'Fbf

715

c+s ^

jfnL e/fpg] u/L ePsf] z'? km};nf gldn]sf] egL jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x¥ofO{ km};nf ePsf] 5 / ;f] pk/ jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg k/L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] x'Fbf k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhaf6 ePsf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5 eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/L lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ jfbL bfjLsf] lsQf g+= $$ sf] hUufdf oL jfbL k|ltjfbL hUufwgL / df]xL /x]sf] eGg] tYodf b'a} kIfaLr d'v ldn]s} x'Fbf To;tkm{ yk ljj]rgf ug'{kg]{ cj:yf b]lvFb}g . hxfF;Dd plNnlvt lsQf g+= $$ h=lj= )–!–!^ hUufsf] @)%% ;fnsf] lgodfg';f/sf] s'tjfnL ga'emfPsf] eGg] jfbL bfjLsf] ;Gbe{ 5, ;f] hUufsf] x'g] s't wfg dg )–@@–* sf] df]n ?= @&).– k|ltjfbL df]xLn] uf=lj=;=sf] sfof{no /fdk'/ hd'jfdf w/f}6 /fv]sf] eGg] s'/f df]xLåf/f k]z ul/Psf] pQm uf=lj=;=sf] ldlt @)%%.!!.@* sf] /l;baf6 b]lvG5 . ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] uf=lj=;= sfof{no /fdk'/ hd'jfsf] ldlt @)%&.$.$ sf] kq / ;f]xL kqsf] ;dy{gdf /x]sf] ldlt @)^).!@.@% sf] kqn] klg ;f] tYosf] k'g{k'i6L ePsf] 5 . of] tYonfO{ jfbL :jo+n] klg cGoyf eGg g;sL s]jn To;/L w/f}6 /fv]kl5sf] cfjZos k|s[of cyf{t\ e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf #^-#_ sf] k|s[of cjnDjg gul/Psf] egL w/f}6 /flvPsf] s[ofnfO{ j]l/tsf] ;+1f lbPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L s't a'emfOPsf]

k|s[ofnfO{ j]l/tsf] ;+1f lbOPsf] ;Gbe{df e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf #^ df s't a'emfpg] k|s[of s] s:tf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] /x]5 eGg] ;DaGwdf cWoog ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf #^-@_ df æ=== s't a'emfpFbf hUufjfnf jf lghsf k|ltlglwn] sa'lnotdf pNn]v ePsf] s't a'emL glnPdf df]xLn] s't a'emfpg] Dofb gf3]sf] #) lbgleq b/vf:t ;fy a'emfpg' kg]{ s't ahf/ efpn] gubLdf kl/0ft u/L ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsf jf lhNnf dfn c8\8f jf e"ld k|zf;g sfof{nodf w/f}6L /fVg ;Sg]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't d'2fdf klg oxL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf cfwf/df df]xLn] s't w/f}6 /fv]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;/L /flvPsf] w/f}6L /sdnfO{ w/f}6Ldf cfDbfgL afFwL hUufjfnfnfO{ a'emfpg] tkm{ sf/jfxL k|f/De ug'{kg]{ bfloTj To:tf] w/f}6 a'emLlng] uf=lj=;= jf ;DalGwt lgsfosf] x'g] u/L P]=wf/f #^-#_ n] sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . df]xLn] a'emfPsf] w/f}6 /sd hUufjfnfnfO{ a'emfpg] ;DaGwdf cfjZos sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{ bfloTj /x]sf] sfof{non] ;f] bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf] cfwf/df df]xLn] /fv]sf] s't w/f}6L cl:tTjljxLg x'g] jf j]l/tsf] x'g] eGg] x'Fb}g . df]xLsf] bfloTj eg]sf] lgwf{l/t s'tjfnL lgwf{l/t ;doleq hUufwgLnfO{ a'emfpg] jf hUufwgLn] a'em\g OGsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf s'tnfO{ gubLdf kl/0ft u/L ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsf jf lhNnf dfn c8\8f jf


716

e"ld k|zf;g sfof{nodf w/f}6L /fVg] g} xf] . sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] of] bfloTjnfO{ k|:t't d'2fsf k|ltjfbL cyf{t\ jfbL bfjLsf] lsQf g+= $$ sf] hUufsf df]xLn] k"/f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;/L cfkm"n] sdfPsf] hUufsf] s't a'emfpg' kg]{ cfkm\gf] sfg"gL st{Jo kfngf u/L ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf s't w/f}6 /fv]sf] tYo :yflkt x'g k'u]sf] cj:yfdf To;nfO{ j]l/tsf] dfGg ldNg] b]lvPg . ;fy} To;/L ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf w/f}6 /x]sf] jfnL oL jfbLn] a'emL lng ;Sg] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf /x]af6 klg ;f] w/f}6nfO{ cGoyf eGg jf hUufwgLn] df]xLaf6 s't jfnL gkfPsf] cy{df u|x0f ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . t;y{ w/f}6L l/t k"j{s g/flvPsf] egL jfnL e/fpg] u/L u/]sf] z'? e"ld;'wf/

sfof{no ;Kt/Lsf] km};nf s]xL pN6L e} ;Dk"0f{ jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x¥ofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt /fhlj/fhsf] ldlt @)^!.@.!) sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs÷jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .

Gof=zf/bf >]i7

Olt;Dat\ @)^% ;fn j}zfv @) ut] /f]h ^ z'de\

Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf

717

c+s ^

lg0f{o g+=&(&& g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemL

dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7 ;+at @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6=g+= =========#@&#

cfb]z ldltM @)^%.@.@@.$

d'2fM pTk|]if0f .

lgj]bsM sf7df08f} lhNnf sf7df08f} dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !) jfg]Zj/ a:g] tLy{/fh pkfWofo ;d]t

lj?4 ljkIfLM sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no

lqk'/]Zj/ ;d]t

sfg"gsf] /fHodf sfg"g ljlxgtfsf] cj:yf g/xg] / ;do, kl/l:ylt / cfjZostf cg'?k sfg"gx? lgdf{0f x'+b} hfg], ;+zf]wg x'g], k'/fgf sfg"g vf/]h eO{ gofF sfg"g aGg] :jefljs k|s[of ePsfn] gofF ag]sf] sfg"gn] e}/x]sf] sfg"gnfO{ vf/]h ub}{df ;f] vf/]h ePsf] sfg"g cg'?k ePsf sfd sf/jfxL :jtM vf/]h jf cj}w gx'g] .

gofF ag]sf] sfg"gn] vf/]h u/]sf] sfg"g cg'?k ePsf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] cj:yfdf gofF ag]sf] sfg"gdf ylkPsf] t/ k'/fgf] sfg"gn]

g;d]6]sf] gofF k|fjwfg klg vf/]h ePs} sfg"gsf] k|fjwfgsf] lg/Gt/tf xf] egL JofVof ug{ gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=$_ n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ Pp6} n]vfk/LIfs,

;fem]bf/ jf k"j{ ;fem]bf/ jf sd{rf/L jf e"tk"j{ sd{rf/LnfO{ nuftf/ tLg k6s eGbf a9L n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsg] 5}g eGg] k|fjwfg ;fljssf] sDkgL P]g, @)%# df g/x]sf] cj:yfdf xfnsf] sfg"g nfu" x'g eGbf k"j{ ePsf] n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQmnfO{ kl5Nnf] sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQmsf] zt{df hf]8\g gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=%_ lgj]bs tkm{jf6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L

clgns'df/ l;Gxf ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L

o'j/fh ;'j]bL cjnlDjt ghL/M

cfb]z Gof=dLgjxfb'/ /fodfemLM tTsflng

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @#÷**-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf btf{ ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKtdf tYo / 7x/ lgDg adf]lhd 5M–

lgj]bsx?n] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ kfpg] u/L g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yfaf6 k|df0f kq lnO{ sDkgL tyf ;+3 ;+:yfx?df


718

n]vf kl/If0fsf] sfd ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ . sDkgL cWofb]z @)^@ sf] bkmf !!!-#_ sf] sfof{Gjogsf] af/] g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yfn] o; ;DaGwdf :ki6 ug{ n]vfk9L ubf{ pQm ;+:yfnfO{ sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{noaf6 k|fKt ePsf] hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df ldlt @)^@ kmfu'0f @@ ut]sf] uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt u/]sf] æsDkgLx?df n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lQm ug]{ jf/]sf] ;"rgfÆ eGg] zLif{ssf] hfgsf/L x]bf{ sDkgL cWofb]z @)^@ sf] bkmf !!! sf] pkbkmf # df pNn]lvt tLg k6ssf] cjwL u0fgf ubf{ cWofb]z nfu' x'g' k"j{ u/]sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;d]tnfO{ u0fgf u/L k6s sfod ug]{ >L % sf] ;/sf/ -;lrj :t/_ af6 ldlt @)^@.!).!( df lg0f{o ePsf]n] lg0f{o cg';f/ hfgsf/L u/fO{G5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf]n] pQm ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt e"tnIfL JofVof u/L ePsf] lg0f{on] ;+k"0f{ n]vfk/LIfsx?sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ kfpg] Joj;flos, ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xs clwsf/sf] pkof]u ug{af6 al~rt ePsf 5f} . sDkgL cWofb]z @)^@ sf] bkmf !!! -#_ sf] Joj:yf sDkgL cWofb]z nfu' ePkl5 s'g} klg n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lQm ubf{ nuftf/ tLg k6s eGbf a9L n]vf k/LIfs lgo'lQm ug{ g;lsg] xf] . ljgf s'g} cfwf/ tyf o; ;DaGwL sDkgLx?n] ckgfpg' kg]{ k|lqmof ;d]t pNn]v gu/L sDkgL cWofb]z cfpg' eGbf cufl8 u/]sf] n]vf k/LIf0fsf] cjlw klg tLg k6ssf] lgldQ u0fgf ug]{ eGg] ;fdfGo lg0f{o cfkm}+df k"0f{ geO{ xr'jfsf] cfwf/df ePsf] b]lvG5 . cWofb]z

nfu' ePsf] ldlt @)^@.^.@# kZrft ePsf] lgo'lQmsf] xsdf dfq nfu' x'g;Sg]df ljkIfL >L % sf] ;/sf/, pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, -;lrj :t/_ af6 lg0f{o u/L >L sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf] slyt lgb]{zgfTds /fosf] cfwf/df sDkgL cWofb]z @)^@ sf] bkmf !!! sf] pkbkmf # sf] unt cy{ u/L pQm bkmf s} dd{ / dgzfo ;d]t ljk/Lt k"j{ k|efjL sfg"g ;/x kfngf ug{ g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yfnfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] kfO{G5 . sDkgL cWofb]z @)^@ nfu' ePsf] ldlteGbf cufj} lgo'Qm n]vfk/LIfssf] xsdf klg pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] tLg k6ssf] u0fgf ul/g] egL ldlt @)^@.!).!( df ePsf] elgPsf] lg0f{o tyf tT;DaGwdf ePsf cGo lg0f{o cfb]z lgb]{zfTds kqfrf/x? ;d]t u}/ ;+j}wflgs u}/sfg"gL x'Fbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f jb/ u/L pQm ldlt @)^@.!).!( sf] lg0f{o / sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^@.!!.# sf] lgb]{zgfTds kq sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLx?sf] gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] @)^@.!@.@@ sf] lgj]bg .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLx?nfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hafkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 k]z ug'{ . ;fy} cGtl/d cfb]z ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{ ldlt @)^#.!.&.% sf lbg pkl:yt x'g

719

c+s ^

ljkIfLx?nfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] @)^@.!@.#! sf] cfb]z .

sDkgL cWofb]z @)^@ ldlt @)^@.^.@# df hf/L ePsf]n] ;f]xL ldlt b]lv nfu' x'g] x'Fbf n]vf k/LIf0f ;DaGwdf ldlt @)^@.!!.# df sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{non] g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yfnfO{ n]v]sf] kq k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'Ëf] gnfu];Dd sfof{Gjog gu/L gu/fO{ oyfl:yltdf /fVg' egL ljkIfLx?sf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L lbPsf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf] @)^#.!.@) sf] cfb]z .

s'g} JolQm s'g} Pp6} sDkgLdf nuftf/ w}/} jif{;Dd n]vf k/LIfs /lx/xFbf sDkgLsf] Joj:yfkg;Fu JolQmut ;DaGw a9\g uO{ p;n] :jtGq?kdf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsfdf c;/ gk/f]; eGg] pb]Zon] sDkgL k|zf;g ;DaGwdf :jLsfo{ cGt/f{li6«o k|rng ;d]tsf] cfwf/df of] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . of] Joj:yfaf6 n]vf k/LIfssf] nfuL gofF of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] jf s'g} n]vf k/LIfsnfO{ tLg k6s eGbf a9L n]vf k/LIf0f ug{ /f]s nufPsf] xf]O{g . o;n] tLg k6s eGbf a9L nuftf/ lgo'Qm x'gaf6 xf]O{g ls lgo'Qm ug{af6 /f]s nufPsf] 5 . of] Joj:yfn] vfnL s'g} sDkgLn] nuftf/ w]/} jif{;Dd Pp6} n]vf k/LIfsaf6 n]vf k/LIf0f ug{af6 /f]s nufPsf] xf] eGg] pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .

sDkgL cWofb]z @)^@ sf] bkmf !!! sf] pk bkmf -#_ adf]lhd

n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ubf{ cWofb]z k|f/De ePsf] ldlt b]lv u0fgf ug]{ xf] jf cWofb]z cfpg' eGbf klxnf b]lv ePsf] lgo'lQmnfO{ ;d]t u0fgf ug'{kg]{ xf] eGg] ljifodf olsg JofVof / lgb]{zg kfpF eGg] g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yfaf6 cg'/f]w e} cfPsf] / ;f] s'/fsf] olsg JofVof u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DaGwdf låljwf pTkGg eO{ pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnodf n]vL k7fpFbf sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]tsf] /fosf] cfwf/df sDkgL cWofb]z, @)^@ sf] bkmf !** sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd cWofb]z nfu' x'g' k"j{ u/]sf n]vfk/LIf0f ;d]tnfO{ u0fgf u/L k6s sfod ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] Joxf]/f ;lxt kq k7fPsf] x'Fbf ;f] adf]lhd n]vfk/LIfssf] k6s sfod ug]{ Joj:yf u/fpg] ljifodf o; sfof{noaf6 g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yfnfO{+ kq n]Vg] sfd ePsf] xf] . o; k"j{sf] sDkgL P]g, @)%# sf] kl/R5]b * df /x]sf] Joj:yfdf s]xL k|s[ofTds s'/f dfq yk u/]sf] xf] . sDkgL P]g adf]lhd eP u/]sf sfd o;} cWofb]z adf]lhd eP u/]sf] eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] / ;f]xL cfwf/df sDkgL P]g, @)%# adf]lhd eP u/]sf sfd lg/Gt/ x'g] ePsf]n] g} ;f] P]g adf]lhd lgo'Qm n]vfk/LIfssf] k6s u0fgf sfod x'g] egL :ki6 ul/Psf] xf] . of] Joj:yfaf6 s'g} n]vfk/LIfsnfO{ tLg k6s eGbf a9L n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ /f]s nufPsf] geO{ nuftf/ lgo'Qm ug{af6 /f]s nufPsf] 5 . o;af6 n]vfk/LIfssf] k]zf Jojzfo ug]{ xsdf s'g} klg k|sf/n] c;/ k'¥ofPsf] 5}g


720

eGg] sDklg /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{no lqk'/]Zj/sf] lnlvt hjfkm .

sfg"gL /fo s;}sf nflu jfWo gx'g] ;fy} lg0f{o k|lqmofdf o; dGqfnosf] ;+nUgtf gePsf]n] o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{ s'g} cf}lrTo 5}g . sDkgL cWofb]z, @)^# sf] bkmf !!!-#_ df ePsf] Joj:yfn] sDkgLsf] sfdsf] lgoldttf, kf/blz{tf / k|efjsf/Ltfsf nflu Pp6} JolQm nuftf/ tLgk6seGbf a9L n]vfk/LIfs lgo'Qm x'g g;Sg] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] xf] . ;f] Joj:yfn] nuftf/ tLg k6s eGbf a9L gx'g] u/L n]vfk/LIfs lgo'Qm x'gnfO{ /f]s nufPsf] gx'Fbf o;af6 s;}sf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL xs clwsf/df c;/ k/]sf] 5}g . cWofb]zsf] bkmf !!*-@_ df sDkgL P]g, @)%# adf]lhd eP u/]sf sfd o;} cWofb]z adf]lhd eP u/]sf] dflgg] 5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] / n]vfk/LIf0f ;DaGwL sfo{ o; cWofb]z cfpg' k"j{ pQm P]g adf]lhd klg e}/x]sf] x'Fbf To;/L ePsf] n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQmsf] k6snfO{ u0fgf ug{ gldNg] eGg ldNb}g . lgj]bg bfjL ts{ ;+ut / cf}lrTok"0f{ gb]lv+bf vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .

lgod adf]lhd k]zL;"rLdf r9L cfh o; O{hnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhftx? cWoog ul/of] . lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf clgn s'df/ l;Gxfn] sDkgL cWofb]z, @)^@ nfu''

x'g' k"j{ n]vfk/LIf0f ul/Psf] sfo{nfO{ kl5 ag]sf] sfg"gn] cufj} e} ;s]sf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k6s sfod ug{ ldNb}g, ;fem]bf/Ldf ul/Psf] sfdnfO{ klg JolQmut ;/x k6s sfod ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf lgj]bg hf/L x'g' k5{ egL / ljkIfL tkm{af6 ;x–GofoflwjQmf o'j/fh ;'j]bLn] ;lrj:t/af6 ePsf] lg0f{o gLltut lg0f{o xf], gLltut lg0f{o lgj]bssf] xsdf dfq nfu' x'g] ljifo xf]O{g, n]vfk/LIfs jif}{ lkR5] lgo'Qm ul/g] x'Fbf # k6s;Dd lgo'Qm ul/g] eGg] gLlt xf], o;af6 lgj]bssf] xs lxtdf c;/ kg]{ cj:yf gx'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ egL ug'{ ePsf] jx; ;d]t ;'lgof] .

@= ldl;naf6 b]lvg cfPsf] tYo Pj+ pko'{Qm jx; ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL ljrf/ ubf{, sDkgLdf n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lQm ubf{ sDkgL cWofb]z, @)^@ nfu' x'g' k"j{ u/]sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;d]tnfO{ u0fgf u/L k6s sfod ug]{ >L % sf] ;/sf/, pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, -;lrj :t/_ af6 ldlt @)^@.!).!( df lg0f{o ePsf] / ;f]xL lg0f{o adf]lhd sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{non] g]kfn rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6\; ;+:yfnfO{ n]v]sf] @)^@.!!.# sf] rnfgL gDa/ !!#&$ sf] kqdf æTo; ;+:yfn] ldlt @)^@.*.@) df pk/f]Qm ljifosf ;DaGwdf pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnodf kqfrf/ u/]sf] ;DaGwdf sf/jfxL x'Fbf sDkgL cWofb]z, @)^@ sf] bkmf !!! sf] pkbkmf # df pNn]lvt tLg k6s sf] cjlw u0fgf ubf{ cWofb]z nfu' x'g' k"j{ u/]sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ;d]tnfO{ u0fgf

721

c+s ^

u/L k6s sfod ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{ u/fpg] u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/ -;lrj :t/_ af6 ldlt @)^@.!).!( df lg0f{o ePsf]n] lg0f{ofg';f/ hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cg'/f]w 5Æ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfO{of] .

#= sDkgL cWofb]z, @)^@ sf] bkmf !!! sf] n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] pkbkmf ! df æsDkgLsf] n]vfk/LIfs k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ ePsf jf k|df0fkq k|fKt n]vfk/LIfsx? dWo]af6 klAns sDkgLsf] xsdf kl/R5]b !* sf] clwgdf /xL ;fwf/0f ;efn] / k|fO{e]6 sDkgLsf] xsdf k|jGw kq, lgodfjnL jf ;j{;Ddt ;Demf}tfdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd / ;f] gePdf ;fwf/0f ;efn] lgo'Qm ug'{kg]{5 / To;/L lgo''Qm ePsf] ldltn] !% lbgleq lghsf] gfd sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{5Æ eGg] pNn]v eO{ pkbkmf # df æklAns sDkgLsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ Pp6} n]vfk/LIfs, lghsf] ;fem]bf/ jf k"j{ ;fem]bf/ jf sd{rf/L jf e"tk"j{ sd{rf/LnfO{ nuftf/ tLg k6s eGbf a9L n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsg] 5}g, t/ tLg jif{ klxn] g} ;fem]bf/Laf6 cnu x'g] ;fem]bf/ jf To:tf] n]vfk/LIfssf] ;]jfaf6 cnu ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf of] k|ltaGw nfu" x'g] 5}gÆ eGg] pNn]v ePsf]df ;f]xL Joj:yf sDkgL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!! sf] pkbkmf ! / # df h:tfsf] t:t} /flvPsf] ;d]t kfO{of] . sDkgL P]g, @)%# sf] kl/R5]b * sf] bkmf *^ sf] n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf]

pkbkmf ! df æsDkgLsf] n]vfk/LIfs dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 k|df0fkq kfO{ sfod /x]sf] n]vfk/LIfsx? dWo]af6 klAns sDkgLsf] xsdf ;fwf/0f ;efn] / k|fO{e]6 sDkgLsf] xsdf cfˆgf] k|aGwkq, lgodfjnL jf ;j{;Ddt ;Demf}tfdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd lgo'Qm ug'{kg]{5 / To;/L lgo'Qm ePsf] ldltn] kGw| lbgleq lghsf] gfd sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{5 . t/ k|yd ;fwf/0f ;ef eGbf cl3 g} n]vfk/LIfs lgo'Qm ug'{ k/]df ;+rfns ;ldltn] lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5Æ eGg] ;Dd pNn]v ePsf] kfO{of] .

$= sfg"gsf] /fHodf sfg"g ljlxgtfsf] cj:yf g/xg] / ;do, kl/l:ytL / cfjZostf cg'?k sfg"gx? lgdf{0f x'+b} hfg], ;+zf]wg x'g], k'/fgf sfg"g vf/]h eO{ gofF sfg"g aGg] :jefljs k|s[of x'g\ . s'g} gofF ag]sf] sfg"gn] e}/x]sf] sfg"gnfO{ vf/]h ub}{df ;f] vf/]h ePsf] sfg"g cg'?k ePsf sfd sf/jfxL :jt vf/]h jf cj}w x'g] x'Fb}g . gofF ag]sf] sfg"gn] vf/]h u/]sf] sfg"g cg'?k ePsf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] cj:yfdf gofF ag]sf] sfg"gdf ylkPsf] t/ k'/fgf] sfg"gn] g;d]6]sf] gofF k|fjwfg klg vf/]h ePs} sfg"gsf] k|fjwfgsf] lg/Gt/tf xf] egL JofVof ug{ ldNb}g . ;fljssf] sDkgL P]g, @)%# sf] n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf clxn]sf] sDkgL P]gdf h:tf] n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQmdf lgo'lQmsf] k6s]sf] zt{ /fv]sf] gb]lvPaf6 ;fljssf] P]g / xfnsf] P]gdf


722

n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ;DaGwdf Jojl:yt k|fjwfgn] Pp6} s'/fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] eGg] sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]tsf] lnlvt hjfkm dgfl;j b]lvg cfPg .

%= sDkgL cWofb]z, @)^@ / xfn sDkgL P]g, @)^# df k|of]u ePsf] klAns sDkgLsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ Pp6} n]vfk/LIfs, lghsf] ;fem]bf/ jf k"j{ ;fem]bf/ jf sd{rf/L jf e"tk"j{ sd{rf/LnfO{ nuftf/ tLg k6s eGbf a9L n]vfk/LIfs lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsg] 5}g eGg] k|fjwfg ;fljssf] sDkgL P]g, @)%# df g/x]sf] cj:yfdf xfnsf] sfg"g nfu" x'g eGbf k"j{ ePsf] n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQmnfO{ kl5Nnf] sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] n]vf k/LIfssf]

lgo'lQmsf] zt{df hf]8\g ldNg] b]lvg gcfPaf6 pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, -;lrj :t/_ af6 @)^@.!).!( df ePsf] lg0f{o pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'G5 . cfb]zsf] hgfp ljkIfLx?nfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' .

pQm /fodf d]/f] ;xdlt 5 .

Gof=sNof0f >]i7

Olt ;Djt\ @)^% ;fn h]i7 @@ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ ======================================== .

O{hnf; clws[tM– bLks s'df/ bxfn

723

c+s ^

lg0f{o g+=&(&* g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm O{hnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L cg"k/fh zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7 ;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ––––#@*

cfb]z ldltM @)^%.!.@@.

ljifo M– pTk|]if0f, k/dfb]z . lgj]bsM sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+= @!

h};Lb]jn 3/ g+= @$*.^s j:g] Zofd;'Gb/ /lGhtsf/ ;d]t

lj?å ljkIfLM sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf,

jfub/jf/, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

k/Dk/fut ?kdf ef]uL /x]sf] em\ofnsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ ljkIfLsf] gof+ lgdf{0fsf] kl/0ffd :j?k jGb ug{ lbg] xf] eg] Tof] :ki6tM sfg"gdf lgwf{l/t x'g'k5{ . sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kn] /f]s jf jGb]h gnufPsf] ljifodf lg0f{o u/L gu/kflnsfn] To:tf k/Dk/fut ?kdf kfO/x]sf] ;'lawfnfO{ alGrt ubf{ To;sf] oy]i7 sfg"gL cfwf/ b]vfpg kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=%_ ;'ljwflwsf/sf] k|Tofe"tL sfg"gjf6

dfq geO{ rL/ef]u jf ;flasb]lv k|of]u u/L cfPsf] tYox?x?sf] cfwf/df ;d]t ;+/lIft x'g] x'Fbf Pp6fsf] hUufjf6 csf]{ JolQmn]

k/Dk/fb]lv k|fKt u/]sf] jf ef]uL cfPsf] ;'lawfnfO{ ljgf s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ al~rt ug{ g;lsg] .

-k|s/0f g+=!!_ 3/ agfpg]sf] ! g+= df ePsf]

an];L sf6\g kfpg] eGg] s'/f / cl3b]lv g} lgjf{w ?kdf em\ofn /fvL ef]uL cfPsf] xfjf k|sfzsf] lgsfz /f]Sg kfpg] eGg] s'/f Pp6} xf]O{gg . 3/ agfpg]sf] ! g+= n] pk/f]St cj:yfsf] an];L sf6\g kfpg] clwsf/ lbPsf] ePklg ;f] cGtu{t cl3b]lv g} /fv]sf] em\ofnjf6 cfpg] hfg] xfjf k|sfzsf] lgsfz klg y'Gg kfOG5 egL cg'dflgt ts{ jf sfg"gsf] JofVof ug{ gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=!$_ ;flasb]lv ef]uL cfPsf] k|sfz,

xfjf h:tf j:t'x?sf] cfjthfjt lgsf;sf ;DaGwdf laafb p7]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;'ljwfx?sf] bfjL ug{ ;Sg] u/L :ki6 ?kdf sfg"gdf pNn]v ePsf] jf ;f] pkrf/sf] bfjL ug{ ;Sg] u/L k|rlnt sfg"gn] s'g} Joj:yf gu/]sf] kl/0ffd :j?k lgj]bsnfO{ pkrf/ ljd'v /fVg gx'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=!^_ lgj]bs tkm{jf6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L

/flhjdfg zfSo


724

ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L ljhosfGt d}gfnL

cjnlDjt ghL/M

cfb]z Gof=sNof0f >]i7M g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f @#.** -@_ cGtu{t k/]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M– xfdL lgj]bsx?sf] xsef]u rngdf /x]sf] :j=lktf hut jxfb'/sf] gfddf lt/f] lt/fg ePsf], gfd;f/L bf=vf=u/fO{ lng jf+sL /x]sf] sf=lh=gu/ j8f g+= #@ ls=g+= !%%% If]=km= )–!–)–# hUufdf k/fk"j{ sfn b]lv xfd|f jfj' jfh]n] ef]u rng ub}{ cfPsf] cBfjwL xfdLx?n] ;d]t ef]u rng ub}{ cfPsf] sl/j !!) jif{ k'/fgf] 3/df klZrd tkm{ $ k'm6sf] 6k 5fgf /fvL vf]Ng x'g] vfkfsf] em\ofn /flvPsf] 5 . xfd|f] j;f]jf; b]lv klZrd tkm{ xfd|f] em\ofn / 6k /fVg egL g} 5f8L /fv]sf] $ k'm6 hlt hUufsf] ;fFw k5fl8 ljkIfLx?sf] 3/ hUuf 5 . lgh ljkIfL ljBfgk|;fb nfld5fg] ;d]tn] ;f] pNn]lvt xfd|f] 6k / em\ofn /fVg egL 5f]8L /fv]sf] lgh ljkIfL tkm{sf] vfnL hUufnfO{ cfkm\g} xf] egL ;f] ;d]t cfkm\gf] hUufdf 3';fO{ gof+ 3/ lgdf{0f ug{ egL ;fO{6 Knfg gS;f v8f u/L gS;f kf; ul/kfpFm egL ljkIfL sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfdf lgj]bg u/]sf]df sf=d=kf=n] gS;f kf;sf] nflu @! j8f sfof{no dfkm{t !% lbg] ;"rgf ;+lwof/sf] nflu hf/L ul/Psf] x'+bf j8f

sfof{no uO{ ljkIfLx?n] gS;f kf; u/L kfp+m eGg] btf{ u/]sf] gof+ 3/ lgdf{0fsf] gS;f ;fO{6 Knfg x]bf{ pQm vfnL 5f]8]sf] hUuf ;d]t cfkm\gf] hUufdf rfkL 3';fO{ d]/f] 3/sf] lgh ljkIfL tkm{ em\ofn /fVg vfnL 5f8]sf] hUuf rfkL ldrL d]/f] 3/sf] klZrd tkm{sf] uf/f]df k/fk"j{ sfn b]lv vf]Ng x'g] vfkfsf] em\ofn ;d]t jGb x'g] u/L 5fgfsf] 6k ;d]t sf6L hf]8]/ 3/ lgdf{0f ug{ nfu]sf]df xbDofb leq} ;f] df bfjL lj/f]w u/L cfkm\gf] k|df0f ;d]t /fvL lgdf{0f sfo{ /f]Ssf u/L sfg"g jdf]lhd sf/jfxL u/L ;fIfL ;h{ldg tyf ;j"b k|df0f ;d]t j'emL kfp+m egL lgj]bg u/]sf]df gS;f kf; ;DjGwL d'2fdf ljkIfL sf=d=g=kf=n] ldlt @)^#.@.@( ut] lg0f{o ubf{ k|]lift ;fO{6 Knfg tkm{ kg]{ hUufsf] ;DjGwdf cldgjf6 hfFrj'em ug'{kg]{ x'+bf h'=O{=sf] k|ltj]bg e} cldg / h'=O{=sf] ;Fo'Qm 6f]nLjf6 gfk hfFr u/fpFbf ljjflbt 6k gS;fjfnfs} hUufdf kg]{ gS;f cg';f/ 3/ lgdf{0f x'g] hUufsf] :jfldTjdf ljjfb b]lvPg, em\ofn / 6ksf] ;DjGwdf d'n'sL P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf] dxnsf] ! g+= cg';f/ csf{sf] hUuf tkm{ jn];L lgsfnL 3/ jgfPsf] eP hUufjfnfn] 3/ jgfp+bf cfkm\gf] hUuf tkm{ lgsfn]sf] 6k sf6L 3/ jgpfg kfpg] g} b]lvG5 egL 3/sf] gS;f kf; x'g] u/L km};nf u/L ldl;n zx/L ljsf; ljefudf k7fO{ lbg] lg0f{o u/L ljkIfL sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfjf6 xs j]xsdf ;'gfpg' kg]{df cGoyf ts{ lgsfnL ljkIfLx?sf] hUuf egL u/]sf] km};nfdf

725

c+s ^

c=j+= #% g+= ;d]tsf] q'l6 ePsf] / To;jf6 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f !& 4f/f k|bQ xfd|f] ;DklQ dflysf] xsdf c;/ k/]sf]n] c=j+= #%, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf !%%-#_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f !! ;d]tsf] q'l6 lglxt e} wf/f !!, !& 4f/f k|bQ xs cf3fltt\ ePsf]n] pQm km};nf pTk|]if0fsf] ld>Lt k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z4f/f jb/ u/L sfg"g jdf]lhd ug'{ egL hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z jf k"lh{ hf/L u/L kfp+m eGg] lgj]bg . o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] jf6f]sf] Dofb jfx]s !% lbg leq ;DjlGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfL sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] jf]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ lbg' . lgj]bssf] dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] jf6fsf Dofb jfx]s !% lbg leq lnlvt hjfkm lnO{ cfkm} jf cfkm\gf] k|ltlglw4f/f pkl:yt x'g' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfL ljBfgk|;fb nfld5fg] ;d]tnfO{ ;DjlGwt lhNnf cbfnt dfkm{t ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgod jdf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]tsf] o; cbfntsf] sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z .

ljkIfLn] 6k /fv]sf] efu hUuf xfdL lnlvthjfkmjfnfx?sf] lglj{jfb xs ef]usf] hUuf xf] . pQm hUuf ljkIfLx?sf] xf] eGg] s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ tyf k|df0fn] k'li6 x'g ;Sb}g . ljkIfLn] dxfgu/kflnsfdf ph'/L lgj]bg ubf{ jfj' jfh]n] eg] cg';f/ xfd|f] If]qkmn leq kg]{ hUuf xf] egL pNn]v ePjf6 klg ljkIfLsf] hUuf xf]O{g eGg] s'/fsf] yk k'li6 x'G5 . hUufsf] :jfldTj jfj' jfh]sf] egfO{jf6 vlDj/ x'g] geO{ k|df0fjf6 k'li6 x'g] x+'+bf lnlvthjfkmstf{n] ljkIfLsf] 6k ePsf] sf/0fjf6 3/ jgfpg gkfpg] gS;fkf; ePsf] u}/sfg"gL x'g] eGg] k|Zg g} cfp+g ;Sb}g t;y{ ljkIfLsf] e'm¶f l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+m eGg] ljBfgk|;fb nfld5fg]sf] lnlvt hjfkm . d'n'sL P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf] ! g+= cg';f/ csf{sf] hUuf tkm{ jn];L -6k_ lgsfnL 3/ jgfPsf] eP hUufjfnfn] 3/ jgfp+bf cfkm\gf] hUuf tkm{ lgsfn]sf] 6k -jn];L_ sf6L 3/ jgfpg kfp+5 /f]Sg ldNb}g egL pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|ToyL{n] 3/ jgfpg kfpg] g} b]lvPjf6 gS;fkf; x'g] u/L o; sf=d=g=kf=jf6 lg0f{o ePsf] x'+bf lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfp+m eGg] ;d]tsf] sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfsf] lnlvthjfkm . lgod jdf]lhd k]z ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bg;+u ;DjlGwt ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhft cWoog u/L lgj]bs tkm{jf6 pkl:yt lj4fg clwjQmf >L /flhjdfg zfSon] ;fljs b]lv jg]sf] 3/sf] em\ofn jGb ul/Psf] v08df 3/df k|sfz -


726

3fd_,xfjf cfjt hfjt ug{ cj?4 x'g] eO{ lgj]bssf] xsdf c;/ kg]{ x'G5 . lgj]bssf] tkm{jf6 s'g} uNtL jf bf]if jf sfg"gsf] pNn3+g u/L s'g} sfd sf/jfxL gePsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bssf] xs ef]udf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] x'Fb}g . lgj]bsn] lgjf{w ?kdf ;fljs b]lv xs ef]u u/L cfPsf] 3/ sfg"g ljk/Lt lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] eg] df}sfdf ph'/ jfh'/ u/]sf] cj:yf x'g'k5{ . gu/kflnsfsf] gS;fkf; ug]{ lg0f{osf] kl/0ffd :j?k lgj]bssf] ;fljs b]lvsf] xsef]usf] 3/ / em\ofndf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ ePjf6 gu/kflnsfsf] lg0f{o jb/u/L kfp+m eGg] ;d]tsf] / ljkIfL tkm{jf6 pkl:yt lj4fg clwjQmf >L ljhosfGt d}gfnLn] gS;fkf; ePsf hUuf lgj]bssf] xf]O{g hj gS;f kf; ePsf] hUuf lgj]bsf] xf]O{g eGg] s'/f k|dl0ft 5 eg] lgj]bg lbg] xsb}of ;Dd klg /x+b}g . gS;f kf; u/L lng] ljkIfLn] lgj]bssf] hUufdf ;d]t kg]{ u/L lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ nfu]sf] jf gS;f kf; u/fPsf] cj:yf 5}g eg] cGo u}x« cfwf/n] bfjL vlDj/ x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ;d]tsf] jx; ug'{ eof] . lgj]bg dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ kg]{ xf], xf]O{g < eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug{ kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . @= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ sf=lh=sf=d= g=kf=j8f g+= @! ls=g+= !%%% sf] If]=km= )–!–)–# hUufsf] ;DjGwdf k|:t't ljjfb /x]sf] kfO{of] . ljjfbsf] ;f] hUufsf] klZrd tkm{ /x]sf] 3/df lgj]bssf] $ k'm6sf] 6k 5fgf / vf]Ng x'g]

em\ofnsf] vfkf /x]sf]df klZrd tkm{sf] ;+lwof/ ljkIfL x?n] cfkm\gf] ls=g+ !%%& ;d]tsf] hUufdf gof 3/ lgdf{0f ug]{ k|of]hgfy{ gS;f kf; ug{ gu/kflnsfdf lgj]bg lbPsf]df oL lgj]bsn] gu/kflnsfjf6 kf; ePsf] ;f]] gS;fsf] ;DaGwdf lrQ ga'emfO{ k|:t't lgj]bg lbPsf] kfOG5 . ;f] lgj]bg pk/ lg0f{o x'Fbf ljjfbsf] lgj]bssf] 3/sf] 6k gS;fjfnfsf] hUufdf g} kg]{ / jn];L lgsfnL k|:t't lgj]bsx?n] 3/ jgfPsfn] hUufjfnn] cfkm\gf] hUuf tkm{ lgsfn]sf] 6k sf6L 3/ jgfpg kfpg] g} b]lvG5 egL lakIfL dxfgu/kflnsfn] d'n'sL P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf]] ! g+=sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf cfwf/df @)^#.@.@( df lg0f{o u/]sf] kfO{of] . gu/kflnsfsf] ;f] lg0f{osf] kl/0ffd :j?k lakIfLn] cfkm\gf] xsef]udf /x]sf] hUufdf lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ kfpg] s'/fdf laafb ePg . #= k|ToyL{ gu/kflnsfsf] sfd, st{Jo / bfloTj eg]sf] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;DjlGwt P]g sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf /xL sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] k|s[of k'/f u/L gS;f kf; ug]]{ ;Dd xf] . gS;fkf; ug]{ l;nl;nfdf k/]sf] lgj]bg pk/ 5fgljg / hfFrj'em u/L pNn]lvt d'n'sL P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf] ! g+= sf] cfwf/df jn];L sf6L 3/ lgdf{0f ug{ kfpg] eGg] cfifojf6 gS;fkf; ePsf] klg b]lvG5 . $= ljjfbsf] ls=g++ !%%%sf] hUufdf lgj]bssf] xs ePsf] s'/f

727

c+s ^

k|df0fjf6 k'li6 e} /x]sf] / pQm hUufdf lakIfLsf] ;d]t xs eP sfg"g jdf]lhd ph'/ ug{ ;Sg]df ;f] u/]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] hUufsf] xs j]xssf] k|Zgdf l/6 If]qjf6 k|j]z ug{ jf ;f] sf] 5fgljgsf] nflu hfg' egL ;'gfpg' kg]{ ;d]t b]lvPg . lgj]bs tkm{jf6 pkl:yt lj4fg clwjQmfn] lgj]bssf] 3/sf] em\ofn ;d]t jGb x'g] u/L xfjf Pj+ 6k jn];L ;d]t sf6\g] u/L gS;f kfl/t u/fPjf6 xfjf k|sfz ;d]tsf] lgsf; jGb x'g] cj:yf cfPsf] egL d'Vo cfklQ ug'{ ePsf] 5 . %= d'n'sL P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf] ! g+= df 3/ jgfp+bf cfkm\gf] xs gk'Ug] hUuf ldrL 3/ jgfpg x'+b}g . 3/ jgfp+bf jn];L csf{sf] hUufdf k/] hUufwgLn] /f]Sg x'+b}g hUufwgLn] To;} hUufdf tnf p7fof] jf 3/ jgfof] eg] Tof] jn]gL sf6L jgfpg kfpF5 . sf6\g glbO{ /f]Sg x'+b}g eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]df sf=d=g=kf=n] o;} sfg"gL Joj:yfsf cfwf/df lg0f{o u/]sf] kfO{of] . d'n'sL P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf] ! g+=df ePsf] ;f] sfg"gL Joj:Yfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L x]bf{ ;+lwof/n] cfkm\gf] hUufsf] k'/f pkef]u u/L 3/ lgdf{0f u/L 5fgf jn];Ljf6 l5d]sLsf] hUufdf kfgL v;fpg] ;Ddsf] sfo{ u/]sf] eP ToltnfO{ ;Dd ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] :jLsfo{ dfg]sf] / kl5 h;sf] hUufdf To:tf] jn];Lsf] kfgL v:g] u/]sf] xf] ;f] hUufjfnfn] 3/ jgfp+bf w'/L jn];Ln] 5]lsg uPdf sf6L 3/ lgdf{0f ug{ ldNg] ;d]t k|fjwfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] jfx]s Psfsf] hUufdf csf{n] 3/ jgfpg

jf cglws[t sJhf ug{ gldNg] s'/f pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfn] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ^= k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bsn] ;fljs b]lv 3/ jgfO{ ljkIfL laBfgk|;fb nfld5fg] ;d]tsf] ls=g+=!%%& ;d]tsf] hUufdf jn];L v;fO{ cfPsf] / Tot} tkm{ em\ofn ;d]t /fvL xfjf k|sfz cfjt hfjt ug]{ lgsf; ;'lawf ;d]tsf] pkef]u u/L cfPsf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvGg . ljkIfL dxfgu/kflnsfn] lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] ljkIfLsf] hUuf tkm{ /x]sf] 3/sf] em\ofnsf] ;DjGwdf :ki6 gjf]n] klg kfl/t gS;f k|s[ltjf6 ljBdfg em\ofn jGb ug'{kg]{ kl/0ffd lg:s]sf] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . j:t't 3/ jgfpg]sf] dxnsf] ! g+= jdf]lhd lakIfL dxfgu/kflnsfn] laafbsf] To:tf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ kfpg] u/L gS;fkf;sf] lg0f{o ug{ ldN5 jf ldNb}g < ljkIfL gu/kflnsfn] e} /x]sf] em\ofn jGb ug{ jf To:sf] pkef]udf c;/ kg]{ u/L gS;fkf;sf] cfb]z ug{ ;S5 jf ;Sb}g < eGg] g} d'Vo k|Zg k|:t't d'2fdf pkl:yt x'g cfPsf] 5 . &= d'n'sL P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf] ! g+= df ePsf] ;f] sfg"gL Joj:Yffn] ;fFwdf /x]sf] l5d]sLn] jgfPsf] 3/sf] 6k jf jn];L csf{sf] hUufdf k/]sf] eP To:tf] hUufjfnfn] 3/ jgfp+bf To:tf] 6k jf jn];L sf6L cfkm\gf] hUufsf] 3/ lgdf{0f cl3 j9fpg kfpg] ;Dd b]lvG5 . cfkm\gf] hUufdf sfg"g jdf]lhd cfkm\gf] xs ef]u x'g] x'gfn] g} To:tf] Joj:yf sfg"gn] ;dfj]z u/]sf] xf] . t/ ljrf/l0fo s'/f s]


728

5 eg] ;DklQ eg]sf] s'g} k|fs[lts xs geP/ sfg"g4f/f l;lh{t xs x'gfn] ;DklQsf] pkef]u lgoGq0f jf x:tfGt/0f nufotsf s'/f sltko cj:yfdf sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xg k'Ub5g\ . sltko cj:yfdf s'g} ;DklQdfyL Psfsf] k"0f{ :jfldTj /x]klg ;DklQsf] jf:tlas :jfdLn] ;d]t h;/L dg nfUof] To;/L cfkm\gf] ;DklQsf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] x'+b}g . sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] l;df / zt{x?sf] pNn3+g ePdf sltko cj:yfdf ;DklQsf] :jfdLn] cltl/Qm bfloTj Joxf]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 eg] sltko cj:yfdf ;DklQsf] :jfldTj g} klg u'dfpg] cj:yf /xG5 . oL ;j} s'/f sfg"g4f/f lgwf{/0f ul/P jdf]lhd x'g] s'/f x'g . d'n'sL P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf] ! g+= jdf]lhd dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ jn]gL sf6\g kfpg] Joj:yf ePsf] x'gfn] ;f] jdf]lhd ug{ kfpg] df lajfb /x]g . t/ pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf :jo+df :jtGq / clgolGqt xf] jf ;f] jdf]lhdsf] Joj:yf pkef]u ubf{ cGo sfg"gsf] ;Ldfsf] clwgdf j:g' k5{ jf kb}{g eGg] k|Zg v8f x'g cfPsf] 5 . *= 3/ jgfpg]sf] ! g+= n] cl3 3/ jgfO{ ;+lwof/n] csf{sf] hUufdf kfgL v:g] u/L jn];L /fv]sf] /x]5 eg] cfk'mn] lgdf{0f ubf{ To:tf] jn];L s6fpg kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] ePklg ;f] l;nl;nfdf cl3 b]vL 3/ agfO{ ;fFwsf] hUufjfnf tkm{ cl3b]lv e\mofn 9f]sf jf lgsf; /fvL s'g} ?kdf pkef]u u/L cfPsf] /x]5 / To:tf s'/fx?df k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L ;Flwof/n]

gofF lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ s] x'G5 eGg] ;DjGwdf ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] :ki6 u/]sf] kfO{b}g , j? 3/ jgfpg]sf] # g+= df cl3 b]lv rnL cfPsf] jf lbO{ cfPsf] 7fpsf] lgsf; s;}n] y'Gg x'+b}g . cl3 b]lv grn]sf] jf lbO{ gcfPsf 7fp+df hj/h:tL u/L lng rng ug{ klg x'+b}g eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . hxfF ;Dd emofn lgsf;sf] ?k xf] xf]Og < 3/ agfpg]sf] # g+ cGtu{t em\ofn /fvL xfjf k|sfzsf] ;'lawf pkef]u u/]sf] eP ;f] sf] klg ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsG5 jf ;ls+b}g eGg] k|Zg 5 ;f] ;Gbe{df larf/ ubf{ j:t't em\ofn klg Ps lsld;sf] lgsf;s} ?k ePsf] s'/fnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg . :jefljs ?kdf jfx\o hutjf6 xfjf k|sfz kfpg] s[of o;jf6 x'G5 . h;sf] cefjdf 3/ jf;]jf; of]Uo x'+b}g . k/Dk/f b]lv lgjf{w ?kdf j;L cfPsf] 3/df lgj]bssf] s'g} uNtL jf bf]if ljgf g} lgj]bsnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L k|sfz / xfjfsf] ;'lawfjf6 aGrLt ug]{ u/L lg0f{o ubf{ lgj]bssf] ;fljs b]lv j;f]jf; u/L cfPsf] :yfgjf6} p7Ljf; nfUg] cj:yf kg]{ ePjf6 of] Pp6f JolQmsf] cfk'mn] ;fljs b]lv lgjf{w ?kdf j;L cfPsf] :yfg jf cfjf;df j:g kfpg] clwsf/ -Right to Housing_ / hLjgsf] clwsf/ -Right to Life_ sf] k|Zg;+u klg ;+a4 laifo b]lvg cfof] . k/Dk/fut ?kdf ef]uL /x]sf] em\ofnsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ ljkIfLsf] gof+ lgdf{0fsf] kl/0ffd :j?k jGb ug{ lbg] xf] eg] Tof] :ki6t sfg"gdf lgwf{l/t x'g k5{ sfg"gn] :ki6 ?kn] /f]s jf jGb]h

729

c+s ^

gnufPsf] ljifodf lg0f{o u/L gu/kflnsfn] To:tf k/Dk/fut ?kdf kfO/x]sf] ;'lawfnfO{ aGrLt ubf{ To;sf] oy]i7 sfg"gL cfwf/ b]vfpg kg]{ x'G5 . lgj]bsn] tTsfn k|rlnt gu/kflnsf P]g jf xfn k|rlnt :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g nfu' ePkl5 ljjfbsf] 3/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] geO{ k/fk"j{ sfn b]lv ljjfbsf] :yfgdf 3/ lgdf{0f u/L To;sf] em\ofnjf6 lgj]bsx?n] xfjf k|sfz ;d]t lgjf{w ?kdf k|of]u ub}{ cfO{ /x]sf] cj:yfdf xfn cfP/ ;f] 3/sf] em\ofn ljkIfLsf] gof+ lgdf{0fsf] sf/0fn] jGb ubf{ ljjfbsf] 3/ j;f]jf; of]Uo /xFb}g . (= k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g x]bf{ pNn]lvt d'n'sL P]g 3/ agfpg]sf] # g+=sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cltl/Qm Psfsf] :jfldTjsf] crn ;DklQdf :jfldTjjfnf jfx]s t]>f] kIfn] s'g} xs ;'ljwf kfpg ;Sg] jf g;Sg], To:tf] ljifodf :jfldTjjfnfsf] bfloTj / ef]ujfnfsf] xssf] k|s[lt / :j?k s] 5 eGg] s'/f :k:6 x'g] u/L 5'§} sfg"g ag]sf] jf P]g hf/L ePsf] cj:yf kfOGg . tyflk Psfsf] crn ;DklQ dfly csf{n] jf6f], 9n, lgsf; cflb ljleGg dfWod4f/f pkof]u u/]sf] kfO{G5 . To:tf] hUuf;+u} 3/ jgfPsf] /x]5 eg] em\ofn 9f]sf ;d]t /fv]/ pkef]u ug]{ u/]sf] gkfO{g] xf]O{g . To;/L pkof]u jf pkef]u ubf{ h;sf] :jfldTjsf] ;DklQ xf] ;f] JolQm;+u s'g} vf; lnvt u/L jf gu/L :jLs[lt lnPsf] x'g ;S5 cyjf :jfldTjjfnfn] cfkm\gf] ;DklQdf t]>f]

kIfn] To;/L pkef]u ubf{ ;s[o lj/f]w ghgfPsf] e} rL/sfn ;Dd To:tf] ef]u lg/Gt/ ePsf] x'g ;S5 . To;/L lg/Gt/ u/]sf] ef]un] ef]ujfnfsf] xs / eO{ /x]sf] jf6f] lgsf; cflbsf] ef]unfO{ cj/f]w k'¥ofpg gx'g] u/L :jfldTjjfnf dfyL bfloTjsf] >[hgf ePsf] x'G5 . o;/L x]/]df Psfsf] k"0f{ :jfldTjsf] crn ;DklQdf tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf jf lr/ ef]usf] cfwf/df To:tf] ef]u ug]{ jf ;'lawf k|of]u ug]{ cGo t]>f] kIfsf] l;ldt cy{df ef]uflwsf/ g} l;h{gf x'g uPsf] dflgG5 . t/ To:tf] JolQmsf] xsnfO{ :jfldTjsf] xssf] ?kdf x]g{ ldNg] eg] x'+b}g . o; lsl;dsf] xsnfO{ ;DklQ sfg"gsf] c+usf ?kdf ljleGg ljlwzfl:qo k|0ffnLx?df ljleGg ?kdf c+lusf/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . !)= ;fdfGotofM crn ;DklQdf xs x'g' eGgfn] bfjLsf] ;+klQsf] d'lgsf] dflysf] / ;fFwsf] vfnL efu k|of]u ug]{ ;d]t clwsf/ ;d]l6Psf] dflgG5, oBkL s] slt dfly d'gL / s] slt bfofF jfofF s] s:tf s'/fx? s'g xb ;Dd pkef]u ug{ kfpg] eGg] s'/f sfg"g4f/f lgoldt ug{ g;Sg] x'+b}g . g]kfnsf] sfg"g k|0ffnLdf 3/ jgfpg]sf] dxnsf] # g+= df cl3 b]lv rnL cfPsf] jf lbO{ cfPsf] 7fp+msf] lgsf; s;}n] y'Gg x'+b}g . cl3 b]lv grn]sf] jf lbO{ gcfPsf 7fp+df hj/h:tL u/L lng rng ug{ klg x'+b}g eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf jfx]s s;}n] csf{sf] 3/ hUuf x'+b} ef]uL cfPsf xfjf k|sfzsf] lgsf;sf] ;'lawf ;+jGwdf lj:t[t s]xL


730

Joj:yf ePsf] kfO{b}g . To;sf] cy{ ef]uL cfPsf] xfjf k|sfz cflbsf] lgsf;sf] ;DjGwdf sfg"gn] dfGotf g} glbPsf] xf] jf eO{ /x]sf] Joj:yf;+u tL s'/fx?sf] pkef]u ug]{ xs cGt/lglxt 5 5}g egL x]g'{ kg]{ cj:yf k|:t't d'2fdf pTkGg x'g cfPsf] 5 . o; k|ZgnfO{ crn ;DklQ ;DjGwL cjwf/0ff / ltgsf] pkef]usf] l;dfsf] j[xQ/ ;+/rgf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L x]g'{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 . !!= ljlwzf:qLo b[li6sf]0fn] ;DklQdf sJhf jf :jfldTj /fVg] JolQmsf] clgolGqt clwsf/ x'g] ePklg sltko cj:yfdf oL clwsf/x? vl08t / lgolGqt x'g ;S5g\ . sltko cj:yfdf hldgsf] sJhf / :jfldTj j]u/ klg k|s6 jf df}g ?kdf ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQmn] jf:taLs :jfdLjf6 laleGg k|sf/sf ;'lawfx? k|fKt u/]sf] x'g ;Qm5 . e"dLdfly To:tf] cj:yfdf jf:tlas clwsf/ /fVg] :jfdLn] ;f] e"ld;+u ;/f]sf/jfnf cGo JolQm jf ;d'bfox?nfO{ lbO{ cfPsf] ef]u pkef]u jf ;'lawfx? k"j{jt k|bfg ug{kg]{ x'G5 . ;DklQsf] jf:tlas :jfdLn] lbg] o:tf] ;'lawflwsf/ (servitude right) n] sfg"g / k/Dk/fjf6 dfGotf kfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;'lawfsf/sf] bfjL cj:yfcg';f/ JolQm jf ;d'bfo b'j}y/Ln] ug{ ;S5g\ . JolQm JolQmsf aLr o:tf] ;'lawf k|bfg ePsf] cfj:yfdf o;nfO{ a}olQms ;'lalwsf/ jf lghL ;'lawflwsf/ (Personal servitude right)sf] ?kdf x]l/G5 . ;'lawflwsf/n] jf6f],k|sfz,

kflg, ejgsf cfwf/ (support) h:tf s'/fx?df czn l5d]sLn] c;/ k' ofpg gx'g], ;flas b]vL l5d]sLsf] hUufjf6 o:tf ;'lawfx? kfO{ /fv]sf] 5 eg] sfg"g / rL/ef]usf] cfwf/df o:tf ;'lawfx?sf] lg/Gt/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] / ;f] sf] pn+3g ePsf] cj:yfdf clwsf/sf] ?kdf bfjL ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yfx? /x]sf] ;d]t kfOG5 . ;'ljwflwsf/ k|fKt JolQmn] o:tf clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ ;DklQsf] jf:tlas :jfdL ;d]tnfO{ cfkm"n] kfO/x]sf] ;'lawfdf c;/ k'¥ofpg] sfo{ ug{jf6 k|ltjGw ;d]t nufpg ;Sg] x'G5 . /f]dg sfg"gjf6 lasl;t ePsf] ;'lawflwsf/ (servitude right) nfO{ laZjsf sltko b]zx?df ;'vflwsf/ (Easements) sf] ?kdf ;d]t x]g]{ u/]sf] ePklg ;'ljwflwsf/nfO{ ;a} sfg"g k|0ffnLn] Ps} gfdjf6 pNn]v u/]sf] eg] kfO{b}g . o:tf clwsf/nfO{ st} ;'ljwflwsf/, st} ;'vflwsf/, st} l5d]sLsf] clwsf/ (Neighbour's rights) / st} k|of]u jf lr/ef]usf] clwsf/sf] ?kdf ;d]t x]g]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;'ljwflwsf/sf] k|Tofe"tL sfg"gjf6 dfq geO{ rL/ef]u jf ;flas b]vL k|of]u u/L cfPsf] tYox?x?sf] cfwf/df ;d]t ;+/IfLt x'g] x'Fbf Pp6fsf] hUufjf6 csf]{ JolQmn] k/Dk/fb]lv k|fKt u/]sf] jf ef]uL cfPsf] ;'lawfnfO{ ljgf s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ jGrLt ug{ ;ls+b}g . !@= g]kfndf o:tf ;'lawfx?sf] bfjL ug]{ la:t[t / ;+lxtfj4 sfg"gx?sf] lgdf{0f gePklg laZjsf sltko d'n'sx?df oL clwsf/x?sf] bfjL ug]{

731

c+s ^

;DaGwdf ljleGg sfg"gx?sf] lgdf{0f ePsf] kfOG5 . ef/tdf Indian Easement Act, 1882 n] ;flas b]vL k|of]u u/L cfPsf] ;'ljwflwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbO{ cfPsf] kfOG5 eg] j]nfotdf Prescription Act, 1832, Rights of light Act,1959, Law of Property Act, 1925 h:tf laleGg sfg"gx?jf6 ;'vflwsf/ (Easement) n] dfGotf kfPsf] 5 . !#= ;'ljwflwsf/ crn ;DklQ /x]sf] 7fp+sf] k|s[lt, s/f/ jf k/fk"j{sfn b]lv rnL cfPsf] cEof; ;d]tjf6 k|fKt x'g] x'Fbf ;'ljwflwsf/ / ;'vflwsf/ rL/ef]u, JolQm JolQm aLr ;DklQsf] k|of]u ug]{ ;DaGwdf ePsf] s/f/ / cDof; ;d]tjf6 k|efljt x'G5 cyf{t sfg"g, s/f/ jf zt{ jdf]lhd k|of]u u/L cfPsf] ;'ljwflwsf/ cGoyf l:yltdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] cj:yf jfx]s kl/jt{glzn x'Fb}g . ljgf/f]stf]s k/fk"j{sfn b]lv rlncfPsf] cEof; jdf]lhd sfod /x]sf] ;'ljwflwsf/ klg ;f]xL cg'?k k|of]u x'g] x'G5 / o:tf] ;'ljwflwsf/ ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0f / jfF8kmfF8sf] l:yltdf ;d]t sfod} /xg] x'G5 . ;'ljwflwsf/ / ;'vfwLsf/n] cGo JolQm jf :jfldTjfnfsf] ;DklQ dfly ef]u jf ;'lawf k|fKt ug]{ JolQmsf] k"0f{ clwsf/ /xg] s'/f pNn]v gu/L s]jn o;nfO{ ;'lawf jf k|of]usf] clwsf/sf] ?kdf ;Dd x]l/G5 t/ ;'ljwflwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ JolQmsf] hUufsf] :jfldTjjfnfsf] h:tf] hdLg jf df6f] dfly g} clwsf/ /fVg eg] ;Sb}g .

!$= 3/ agfpg]sf] ! g+= df ePsf] an];L sf6\g kfpg] eGg] s'/f / cl3b]lv g} lgjf{w ?kdf em\ofn /fvL ef]uL cfPsf] xfjf k|sfzsf] lgsf; /f]Sg kfpg] eGg] s'/f Pp6} xf]O{gg . 3/ agfpg]sf] !g+= n] pk/fSt cj:yfsf] an];L sf6\g kfpg] clwsf/ lbPsf] ePklg ;f] cGtu{t cl3b]lv g} /fv]sf] em\ofnjf6 cfpg] hfg] xfjf k|sfzsf] lgsf; klg y'Gg kfOG5 egL cg'dflgt ts{ jf sfg"gsf] JofVof ug{ ldNb}g . a:t't pk/f]Qm b'O{ cj:yfx? km/s km/s cj:yfx? x'g / cf cfkm\g} 9+un] To:tf] clwsf/x?sf] ;Ddfg ug{ ;DaGwLt ;a} afWo 5g\ . 3/sf] an];L sf6\g kfpg] sf/0fn] cl3b]vLsf] em\ofn klg 6fNg kfOG5 eGg g t k|rlnt sfg"gn] cg'dtL lbG5 g t To:tf] ts{ ug'{ d'gfl;a / Gofo;+ut x'G5 .

!%= 3/ jgfpg]sf] dxnsf] ! g+= n] jn];L sf6\g kfpg] ;Dd Joj:Yff u/]sf] 5 t/ d'n'sL P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf] ! g+= df eO{ /x]sf] em\ofn jGb x'g] u/L gof+ lgdf{0f ug{ kfpg] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] kfO{Gg . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% cg';f/ csf{sf] hUufdf k|lts"n c;/ / cj?4 kg]{ u/L em\ofn /fVg gx'g] / obL jgfpg gx'g] em\ofn /fv]sf] eP sfg"g jdf]lhd ;DjlGwt hUufwgLn] df}sfdf ph'/ ug]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . ;f] jfx]s lagf /f]s6f]s cl3b]lv /fv]sf] / pkof]udf /x]sf emofnsf] xsdf k5L cGoyf c;/ kg]{ u/L s'g} lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ cg'dlt k|rlnt sfg"gn] lbPsf] b]lv+b}g .


732

!^= o:tf] dfly pNn]v eP cg';f/ xfd|f] laBdfg sfg"gL Joa:yfn] ;fFw hf]l8Psf] ;Flwof/x?sf 3/ hUufsf ;DaGwdf 9nkfgL jf6f]sf] cfjt hfjt / lgsf;sf ;'lawf h:tf s'/fx?nfO{ Joj:yLt / lgodg ug]{u/L d''n'sL P]g 3/ jgfpg]sf] dxn nufotsf s]xL o:tf sfg"gL Joj:yfx?df pNn]v u/]sf] ePklg ;flas b]lv ef]uL cfPsf] k|sfz / xfjf h:tf s'/fx?sf] cfjt hfjtsf ;DaGwdf laafb p7]df s] x'g] egL pNn]v ePsf] 5}g ;fy} k/Dk/fut ?kdf jgL /x]sf] 3/df cfpg] hfg] k|sfz xfjf h:tf lgsf; /f]Sg jf To:tf j:t'x?sf] cfjt hfjtdf k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ u/L s;}n] lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ kfpg] u/L sfg"gn] jGb]h gnufPsf] eGg] s'/f ;d]t dfly g} pNNf]v e};Sof] . o:tf] ;flas b]lv ef]uL cfPsf] k|sfz xfjf h:tf j:t'x?sf] cfjt hfjt lgsf;sf ;DaGwdf laafb p7]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;'ljwfx?sf] bfjL ug{ ;Sg] u/L :ki6 ?kdf sfg"gdf pNn]v ePsf] jf ;f] pkrf/sf] bfjL ug{ ;Sg] u/L k|rlnt sfg"gn] s'g} Joj:yf gu/]sf] kl/0ffd :j?k lgj]bsnfO{ pkrf/ ljd'v /fVg' plrt x'Fb}g . xfjf k|sfz h:tfs'/fx? lgsf;s} Ps ?k ePsf] kl/k|]Ifdf lakIfL ls g+ !%%& ;d]tsf :jfdLn] ;flas b]lv ef]uL cfPsf] lgj]bssf] hUufdf cfpg] hfg] k|sfz / xfjfsf]] ;'lawfnfO{ g} ca?2 kg]{ u/L lgdf{0f ug{ kfpg] cfzojf6 ePsf] gu/kflnsfsf] lg0f{o sfod} /xg] xf] eg] ;flas b]lv ;f] 3/df a;L cfPsf]

lgj]bsn] s'g} pkrf/ k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] x'Fb}g . !&= pk/f]Qm k[i6e"lddf x]bf{ lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] hUufdf k/fk"j{sfn b]lv ljjfbsf] :yfgdf em\ofn /fvL xfjf / k|sfzsf] ;'ljwfef]uL cfPsf] gftfn] lgj]bsn] lakIfLnfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/df /x]sf] ;f] em\ofn ;d]tdf k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ u/L dfq lakIfLn] cfkm\gf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ kfpg] b]lvof] . dxfgu/kflnsfn] lg0f{odf pNn]v u/]sf] 3/ jgfpg]sf] !g+ adf]lhd jn];L sf6\g kfpg] xs klg pk/f]Qm em\ofnsf] ;'lawfdf cGoyf c;/ gkg]{ u/L dfq} pkef]u x'g ;Sg] b]lvof] . csf]{ zJbdf 3/ jgfpg]sf] # g+= sf] Joj:yf / 3/ jgfpg]sf] ! g+= sf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;d'lrt ?kdf x]g'{ kg]{ b]lvof] . To;} /f]xdf k|:t't d'2fdf pNn]v eP h:tf] ;'ljwfsf] pkef]u u/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ cgb]vf u/L 3/ jgfpg]sf] ! g+= sf] dfq} Ps kIfLo sfof{Gjog ug{ lbPdf 3/ jgfpg]sf] dxnsf] # g+= sf] Joj:yf / To;sf] ;}4flGts cfwf/df ljsl;t ePsf] dfly ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] ;'ljwf clwsf/sf] dfGotf n'Kt x'g ;Sg] / To;jf6 JolQmsf] ljBdfg ;DklQ ;DjGwL xssf] k|rng / pkef]udf cj/f]w sfod x'g hfg] dfq} xf]O{g, To:tf] ;DklQsf] pkfb]otf jf To;sf] nfex?df ;d]t ;+s'rg jf pNn3+gsf] l:ylt v8f x'g] e} cGofok"0f{ cj:yf l;h{gf x'g] x'gfn] ljkIfLn] gS;fkf; ug{ dfu u/]sf] hUuf tkm{ lgj]bssf] cl3 b]lv /xL cfPsf] 3/df

733

c+s ^

x:tIf]k x'g jf cGoyf c;/ kg]{ s'g} sfd ug{ lbg ldNg] b]lvPg . ;f] jfx]s cGo s'/fdf ljkIfLn] sfg"g jdf]lhd lgdf{0f ug{ kfpg] s'/fdf cj/f]w ug{ lgj]bsn] gkfpg] b]lvPsf]n] lgj]bssf dfu dWo] lgj]bssf] 3/sf] em\ofn tkm{ cGoyf c;/ kfg{ gkfpg] x'+bf ;f] xb;Dd ljkIfL gu/kflnsfn] kfl/t u/]sf] gS;f kfl/tsf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z4f/f jb/ x'g] eO{ To:tf] em\ofndf c;/ kfg]{ u/L s'g} gS;f kfl/t gug'{ , gu/fpg' To:tf] s'g} lgdf{0f

sfo{ ug{ glbg' egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ .

pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5'+ . Gof= cg"k/fh zdf{ Olt ;Djt\ @)^% ;fn j}zfv @@ ut] /f]h z'ed\ ==================== . Ohnf; clws[tM p=;=:jLs[lt k/fh'nL


734

lg0f{o g+=&(&( g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'tm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7

dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L ;Djt\ @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=–––––*^$!

km};nf ldltM @)^%.@.!).^

d'2f M– hUuf lgvgfO{ kfpFm . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lhNnf wg'iff t'N;LofxL

hAbL uf=lj=;=j8f g+=@ df a:g] la/]Gb| 7fs'/

lj?4 k|ToyL{ jfbLM lhNnf wg'iff t'N;LofxL hAbL

uf=lj=;=j8f g+=# df a:g] k/d]Zj/ 7fs'/

z'? km};nf ug]{ df=GofofwLzM– >L zDe'/fd

sfsL{ . k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf km};nf ug]{– df=Gof=>L df]xg k|sfz l;6f}nf

df=Gof=>L Clif /fh ld>

P]gn] ;fFw hf]l8Psf] hUuf lgvGg kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] geO{ ;lGw;k{g kg]{ hUuf lgvGg kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf]df ;lGw;k{g kg{sf nflu 3/ hUufsf] ;fFw hf]l8g' Pp6f cfwf/ xf] eg] TolQs}af6

;fFw hf]l8Psf ;a} hUufx? ;lGw;k{g kg]{ hUuf x'g egL cg'dfg ug{ jf To:tf] lgisif{df k'Ug g;lsg] .

bfjL ul/Psf] 3/hUuf ;lGw;k{g kg]{ xf] To;sf] k'i6\ofO{ lgvGg rfxg] JolQmn] ug'{kg]{ .

;lGw;k{g kg{nfO{ hUuf glgvg]sf] cj:yfdf s"nf], kfgL, af6f], lgsf;, xfjf, 3fd OToflb s'/fx?df cj/f]w k'Ug] jf ljk/Lt c;/ kg]{ x'g'kg]{ .

hUuf lgvgfO{ kfpgsf] nflu bfjL lng]n] bfjLsf] hUuf ;lGw;k{g kg]{ :ki6 cfwf/ gb]vfO{ ;fFw l;dfgf ldn]sf] eGg] dfq cfwf/n] lgvgL lng gkfpg] .

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{jf6M cjnlDjt ghL/M

km};nf

Gof=tflx/cln cG;f/LM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt hgsk'/sf] ldlt @)^!.@.!# sf] km};nf pk/ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08 -s_ cGtu{t d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg e} bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M–

735

c+s ^

cof]Wof 7fs'/sf] @ 5f]/f h]7f d k/d]Zj/ 7fs'/ / sfG5f ljkIfL /fdnIfg 7fs'/ ;f]gf/ ePsf]df xfdL aLr c+z d'2f rnL o;} cbfntaf6 @)%) ;fn r}q dlxgfdf ldnfkq e} afa' cof]Wof 7fs'/sf] gfpFsf] lhNnf wg'iff t'N;LofxL hAbL uf=lj=;=j8f g+=# sf] ls=g+=(% sf] )–#–!* hUuf lsQfsf6 e} ls=g+=%!! sf] )–@–!!½ d]/f] efudf / blIf0ftkm{af6 ls=g+=%!) sf] )–!–^½ hUuf ljkIfL dWo]sf efO{ /fdnIfg 7fs'/sf] gfpFdf btf{ e} cf–cfˆgf] hUuf ef]u rng u/L cfPsf]df s'g} ljjfb lyPg . pQm ls=g+=%!) sf] hUufaf6} d]/f] hUufdf kfgL k6g] ;lGw;k{g kg]{ hUuf ePsf]df ljkIfL dWo]sf efO{ /fdnIfg 7fs'/n] dnfO{ yfxf hfgsf/L ;d]t s]xL glbO{ ljkIfL dWosf] lj/]Gb| 7fs'/ xhfdnfO{ ldlt @)%&.#.@* df dfnkf]t sfof{no wg'iffaf6 /=g+=!(@% af6 kf/Lt u/L lng'lbg' u/]sf] s'/f ldlt @)%&.$.! df gSsn lnO{ yfxf kfPsf]n] ;f]sf] lglb{i6 Dofbleq dfnkf]t sfof{no wg'iffsf] ld=g+=$ sf] xs;kmf d'2f lbPsf]df dfnkf]t sfof{no wg'iffn] xsjfnf ePsf]df ljjfb g/x]sf] ;lGw;k{gsf ;DaGwdf k|df0f a'emL lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf ;lGw;k{g ;DaGwdf k|df0f a'‰g] o; sfof{nosf] If]qflwsf/ leqsf] gePsfn] #% lbg leq wg'iff lhNnf cbfntdf hfg' egL dfnkf]t sfof{no wg'iffaf6 ldlt @)%*.!).!& df km};nf ePsf]n] ;f]sf] ldlt @)%*.!).#) df

gSsn lnO{ o; cbfntdf gfn]; ug{ cfPsf] x'F . t;y{ ls=g+=%() sf] hUuf d]/f] ;lGw;k{gsf] hUuf ePsf]n] lgvgfO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] lkm/fb kq .

jfbLsf] ls=g+=%!! sf] hUufdf d]/f] ls=g+=%!) sf] hUufaf6 kfgL k6\g] xf]O{g . vfnL ;fFw ldn]s} sf/0faf6 dfq jfbLn] dnfO{ x}/fg k/];fg ug{ em'¶f lkm/fb lbPsf dfq x'g . o;/L em'¶f d'2f lbg] jfbLnfO{ g} ;hfo ul/kfpFm / em'¶f bfjLaf6 ;kmfO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL dWo] lj/]Gb| 7fs'/sf] k|ltpQ/ kq .

k|ltjfbL dWo]sf /fdnIfg 7fs'/ ;f]gf/sf gfpFdf ldlt @)%(.$.@$ df tfd]n ePsf] #) lbg] O{tnfogfdfsf] Dofb u'hf/L a;]sf] .

k|df0fdf cfPsf] d'2f g+=!%! sf] k|df0f ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] gS;f 6«];af6 jfbLsf] ls=g+=%!! / ljkIfLsf] ls=g+=%!) sf] hUufsf] ;fFw l;dfgf ldn] le8]sf] / k|ltjfbLsf] ;fIfL ;d]tn] jfbL bfjLnfO{ k'i6L x'g] u/L askq u/]sf] b]lv+bf jfbL bfjL adf]lhdsf] ls=g+=%!) sf] hUuf jfbLn] lgvgfO{ kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] z'? wg'iff lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%(.!).% sf] km};nf .

ljkIfL jfbLn] bfjL lnPsf] d]/f] ls=g+=%!) sf] hUuf eO{ ljkIfLsf] ls=g+=%!! sf] hUuf l;rfO{ x'g] xf] xf]O{g


736

< To; ;DaGwdf Plsg ug{sf nflu hUufsf] cfs[lt b]vfO{ gfk gS;f ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/L s]jn Psfkl§sf] ;f+w hf]l8Psf] egL ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt z'?n] u/]sf] km};nf ab/ afltn u/L a'‰g' kg]{ k|df0f a'emL jfbL bfjLaf6 5'6\sf/f kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

jfbL bfjL adf]lhdsf] ls=g+=%!) sf] hUufnfO{ jfbLn] xs lgvgfO{ kfpg] 7x¥ofPsf] wg'iff lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%(.!).% sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lv+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;Qm}g eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt hgsk'/sf] ldlt @)^!.@.!# sf] km};nf .

Ps} rSnf leqsf] / Ps} ;f+wdf hUuf x'Fb}df ;lGw;k{g k/]sf] 7x/ ug{ ldNb}g . ;e]{ gS;f x]bf{ jfbLsf] hUuf pQ/ tkm{ / d]/f] hUuf blIf0f tkm{ ePsf]n] hUufsf] cfs[lt k|s[lt x]bf{klg t/fO{ If]qsf] e"–agf]6 cg';f/ d]/f] hUuf xf]rf] / jfbLsf] cUnf] ePsf] s'/f :jtM l;2 5 . d]/f] hUufaf6 jfbLsf] hUufdf kfgL hfg ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . hUufsf] gfk gS;f g} gu/L xr'jfsf] e/df km};nf ul/Psf] 5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf c=j+=!&! g+=,n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !! g+=/ k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %$ sf] q'l6 ljBdfg ePsf]n] d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]/L Gofo kfpFm eGg]

;d]tsf] k|ltjfbL lj/]Gb| 7fs'/sf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bg .

s'nf]kfgL lgsf; h:tf s'/fn] ;lGw;k{g ePsf] tYo k|dfl0ft gePsf] cj:yfdf klg ;f+w hf]l8Psf] dfq sf/0fn] ;lGw;k{g kg]{ egL lgvgfO{ lbg] 7x/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf d"n'sL P]g, /lhi6«zgsf] #% g+=sf] q'6L ljBdfg b]lvgfn] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_ adf]lhd bf]xf]¥ofpg] lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .

lgod adf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhftx? cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt hgsk'/af6 ePsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g ;fy} k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;S5, ;Sb}g eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvof] .

@= lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ljkIfLx?n] /flhgfdf u/L lng'lbg' u/]sf] ls=g+=%!) sf] )–!–^½ hUuf d]/f] ;lGw;k{g kg]{ x'Fbf lgvgfO{ kfpF eGg] jfbL bfjL ePsf]df Ps} lsQfaf6 lsQfsf6 e} l;dfgf ldn]sf] ePtfklg jfbLsf] xs lxtdf c;/ k/]sf] 5}g / jfbLsf] ;lw;k{g kb}{g . ;fFw ldn]s} cfwf/df dfq lgvgfO{ lng ldNb}g, lkm/fb vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] k|ltpQ/ lhls/ b]lvG5 . z'? km};nf ;b/ u/L jfbL bfjL adf]lhdsf] ls=g+=%!)

737

c+s ^

hUufnfO{ jfbLn] lgvgfO{ lng kfpg] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pk/ k|ltjfbLsf] hUuf lgvGg' kg]{ xf]Og eGg] lhls/ ;lxt d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]/L kfpmF egL lgj]bg k/L o; cbfntaf6 bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{ lg:;f k|bfg eO{ k|:t't k'g/fj]bg lg0f{ofy{ k]z ePsf] b]lvof] .

#= jfbLsf] ls=g+=%!! sf] hUuf / k|ltjfbL /fd nIfg 7fs'/ ;f]gf/n] k|ltjfbL lj/]Gb| 7fs'/nfO{ laqmL u/]sf] ls=g+=%!) sf] hUuf ;fljs ls=g+=(% af6 lsQfsf6 eO{ sfod ePsf] tYodf ljjfb 5}g . To;sf/0f ls=g+=%!) / ls=g+=%!! b'a} hUufsf] ;fFw l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] s'/fdf klg ljjfb b]lvPg . t/ hxfF ;Dd lgvGg kfpg] jf gkfpg] s'/f 5, ;f] ;DaGwdf k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !! g+=cg';f/ ;lGw;k{g kg]{ xsjfnfn] dfq hUuf lgvgL lng kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . hUufsf] ;fFw ldNb}df ;lGw;k{g kg]{ xf]Og . lgvGg rfxg] JolQmsf] hUufsf] ;fFw lgvGg kfpg' kg]{ bfjL ul/Psf] hUufsf] ;fFw l;dfgf ldNg' Pp6f s'/f xf] / bfjL ul/Psf] hUuf lgvGg rfxg] JolQmsf] ;lGw;k{g k5{ jf kb}{g, Tof] csf]{ s'/f xf] . P]gn] ;fFw hf]l8Psf] hUuf lgvGg kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] geO{ ;lGw;k{g kg]{ hUuf lgvGg kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;lGw;k{g kg{sf nflu 3/ hUufsf] ;fFw hf]l8g' Pp6f cfwf/

cjZo xf] t/ TolQs}af6 ;fFw hf]l8Psf ;a} hUufx? ;lGw;k{g kg]{ hUuf x'g egL cg'dfg ug{ jf To:tf] lgisif{df k'Ug ;lsb}g . c? s]–s] sf/0fn] bfjL ul/Psf] 3/hUuf ;lGw;k{g kg]{ xf] To;sf] k'i6\ofO{ lgvGg rfxg] JolQmn] ug'{ kb{5 . ;lGw;k{g k/]sf] b]vfpg ;fFw hf]l8Psf] hUuf gx'Fbf s], s:tf] c;'ljwf jf sl7gfO{ jf xfgL, gf]S;fgLsf] ;Defjgf 5, tL s'/fx? jfbLn] b]vfpg ;Sg' kb{5 .

$= To:t} ;lGw;k{g kg{nfO{ jfbLn] hUuf glgvg]sf] cj:yfdf jfbLnfO{ s"nf], kfgL, af6f], lgsf;f, xfjf, 3fd OToflb s'/fx?df cj/f]w k'Ug] jf ljk/Lt c;/ kg]{ x'g' kb{5 . k|:t't d'2fdf jfbLn] s] s;/L jfbL bfjLsf] hUuf lghnfO{ ;lGw;k{g kg]{ xf] ;f] sf] k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvPg . ;fy} ;f] hUuf glgvg]df lghnfO{ cfˆgf] hUuf :jtGq ?kdf ef]u ug{ s;/L afwf k'Ug uPsf] jf afwf k'Ug] ;+efjgf ePsf] xf] ;f] sf] tYo ;lxt k'li6 ug{ klg ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . To;sf/0f hUuf lgvgfO{ kfpgsf] nfuL bfjL lng] jfbLn] bfjLsf] hUuf ;lGw;k{g kg]{ :ki6 cfwf/ gb]vfO{ l;km{ ;fFw l;dfgf ldn]sf] eGg] dfq cfwf/n] lgvgL lng kfpg] b]lvPg . t;y{, jfbLn] hUuf lgvGg kfpg] u/L ;lGw;k{g k/]sf] k|dfl0ft ug{ g;s]sf]n] ;f] hUuf lgvgfO{ lbg gldNg] ePaf6 z'? km};nf ;b/ u/L ls=g+=%!) sf] hUuf jfbLn]


738

lgvgfO{ lng kfpg] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt hgsk'/sf] km};nf pN6L e} jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x5{ . c? tkl;n adf]lhd ug'{ .

tkl;n

dfly O{G;fkm v08df n]lvP adf]lhd x'g] 7x/]sfn] z'? wg'iff lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%(.!).% sf] km};nfsf] tkl;n g+=! / @ n] sfod u/]sf] nut /fVg' gkg]{ x'Fbf pQm nutx? s§f ug'{ egL wg'iff lhNnf cbfntdf n]vL k7fO{ lbg'=========!

k|ltjfbL lj/]Gb| 7fs'/n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt hgsk'/ ;dIf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ z'? km};nf cg';f/ jfbLn] e/L kfpg] 7x/]sf] sf]6{ kmL afkt ?=!)@^.– k'g/fj]bg

cbfnt hgsk'/df /=g+=!^* af6 w/f}6L /fv]sf] b]lv+bf ;f] /sd ?=!)@^.– lgh k|ltjfbLn] lkmtf{ kfpF egL b/vf:t lbP sfg"g adf]lhd u/L lghnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg' egL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt hgsk'/df n]vL k7fO{ lbg'================@

bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg'==============#

pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7 Olt ;Djt\ @)^% ;fn h]i7 !) ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\––– Ohnf; clws[t M ch{'g clwsf/L

739

c+s ^

lg0f{o g+=&(*) g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL

dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L ;Djt\ @)^# ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+ @)^

km};nf ldltM @)^%.$.@^.!

d'2f M st{Jo Hofg .

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM ;Gt/fd df}o{sf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/

lj?4 k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM ef/t pQ/ k|b]z lhNnf

l;4fy{gu/ yfgf O6xjf ufpF 8j/f a:g] l6x'n eGg] /fhs'df/ xl/hg ;d]t

z'? lg0f{o ug]{M

df=lh=Gof=>L zf/bfk|;fb l3ld/] k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{M

df=Gof=>L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf df=Gof=>L ad s'df/ >]i7

xTofsf] jf/bft g]kfnsf] e"–efu

eGbf aflx/ ePdf g]kfnsf] cbfntdf d'n'sL P]g efu !, k|f/lDes sygsf] @ g++ ;d]tsf k|rlnt sfg"g cg';f/ sf/jfxL / lg0f{o x'g ;Sg] l:ylt gx'Fbf cbfntn] klg o:tf] cj:yfdf If]qflwsf/ u|x0f ug{ gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=$_

clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf ePsf] ck'i6 ;fljtL jofgsf] cfwf/df dfq g]kfnsf] e"lddf jf/bft ePsf] /x]5 egL dfGg gldNg] .

g]kfn ;/xbdf jf/bft ePsf] eg]sf] 7fpFdf s'g} ;+s]t;Dd b]vf gk/]sf] / g]kfndf jf/bft ePsf] eGg] s'/fsf] cGo j:t'lgi7 k|df0f b]lvg e]l6g gcfPsf]n] k|fb]lzs If]qflwsf/ jflx/ uO{ lhNnf cbfntjf6 ePsf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ x'g] x'Fbf z+sf/lxt tj/n] 36gfsf] ;fy} s;"/ ;d]t k|dfl0ft x'g g;s]sf] l:yltdf cf/f]lkt s;"/jf6 ;kmfO{ lbg] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k}m;nf ;b/ x'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=%_

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L nf]sh+u zfx

k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{jf6M cjnlDjt ghL/M

km};nf

Gof=tflx/cln cG;f/LM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jn ?kGb]xLsf] ldlt @)^#.!.#! sf] km};nf pk/ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ adf]lhd afbL kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg k/L o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M–


740

d[To' eGbf cl3 6fpsf] ;d]tdf nfu]sf] rf]6x?sf] sf/0f d[To' ePsf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ef/tdf ul/Psf] kf]i6df6{d l/kf]6{ .

O{=;g\ @$–#–)# -lj=;+= @)^).#.!) ut]_ lbg ;fFem & jh]sf] ;dodf cToflws kfgL k/L /x]sf] rf/} tkm{ kfgL /x]sf] u|fd wgf}/Lsf] glhs g]kfn ef/tsf] l;df glhs -gf] d]G; n}08_ ef/tLo e"efudf g]kfn ef/t l;dfgf /x]sf] lkn/ g++ %^&÷^& glhs x]bf{ d':nLd h:tf] b]lvg] ;f] lkn/ tkm{ d'v, d'¶L cw{ v'Nnf, cfFvf jGb cj:yfdf c+= jif{ #% sf] k'?if hftsf] j]jf/L;L nfz /x]sf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ef/t pQ/ k|b]z lhNnf l;4fy{gu/ yfgf 9]j?jfaf6 ul/Psf] ljleGg sfuhftx?sf] n]vfO{ /x]sf] .

ldlt @)^).#.( ut] lbpF;f] d]/f] efO{ ldGsg df}o{nfO{ kmsfO{ s[i0fgu/ jhf/df ufpFsf] /fh s'df/ xl/hgn] NofO{ lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=jf8{ g++ ! ;]d/f a:g] sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj / lghn] ;Fu ;fydf NofPsf] lgh /fh]Gb| ofbjn] sfn] egL af]nfPsf] JolQm ;d]tn] ;f] lbg /ftL cGbfhL !) jh]sf] ;dodf ;]d/f ufpF b]lv s]xL k"j{ l;;f} au}rfdf nuL d]/f] efO{ ldGsg df}o{nfO{ rSs' ;d]tn] k|xf/ u/L st{Jo u/L df/L d[ts nfznfO{ g]kfn ef/t l;df glhs ef/tLo e"–efudf kmfnL km/f/ ePsf] x'Fbf lghx? pk/ sfg"g adf]lhd sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg] hfx]/L .

ldlt @)^).#.!) ut] g]kfn ef/t l;df glhs ef/tLo e"–efudf k]mnf k/]sf]

d[ts nfz ef/t lhNnf l;4fy{gu/ yfgf O6xjf ufpF 8j/f 3/ eO{ P]=P]= lkk/f d'lu{xjfdf kfg k;n u/L j:g] ldGsg df}o{sf] ePsf] lghnfO{ lghs} ufpFsf] l6x'n eGg] /fh s'df/ xl/hgn] ldlt @)^).#.( ut] kmsfO{ NofO{ lh=s=a= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g++ ! ;]d/f b]lv s]xL k"j{ l;;f} ju}rfdf nuL sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj ;d]t e} st{Jo u/L df/L d[ts nfz ef/tLo e"–efudf k\mofFs]sf lgh ldGsg df}o{nfO{ st{Jo u/L dfg{df ;+nUg /fh s'df/ xl/hg ;d]tnfO{ vf]h tnf; ub}{ hfFbf ldlt @)^).$.!* ut] lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g++ ! l;d/f ufpFdf e]l6Psf] / /fh]Gb| ofbj efuL km/f/ /x]sf] ;fy} csf]{ JolQmsf] Plsg gfd, y/, jtg ;d]t v'Ng gcfPsf] x'Fbf sfg"g adf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] k|=gf=lg= ulDj/fk|;fb zfx ;d]tsf] ;+o'St k|ltj]bg .

lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ! l:yt k"j{ P]= lzjfgu/–# a:g] xu'g /}bf;sf] wfg v]t, klZrd s'nf] gx/ P] s[i0fgu/–! a:g] cxdb ldofFsf] wfg v]t blIf0f P]= s[i0fgu/ $ a:g] lbNn' algofFsf] wfg v]t olt rf/ lsNnf leq s[i0fgu/ ! ;]d/f a:g] pwf] ofbjsf] l;;f} ju}rf ;f] ju}rfsf] pQ/ s'gfdf bofF afofF /x]sf] l;;f}sf] au}rf ;f] vfnL hUufdf ldlt @)^).#.( ut] /ftL c+= !) jh]sf] ;dodf ldGsg df}o{nfO{ /fhs'df/ xl/hg ;d]t e} st{Jo u/L dfl/Psf] elgPsf] 36gf:yn kqmfp k/]sf] k|ltjfbL /fh s'df/ xl/hgn] jtfO{ b]vfO{ lbP adf]lhdsf] 36gf:yn

741

c+s ^

l7s b'?:t 5, ;f] 36gf:yndf k|df0fdf nfUg] s'g} lrhj:t' tyf ;+s]t ;d]t ge]l6Psf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf .

ldlt @)^).#.( ut] c+= !%=)) jh]sf] ;dodf l5d]sL ldGsg df}o{ / d s[i0fgu/ jhf/ tkm{ cfpg lkk/f d'lu{xjfaf6 lx8L s[i0fgu/ jhf/ cfO{ jhf/ 3'dlkm/ u/L ;fFem s[i0fgu/ eG;f/ sfof{no glhs Ps e§Ldf ldGsg df}o{ ;d]tn] /S;L vfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf k"j{ lrghfg lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g++ ! ;]d/f j:g] sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj / lgh ;+u Ps hgf lgh /fh]Gb| ofbjn] kfx'gf egL jf]nfpg] u/]sf] JolQm ;f]xL e§L k;ndf cfP kl5 d}n] lgh /fh]Gb| ofbj ;Fu s'/f u/L lgh /fh]Gb| ofbjnfO{ ef/tLo ?k}of #))). lbg] ;t{df ;f]xL lbg /ftL c+= @@=)) ah]sf] ;dodf ;]d/f b]lv s]xL k"j{ l;;f} ju}rfdf nuL ldGsg df}o{nfO{ d /fh]Gb| ofbj / lgh /fh]Gb| ofbj ;Fu cfPsf kfx'gf eGg] JolQmn] kfn} kfnf] ;Fu nf7L ;d]tn] lxsf{O{ ldGsg df}o{nfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf] / lgh ldGsg df}o{nfO{ df/L ;s]kl5 efuL uPsf] lgh ldGsg df}o{sf] nfz s] ;f]rL /fh]Gb| ofbj / kfx'gf eGg] JolQmn] g]kfn ef/t l;dfgf glhs ef/tLo e"–efudf lsg kmfn]5g\ yfxf ePg eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL /fh s'df/ xl/hgsf] jofg sfuh .

lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g++ ! ;]d/f l:yt k'j{ xl//fd ofbjsf] vfnL hUuf klZrd xl/ /fd ofbjs} kSsL 3/

pQ/ pwf] ofbjsf] sRrL 3/ blIf0f lzj k'hg ld>sf] 3/ agfpg hu k'/]sf] hUuf olt rf/ lsNnf leq k'j{ df]x8f u/L /x]sf] sn'jf eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbjsf] b'O{ tNn] kSsL 3/ ;f] 3/df P3f/ j6f sf]7fx? /x]sf] 3/sf] dflyNnf] tnfdf sfn] ofbj ;d]t ;'Tg] sf]7f /x]sf] ;f] sf]7fsf] Pp6f vf6 d'lg Knfi6Lssf] n]l8h emf]nf /x]sf] ;f] emf]nfsf] jLrdf pkef]Stf sf8{ dft[ ;]jf sf8{ yfg ! ;"of]{bo jrt tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=sf] kf;j's ;d]t j/fdb ePsf] elgPsf] sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbjsf] 3/ vfg tnf;L tyf j/fdbL d'r'Nsf .

ldlt @)^).#.( ut] lbpF;f] d]/f j'jf ldGsg df}o{nfO{ ufpFsf l6x'n eGg] /fh s'df/ xl/hgn] g]kfnsf] s[i0fgu/ jhf/ 3'Dg hfpF egL kmsfO{ nu]sf / a'af ;f] lbg 3/df kmls{ gcfPsf x'Fbf lghsf] ;DjGwdf a'e\mb} hfFbf ldlt @)^).#.( ut] /ftL c+= !) jh] /fh s'df/ xl/hg / sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj ;d]tn] st{Jo u/L df/L efuL km/f/ ePsf] s'/f v'Ng cfPsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] gfg' df}o{sf] sfuh .

d]/f klt ldGsg df}o{ ldlt @)^).#.( ut] ljxfg c+= *=)) jh]sf] ;dodf kfg k;n u/L a:g] 3/ glhs} lkk/f d'lu{xjf hfg' ePsf] ;f] lbg lbpF;f] l5d]sL /fh s'df/ xl/hg ;Fu s[i0fgu/ jhf/ 3'Dg hfg' ePsf] / ;f] lbg 3/ kmls{ gcfP kl5 lghsf] vf]h tnf; ub}{ hfFbf ldlt @)^).#.!) ut] j9gL /]Nj]:6]zg glhs Ps nfz k]mnf kf/L 9]j?jf yfgfdf NofPsf ;f] d[ts nfzsf] kmf]6f]x? h]7fh'


742

;Gt/fd df}o{n] b]vL ;gfvt ug'{ ePsf] ;f] kmf]6f]x? d]/} klt ldGsg df}o{s} /x]5g, lgh ldGsg df}o{nfO{ ufpFn] /fh s'df/ xl/hg / lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;= j8f g++ ! ;]d/f a:g] sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj / lgh sfn] ;Fu cfPsf kfx'gf eGg] JolQmx? ;d]t ldn]/ st{Jo u/L df/]sf]df k"0f{ ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lnnfjtL df}o{sf] sfuh .

ldlt @)^).#.( ut] l5d]sL ldGsg df}o{nfO{ ufpFn] /fh s'df/ xl/hgn] kmsfO{ s[i0fgu/ 3'Dg nu]sf lgh ldGsg kmsL{ gcfP kl5 lghnfO{ 3/ kl/jf/n] vf]h tnf; ub}{ u/]sf]df kl5 d[To' e} ;s]sf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f 9]j?jf yfgfdf d[tssf] kmf]6f]x? b]vL hfx]/jfnf ;d]tn] ;gfvt u/]sf / Ps lbg d O{6xjf jhf/ dhb'/L ug{ hfFbf lgh /fh s'df/ xl/hg ;Fu e]6 eO{ s'/fsfgL x'Fbf ldGsg df}o{nfO{ ldlt @)^).#.( ut] lkk/faf6 kmsfO{ nuL s[i0fgu/ jhf/sf] ;]d/f b]lv s]xL k"j{ l;;f} ju}rfdf nlu lh=s=j=s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g++ ! ;]d/f j:g] sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj / lgh;+u cfPsf kfx'gf eGg] JolQm / d ;d]t eO{ rSs' ;d]tn] lxsf{O{ ldGsg df}o{nfO{ st{Jo u/L df/L d[ts nfz g]kfn ef/t l;df glhs ef/tLo e"–efudf k\mofFsL cfPsf] xf] egL /fh s'df/ xl/hgn] atfPsf lyP, lgh ldGsg df}o{nfO{ /fh s'df/ xl/hg ;d]tn] st{Jo u/L df/] d/fPsf]df k"0f{ ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] du/] df}o{sf] sfuh .

l5d]sL ldGsg df}o{nfO{ ldlt @)^).#.( ut] lkk/faf6 kmsfO{ g]kfnsf] s[i0fgu/ jhf/ nlu lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g++ ! ;]d/f ufpF b]lv s]xL k"j{ l;;f} ju}rfdf nuL d / ;]d/f s} sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj / kfx'gf eGg] JolQm ;d]t eO{ st{Jo u/L df/L d[ts nfz g]kfn ef/t l;dfgf glhs ef/tLo e"–efudf kmfn]sf] xf] egL /fh s'df/ xl/hgn] jtfPsf / lgh ldGsg df}o{nfO{ /fhs'df/ xl/hg ;d]tn] g]kfndf df/L ef/tLo e"efudf kmfn]sf]df k"0f{ ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|b'dg df}o{sf] sfuh .

d]/f] gofF 3/ jlg/x]sf] x'Fbf ;f] 3/sf] 5t agfpg] sfdsf] nflu d]/f] h]7f] 5f]/fsf] ;fnf] ldGsg df}o{ ldlt @)^).#.( ut] ljxfg !)=)) jh] d]/f] 3/df cfO{ sfd u/L /x]sf lyP o:t}df lbpF;f] d]/f] 3/df lrghfg 8j/fsf l6x'n eGg] /fh s'df/ xl/hg cfO{ ldGsg df}o{ ;+u sfd 5 egL ;Fu ;fy lkk/f tkm{ nuL uPsf] ;f] ;do b]lv lgh ldGsg df}o{ d]/f] 3/df kmls{ cfPgg\ kl5 3/ klg gcfPsf] x'Fbf vf]h tnf; e} /x]sf] 5 eGg] ;'g]sf] / ldlt @)^).#.!@ ut] Ps nfz k]mnf kf/L 9]j?jf yfgfaf6 kf]i6 df6{d ePsf] / ;f] nfz ldGsg df}o{sf] /x]sf] eGg] ;'g]sf] x'F lgh ldGsg df}o{nfO{ ldlt @)^).#.( ut] /ftL c+= @@=)) jh]sf] ;dodf lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g++ ! ;]d/f b]lv s]xL k'j{ l;;f} ju}rfdf nuL /fh s'df/ xl/hg ;d]tn] st{Jo u/L df/L d[ts nfz

743

c+s ^

ef/tLo e'–efudf kmfn]sf /x]5g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fd ldng df}o{sf] sfuh .

ldlt @)^).#.( ut] c+= !$=#) jh]sf] ;dodf l5d]sL l6x'n eGg] /fhs'df/ xl/hg d]/f] lrof k;ndf cfO{ b'O{ sk lrof nlu ldGsg df}o{sf] kfg k;n cufl8 /fh s'df/ xl/hg pleP/ kfg k;n leq j;L ldGsg df}o{n] lrof vfPsf x'g\ To; kl5 lghx? stf uP yfxf ePg . To; kl5 ldlt @)^).#.!! ut] ;'g]sL ldGsg df}o{nfO{ ldlt @)^).#.( ut] /fhs'df/ xl/hgn] kmsfO{ s[i0fgu/ jhf/ 3'Dg egL nu]sf vf]h tnf; ubf{ e]l6Psf 5}gg\ ldlt @)^).#.!@ ut] yfxf kfPsL lgh ldGsg df}o{sf] nfz j9gL glhs k]mnf kf/L 9]j?jf yfgfaf6 kf]i6 df6{d ePsf], lghsf] d[To'sf] ;DjGwdf a'e\mb} hfFbf ldlt @)^).#.( ut] /ftL c+= !)=)) jh] lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g++ ! ;]d/f b]lv s]xL k"j{ l;;f} ju}rfdf nlu /fh s'df/ xl/hg, /fh]Gb| ofbj / kfx'gf eGg] JolQm ;d]t ldnL st{Jo u/L df/L d[ts nfz g]kfn ef/t l;df glhs ef/tLo e"–efudf kmfn]sf /x]5g\ lgh ldGsg df}o{nfO{ /fhs'df/ xl/hg ;d]tn] st{Jo u/L df/]sf]df k"0f{ ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] df:6/ eGg] rGb|dfg rf}xfgsf] sfuh .

xfdLx?n] xf]6n u/L j;]sf] lkk/f d'lu{xjf glhs bfh' ldGsg df}o{sf] kfg k;n lyof] ldlt @)^).#.( ut] ;fFem 3/ hfG5sL egL kfg k;ndf hfFbf gfg' df}o{

dfq /x]sf] ;f]4f lgh ldGsg df}o{nfO{ ;f] lbg lbpF;f] ufpFsf] l6x'n eGg] /fh s'df/ xl/hgn] kmsfO{ s[i0fgu/ tkm{ nu]sf /x]5g\ . ;f] lbg ldGsg df}o{sf] 3/ kl/jf/;Fu ;f]4f /fh s'df/ xl/hg cfO{ O6xjf uPsf] eGg] a'lemPsf] / kl5 a'e\mb} hfFbf j9gL glhs Ps nfz k]mnf kf/L 9]j?jf yfgfaf6 kf]i6 df6{d ePsf] ;f] nfzsf] ;tut ;d]t e} ;s]sf] /x]5 . ;f] d[ts nfzsf kmf]6f]x? b]vfpFbf ;f]xL d]/f] bfh' ldGsg df}o{ s} /x]5 lghnfO{ /fh s'df/ xl/hg ;d]tn] st{Jo u/L df/]sf]df k"0f{ ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] huGgfy df}o{sf] sfuh .

ldlt @)^).#.( ut] ;fFem d]/f] e§L k;ndf cfO{ o; sfof{nosf] lx/f;tdf /x]sf] /fh s'df/ xl/hg, d[ts ldGsg df}o{ / lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g++ ! ;]d/f a:g] jf/Djf/ xfd|f] e§L k;ndf cfpg] sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj / /fh]Gb| ofbjn] kfx'gf egL jf]nfPsf d}n] glrg]sf] JolQmx? cfO{ /S;L vfO{ /ftL c+= @!=#) jh]sf] ;dodf rf/} hgf s[i0fgu/ j; kfs{ tkm{ uPsf x'g\ ;f] ;do b]lv ;]d/fsf] sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj / lgh ;Fu cfPsf kfx'gf eGg] JolQm ;d]tnfO{ b]v]sL 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dGgf ofbjsf] sfuh .

ldlt @)^).#.( ut] lbpF;f] c+= !#=)) jh]sf] ;dodf s[i0fgu/ j; kfs{ tkm{ lg:sLPsf d]/f klt sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj xfn ;Dd kmls{ cfPsf 5}gg\ . lgh sxfF uPsf 5g\ s]xL yfxf 5}g lghn] s]xL


744

vj/ ;d]t u/]sf 5}gg\ . d[ts ldGsg df}o{ / o; sfof{nosf] lx/f;tdf /x]sf /fh s'df/ xl/hg ;d]tnfO{ lrGbLg . d]/f kltsf ;fyLx? sf] sf] 5g\ yfxf ePg kfx'gf eGg] JolQmnfO{ lrlGbg . ldGsg df}o{nfO{ st{Jo u/L dfg{df d]/f klt /fh]Gb| ofbj ;+nUg 5g\ 5}gg\ yfxf ePg eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbjsf] >LdtL Old/tL ofbjsf] sfuh .

sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbjnfO{ vf]h tnf; ubf{ xfn ;Dd sxL+ st} k]mnf gk/]sf] / lgh /fh]Gb| ofbj ;Fu ;fydf lx8\g] lgh sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbjn] kfx'gf egL jf]nfPsf JolQmsf] vf]h tnf; ubf{ xfn;Dd kfx'gfsf] Plsg gfd, y/ jtg, ;d]t v'Ng gcfPsf] x'Fbf sfg"g adf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|=;=lg= uf]s0f{ lji6sf] k|ltj]bg .

ldlt @)^).#.!) ut] lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g++ ! ;]d/f b]lv s]xL k'j{ blIf0f tkm{ ef/tLo l;dfgfdf Ps hgf k'?ifsf] d[t nfz k]mnf kfl/ ef/tLo k|x/Ln] nu] eGg] ;'g]sf] xf] . ;f] ;DjGwdf kl5 j'e\mb} hfFbf d[t nfz ef/t pQ/ k|b]z lhNnf l;4fy{gu/ yfgf O{6xjf ufpF 8j/f 3/ e} lkk/f d'lu{xjfdf kfg k;n u/L j:g] ldGsg df}o{sf] /x]5 . lghnfO{ ldlt @)^).#.( ut] lghs} l5d]sL /fh s'df/ xl/hgn] kmsfO{ s[i0fgu/ jhf/df NofO{ lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g++ ! j:g] u+uf/fd ofbjsf] 5f]/f sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj ;d]t eO{ ;]d/f b]lv s]xL k'j{ pwf] ofbjsf] l;;f} ju}rfdf nuL ;f]xL lbg

cyf{t ldlt @)^).#.( ut] /ftL c+= @@=)) jh]sf] ;dodf st{Jo u/L df/L lgh ldGsg df}o{sf] nfz ;f]xL 7fpFaf6 blIf0f tkm{ ef/tLo e"–efudf k\mofFs]sf /x]5g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] j:t'l:ylt d'r'Nsfsf dflg;x?sf] egfO{ n]vfO{ .

o;df ldl;n ;+nUg hfx]/L b/vf:t, 36gf:yn d'r'Nsf d[ts ldGsg df}o{sf] zj kl/If0f k|ltj]bg, nfz hfFr d'r'Nsf, k|ltjfbLsf] jofg, a'lemPsf dflg;x?sf] sfuh tyf j:t'l:ylt d'r'Nsfsf dflg;n] u/]sf] sfuhftsf cfwf/ k|df0faf6 ldlt @)^).#.( ut] /flt c+= (=#) jh]sf] ;dodf s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ! ;]d/f l:yt ufpFsf] ju}rfdf d[ts ldGsg df}o{nfO{ st{Jo u/L df/L pQm nfz ef/tLo e"–efudf kg]{ wgf}/L u|fd gf] d];n]08df k\mofFlsPsf] k'li6 ePsf] / lgh d[ts ldGsg df}o{nfO{ k|ltjfbL /fh s'df/ xl/hgn] cfk\mgL >LdtL;+u /flt ;'lt /fv]sf] k]mnf kf/L emu8f ePsf] / ;f] b':dgL tyf l/; O{jLn] jbnf lng] p2]Zon] d[ts ldGsgnfO{ g]kfnsf] s[i0fgu/ jhf/df NofO{ e§L k;ndf gf:tf ug]{ qmddf d[tsn] /S;L df;' vfPsf] / cfk'mn] rgf dfq vfO{ gf:tf u/L /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL e§Ldf gf:tf u/L j;L /x]sf sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj / kfx'gf eGg] JolQm ;+u ;/ ;Nnfx u/L sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbjn] 8fFsf ug]{ / dflg; dfg]{ sfd u5{g eGg] rfn kfO{ ef=?= #))). lbg] cfly{s k|nf]egdf kf/L /fh]Gb| ofbjn] kfx'gf egL jf]nfPsf

745

c+s ^

JolQmsf] ;d]t ;xof]u lnO{ oL ltg} hgf k|ltjfbL l6x'n eGg] /fhs'df/ xl/hg, sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj, / kfx'gf eGg] JolQm ldln nf7L, nft d'Ssfn] xfgL ldGsg df}o{nfO{ lh=s=j= s[i0fgu/ uf=lj=;= ! ;]d/f b]lv k"j{ l;;f} ju}rfdf st{Jo u/L df/L ef/tLo e"–efudf kmfn]sf] eGg] kqmfpdf k/]sf] k|= /fhs'df/ xl/hgsf] jofgaf6 :ki6 x'g cfPsf] x'Fbf l6x'n eGg] /fh s'df/ xl/hg / sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbjnfO{ Hofg ;DjlGw dxnsf] ! / !# -#_ sf] s;"/df ;f]xL dxnsf] !#-#_ g++ adf]lhd ;hfo x'g dfu bfjL lnO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] cleof]ukq .

d}n] hfx]/jfnfsf] efO{ ldGsg df}o{nfO{ df/]sf] xf]Og, ;f] ldlt ;dodf d cfk\mg} 3/df lyPF . hfx]/jfnf ;Gt/fd / d]/f] jLrdf ;fgf] aRrfsf] ljifodf emu8f ePsf] lyof], ;f]xL l/;O{jL /fv]sf] x'Fbf dnfO{ km;fpgsf nfuL e'm¶f Joxf]/f n]vfO{ hfx]/L lbPsf x'g, eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|= l6x'n eGg] /fhs'df/ xl/hgn] cbfntdf u/]sf] jofg .

tTsfn k|fKt k|df0faf6 oL k|ltjfbL s;"/bf/ xf]Ogg\ eGg ;lsg] cj:yf gb]lv+bf c=j+= !!* sf] b]xfo @ g+= sf] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] / oL k|ltjfbL ef/tLo gful/s ;d]t ePsf]n] kl5 k|df0f j'e\mb} hfFbf 7x/] adf]lhd x'g] u/L xfn c=j++ !@! g++ adf]lhd y'g'jf k'lh{ lbO{ y'gfdf /fVg :yfgLo sf/fuf/df k7fO{ lbg' eGg] ;d]tsf] y'g5]s cfb]zfg';f/ k|ltjfbL

l6x'n eGg] /fh s'df/ xl/hg y'gfdf /x]sf] .

d ldlt @)^).#.^ ut] g} e}/xjf jd]{nL 6f]ndf uPsf] / ToxL Hj/f] cfO{ j]xf]; ;d]t ePkl5 csf]{ lbg & ut] e}/xjfsf] 8fS6/ k|sfz jxfb'/ yfkf sxfF pkrf/ u/fpg hfFbf c? $ lbg j:g k5{ eg]/ d !! ut] ;Dd x:kL6ndf j;]sf] x'F . x:kL6nsf] gfd yfxf ePg !@ ut] d]/f] 3/ s[i0fgu/df cfPsf] x'F . jDj}df j:bf d[tssf] bfh';Fu emu8f ;d]t ePsf] x'Fbf ;f]xL l/; OjLn] e'm§f hfx]/L lbPsf x'g\ . d}n] d[tsnfO{ df/]sf] xf]Og egL Dofbdf xflh/ x'g cfPsf k|ltjfbL sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbjn] cbfntdf u/]sf] jofg .

ldl;n ;+nUg tTsfn k|fKt k|df0fjf6 oL k|ltjfbL s;"/bf/ xf]Ogg\ eGg ;lsg] cj:yf gb]lv+bf c=j+= !!* g++ sf] b]xfo @ g++ sf] cj:yf ljBdfg b]lv+bf kl5 k|df0f j'e\mb} hfFbf 7x/] adf]lhd x'g] u/L xfnnfO{ k'k{Ifsf] lgldQ !@! g++ adf]lhd y'g'jf k'lh{ lbg' eGg] cfb]z .

lo k|ltjfbL ldlt @)^).#.^ ut] e}/xjf uO{ #.!@ ut] 3/ kms]{sf x'g\ . pgn] ToxL pkrf/ ;d]t u/fPsf x'g\ . lghsf] rfn rng /fd|f] 5 . lgbf]{if x'Fbf k|:t't d'2fjf6 ;kmfO{ kfpg' k5{ egL k|ltjfbL sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbjsf] ;fIfL jnb]j ofbjn] u/]sf] jskq .

k|ltjfbL ldlt @)^).#.^ ut] d]/f] 3/ e}/xjf jd]{nL 6f]ndf cfPsf / lj/fdL ePkl5 & ut]sf lbg k|sfz jxfb'/ yfkfsf] lSnlgsdf egf{ u/L !! ut] l8:rfh{ eO{


746

!@ ut] cfk\mgf] 3/ s[i0fgu/ kms]{sf x'Fbf oL k|ltjfbLn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] xf]O{g ;kmfO{ kfpg' kb{5 egL k|=sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb|sf] ;fIfL lzj s'df/ ofbjn] u/]sf] jskq .

d]/f] kltnfO{ /fh s'df/n] 3/jf6 lnP/ uPsf / /fh s'df/ /fh]Gb| ldn]/ d]/f] kltnfO{ df/]sf x'g egL df}sfdf sfuh ug]{ lnnfjtL df}o{n] u/]sf] jskq .

e'm¶f tl/sfn] sfuh u/fO{ dnfO{ df/lk6 u/L ;lx5fk u/fPsf x'g egL k|x/Ldf sfuh ug]{ dGgf ofbjn] u/]sf] jskq .

d]/f lktfnfO{ s[i0fgu/ hfpF egL kfg b'sfgjf6 /fhs'df/n] lnP/ uPsf / lktf kmls{ gcfPkl5 vf]lh ubf{ /fhs'df/ /fh]Gb| ldn]/ df/]sf] yfxf ePsf] xf] egL df}sfdf sfuh ug]{ gfg' df}o{n] u/]sf] jskq .

o;df ls6fgL hfx]/L, hfx]/jfnf tyf df}sfdf sfuh u/L lbg] JolQmx?sf] cbfntdf u/]sf] jskq, d[tssL >LdtLsf] df}sfsf] sfuh / ;f]nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ u/L u/]sf] jskq, ;x–k|ltjfbLsf] kf]n nufotsf ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0fx?jf6 l6x'n eGg] /fhs'df/ xl/hg / sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj ;d]tn] d[ts ldGsg df}o{nfO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf] b]lv+bf k|ltjfbL l6x'n eGg] /fhs'df/ xl/hg / sfn] eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbjnfO{ Hofg ;DjGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g++ adf]lhd hGd s}b x'g] 7x/fO{ ;fws hfx]/L k}m;nf u/L lbP eGg] Joxf]/fsf] slknj:t'

lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.#.!# sf] k}m;nf .

z'? k}m;nfdf lrQ j'e]mg . hfx]/L b/vf:t adf]lhd d[ts ef/tLo gful/s ePsf], lghsf] nfz ef/tsf] e'–efudf kfOPsf] / ef/tLo k|x/Låf/f kf]i6df6{d nufotsf sfo{ ef/td} u/]sf] cj:yfdf ljgf k|df0f ;hfo ug]{ u/L ePsf] k}m;nf ldn]sf] 5}g . d k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb| ofbjn] d[tsnfO{ dfg'{ dgf{sf] sf/0f v'n]sf] 5}g . jf/bft ePsf] elgPsf] 7fpF / d[ts j:g] Onfsf w]/} 6f9f ePsf] / d[ts g]kfndf k|j]z u/]sf] eGg] egfO{nfO{ k'li6 ug{ k]z ul/PsL d'Ggf ofbj cbfnt ;dIf jskq ubf{ OGsf/ /x]sL hfx]/L b/vf:t nufot cGo ;fIfLx?sf] jskq df}lvs ?kdf ;'g]sf] cfwf/df u/]sf] ;x–k|ltjfbLsf] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L ;dIfsf] kf]n ;d]t cbfntsf] lghsf] OGsf/Ljf6 vl08t ePsf] jf/bftdf ;DjlGwt bzL k|df0f k]mnf gk/]sf] / xfdL lgbf]{if /x]sf] s'/f xfd|f ;fIfL k|df0fjf6 k'li6 ePsf] cj:yfdf ;DjlGwt bzL k|df0f k]mnf gk/]sf] cj:yfdf tYoo'Qm bzL k|df0fsf] cefjdf hGds}bsf] ;hfo ug]{ u/L ePsf] z'? k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf jb/ u/L cleof]u bfjLjf6 ;kmfO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb| ofbj / /fh s'df/ xl/hgsf] Ps} Joxf]/fsf] k[ys k[ys k'g/fj]bg kq .

ck/fw ;+u ;DjlGwt s'g} lrh j:t' j/fdb gePsf] 36gf:yndf s'g} lrGx Pj+ bzLsf ;fdfg j/fdb x'g

747

c+s ^

g;s]sf], ef/tdf nfz k|fKt eO{ kf]i6df6{d ;d]t ef/td} ul/Psf] eGg] egfO{ / rZdlbt elgPsf du/] ;d]t cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ jskq ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbL l6x'n eGg] /fhs'df/ xl/hgsf] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf csf{ k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb| ofbj dfly kf]n u/L cfk'mn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] eGg] ;fljltsf cfwf/n] dfq} k|ltjfbLx?n] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] 7x¥ofPsf] z'?sf] k}m;nf km/s kg{ hfg] b]lv+bf 5nkmnsf nflu k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no j'6jnnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jnsf] ldlt @)^@.(.!& sf] cfb]z .

o;df d[ts klg ef/tLo ePsf] / d[tssf] nfz klg ef/tLo e"–efudf e]6LO{ ef/tLo yfgfd} ph'/L k/]sf] tyf nfz hfFr klg ef/td} ePsf] s'/f k|i6 b]lv+bf b]lvb} g]kfn ;/xbsf] jf/bft ePsf] 7fgL cg';Gwfg clws[tjf6 d'2fsf] txlssft u/L oL k|ltjfbLx? pk/ cleof]u bfjL nufO{ cleof]u kq bfo/ u/fPsf] sfd sf/jfxL clwsf/ If]qsf] cefjdf u}/ sfg"gL ePsf] :jtM :ki6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . ctM o:tf] cleof]ukq u|x0f u/L clwsf/ If]q jflx/ uO{ slknj:t' lhNnf cbfntaf6 eP u/]sf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ b]lv+bf jb/ eO{ pN6L x'G5 . k|ltjfbLx?n] cf/f]lkt s;"/jf6 ;kmfO{ kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jnsf] ldlt @)^#.!.#! sf] k}m;nf .

k|ltjfbLx?n] df}sfsf] jofg ubf{ d[tsnfO{ g]kfn ;/xb leq kmsfO{ NofO{ st{Jo u/L df/]sf] egL ;fljt /x]sf / hfx]/jfnfsf] hfx]/L gfg' df}o{sf] jskqjf6 ;d]t k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ cleof]u dfu bfjL adf]lhd ;hfo ug'{kg]{df ;kmfO{ lbPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jnsf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf jb/ u/L k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ cleof]u dfu bfjL adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbL kIfsf] o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq . lgod adf]lhd cfhsf] k]zL ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs g]kfn ;/sf/ tkm{jf6 ljåfg ;/sf/L pkGofoflwjQmf >L nf]sh+u yfkfn] d[tsnfO{ g]kfn ;/xb leq df/]sf] egL k|ltjfbLx? ;fljt /x]sf] / z'? hfx]/L tyf nfz hfFr l/kf]{6af6 ;d]t g]kfn ;/xb leq} st{Jo u/L df/]sf] cj:yf b]lvPsf]df If]qflwsf/sf] q'6L b]vfO{ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k}m;nf ldn]sf] 5}g jb/ x'g' kb{5 egL ug'{ ePsf] jx; lhls/ ;d]t ;'lgof] . k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jnaf6 ePsf] k}m;nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5 / k'g/fj]bs jfbL kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf] xf]Og < ;f] ;DjGwdf lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g cfof] . o;df ;DjlGwt ldl;n cWoog u/L lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, k|:t't d'2fsf] z'? sf/jfO{ ef/t O6jf{ b]j?jfaf6 ldlt @)^).#.!* df ef/t pQ/ k|b]z lhNnf l;4fy{gu/ yfgf O6jf{ ufpF 8j/f j:g]


748

;Gt/fd df}o{sf] hfx]/L kl/ d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg txlssft e} k|ltjfbL ef/t pQ/ k|b]z lhNnf l;4fy{gu/ yfgf O6jf{ j:g] l6x'n eGg] /fh s'df/ xl/hg / g]kfn slknj:t' s[i0fgu/ 3/ ePsf sn'jf eGg] /fh]Gb| ofbj pk/ d'n'sL P]g Hofg ;DjlGwsf] dxnsf] !# -#_ g++ adf]lhdsf] ;hfosf] dfu bfjL lnO{ cleof]u bfo/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . z'? slknj:t' lhNnf cbfntn] k|ltjfbLx?nfO{{ cleof]u dfubfjL adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] 7x/ k}m;nf u/]sf]nfO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jnn] If]qflwsf/sf] q'6L b]lvPsf] cfwf/df z'? lh=c=sf] k}m;nfnfO{ pN6L u/L k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ cf/f]lkt s;"/jf6 ;kmfO{ lbg] 7x¥ofO{ ePsf] k}m;nf pk/ jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ tkm{af6 k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ ;kmfO{ lbPsf] gldn]sf] egL o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bg lg0f{ofy{ k]z ePsf] b]lvof] . @= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ ef/tLo gful/s hfx]/jfnf ;Gt/fd df}o{n] cfk\mgf] efO{ ldGsg df}o{nfO{ /fh s'df/ xl/hg ;d]tn] ;]d/f ufpF b]lv k"j{ l;;f} ju}rf df nuL rSs' ;d]tn] k|xf/ u/L st{Jo u/L df/L d[tsnfznfO{ ef/t l;dfglhs ef/tLo e"–efudf kmfnL km/f/ ePsf] eGg] s'/f ;'g]sf] cfwf/df pQm 36gf 36]sf] gjf}+ lbg @)^).#.!* df hfx]/L k/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] cufj} ldgsg df}o{sf] nfz @)^).#.!) df g]kfn ef/t ;Ldf ghLs ef/tLo e"–efudf k]mnf k/]sf] ;f] ;DjGwdf ef/t b]j?cf ygfdf ph'/ k/L nfzsf] kf]i6df6{d nufotsf] sfo{

ef/tLo yfgfjf6 ePsf] ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftaf6 b]lvG5 . ;fy} ef/t l;4fy{gu/ b]j?jf yfgfaf6 n]lv cfPsf] ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftjf6 d[tssf] nfz u|fd wgf}/L glhs g]kfn ef/tsf] l;dfgf -gf] d]G;n}08_ g]kfn ef/t l;dfgfdf /x]sf] lkn/ g++ %^&÷^& glhs ef/tLo e"–efudf e]l6Psf] eGg] ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbL l6x'n eGg] /fhs'df/ xl/hgn] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf jofg ubf{ d[ts ldGsg df}o{nfO{ g]kfn ;/xb leq st{Jo u/L df/L ef/tLo e"lddf nlu nfz kmfn]sf] egL cfk"mn] ck/fw u/]sf] s'/f :jLsf/ u/L jofg u/]sf] b]lvPtfklg cbfnt ;dIf lghn] jofg ubf{ cfk"mn] ck/fw u/]sf]df k'0f{ O{Gsf/ /xL jofg u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . To:t} Dofbdf xfhL/ eO{ csf{ k|ltjfbL /fh]Gb| ofbjn] klg cf/f]lkt s;"/df OGsf/L x'Fb} jf/bft ;dodf e}/xjfdf cf}ifwf]krf/ u/fpFb} a;]sf] eGg] ;d]t cbfntdf jofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] OGsf/L jofgsf] k'i6ofO{sf nflu 8f= k|sfz axfb'/ yfkfn] cf}iflw u/]sf] eGg] s'/fsf] k|df0f klg k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . jf/bft ldlt / ;dodf pkrf/ u/fO{ /x]sf] egL lgh /fh]Gb| ofbjsf ;fIfL lzj s'df/ ofbj / anb]j ofbjn] cbfntdf jskq u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvG5 .

#= csf{ k|ltjfbL l6x'n eGg] /fh s'df/ x/Lhg g]kfnL gful/s jf g]kfnsf lgjf;L geO{ ef/tLo gful/s / ef/tdf 3/ ePsf JolQm x'g\ . lghn] klg cbfntdf aofg ubf{ cf/f]lkt s;"/df

749

c+s ^

OGsf/L /xFb} jf/bftsf] ;dodf cfk\mg} 3/df /x]sf] eGg] ;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 36gf:yn ljj/0f d'r'Nsf x]bf{ ;f] 36gf ;Fu ;DjlGwt k|df0fdf nfUg] s'g} klg lrh j:t' tyf ;+s]t ;Dd g]kfndf jf/bft ePsf] elgPsf] 7fpFaf6 ge]6LPsf] l:ylt b]lvG5 . ;f] 36gf ;+u kl/lrt JolQm jf k|ToIf ;f] 36gf b]Vg] rZdlbt ujfx jfbL kIfjf6 k|:t't x'g ;s]sf] klg b]lvb}g . hfx]/jfnf ;Gt/fd df}o{n] cbfntdf askq ubf{ k|ltjfbL l6x'n eGg] /fh s'df/ xl/hgn] ldGsgnfO{ df/]sf] s'/f lgh} k|ltjfbLn] g} egL yfxf kfPsf] x'F egL jskq u/]sf] b]lvG5 . df}sfdf sfuh ug]{ cGo JolQmx? dWo] nLnfjtL df}o{n] 36gf:yn b]v]sf] 5}g eGg] / gfGb" df}o{n] ;f] 36gf 36]sf] ;Dd n]vfO{ lbPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ Tolts}af6 ldGsgnfO{ g]kfn leq} dfl/Psf] / g]kfn ;/xb leq} ;f] 36gf x'g k'u]sf] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvPg .

$= o; k|sf/ d[ts JolQm ef/tLo dflg; x'g / lghsf] nfz ef/tLo e"–efudf k]mnfk/L ef/tLo k|x/Låf/f ;f] ;DaGwdf sf/fjfxL cg';Gwfg ;d]t ePsf] cj:yf 5 . csf]{ lt/ k|ltjfbL dWo]sf l6x'n eGg] /fh s'df/ xl/hg / hfx]/jfnf ;d]t ef/tLo /x]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . t/, xTofsf] jf/bft g]kfn ;/xb leq ePsf] eGg] hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] cfwf/df sf/jfxL eO{ k|:t't cleof]u bfjL bfo/ ePsf] ;Dd b]lvG5 . cleof]u bfjL cg';f/ xTofsf] jf/bft g]kfn ;/xb leq ;DkGg ePsf] /

oL k|ltjfbLx?n] g]kfn ;/xb leq xTof u/]sf] eGg] cleof]u bfjL ;dly{t / k|dfl0ft x'g] s'g} klg z+sf /lxt, ljZj;gLo / :jtGq k|df0f jfbL tkm{jf6 k]z x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . hjls nfz k]mnf k/]sf tyf ef/tLo clwsf/Lx?åf/f k|f/lDes cg';Gwfg ePaf6 ;d]t ;f] jf/bft g]kfnL e"efu aflx/ ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . xTofsf] o:tf] jf/bft g]kfnsf] e"efu eGbf aflx/ ePdf ;f] ;DjGwdf g]kfnsf] cbfntdf d'n'sL P]g efu !, k|f/lDes sygsf] @ g++ ;d]tsf k|rlnt sfg"g cg';f/ sf/jfxL / lg0f{o x'g ;Sg] l:ylt 5}g . cbfntn] klg o:tf] cj:yfdf If]qflwsf/ u|x0f ug{ ldNg] b]lvb}g .

%= t;y{ ef/tLo e"lddf ePsf] 36gfsf] First Information report ef/t O6xjf{ yfgfdf e} TofxfFaf6} nfzsf] Post Martom x'g'sf] ;fy} cGo sf/jfxL ;d]t ;f]xL Onfsfjf6} e} /x]sf] kl/k|]R5df Ps hgf k|ltjfbLsf] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf ePsf] ck'i6 ;fljtL jofgsf] cfwf/df dfq g]kfn e"lddf pQm jf/bft ePsf] /x]5 egL dfGg ldn]g . g]kfn ;/xbdf jf/bft ePsf] eg]sf] 7fpFdf s'g} ;+s]t;Dd b]vf gk/]sf] / g]kfndf jf/bft ePsf] eGg] s'/fsf] cGo j:t'lgi7 k|df0f b]lvg e]l6g gcfPsf]n] k|fb]lzs If]qflwsf/ jflx/ uO{ slknj:t' lhNnf cbfntjf6 ePsf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ;f] k}m;nf jb/ u/L tYoo'Qm / z+sf /lxt tj/n] 36gfsf] ;fy} s;"/ ;d]t k|dfl0ft x'g g;s]sf] l:yltdf


750

k|ltjfbLx?nfO{ cf/f]lkt s;"/jf6 ;kmfO{ lbg] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jnsf] ldlt @)^#.!.#!.! sf] k}m;nf ldn]s} b]lv+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/L nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgod adf]lhd u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof= lvn/fh /]UdL

Olt ;Dat\ @)^% ;fn >fj0f @^ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\––––

Ohnf; clws[t M xl/x/ kf}8\ofn

751

c+s ^

lg0f{o g+=&(*! g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'tm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L= dfggLo GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/ ;Dat\ @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #%*!

cfb]z ldltM @)^%.%.@.@

ljifo M– k/dfb]z ;d]t .

lga]bsM nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=@ ;fg]kf a:g] clwjQmf k'Gb]jL dxh{g …;'hfgfÚ

la?4 lakIfLM g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, sf7df8f} ;d]t

;+ljwfgn] lnlvt?kdf

afnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] lzIff cfh{g ug]{ xs s'g} lsl;dsf] k|yf, k/Dk/f, /Lltl/jfh, dfGotf k|rng jf ?9LjfbLsf] gfddf xgg\ x'g ;St}g . s'df/L ePsf] sf/0f s'df/Ln] lzIff xfl;n ug{ gx'g] egL g]kfn sfg"g nufot s'g} klg s'/fn] k|ltaGw gnufPsf] x'Fbf s'df/Lx?sf] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ df}lns xs xgg\ ePsf] eGg g;lsg] .

-k|s/0f g+=!*_ o; cbfntn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ åf/f k|bQ c;fwf/0f clwsf/

cGtu{t s'g} sfg"g jf ;/sf/sf] s'g} executive / administrative lg0f{on] jfnjflnsfsf] xs xgg\ u/]df pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L xs k|rng u/fpF5 . t/ k/Dk/f, k|rng, k|yf jf dfGotfsf] cfwf/df s;}n] To:tf] xs pkef]u ub}{g eg] ;dfh cfkm} ;r]t / ;hu eP/ To:tf] xs pkef]u ug{'k5{ / o;sf nflu ;dfhdf awareness sf] l;h{gf ug]{ / r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/L xs pkef]u ug{ empower ug]{ sfd sfo{kflnsfsf] x'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=@)_ afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;+ljwfg /

cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx?n] k|bfg u/]sf xs xgg\ gu/];Dd s'df/L k|yfnfO{ cg'ofoL ;+k|bfosf] wd{ / ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xssf] Ps lx:;fsf] ?kdf dfGg' kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=@@_ s'df/Lx?n] s;}sf nflu s'g} >d

ug'{ gkg]{ Pj+ hLljt b]jL dfgL k"hf ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu s'df/L k|yfsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvPsf] / s'df/Lx?n] klg eQmhgx?sf] k"hf / >4fnfO{ u|x0f;Dd dfq ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] xF'Fbf s'df/L k|yfn] s'df/L x'g] aflnsfx?sf] s'g} xs xgg\ ug]{ gb]lvg] .

-k|s/0f g+=@$_


752

s'df/L ePs} sf/0faf6 g]kfnL aflnsfx?n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# åf/f k|bQ df}lns xs tyf afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw nufot dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx?åf/f k|bQ xsx? pkef]u ug{ /f]s nfu]sf] cj:yf gb]lvg] .

-k|s/0f g+=@*_

753

c+s ^

lgj]bs tkm{jf6M ljåfg clwjQmfx? >L k'Gb]jL dxh{g, >L rGb|sfGt 1jfnL, >L /ljgf/fo0f vgfn / >L ld/f 9'+ufgf

ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L a|h]z Kofs''/]n

cjnlDjt ghL/M

cfb]z Gof=jn/fd s]=;L=M g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-@_ cGtu{t bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5 . g]kfndf s'df/L k|yf dWosfnLg ;dob]lv rNb}cfPsf] dflgG5 . g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts Pj+ wfld{s Oltxf;df s'df/L k|yfsf] ljz]if dxTj /x]sf] 5 . P]ltxfl;s tYox?n] P3f/ hgf g]jf/ aflnsfx?nfO{ hLljt b]jL s'df/Lsf] ?kdf k"hf ug]{ ul/Psf] b]vfPsf] 5, h;dWo] sf7df08f}df rf/ hgf, eQmk'/df tLg hgf, kf6gdf b'O{ hgf, b]pkf6gdf Ps hgf / a'ªdtLdf Ps hgf /x]sf 5g\ . oL dWo] sf7df08f} j;Gtk'/sL s'df/L -h;nfO{ /fhfåf/f k'lhg] ePsf]n] /fhs'df/L elgG5_, kf6gsL kf6g s'df/L, eQmk'/sL PsfGt s'df/L / a'ªdtLsL a'ªdtL s'df/L gfd rn]sf k|d'v s'df/Lx? x'g\ . ljleGg s'df/Lx?sf] t'ngfTds cj:yf o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 . j;Gtk'/sL s'df/L M j;Gtk'/sL s'df/Lsf] laxfg lgTo k"hf ul/G5 . pgsf nflu 5'§} vfgf agfOG5 . pgL s'df/L3/sf

aRrfx?;+u lglZrt ;do v]Ng kfpFl5g\ . b}lgs !)÷!@ hgf eQmhgnfO{ pgn] bz{g lbg'kb{5 . pgnfO{ b}lgs tLg 306f x\jfO6 lkmN8 :s"nsf lzlIfsfåf/f sIff Pssf ;a} ljifox? k9fOG5 / :s"n lgod cg';f/sf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L glthf lgsfnL sIff r9fOG5 . of] Joj:yf ;/sf/n] ldnfPsf] 5 . s'df/LnfO{ 3/ aflx/ hfg aGb]h 5 . pgn] s8f lgodx?sf] kfngf ug'{k5{ . pgn] 3/sf] bf];|f] / t];|f] tNnfdf dfq cfjthfjt ug{ kfpFl5g\ . pgsf] kmf]6f] / cGt/jftf{ lng kfO+b}g . pgn] ;w}+ /ftf] klx/g, r'/f / 6Lsf nufpg' k5{ . pgn] dxTjk"0f{ rf8kj{x?df clgjfo{ ?kdf pkl:yt x'g'kb{5 . /h:jnf geP;Dd s'df/L axfn /xlG5g\ . s'df/LnfO{ k|ltdlxgf ?=^))).– sf b/n] >Lkb eQf pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . cjsfzk|fKt s'df/Ln] k|ltdlxgf ?=#))).– eQf kfpFl5g\ . k|ltdlxgf k9fO vr{ jfkt ?=!))).– / ljjfx vr{ jfkt ?=%)))).– lbg] ul/Psf] 5 . kf6gsL s'df/L M s'df/L x'g] aflnsfsf] lghL 3/ g} s'df/L 3/ x'G5 . pgnfO{ 3/sf] d"n 9f]sf aflx/ hfg lgif]w 5 . pgsf] b}lgs k"hf x'G5 . vf; u/L /ftf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] hfqf / a8f bz}+sf] cj;/df s'df/LnfO{ s'df/L 3/af6 aflx/ lgsflnG5 . s'df/Ln] k|To]s lbg laxfg /ftf] klx/gdf ;lhP/ cfzgdf a:g' kb{5 . pgn] eQmhgnfO{ bz{g klg lbg' kb{5 . pgnfO{ v]Ng / xf]djs{ ug{ lbOG5 . s'df/LnfO{ b}lgs b'O{ 306f a;'/f :s"nsL


754

lzlIfsfn] 6\o'zg k9fpFl5g\ . u'7L ;+:yfgn] k9fO / k"hf vr{ jfkt dfl;s ?=!*)).– s'df/Lsf] kl/jf/nfO{ k|bfg ub{5 . 6\o'zg z'Ns ?=!))).–:s"nnfO{ jflif{s ?=@))).– a'emfpg' kb{5 . nlntk'/ gu/kflnsfn] jflif{s ?=!@))).– pknAw u/fpF5 . eQmk'/sL s'df/L M eQmk'/sL PsfGt s'df/LnfO{ k9\g / aflx/ hfg 5'6 5 . pgn] s'df/L 3/df a:g' k5{ . /h:jnf geP;Dd s'df/L kbdf axfn /xlG5g\ . axfnjfnf s'df/Ln] dfl;s ?=$%).– / cjsfzk|fKt s'df/Ln] dfl;s ?=!)).–sf b/n] eQf kfpF5g\ . s'df/LnfO{ cGo aGb]h vf;} 5}gg\ . /ftf] klx/g ljz]if k"hfsf] ;dodf dfq nufP x'G5 . pgnfO{ cGo lbg cfkm\gf] 3/ kl/jf/df a:g 5'6 5 t/ 36:yfkgfb]lv k"l0f{df;Dd eg] s'df/L 3/d} a:g'k5{ . a'ªdtLsL s'df/L M b"w] bfFt gem/];Dd s'df/L kbdf axfn /xlG5g\ . s'df/Ln] ;fdfGo hLjg latfpFl5g\ . xfnsL s'df/L kf6gsf] lzv/ af]l8{ª :s"ndf cWoog/t l5g\ . :s"n hfFbf :s"n 8«]; g} nufpFl5g\ . s'df/Ln] lgTo k"hf ug'{k5{ . x/]s ;+qmflGtdf pgnfO{ a'ªdtL dlR5Gb|gfy dlGb/ kl/;/ nluG5 hxfF ;of}+ eQmhgn] pgsf] k"hf ub{5g\ . a'ªdtL s'df/Lsf] ;~rfng Pj+ Joj:yfkg ug]{ s'g} u'7L jf ;+:yf 5}g . s'df/Lsf] kl/jf/n] g} ug'{k5{ . s'df/Laf6 cjsfz kl5 cGo aflnsf ;/x hLjg ofkg ug{ x'G5 . o;/L cToGt} slnnf] pd]/sf aflnsfx?nfO{ s'df/L agfOg] u/]sf] kfOG5

. s'df/L k|yf wfld{s Pj+ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ePsf] eP tfklg s'df/L agfOPsf aflnsfx? pk/ zf]if0f / e]befj ePsf] 5 . pgLx?n] lx+88'n ug]{, v]Ng], kl/jf/df a:g], vfgkLg, klx/g, :s"n hfg], k9\g] h:tf s'/fx?df cg'zf;gsf s8f lgodx? kfngf ug'{kb{5 . lgj[Q s'df/Lx?sf xsdf klg ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / k'g:yf{kgfsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf 5}g . ljleGg :yfgsf s'df/Lx? dWo] eQmk'/sf] s'df/L k|yf t'ngfTds ?kdf pbf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s'df/Lx? -vf; u/L a;Gtk'/ / kf6gsL s'df/L_ sf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/, ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/, 3'dlkm/ cfjthfjt / a;f]af;sf] :jtGqtf, e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf, ?rL cg'?ksf] / OR5fPsf] ;dodf vfglkg ug]{ :jtGqtf, c? afnaflnsf ;/x :s"n hfg] / k9\g] :jtGqtf, ?rL cg';f/sf] n'uf nufpg] :jtGqtf, z/L/ / cfjf;sf] uf]klgotfsf] xs h:tf xs / :jtGqtfx? s'l07t ePsf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xs / :jtGqtfx?sf] pkef]u ug{ gkfPaf6 s'df/L aflnsfx?sf] zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s ljsf;df k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] 5 . To:t} ;dfhdf JofKt cGwljZjf;sf sf/0f s'df/L ag]sf aflnsfx?sf] j}jflxs hLjgsf] ljifo klg k|efljt 5 . s'df/L agfOPsf] cj:yfdf pgLx? lj?4 ePsf] e]befj, afn clwsf/sf] xgg\ Pj+ zf]if0fsf] Ifltk"lt{ :j?k pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / k'g:yf{kgfsf] ljz]if Joj:yf klg /fHon] u/]sf] 5}g . /fHon] pgLx? pk/ eO/x]sf]

755

c+s ^

e]befj / zf]if0f lj?4sf] ;+/If0f pknAw u/fpg ;s]sf] 5}g . kmnt M s'df/L / e"tk"j{ s'df/Lx?sf] hLjg bogLo 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^-*_ n] afnaflnsfsf] zf]if0f x'g glbO{ pgLx?sf] xs lxtsf] /Iffsf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ st{Jo /fHo pk/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 t/ ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ cg'?k s'df/L agfOPsf aflnsfx?n] /fHoaf6 ;+/If0f kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . s'df/L k|yfdf wfld{s clek|fo k"/f ug{sf nflu aflnsfx?nfO{ b]jL b]jtfsf gfddf ;dk{0f ul/g] ePsf]n] s'df/L k|yf afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g @)$* sf] ;d]t ljk/Lt 5 . s'df/L k|yf g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( n] aflnsfx?nfO{ k|bfg u/]]sf] xs / /fHo pk/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] bfloTj ljk/Lt /x]sf] 5 . dxf;lGwn] afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx?sf] JolQmTjsf] k"0f{ ljsf;sf nflu ddtfk"0f{ kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f / k|;Ggtf Pj+ ;dembf/Lk"0f{ kl/j]zdf x's{g kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !^,@$,@&,@*,@(,#! tyf #@ n] afnaflnsfx?nfO{ k|bQ clwsf/x?sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Da4{g ug{sf nflu kIf /fi6«x?n] ;d'lrt sfg"gL, k|zf;lgs tyf z}lIfs pkfox? ckgfpg' kg]{ bfloTj lg/f]k0f u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L g]kfn kIf ePsf] dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw -CEDAW_, !(&( n] klg dlxnfx?sf xsx?sf] k|Tofe"lt ub}{ dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj cGTo ug{ pko'Qm sfg"gL

Pj+ cGo pkfox? cjnDjg ug'{kg]]{ bfloTj kIf /fi6«x? pk/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . o;sf afjh"t /fHon] s'df/L k|yfsf gfddf aflnsf -dlxnf_ lj?4sf] k/Dk/fut e]befj / zf]if0fsf] cGTo ug]{ lbzfdf dxf;lGwåf/f lgwf{l/t cfkm\gf] bfloTj lgjf{x u/]sf] 5}g . To;sf/0f dlxnf lj?4 x'g] e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL ;ldltsf] ;g\ @))$ hgj/L !@–#) ;Dd a;]sf] #)cf}+ ;qsf] a}7sn] g]kfnn] dxf;lGw sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfsf af/]df k7fPsf] k|ltj]bg pk/ l6Kk0fL ub}{ s'df/L k|yfn] dlxnf lj?4 e]befj u/]sf] / of] dxf;lGw ljk/Lt ePsf]n] o:tf] e]befjd"ns k/Dk/fut k|rngnfO{ pGd"ng ug{ sbd rfNg' egL l;kmfl/z u/]sf] 5 . s'df/L k|yfsf gfddf aflnsfx? pk/ eO/x]sf] zf]if0f / e]befj g]kfn kIf ePsf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw !(^^ ;d]tsf] k|lts"n /x]sf] 5 . cg'aGwsf] wf/f @$-!_ n] s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ wd{ j0f{ ln+u hft hflt /fli6«otf OToflbsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug{ gx'g] / gfafns ePsf] x}l;otaf6 kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6«af6 cfkm\gf] clwsf/x?sf] ;+/If0f ul/kfpg] xs afnaflnsfx?nfO{ k|fKt 5 . t/ ljBdfg s'df/L k|yf cGtu{t aflnsfx?n] pNn]lvt clwsf/x? pkef]u ug{ kfPsf 5}gg\ . s'df/L k|yf pkTosfsf] ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/ xf] . t;y{ o; k|yfnfO{ pGd"ng ug'{eGbf dfgj clwsf/sf d"No / dfGotf cg'?k ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg' jf~5gLo 5 /


756

o;f] ePdf g} o;sf] ;Ddfg / ul/dfdf klg clej[l4 x'g]5 . ctM s'df/L k|yfsf gfddf zf]if0fo'Qm Pj+ e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ul/+b} cfPsf aflnsf Pj+ dlxnfx?sf] ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g k|bQ clwsf/x?sf] k|rng / ;+/If0fsf dfWodaf6 s'df/L k|yfsf] ;'wf/sf nflu b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLx?sf gfddf k/dfb]z jf pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFmM -s_ s'df/L k|yfsf gfddf ul/g]

u}/;+j}wflgs tyf u}/sfg"gL lqmofsnfkx? tTsfn aGb ug'{ ug{ nufpg',

-v_ s'df/L aflnsfx?sf] ;jf]{Qd lxtdf k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ u/L dfq ;DalGwt ;d'bfon] s'df/L k|yf dfkm{t\ wd{ / ;+:s[lt dfGg kfpg] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug'{,

-u_ e"tk"j{ s'df/Lx?sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / k'g:yf{kgfsf] nflu kof{Kt sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{, /

-3_ s'df/L k|yfnfO{ dfgjclwsf/sf d"No / dfGotf cg's"n agfpg /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u / ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf lj1x?;+u ;dGjo / k/fdz{ u/L cfjZos sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ .

s'df/Lx? lj?4 eO/x]sf] e]befj / zf]if0f tTsfn /f]Sg' egL cGtl/d cfb]z

;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bgkq . lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g gkg]{ cfwf/ sf/0f eP !% lbgleq lnlvthjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ljkIfLx?sf gfddf ;"rgf k7fpg' eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.!.@( sf] cfb]z . o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] xs clwsf/sf] xgg\ ePsf] xf], To;sf] :ki6 lhls/ lagf bfo/ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] lnlvthjfkm . ljkIfLsf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xsdf cf3ft kfg]{ sfd o; dGqfnoaf6 gePsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf] lnlvthjfkm . s'df/LnfO{ hLljt b]jL dfgL k"hf ug]{ k|rng dWosfnb]lv rlncfPsf]n] o;sf] ljlzi6 ;f+:s[lts dxTj /x]sf] 5 . lgj]bsn] klg o;nfO{ :jLsf/} u/]sf] x'Fbf s'df/L k|yf vf/]h ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . t;y{ l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . dWosfnb]lv sfod eOcfPsf] s'df/L k|yf vf/]h jf aGb ug{ ldNb}g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t

757

c+s ^

Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] lnlvthjfkm . /fHon] pknAw eP;Ddsf] ;fwg / >f]tsf] kl/rfng u/L lglZrt ;'ljwfx? s'df/LnfO{ k|bfg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . ljBfnodf k9\gsf] nflu s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ sfg"gn] e]befj gu/]sf] x'Fbf s'df/LnfO{ lzIffsf] xsaf6 al~rt ul/Psf] 5}g eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfnosf] lnlvthjfkm .

s'g s'g wfld{s cg'i7fgdf s] s:tf] Joj:yfaf6 s'df/L k|yf ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5, s'df/L lgj[Q ePkl5 s] s:tf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5, ;DalGwt lgsfo tyf s'df/L k|yf ;DaGwdf ljz]if hfgsf/L ePsf JolQm ;d]t;+u ;Dks{ u/L a'emL s'df/Lx?sf] Joj:yf / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL ljj/0f tLg dlxgfleq pknAw u/fpg' egL ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfnonfO{ kqfrf/ ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.!).@* sf] cfb]z . s'df/L u|x0f ug]{ aflnsfsf] h}ljs cj:yf / u'0fnfO{ lglb{i6 u/L lglZrt pd]/ kf/ ul/;s]kl5 s'df/Laf6 lgj[Q eO{ ;fwf/0f hLjg ofkg ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] s'df/L ;+:s[ltn] s'df/L x'g] aflnsf tyf ;dfhsf] ljsf;df s'g} gsf/fTds k|efj kfb}{g . s'df/L k|yf s'/Llt xf]Og . s'df/L ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu plrt / cfjZos ;'ljwf /fHoåf/f pknAw x'g'kg]{ ljifodf ljjfb 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /ldtf dfnL ;d]tsf] lgj]bgkq .

s'df/L lgj[Q ePkl5 ;fdfGo hLjgdf kms{g] / ;fdflhs hLjgdf k'g:yf{lkt eO{ cem ;Ddfghgs hLjg latfpg ;S5g\ . s'df/L ;+:s[ltsf] uf}/jdo dof{bf / ;Ddfgtkm{ ljrf/ gu/L lg/k]If :jtGqtfsf] dfu ul/Psf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ldnf ah|frfo{ ;d]tsf] lgj]bgkq . sf7df8f}sL s'df/LnfO{ lgj[Qe/0f jfkt dfl;s eQf ?=#)).– a]n ljjfxsf] nflu ?=!,))).– / ljjfx vr{sf] nflu ?=!),))).– k|bfg ul/G5 . eQmk'/sL s'df/LnfO{ s'df/L /x]sf] cj:yfdf dfl;s ?=$%).– / s'df/Laf6 cjsfz eP kZrft\ ljjfx x'g' k"j{;Dd dfl;s ?=!)).– eQf k|bfg ul/G5 . nlntk'/sL s'df/LnfO{ dfl;s ?=!%)).– sf b/n] ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/G5 . u'7L ;+:yfgaf6 k|bfg ul/g] pNn]lvt ;'ljwf afx]s cGo ;'ljwfx? sf}zL tf]iffvfgfaf6 pknAw u/fOG5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] r=g+=@&@^ ldlt @)^@.!@.@%sf] kq . o; sfof{noaf6 sf7df8f}, eQmk'/, nlntk'/ / g'jfsf]6sf axfnjfnf / k"j{ s'df/Lx?n] k|fKt ug]{ dfl;s ;'ljwf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] sf}zL tf]iffvfgf sfof{no lqk'/]Zj/sf] r=g++=*!&$ ldlt @)^#.@.# sf] kq .


758

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5 5}g, s'df/L agfOPsf aflnsfx?sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|rngsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 eGg] ljifodf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug'{k"j{ cbfntnfO{ :ki6 hfgsf/L x'g h?/L ePsf]n] ;f] ljifodf cWoog u/L tLg dlxgfleq o; cbfntdf k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ u/L b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;'emfj ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^#.&.!$ sf] cfb]z .

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759

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cg'?k k|fKt ePsf xs clwsf/sf] k|rng / ;+/If0fsf] cj:yf af/] .

-#_ s'df/L k|yfdf ;fdlos ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{ kIfx? af/] .

HfLljt b]jL s'df/L g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] Bf]ts ;+:yfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . s'df/L k|yf sf7df8f} pkTosfsf] g]jf/ ;+:s[ltsf] hghLjgdf cToGt dxTjk"0f{ ;+:sf/sf] ?kdf /lxcfPsf] 5 . dNnsfnb]lv xfn;Dd cljlR5Gg ?kdf rNb} cfPsf] hLljt b]jL s'df/Lsf] ;dfhdf pRr dxTj 5 . s'df/LnfO{ ;a} wdf{jnDjLx?n] plQs} >4fn] x]b{5g\ .

;fdfGotof s'df/L agfOg] aflnsfsf] pd]/ rf/ jif{ jf ;f]eGbf klg sd /xg] l:ylt cWoogaf6 b]lvof] . s'df/L agfOg] pd]/ rf/b]lv afx| jif{;Dd x'g] b]lvof] . /h:jnf ePdf s'df/L x'g cof]Uo x'g] /x]5 . s'df/Lx?sf] cf–cfkm\gf] x}l;ot / ;'ljwf k|fKt eP cg';f/ lzIff, vfglkg / dgf]/~hg cflb l:yltdf oy]i6 geP klg c;Gtf]if g} x'g'kg]{ l:ylt b]lvPg . s'df/L x'g] aflnsfsf] lbgrof{ / cGo ;fdfGo aflnsfx?sf] t'ngf ug{ ldNb}g . s'df/L x'g] aflnsfsf] OHht, ;Ddfg / x}l;ot cGo aflnsfx?l;t t'ngf x'g ;St}g . s'df/L eO/x]sf aflnsfx?df st} klg cgfjZos af]em nflbPsf] h:tf] Jojxf/ k|s6 ul/Psf] kfOPg a? s'df/L

x'g kfPsf]df uf}/j dxz'; u/L b}jL zlQm k|fKt ePsf] d'xf/ ;a}n] :ki6 ?kdf bz{g kfPsf] b]lvG5 . cfkm\gf aflnsf s'df/L 5gf}6 ePsf]df afa'cfdfn] klg uf}/jsf] cg'e"lt ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] . s'df/Lsf] pRr lzIffsf nflu 5fqj[lQ / /f]huf/Lsf] lglZrttf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 xf];\ eGg] pgLx?sf] ck]Iff /x]sf] 5 .

s'df/Lx?sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] l:ylt ;Gtf]ifhgs g} b]lvPsf] 5 . cGo afnaflnsfx?sf] t'ngfdf s'df/Lx?sf] x}l;ot / hLjg:t/ /fd|f] g} dfGg' kb{5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# tyf afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( nufot dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx?sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/sf s'g} clwsf/af6 al~rt ePsf] b]lv+b}g . s]lx ct'ngLo clwsf/ kfpg s]lx ;fdfGo :jtGqtf u'dfpg' kg]{ l:ylt s'df/L k|yfdf /x]sf] 5 .

s'df/L lgo'lQmsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] kfg]{ tkm{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . s'df/Lsf] b}lgs :ofxf/ ;';f/ / x]/rfxsf nflu :ki6 sfo{ljlw agfpg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . s'df/Lsf] zf/Ll/s Pj+ dgf]j}1flgs :jf:Yosf] /Iff x'g'kb{5 . pgLx?sf] u'0ffTds / :t/Lo cf}krfl/s lzIffdf sdL x'g'x'Fb}g . u'0ffTds lzIff k|bfg ug{ of]Uo lzIfsx?sf] lgo'lQm x'g'kb{5 . s'df/Lsf] dgf]/~hgsf nflu plrt Joj:yf x'g'kb{5


760

. s'df/Ln] kfpg] eQf Pj+ cGo ;'ljwf ;dofg's"n plrt / kf/bzL{ x'g'kb{5 . e"tk"j{ s'df/Lx?sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/af6 pgLx?sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf cg';f/ ?lr ePsf] ljifodf 5fqj[lQsf] ljz]if sf]6f lgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 . pgLx?sf] /f]huf/LnfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbOg' kb{5 . s'df/Lx?sf] k"hf / /yofqfsf nflu b}lgs jflif{s / kj{x?df ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yfkgdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug'{ clt g} h?/L 5 . s'df/Lx? a:g] 3/sf] cfjZos Joj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 x'g' h?/L b]lvG5 . s'df/L 3/sf cfwf/e"t ;'ljwfx?, dd{t, /+u/f]ug, ljh'nL Pj+ ef}lts ;'/Iffsf] plrt Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . s'df/L k|yf;+u ;DalGwt ef}lts ;DklQ, u/uxgf, hUuf, e]l63f6L OToflbsf] cfw'lgs nut /fVg' jf~5gLo 5 . s'df/L ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{sf nflu ljBfno :t/Lo kf7\oqmddf o;nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g' kb{5 . s'df/L ;+:s[ltsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ Pj+ yk cWoog cg';Gwfg ;/sf/n] ug'{ u/fpg' kb{5 . s'df/L k|yf Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;+:s[ltljb\ Pj+ k"j{ s'df/Lx? ;lxtsf] Pp6f 5'§} ;ldlt u7g ug'{ clt h?/L 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] cfb]zfg';f/ ul7t cWoog ;ldltn] k|:t't u/]sf] k|ltj]bg .

j;Gtk'/ s'df/L, kf6g s'df/L, eQmk'/ s'df/L, sf7df8f}+ Sjfaxfn s'df/L, sf7df8f}+ d'axfn s'df/L, a'ª\dtL s'df/L,

sf7df8f}+ lsnfun s'df/L, sf7df8f}+ dvg tf/l0f / kf6g ldvfaxfn s'df/Lsf] t'ngfTds cWoog u/L x]bf{ eQmk'/ s'df/L, a'ª\dtL s'df/L, lsnfun s'df/L, dvg tf/l0f -s'df/L_ sf] dfgj clwsf/ l:ylt t'ngfTds ?kdf ;fdfGo /x]sf] 5 . sf7df8f}+ Sjfaxfn s'df/L, sf7df8f}+ d'axfn s'df/L / kf6g ldvfaxfn s'df/L k|yf xfn aGb eO;s]sf] kfOof] . ljz]if u/L s'df/L aGg] aflnsfsf] pd]/, lzIfflbIff, kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f, klx/g, :jf:Yo, dgf]/~hg tyf :jtGqtfsf b[li6af6 clwsf+z :yfgsf s'df/L k|yfx?df dfgjclwsf/sf] l:ylt ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&, afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( nufot dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx?df k|bQ lzIffsf] clwsf/, 3'dlkm/sf] clwsf/, kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fsf] clwsf/, ;Gt'lnt vfgfsf] clwsf/, dgf]/~hgsf] clwsf/ nufotsf cfwf/e"t afnclwsf/x?sf] ;'lglZrttf /x]sf] kfOPg .

s]lx :yfgsf s'df/L k|yf aGb x'gdf s'df/L x'g] aflnsfx?sf] pNn]lvt clwsfx?k|ltsf] lrGtf / cfly{s cefj d'Vo sf/0fsf] ?kdf /x]sf] kfOof] . s'df/L x'g] aflnsfx?sf] dfgj clwsf/ axfnLsf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt gx'g] xf] eg] o;} u/L of] k|yf g} nf]k x'g;S5 . t;y{ dfgj clwsf/sf d"No dfGotfsf cfwf/df ;d–;fdlos

761

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;'wf/ Pj+ kl/dfh{gsf dfWodaf6 ;Ddflgt s'df/L ;+:s[ltnfO{ cem ;Ddflgt agfOg' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]lbsf k'Gb]jL dxh{g æ;'hfgfÆ sf] cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg .

lgod adf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"lrdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhft Pj+ ;+nUg cWoog k|ltj]bgx? cWoog ul/of] .

lgj]bs tkm{af6 lgj]lbsf clwjQmf >L k'Gb]jL dxh{g :jo+ tyf ljåfg\ clwjQmfx? >L rGb|sfGt 1jfnL, >L /ljgf/fo0f vgfn / >L dL/f 9'+ufgfn] s'df/L k|yf /fi6«sf] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf xf] . o;nfO{ hf]ufO /fVg' kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf s;}sf] ljdlt 5}g . t/ s'df/L x'g] aflnsf / s'df/Laf6 lgj[Q ePsf aflnsf Pj+ dlxnfx?sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf]n] pgLx?sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrtfsf] dfWodaf6 s'df/L ;+:s[ltnfO{ hf]ufO /fVg' jf~5gLo ePs]fn] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kb{5 egL ax; ug'{ eof] . ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg\ pk–GofoflwjQmf >L a|h]z Kofs''/]nn] s'df/L k|yf ;/sf/åf/f :yflkt / ;~rflnt k|yf xf]Og . s'df/L k|yfsf] dfldnfdf ;/sf/sf] s'g} k|ToIf ;+nUgtf jf ;xeflutf 5}g . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ ljkIfLnfO{ xsb}of klg 5}g . hxfF;Dd s'df/L k|yfdf ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ Pj+ kl/dfh{g x'g'kb{5 eGg] k|Zg 5

To;df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfklQ 5}g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5 egL ax; ug'{eof] . @= pNn]lvt ax; ;d]t ;'gL k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgDg k|Zgx?df lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . -!_ s'df/L k|yfsf] P]ltxfl;stf /

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#= ca klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf tLg zx/ sf7df8f}+, nlntk'/ / eQmk'/df k|rlnt ljleGg s'df/L k|yfx?nfO{ lnP/ k|:t't lgj]bg k/]sf] b]lvG5 . sf7df8f}+ pkTosf afx]s cGoq s'df/L k|yf k|rngdf /x] g/x]sf] ;DaGwdf l/6 lgj]bgdf / k]z x'g cfPsf cWoog k|ltj]bgx?df s]lx pNn]v ePsf] b]lvPg . pkTosfdf k|rlnt s'df/L k|yfx?sf] z'?jft jf :yfkgftkm{ x]bf{ s'df/L k|yfsf] k|f/De / k|rng ;DaGwL s'g} 7f]; P]ltxfl;s lnvt b:tfj]h /x] ePsf] b]lvPg . s'df/L k|yf s'g sfndf s'g zf;ssf] kfnfdf lsg :yfkgf eO{


762

k|rngdf /x]sf] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf s'g} P]ltxfl;s lnvt h:t} u'7L ;DaGwL lnvt jf tfd|kq, lznfn]v, ;gb jf ;jfn cflb /x] ePsf] eGg] b'j} cWoog k|ltj]bgx?df pNn]v ePsf] b]lv+b}g . k|fKt lnlvthjfkm, cWoog k|ltj]bgx? / s''df/L k|yf;DaGwL lj1x?sf] /fo ;d]taf6 s'df/L k|yf pkTosfsf] ;fdflhs wfld{s Pj+ ;f+:s[lts hLjgsf] Ps cleGg c+usf] ?kdf ztflAbof}+ cufl8b]lv k|rngdf /lxcfPsf]

/ cg'ofoL wfld{s ;Dk|bfon] s'df/LnfO{ hLljt b]jLsf]] ?kdf dflg cfPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . ;a} wfld{s ;Dk|bfo / ;j{;fwf/0fn] s'df/L nfO{ pRr ;Ddfg / >4f JoQm ug]{ u/]sf sf/0f s'df/L, s'df/Lsf] kl/jf/ Pj+ cfkmGthgx? uf}/jflGjt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ eGg] klg b]lvof] t/ ;DalGwt aflnsf tyf lghsf] kl/jf/nfO{ afWo u/L jf lghx?sf] OR5f ljk/Lt s'df/L agfOg] u/]sf] eGg] b]lv+b}g . $= l/6 lgj]bg tyf o; cbfntaf6 ul7t cWoog ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg Pj+ lgj]lbsfn] k]z u/]sf] cWoog k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf] ;du| cWoog u/L x]bf{ sf7df08f} pkTosfsf] ljleGg :yfgsf s'df/Lx?sf] t'ngfTds l:ylt o;k|sf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

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eQmk'/ PsfGt s'df/L

,,

cGo afnaflnsf ;/x :s"n hfg 5'6 5

,, cfˆg} 3/df

a:g x'G5

bz}+df afx]s ;fdfGotof OR5fg';f/ vfg x'G5

cf}ifwf]krf/df s'g}

aGb]h 5}g

v]Ng] :jtGqtf 5, s'g} aGb]h 5}g

cfzgdf /x+bf afx]s cfk"m v';L klx/g nufpg x'G5

bz}+df afx]s 3/ aflx/ hfg aGb]h 5}g

cGwljZjf; ePklg

ljjfx gx'g] l:ylt 5}g

,,

a'ª\dtL s'df/L

,, ,, × ,,

k"hfsf] ;dodf afx]s

;fdfGotof OR5fg';f/ vfg x'G5

,, ,,

cfzgdf /x+bf /ftf] klx/g nufpg' k5{

3/ aflx/ hfg aGb]h 5}g

,, ,,

sf7df8f}+ dvg

tfl/0fL jf s'df/L

,,

cGo afnaflnsf ;/x :s"n hfg 5'6 5 t/ /ftf] klx/g

nufpg' k5{

× ,, ,, ,, ,,

/ftf] klx/g nufpg' k5{

,,

,, ,,

sf7df8f}+ lsnfun s'df/L

,,

cGo afnaflnsf ;/x :s"n hfg 5'6 5

× ,, ,,


,, ,, ,, ,, ,,

•kf6g ,, cGo

afnaflnsf × ,, ,, cf}ifwf]krf/df

,, ,, ,, ,, ,,


764

ldvfaxfn s'df/L

;/x :s"n hfg 5'6 5 t/ /ftf] klx/g

nufpg' k5{

s'g} aGb]h 5}g

sf7df8f}+ Sjfaxfn s'df/L

,,

:s"n hfg gx'g] dfGotf

/x]sf]df s'df/Lsf

afa'n] :s"n k7fPsf]

× ,,

s'df/L lgodfg';f/ rf]vf] vfgf v'jfOG5


cfkmGtx?;+u v]Ng x'G5

,,

3/sf] rf]s aflx/ lg:sg lgif]w 5

,, ,,

*sf7df8f}+ d'axfn s'df/L

,, :s"n hfg ldNb}g × ,, ,, ,, ,, ,,

3/ aflx/ lg:sg lgif]w 5

cGwljZjf;sf sf/0f ljjfx x'g sl7g 5

,,

• ljut *÷( aif{b]lv k|rngdf g/x]sf] ljut !)÷!@ aif{b]lv k|rngdf g/x]sf]

* ljut !*÷!( aif{b]lv k|rngdf g/x]sf]

%= ldl;n ;+nUg pk/f]Qm

k|ltj]bg tyf lnlvthjfkmx?sf] cWoogaf6 pkTosfsf ljleGg :yfgdf k|rlnt s'df/L k|yfx?df s'df/L aGg] aflnsfx?sf] x}l;ot, s'df/Lx?sf] xs lxt / ;'ljwf / pgLx?n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ cg'zf;g cyf{t\ ;du| code of conduct df Ps?ktf g/xL ljljwtf /x]sf] b]lvof] . ;a} :yfgsf s'df/Lx? ;fdfGotof $ b]lv !@ aif{sf] pd]/ aLrsf aflnsfx? x'g'kg]{ / x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . s'df/L k|yf / s'df/L :yfkgfsf] p4]Zo, ljifo / dfGotf Pp6} / ;dfg eP klg s'df/Lx?sf] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ xs, :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs, kfl/jfl/s xs, vfgf ;DaGwL xs, kfngkf]if0fsf] xs, dgf]/~hgsf] xs, klx/gsf] xs Pj+ j}olQs :jtGqtf ;DaGwL xs nufotsf ljifox?df ljleGg :yfgsf s'df/Lx?df

Ps?ktf geO{ leGg leGg k|rng /xsf] b]lvof] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu sf7df8f}+sf] j;Gtk'/ / kf6gsf] s'df/Lsf] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ xsdf s'df/Ln] lzIff cfh{g ug{ kfpg] t/ cWoogsf] nflu :s"n hfg gkfpg] s'df/L 3/d} cWoog ug'{kg]{ sf/0f pgLx?nfO{ s'df/L 3/d} PSn} /fv]/ b}lgs @.# 306f lzIfsåf/f k9fOg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L eQmk'/, a'ª\dtL / lsnfunsf] s'df/Lx?nfO{ k7gkf7g u/L lzIff xfl;n ug{ cGo afnaflnsf ;/x :s"n hfg s'g} aGb]h /x]sf] b]lvPg, :s"n uO{ cWoog ug{ 5'6 /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] dvg tfl/0fL / ldvfaxfnsf] s'df/LnfO{ cWoog ug{ :s"n hfg /f]stf]s gePsf] t/ klx/gsf] xsdf /ftf] klx/g nufP/ :s"n hfg'kg]{ k|rng /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} sf7df8f}+ SjfaxfnsL s'df/Lsf xsdf cWoog ug{ :s"n hfg gx'g] eGg] dfGotf /x] klg s'df/Lsf] lktfn] :s"n k7fPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 eg] sf7df8f}+ d'axfnsL s'df/Ln] cWoog ug{ :s"n hfg gx'g] dfGotf /x] klg 3/df g} cWoog ug{df

eg] s'g} aGb]h /x]sf] eGg] b]lv+b}g .

765

c+s ^

^= s'df/Lx?sf] cfly{s ;|f]tsf ;DaGwdf j;Gtk'/, kf6g / eQmk'/sf s'df/L / lgj[Q s'df/Lx?nfO{ u'7L ;+:yfg, sf}lztf]iffvfgf / gu/kflnsfn] s]lx /sd pknJw u/fOcfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] cGo :yfgsf s'df/Lx?nfO{ plNnlvt ;+:yfgx?af6 s'g} ;xof]u k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] eGg] k|ltj]bgaf6 b]lv+b}g . s'df/Lx?sf] 3'dlkm/, cfjthfjtsf] :jtGqtf, kl/jf/;+u a:g kfpg] xs nufot cGo ;fdflhs hLjg / lqmofsnfksf] xsdf x]bf{ j;Gtk'/sL s'df/Ln] s'df/L 3/d} a:g' kg]{ / s'df/L 3/ aflx/ hfg gx'g] k/Dk/f /x]]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . kf6gsL s'df/Lsf] lghL 3/ g} s'df/L 3/ x'g] eP tfklg 3/ aflx/ lg:sg gldNg] k/Dk/f /x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . cGo :yfgsf s'df/Lx?n] s'df/L3/df a:g gkg]{, cfˆg} 3/df a:g ldNg] eP klg Sjfaxfn / d'axfnsf] s'df/LnfO{ 3/ aflx/ lg:sg lgif]w /x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . vfglkgsf] xsdf j;Gtk'/ / kf6gsf] s'df/Lx?nfO{ lbgsf] @ k6s vfgf v'jfOg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] cGo :yfgsf] s'df/Lx?n] ljz]if cj;/df afx]s ;fdfGotof OR5fg';f/sf] vfglkg ug{ kfpg] b]lvG5 . cf}ifwf]krf/tkm{ j;Gtk'/, kf6g, lsnfun, Sjfaxfn / d'axfnsf] s'df/Lx?nfO{ lrlsT;såf/f pkrf/ u/fpg gx'g] k|rng /x]sf] b]lvG5 t/ cGo :yfgsf s'df/Lx?sf] xsdf To:tf] s'g} aGb]h /x]sf] b]lv+b}g . v]ns"b / afn dgf]/~hgtkm{ j;Gtk'/, kf6g, Sjfaxfn / d'axfnsf] s'df/Lx?n] s'df/L3/sf]

cfkmGtx?;+u dfq v]Ng / dgf]/~hg ug{ kfpg] k|rng /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] cGo :yfgsf s'df/Lx?nfO{ o:tf] s'g} aGb]h /x]sf] b]lv+b}g . klx/gsf xsdf eQmk'/ / a'ª\dtLsf] s'df/LnfO{ cfzgdf /x+bf afx]s cfk"mv';L klx/g nufpg 5'6 /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] cGo :yfgsf] s'df/Lx?n] /ftf] klx/g g} nufpg' kg]{ k|rng / k/Dk/f /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;a} :yfgsf] s'df/Lx? lgj[Q eP kl5 pgLx?sf] j}jflxs hLjg nufot ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] k|s[ofdf cGo vf; ;d:of geP klg j;Gtk'/ / d'axfnsf] lgj[Q s'df/Lx?sf] ljjfx x'g ;xh gePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . cGo :yfgx?df klg s'df/LnfO{ ljjfx ug{ x'Fb}g eGg] ;fdflhs dfGotf eP klg ljjfx ug{d} aGb]h eg] gePsf] eGg] b]lvof] . ljrf/0fLo / dxTjk"0f{ s] 5 eg] s'df/Lx? dfly plNnlvt lzIff k|fKt ug]{ xs, kfl/jfl/s hLjg ;DaGwL xs, lx+88'n / cfjthfjt ;DaGwL xs, dgf]/~hg ;DaGwL xs, :jf:Yof]krf/ ;DaGwL xs, j}jflxs hLjg ;DaGwL xs, klx/g ;DaGwL :jtGqtf nufot cGo ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx?df vf; s'g} lnvt h:t} tfd|kq, lznfkq, ;gb, ;jfn nufot s'g} lnvtdf cfwfl/t geO{ s]jn k/Dk/f dfGotf, k|rng / Jojxf/, /Lltl/jfhsf] cfwf/df rlncfPsf] / cfh;Dd Tolx k/Dk/f dfGotf k|rng Jojxf/ / /Lltl/jfhn] lgb]{lzt eO{ lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] eGg] b]lvof] . dxTjk"0f{ / ljrf/0fLo s'/f s] 5 eg] cWoog ug}{ gx'g], :s"n hfg} gx'g], la/fdL ePdf


766

:jf:Yof]krf/ ug}{ gx'g], kl/jf/nfO{ Tofu]/ PSn} a:g'kg]{ cflb h:tf vf;u/L right to life ;+u ;DalGwt xsx?df aGb]h nufpg] s'g} sfg"g jf force of law x'g] vfnsf] lnvt eO{ To:tf] lnvtsf] cfwf/df s'df/L k|yf ;~rfng ePsf] eGg] b]lvPg . &= bf];|f] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, k]z ePsf cWoog k|ltj]bg / lnlvthjfkm ;d]taf6 s'df/L aGg] aflnsfsf] pd]/ / s'df/L r'lgPkl5 s'df/Lsf x}l;otn] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsf afx]s cGo s'/fx?, h:t} k7gkf7g, jf;:yfg, klx/g, vfglkg :jf:Yof]krf/, lx+88'n, cfjthfjt tyf kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw cflbsf ljifodf ljleGg :yfgsf s'df/L k|yfx?df cnu cnu dfGotf Pj+ k|rngx? eO{ ljljwtf /x]sf] b]lvof] . s]lx :yfgsf] s'df/Ln] cWoog ug{ x'g] t/ :s"n hfg gx'g]], kl/jf/;+u cfkm\gf] 3/df a:g gx'g], s'df/L 3/d} a:g'kg]{, /ftf] klx/g nufpg' kg]{, 3/ aflx/ lg:sg gx'g], lrlsT;såf/f pkrf/ u/fpg gx'g], OR5fg';f/ vfglkg ug{ gx'g] h:tf dfGotfx? klg k|rngdf /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . *= lgj]lbsfsf] d'Vo dfu s'df/L aGg] aflnsfx? g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*(, dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(&(, cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw !(^^, gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o

cg'aGw !(^^ tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# åf/f k|bQ xsx? pkef]u ug{af6 al~rt ePsfn] pgLx?nfO{ tL xsx?sf] pkef]u u/fpg / lgj[Q s'df/Lx?sf nflu ;d]t /fHosf tkm{af6 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / k'g:yf{kgfsf] plrt k|jGwsf nflu pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . s'df/L aGg] aflnsf Pj+ s'df/Laf6 lgj[Q aflnsf tyf dlxnfx?sf] cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ lgj]bsn] d'Vo ?kdf p7fPsf] kfOG5 . s'df/L / lgj[Q s'df/Lx?sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] plrt k|aGw x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf ljkIfLsf] klg c;xdlt /x]sf] b]lv+b}g . s'df/Lx? g]kfnsf aflnsf / g]kfnL gful/s ;d]t x'g\ . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] dlxnf / afnaflnsfnfO{ ljleGg df}lns xsx? k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy;fy} pgLx?nfO{ ;+ljwfgn] Ps k|sf/sf] disadvantaged / marginalised ju{sf] ?kdf dfgL pgLx?sf] ljsf; ug{ / pgLx?nfO{ empower ug{ ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} g]kfnn] afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*(, !$ ;]K6]Da/ !(() df / dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(&(, @@ clk|n !((! df cg'df]bg u/]sf] x'Fbf s'df/L k|yf cGtu{t s'df/L /xFbf aflnsfx?nfO{ plNnlvt dxf;lGwx? / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ

767

c+s ^

clwsf/x? xgg\ x'G5g\ x'Fb}gg\ eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ 5 . (= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !@ n] ;a} gful/snfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs / sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s;}sf] j}olQms :jtGqtf ckx/0f gx'g] df}lns xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . wf/f !^ n] ;dfgtfsf] xs, wf/f !& n] lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xs, wf/f @) n] dlxnfsf] xs, wf/f @! n] ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs, wf/f @@ n] afnaflnsfsf] xs, wf/f @# n] wd{;DaGwL xs / wf/f @( n] zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . olb dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf ;d]tnfO{ k|fKt plNnlvt df}lns xs xgg\ ePdf tL xsx? k|rng u/fpg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ n] o; cbfntnfO{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . gful/sx?n] oL xsx? ;xh / ;/n tl/sfn] pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{sf nflu ;+ljwfgn] g} /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx? dfkm{t\ /fHo / vf; u/L sfo{kflnsfnfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/ wf/f ##-h_ df lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L / vfB ;Dk|e'tfdf ;a} gful/ssf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug'{kg]{ /fHosf] bfloTj lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}, wf/f ##-8_ df /fHo kIf ePsf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ / wf/f ##-9_ df lje]bsf/L sfg"gx? eP cGTo ug'{kg]{ /fHosf] bfloTj x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . wf/f #$-!_ df ;dfhdf Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf sfod ug]{ / dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug]{

/fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt x'g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f #%-(_ df afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f / pGgltsf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDjg ug'{kg]{ s'/f pNn]v ePsf] 5 . !)= g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( afnaflnsfx?sf] ax'cfoflds ljsf; / sNof0fsf] nflu tof/ ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]h xf] . afa'cfdf / afnaflnsf ;lxtsf] ;d"x kl/jf/ xf] . afa'cfdf afnaflnsfsf cleefjs dfq xf]Ogg\ pgLx? afnaflnsfsf] nflu cleGg cË g} x'g\ . afa'cfdf / afnaflnsf ;lxtsf] kfl/jfl/s ljsf;sf] nflu dxf;lGw hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . !!= pQm dxf;lGwsf] wf/f ! n] afnaflnsfnfO{ afa'cfdfaf6 :ofxf/ ;Def/ kfpg] clwsf/, wf/f * n] afa'cfdf;Fu kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw sfod ug{ kfpg] clwsf/, wf/f ( n] kl/jf/af6 cnlUug gkg]{ clwsf/, wf/f !@ n] h'g;'s} media dfkm{t\ cfˆgf] ljrf/ cleJoQm ug]{ clwsf/, wf/f !# n] h'g;'s} media af6 ;';"lrt x'g] clwsf/, wf/f !$ n] afa'cfdfaf6 ;+/IfsTj / lgb]{zg kfpg] clwsf/, wf/f !% n] zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g] / ;+ul7t x'g] clwsf/, wf/f !^ n] uf]klgotfsf] clwsf/, wf/f !( n] s'g} k|sf/sf] oftgf, b'Jo{jxf/, Iflt, pk]Iff tyf zf]if0f lj?4sf] clwsf/, wf/f @* n] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/, wf/f #! n] cf/fd ug]{, k'm;{b kfpg], v]Ng kfpg] / ;fdflhs


768

hLjgdf ;lDdlnt x'g kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To:t}, wf/f #@ n] cfly{s zf]if0f tyf hf]lvd lj?4sf] xs / zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, cfWoflTds Pj+ kfl/jfl/s ljsf;df xflgsf/s x'g;Sg] sfd lj?4sf] clwsf/, wf/f #$ n] of}g zf]if0f tyf child pornography lj?4sf] xs, wf/f #% n] a]rlavg tyf ckx/0f lj?4sf] xs / wf/f #& n] oftgf jf s'g} k|sf/sf] qm'/ jf cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ lj?4sf] xs / j}olQs :jtGqtfsf] xs k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . !@= afn clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf cfly{s ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw -ICESCR_ !(^^ sf] wf/f !) / gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw -ICCPR_ !(^^ sf] wf/f @# / @$ klg dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5g\ . ICESCR sf] wf/f !) sf] pkwf/f -!_ df afnaflnsfsf] x'sf{O{, nfngkfng, x]/rfx / lzIffbLIffsf nflu afa'cfdfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g] x'Fbf /fHon] ;Dej eP;Dd kl/jf/sf] To:tf] ;+u7gnfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . To:t} pkwf/f # n] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs zf]if0f x'gaf6 arfpg / hf]lvdk"0f{ sfdaf6 arfpg sfd ug]{ vf; pd]/ tf]sL tf]lsPsf] pd]/ eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf] tnjL /f]huf/nfO{ /fHon] lgif]w ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ICCPR sf] wf/f @# sf] pkwf/f -!_ df kl/jf/nfO{ ;dfh / /fHoaf6 ;'/Iff k|bfg

ul/g'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 eg] wf/f @$ df k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] e]befj lj?4 ;dfgtfsf] xs ePsf] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . !#= ca, s'df/L aGg] aflnsfx?nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# åf/f k|bQ df}lns xs clwsf/ Pj+ afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( åf/f k|bQ pk/f]Qm xs clwsf/x? s'df/L k|yfn] xgg\ u5{ ub}{g ;f] x]g'{kg]{ x'g cfof] . o;sf nflu s'df/Lx?sf] e"ldsf s] xf] ;f] x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . !$= g]kfnsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] dfq xf]Og, afn clwsf/ dxf;lGwn] klg afn>d lgif]w u/]sf] 5 . st}st} !* aif{ k"/f gx'Gh]n aflnu dflg+b}g t/ xfdLsxfF !^ aif{ k"/f ePkl5 aflnu dflgG5 . gfjfnsnfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] sfddf nufpg lgif]w 5 . pd]/ gk'u]sf jf sfg"gn] gfjfns egL tf]s]sf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ sfddf nufpFbf pgLx?sf] df}lns xs Pj+ dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg\ x'g] dfq xf]Og To:tf] sfd zf]if0f klg x'g hfG5 . To;}n] !^ aif{ gk'u]sf] gfjfnsnfO{ p;sf] v'zL jf dGh'/Ln] xf];\ jf p;sf] cleefjs afa'cfdfsf] ;xdltn] xf];\ hlt;'s} kfl/>lds nufot cGo cfly{s Pj+ ef}lts ;'ljwf lbP klg sfddf nufpg' u}/sfg"gL x'G5 . To;/L !^ aif{ gk'u]sf gfjfnsnfO{ sfddf nufpFbf To:tf] gfjfnssf] df}lns xs Pj+ dfgj clwsf/ xgg\ x'gfsf] ;fy} g]kfnn] cfkm\gf] gful/ssf] dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g u/L cfˆgf] Treaty

769

c+s ^

Commitment af6 derogate u/]sf] ;d]t dflgG5 . !%= s'df/L /xFbf aflnsfx?sf] df}lns xs / dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg\ x'G5 x'Fb}g eGg] ljifodf ;j{k|yd æsfddf nufpg]Æ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5, To;sf] ljj]rgf ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . æs'df/L k|yfÆ s'df/L ag]sf jflnsfx?sf] nflu æsfdÆxf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, æsfdÆ eGgfn] s;}n] s]lx ug'{kg]{ jf k"/f ug'{kg]{ jf ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ sfd jf s'/fnfO{ hgfpF5 . æsfddf nufpg]Æ eGgfn] cfkm"n] ug'{kg]{ s]lx jf s'g} s'/f jf sfd jf cfkm"n] k"/f ug'{kg]{ s'g} sfd jf s'/f jf cfkm"n] ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ s'g} sfd jf s'/f cfkm}n] gu/L To;/L cfkm"n] ug]{ sfd jf cfkm"n] ;DkGg ug]{ s'g} s'/f c?af6 u/fO{ To:tf] sfd jf s'/f c?n] k"/f ul/lbP jfkt To:sf] ;§f jf abnfdf To:tf] sfd ul/lbg]nfO{ To;sf] compensation :j?k /sd jf cGo benefit lbO{ To:tf] sfd c?af6 u/fpg'nfO{ hgfpF5 . sfd ;DkGg ubf{ To;df zf/Ll/s >d k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 . sfd u?Gh]n cyf{t\ nufPsf] sfd k"/f gu?Gh]n sfddf nufpg] / sfd ug]{ aLr master / gf]s/ servant sf] ;DaGw :yfkgf x'G5 . sfd ug]{n] cfk"mnfO{ sfddf nufpg] master sf]dictate cg';f/ sfd ug'{k5{ . master n] nufP cg';f/sf] sfo{ gu/]df master n] sfdaf6 lgsfNg klg ;S5 eg] master n] nufPsf] sfd aLr}df 5f8\g ;ls+b}g, sfd k"/f ug}{k5{ . sfd

;DkGg geP;Dd sfddf nufOPsf] JolQm k"/} master sf] lgoGq0fdf /xG5 . o;nfO{ ;+If]kdf eGbf æsfd ug]{Æ jf æsfddf nufpg]Æ eGgfn] dflnssf] s'g} sfd dflnssf] zt{df dGh'/ u/]sf] benefit lnP/ zf/Ll/s >d / ;do nufO{ ;DkGg ul/lbg] sfo{ / s'/fnfO{ a'lemG5 . !^= !^ aif{ gk'u]sf] gfafnssf] k"0f{ ?kdf zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ljsf; eO;s]sf] x'Fb}g . p;n] cfˆgf] lxt / clxt x'g] s'/fsf] lg0f{o lng ;St}g . To:tf gfafnsx?n] cfkm\gf afa'cfdfsf] ;+/IfsTjdf nf8Kof/df x's{g kfpg' k5{ . To:tf gfjfnsnfO{ cfˆgf] afa'cfdf cleefjssf] ;+/IfsTj rflxg] x'gfn] ljZjJofkL ?kdf g} gfjfnsnfO{ sfddf nufpg lgif]w ul/G5 / gfjfnssf] JolQmTj ljsf;sf nflu lgMz'Ns lzIff kfpg] xs, :jf:Yof]krf/sf] xs, jf;:yfgsf] xs, kl/jf/ ;fy a:g kfpg] xs, kl/jf/af6 cnlUug gkg]{ xs, ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] xs, lx+88'n, dgf]/~hg, cfjthfjt cflb ljleGg xsx? k|bfg u/L gfjfnsnfO{ sfddf nufpg lgif]w ul/G5 / olb s;}n] gfjfnsnfO{ sfddf nufPdf ;hfo x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . gfjfnsnfO{ sfddf nufpg] sfo{ gfjfnssf] zf]if0f xf] . gfafnsnfO{ sfddf nufpg' eg]sf] gfjfnssf] ef}lts / zf/Ll/s zf]if0f dfq xf]Og dfgl;s / gfafnssf] ul/aLsf] zf]if0f ;d]t xf] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@ n] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] klxrfgs]f xs,


770

kfng kf]if0fsf] xs, cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ xs tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs nufot zf/Ll/s dfgl;s / h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] lx+;f lj?4sf] xs k|bfg ub{5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ snsf/vfgf, vfgL jf cGo s'g} hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg gx'g] s'/f klg wf/f @@ df / afn clwsf/ dxf;lGwsf] wf/f #@ df /x]sf] 5 . o;}sf/0f g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @@n] k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s zf]if0f lj?4sf] df}lns xs ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{t enforceable xssf] ?kdf cbfntaf6 ;+/If0f k|fKt xssf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . !&= s'df/L k|yf cGtu{t s'df/Lx?n] zf/Ll/s >d nufO{ c? s;}sf] nflu æsfdÆ ug{'k5{ eGg] cWoog k|ltj]bg / lnlvthjfkmaf6 b]lv+b}g . lgj]bs cfkm}n] klg s'df/L k|yf cGtu{t s'df/Lx?n] zf/Ll/s >d nufO{ sfd ug{'k5{ eGg] ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . s'df/Lx?n] >d ug{ kb}{g eGg] o; cbfntn] klg Goflos hfgsf/Ldf lng] s'/f xf] . s'df/Lx?n] æsfdÆ ug'{k/]sf] jf lghx?nfO{ sfddf nufOg] u/]sf] b]lv+b}g . cWoog k|ltj]bg x]bf{ s'df/Lx?n] ug'{kg]{ sfd eg]sf] vf; wfld{s Pj+ ;f+:s[lts kj{x?df tf]lsPsf] j:q nufO{ hLljt b]jLsf] ?kdf tf]lsPsf] kljq 7fpF jf d08kdf a:g' kg]{ / >4fn' eQmhgx?n] hLljt b]jLsf] ?kdf u/]sf] k"hf cr{gf u|x0f;Dd ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] . cyf{t\ s'df/LnfO{ b]jfjtf/ -incarnation

of god_ sf] ?kdf >4f u/L k"hf ug]{ ul/Psf] b]lvof] . s'df/Lx?n] zf/Ll/s >d nufO{ sfd ug{'kg]{ gx'Fbf s'df/L k|yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f @@ n] k|bfg u/]sf] afnaflnsfsf] xs, wf/f @^ sf] oftgf lj?4sf] xs / wf/f @( sf] zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs ljk/Lt k|rngdf /x]sf] k|yf /x]5 eGg] b]lvPg . s'df/L k|yf g]kfnsf lxGb" / af}4 wdf{jnDjLx? hg;d'bfosf] wfld{s ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts xssf] cleGg c+usf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|To]s wd{sf cf–cfˆg} dfGotf / ljz]iftfx? x'G5g\ . h;/L lqmlZrog wdf{jnDjLx?n] l8;]Dj/ @% nfO{ lh;; qmfOi6sf] hGd lbgsf] ?kdf dgfpF5g d';ndfg wdf{jnDjLx?n] Ob'n lkmt/ aqmOb dgfpF5g\ . o;}u/L s'df/L k|yfsf cg'ofoL wdf{jnDaLx?n] b;}+ nufot cGo sltko rf8kj{df s'df/LnfO{ b]jLsf] ?kdf k"hf u/L rf8 kj{x? dgfpg] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf s'df/L ePs} sf/0f pgLx?sf ;+ljwfg k|bQ xs clwsf/ / afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw nufot dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx?åf/f k|bQ xsx? xgg\ x'g] b]lvPg . d"lt{ k"hf nufot ljleGg rf8kj{df ljleGg k|f0fLnfO{ b]jtfsf] ?kdf k"hf ug]{ lxGb" wd{sf] Ps dfGotf g} xf] . ljleGg b]jL b]jtfx?sf] k"hfsf ;fy;fy} xfd|f] k|rng cg';f/ lbkfjnL ltxf/ kj{df lxGb"x?n] Ps lbg bfh'efOnfO{ efOl6sfdf b]jtfsf] ?kdf k"hf ul/G5 . s's'/ / sfunfO{ klg Ps lbg k"hf ul/G5 . To:t}

771

c+s ^

s'df/LnfO{ klg b]jLsf] ?kdf dfgL k"hf;Dd dfq ul/G5 . x/]s wd{df cf–cfkm\gf k|sf/sf o:tf ljz]iftfx? x'G5g\ . !*= lgj]lbsfsf] csf]{ dfu s'df/Lx?sf] lzIff kfpg] xs xgg\ ePsf]n] ;f] xssf] k|rngsf] nflu pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgs]f wf/f !& n] k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ dft[efiffdf g} lzIff cfh{g ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg ub{5 . o;n] dfWolds tx;Dd lgMz'Ns lzIff xfl;n ug{] xs klg k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( sf] wf/f @* n] klg k|To]s aflnaflnsfnfO{ k|fylds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns ug'{kg]{ / afnaflnsfsf] lgoldt :s"n pkl:yltnfO{ clgjfo{ u/L pRr cWoog kx'Frof]Uo agfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . afnaflnsfn] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ xs df}lns Pj+ g};lu{s xs dflgG5 . lzIff k|fKt ug{ gx'g] eGg] dfGotf jf k/Dk/f jf /Lltl/jfh olb slx+ 5 eg] klg To;n] j}wtf k|fKt ub}{g . afnaflnsf /fi6«sf] dfgj;|f]t x'g\ . /fHonfO{ ;d'Ggt / ;d[4zfnL t'Nofpg] sfd dfgj;|f]ts} xf] . ;+ljwfgn] lnlvt?kdf afnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] lzIff cfh{g ug]{ xs s'g} lsl;dsf] k|yf, k/Dk/f, /Lltl/jfh, dfGotf k|rng jf ?9LjfbLsf] gfddf xgg\ x'g ;St}g . s'df/L ePsf] sf/0f s'df/Ln] lzIff xfl;n ug{ gx'g] egL s'df/LnfO{ lzIff xfl;n ug{ g]kfn sfg"g nufot s'g} klg s'/fn] k|ltaGw gnufPsf] x'Fbf s'df/Ln]

:s"n uO{ lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] ePsf] x'Fbf s'df/Lx?sf] lzIff k|fKt ug]{ df}lns xs xgg\ ePsf] eGg] lgj]bssf] bfjL;Fu of] cbfnt ;xdt x'g ;s]g . !(= wd{ ;DaGwL xssf] gfddf afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIff k|fKt ug]{ xsaf6 alGrt ug{ ;lsb}g . wd{ ;DaGwL xssf] gfddf afn >dnfO{ j}wtf lbg ;ls+b}g . cd]l/sfsf] cbfntn] People v Pierson (1903) 176 N.Y.201 sf] d'2fdf right

to practise religion freely does not include liberty to expose the children to ill health or death eGg] l;4fGt :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L Prince v Massachussets (1944) 321 US 158 sf] d'2fdf religious belief

cannot stand in the way of state regulation of child labour elgPsf] 5 . @)= ljz]if u/L j;Gtk'/, kf6g / d'axfnsf s'df/Lx?n] cGo afnaflnsf ;/x :s"n hfg gkfpg] / pgLx?nfO{ b}lgs @.# 306f s'df/L 3/d} k9fpg] k|rng /x]sf] cfwf/df lgj]lbsfn] s'df/Lx?sf] ;f] xs xgg\ ePsf] eGg] lhls/ lnPsf] b]lvof] . t/ dfly pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ sfg"gn] t s'/} ePg s'g} P]ltxfl;s lnvt b:tfj]hn] klg s'df/Lx?nfO{ cWoog ug{ :s"n hfg gx'g] u/L /f]s nufPsf] eGg] b]lvPg . :s"n hfg gx'g] eGg] s'/f s]jn k|rng / k/Dk/fsf cfwf/df sfod eOcfPsf] b]lvof] . o:tf] k/Dk/f k|rng / dfGotf klg ;a} :yfgsf s'df/L k|yfx?df ;dfg ?kdf /x] ePsf]


772

b]lv+b}g . eQmk'/, a'ª\dtL, dvg tfl/0fL, lsnfun / ldvfaxfnsf s'df/L k|yfx?df s'df/Lx?n] ljBfno hfg x'Fb}g eGg] s'g} k|ltaGwfTds dfGotf jf k|rng /x]sf] b]lv+b}g . Sjfaxfnsf] s'df/L k|yfdf s'df/Ln] ljBfno hfg xF'b}g eGg] dfGotf /lxcfPsf]df s'df/Lsf lktfn] g} 5f]/LnfO{ ljBfno k7fPsf] eGg] cWoog k|ltj]bgdf :ki6 pNn]v 5 . j;Gtk'/ / kf6gsf s'df/Lx?n] klg s'df/L 3/d} lzIff xfl;n ul//x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] s'g} P]ltxfl;s jf sfg"gL jf wfld{s lnvt b:tfj]hn] s'df/Ln] lzIff xfl;n ug{ gx'g] u/L k|ltaGw nufPsf] eGg] gb]lvPsf]n] s'df/Lx?n] s'df/Lsf] e"ldsfsf] lgjf{xsf] ;fy;fy} cWoogsf nflu :s"n hfg lzIff xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lvof] . Sjfaxfnsf] s'df/L k|yfdf s'df/LnfO{ ljBfno k7fpg x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotf /x] tfklg s'df/Lsf] lktfn] g} s'df/LnfO{ ljBfno k7fPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . xfd|f] ;dfh k/Dk/f, k|rng, dfGotf tyf ?9LafbLn] :yfg gkfPsf] ;dfh xf]Og . lzIffsf] sdLn] ubf{ ;dfhdf o:tf s'/fx?n] dfGotf kfPsf x'g\ . cfˆgf] wfld{s ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts dfGotf / k/Dk/fnfO{ sfod /fVb} s'g s'/f l7s s'g s'/f j]l7s eGg] s'/f ;+ljwfgsf] bfo/fleq /x]/ k|To]s gful/s, k|To]s kl/jf/ / k|To]s afnaflnsfsf cleefjsn] 5'6\ofpg] s'/f xf] / 5'6\ofpg ;Sg' kb{5 klg . cleefjs tyf ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf] ;b:ox? g} ;+ljwfgsf] bfo/fleq /x]/ cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut k|yf / k|rngx?df

;dofg's"n kl/jt{gsf] ;+jfxs x'g ;St5g\ . t;y{ oL s'df/Lsf lktfn] h:t} cGo s'df/Lsf] cleefjsx?n] klg rfx]df cWoogsf nflu s'df/Lx?nfO{ :s"n k7fO{ lzIff lbnfpg s'g} afwf b]lvPg . cyf{t\ s'df/L ag]s} sf/0f s'df/Lx?n] :s"ndf g} uO{ cWoog ug{ s'g} afwf gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf s'df/Lx?sf] lzIff cfh{g ug]{ xs xgg\ x'g] b]lvPg . t;y{ s'df/LnfO{ lzIff lbnfpg] ;DaGwdf o; cbfntaf6 yk s'g} cfb]z hf/L ul//xg' k/]g . s'df/Lx?n] :s"ndf uO{ lzIff xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] dfq xf]Og kj{ kj{df b]jLsf] ?kdf cf;g u|x0f ug{ afx]s cGo cj:yfdf s'df/Ln] lx88'n cfjthfjt ug{] :jtGqtf / kl/jf/;Fu e]63f6 / a;f]jf; ug{ :jtGqtf nufot afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] k|bfg u/]sf ;+k"0f{ df}lns xs / clwsf/ pkef]u ug{ s'g} sfg"gn] /f]s gnufPsf]n] s'df/Lx?n] :s"ndf uO{ cWoog u/L lzIff xfl;n ug{ ;St5g\ . o; cbfntn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ åf/f k|bQ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ cGtu{t s'g} sfg"g jf ;/sf/sf] s'g} executive / administrative lg0f{on] jfnjflnsfsf] xs xgg\ u/]df pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L xs k|rng u/fpF5 . t/ k/Dk/f, k|rng, k|yf jf dfGotfsf] cfwf/df s;}n] To:tf] xs pkef]u ub}{g eg] ;dfh cfkm} ;r]t / ;hu eP/ To:tf] xs pkef]u ug{'k5{ / o;sf nflu ;dfhdf awareness sf] ;[hgf ug]{ / r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;+rfng

773

c+s ^

u/L xs pkef]u ug{ empower ug]{ sfd sfo{kflnsfsf] xf] . @!= l/6 lgj]bg, lnlvthjfkm tyf ;+nUg cWoog k|ltj]bgx?af6 s'df/L k|yf sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf k|rlnt wfld{s Pj+ ;f+:s[lts dxTj af]s]sf] Ps P]ltxfl;s k|yf xf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . of] s'/fnfO{ o; cbfntn] klg Goflos hfgsf/Ldf lnPsf] xf] . of] s'/f o; cbfntn] klg judicial notice df lng] s'/f xf] . s'df/L k|yf ;f] k|yfsf] cg'ofoL ;d'bfonfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# åf/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs, wf/f !& åf/f k|bQ ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xs / wf/f @# åf/f k|bQ wd{ ;DaGwL xs;Fu k|ToIf ;DalGwt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @# df k|To]s JolQmnfO{ k|rlnt ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fsf] dof{bf /fvL cfˆgf] wd{sf] cjnDjg cEof; / ;+/If0f ug]{ df}lns xs k|fKt 5 . o; cGt/ut x/]s JolQmn] c?sf] wd{df bvn glbO{ ;gftgb]lv dflgcfPsf] cfˆgf] wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf] cjnDjg / cEof; ug{ kfpF5 . wf/f @@-@_ n] k|To]s wfld{s ;+k|bfonfO{ cfˆgf] :jtGq cl:tTj sfod /fVg tyf wfld{s :yn / u'7Lsf] ;+rfng ug]{ xs k|bfg u/]sf] x'Fbf k|To]s JolQmnfO{ PSn} jf ;d"xut ?kdf cfˆgf] cf:yf, cGt:s/0f / ljZjf; cg';f/sf] cfˆgf] wd{ / ;+:s[lt dfGg kfpg] clwsf/ k|fKt 5 . JolQm / ;d"bfon] wd{ wf/0f ug]{ / To;sf] cEof; ug]{ ;+ljwfg k|bQ xsdf ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt x'g] u/L s'g} gfhfoh k|ltjGw nufpg

x'Fb}g . t/ /fHon] parens patriae doctrine cGtu{t afnaflnsfx?sf] lxtsf nflu wd{;DaGwL xsdf dgfl;j k|ltaGw nufpg] u/L sfg"g agfpg ;S5 . cyf{t\ wd{;DaGwL xssf] gfddf s'g} wfld{s ljZjf;, k|yf, k/Dk/f jf k|rng afnaflnsfx?sf] df}lns Pj+ dfgj clwsf/sf] k|lts"n x'g] /x]5 eg] /fHon] parens patriae doctrine cGtu{t cleefjssf] x}l;otn] afnaflnsfx?sf] xssf] ;+/If0fsf nflu wd{ ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xsdf k|ltjGw nufpg] u/L cfjZos sfg"g agfpg ;S5 . wd{ / ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xssf] gfddf ;dfhdf c/fhstf km}lng] ultjlw klg /fHon] tolerate ug{ ;St}g . ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu /fHon] sfg"g agfP/ To:tf ultljlw pk/ /f]s nufpg ;S5 . @@= s'df/L k|yf g]kfnsf lxGb" Pj+ af}4 wdf{jnDjL jx';+Vos hgtfsf] wd{;DaGwL xs;Fu ufFl;Psf] ;+:s[lt xf] . ;+ljwfg / afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw nufotsf cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx?n] afnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf xs / ;+ljwfgn] wfld{s ;+k|bfonfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] wd{ / ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xs Ps cfk;df lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ xf]Ogg\ . To;}n] afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ;+ljwfg / cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx?n] k|bfg u/]sf xs xgg\ gu/];Dd s'df/L k|yfnfO{ cg'ofoL ;+k|bfosf] wd{ / ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xssf] Ps lx:;fsf] ?kdf dfGg' kb{5 . @#= s'df/L k|yfsf] :yfkgf jf yfngL ;DaGwL s'g} P]ltxfl;s 7f]; lnvt


774

b:tfj]h geP h:t} s'df/Lx?sf] /xg;xg, vfgkLg, b}lgsL / pgLx?n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ cg'zf;gsf s'/fx? klg s'g} P]ltxfl;s lnvt, tfd|kq, lznfkq jf s'g} ;gb ;jfn jf sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt ePsf] b]lvPg . s]jn k/Dk/f k|rng jf dfGotfsf cfwf/df rlncfPsf] b]lvof] . oL s'/fx? clnlvt k/Dk/f, k|rng / dfGotf cg';f/ ljsl;t ePsf]n] ltgLx?sf] s'g} sfg"gL ;|f]t b]lvPg . k|rng sfg"gsf] ;|f]t x'g;S5 t/ k|rngn] sfg"gsf] ?k lng ;St}g . wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts xssf ;DaGwdf P]ltxfl;s lnvtx?nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;|f]t dfGg ;lsG5 t/ s'df/L k|yfsf ;DaGwdf To:tf] s'g} lnvt gePsf]n] s'df/L k|yf k/Dk/fsf] ?kdf g} k|rngdf /lxcfPsf] b]lvof] . @$= olb s'g} k|yf jf k|rngn] afnaflnsfx?nfO{ afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw jf dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL cGo dxf;lGw jf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] k|bfg u/]sf] df}lns xs xgg\ u/]sf] /x]5 eg] o; cbfntn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{tsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ k|of]u u/L sfg"g adf]lhd ug{ jf cGo cfjZos sf/jfxL ug{ lgb]{zfTds cfb]z hf/L u/L xgg\ ePsf] xs k|rng u/fpg ;S5 / u/fpFb5 . xs xgg\ ug]{ To:tf] k|yf jf k|rngnfO{ sfg"gåf/f lgif]w ug]{ cfb]z ug{;S5 . wd{ / k|yf k|rng jf k/Dk/f Ps cfk;df conflicting ePdf wd{n] ;fdflhs ;'wf/nfO{ :yfg lbg' k5{ . ;fdflhs ;'wf/df wfld{s k|rng afws

x'g ;St}g . ;fdflhs ;'wf/ eGgfn] /Lltl/jfh k|rng cyf{t\ practices / dt cyf{t\ jfb dogmas sf] pGd"ng xf] . o:tf practices / dogma x? dfgjclwsf/ ljk/Lt / ;fdflhs ;'wf/df afws ePdf /fHon] lgif]w ug{ ;S5 . sdn/L k|yfnfO{ pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . of] k|yf g]kfnsf] klZrdf~rn If]qdf k|rlnt 5 . o; k|yfdf %.^ aif{ pd]/ k'u]sf aflnsfx?nfO{ ul/j afa'cfdfn] wgL hldGbf/x?sf 3/df sfd ug{ k7fpg] / dflnsn] pgLx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] sfddf nufpg] ub{5g\ . sdn/Ldf a:g] gfjfnsx?n] hLjge/ cfk"mnfO{ v/Lb ug]{ dflnssf 3/df 3/]n' gf]s/sf] ?kdf a;L sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . sdn/L k|yfdf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !& åf/f k|bQ lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xs, wf/f @) åf/f k|bQ dlxnfsf] xs, wf/f @! åf/f k|bQ ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs, wf/f @@ åf/f k|bQ afnaflnsfsf] xs, wf/f @^ åf/f k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf] xs, wf/f @( åf/f k|bQ zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs nufot afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwåf/f k|bQ xsx? xgg\ x'G5g\ . s'df/Lx?n] s;}sf nflu s'g} >d ug'{ kb}}}{g . aflnsfx?nfO{ hLljt b]jL dfgL k"hf ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu s'df/L k|yfsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvPsf] / s'df/Lx?n] klg eQmhgx?sf] k"hf / >4fnfO{ u|x0f;Dd dfq ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] xF'Fbf s'df/L k|yfn] s'df/L x'g] aflnsfx?sf] s'g} xs xgg\ ug]{ b]lvPg . s'df/LnfO{ dlGb/sf k'hf/L;Fu klg t'ngf ug{ ldNb}g . k'hf/Ln] ;fFem

775

c+s ^

laxfg dlGb/df pkl:yt eO{ lgTo k"hfcfhf ug'{k5{ t/ s'df/Lx?n] rflxF kj{ / ljz]if cj;/x?df pkl:yt eO{ lhljt b]jLsf] ?kdf >4fn' eQmhgx?sf] k"hf u|x0f u/L afFsL ;do kl/jf/sf] OR5fg';f/ kl/jf/;Fu a:g], cWoog ug{ :s'n hfg], dgf]/~hg ug]{, 3'dlkm/ ug]{ h:tf sfo{df nufpg s'g} s'/fn] /f]s nfu]sf] b]lvPg . k'hf/L / s'df/Ldf leGgtf 5 . k'hf/L u'7L ;+:yfg jf dlGb/sf] ;~rfnsaf6 lgo'Qm x'G5g\ . o; cy{df k'hf/L / lgo'lQmstf{ u'7L ;+:yfg jf dlGb/ ;~rfnsaLr master / servant sf] ;DaGw /xG5 t/ s'df/L k|yfdf To:tf] ;DaGw :yflkt x'Fb}g . s'df/Lx? t b]jLsf] ?kdf k"hf / >4f ug{sf nflu :yfkgf ul/G5g\ . @%= ca t];|f] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, afn clwsf/ dxf;lGw nufotsf pNn]lvt cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx?n] afnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf xsx? lagf e]befj k|efjsf/L ?kdf k|rng u/fpgsf nflu cfly{s, ;fdflhs, k|zf;lgs, j}wflgs / cGo pko'Qm pkfo ckgfpg] bfloTj kIf /fi6« pk/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5g\ . To;} cg'?k cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ##-8_ df klg g]kfn /fHo kIf ePsf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ bfloTj /fHo pk/ g} /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . kIf /fi6«sf] gftfn] g]kfnn] cfˆgf] pQm cGt/f{li6«o bfloTj Pj+ ;+j}wflgs bfloTj lgjf{x ug'{k5{ . @^= s'df/L k|yf ;fdflhs dfGotf, k/Dk/f / k|rngsf] ?kdf

rlncfPsf] b]lvof] . ;dfhdf cgflb sfnb]lv rlncfPsf cfˆgf wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts k|yf k/Dk/fx?nfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf d"No dfGotfåf/f ;d[4 u/fpFb} n}hfg' ;DalGwt ;dfh / /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . s'df/L k|yfdf aflnsfx? s'df/L x'g] x'Fbf s'df/L /xFbf / s'df/Laf6 lgj[Q ePkl5 klg /fHon] pgLx?sf] af/]df s]xL ug'{k5{ . afnaflnsf;+u ;DalGwt x/]s laifodf h'g;'s} sfd ubf{ hf];'s}n] klg afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxtnfO{ ;jf]{k/L 7fGg' kb{5 eGg] afn ljlwzf:qsf] ljZjJofkL dfGotf sfod eO;s]sf] 5 . To;}n] afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( sf] wf/f # df klg In all actions

concerning children, whether taken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legistlative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primamy considenation elgPsf] 5 . s'df/L k|yfsf cg'ofoL ;d'bfon] klg o;nfO{ x[bo+ud u/]/ cfˆgf aflnsfx?nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] k|bfg u/]sf df}lns xs tyf afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*( / dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGo dxf;lGwx?n] k|bfg u/]sf s'g} klg xs pkef]u ug{af6 alGrt ug'{ x'Fb}g . @&= hxfF;Dd s'df/Lx?sf] lzIffbLIff, e/0fkf]if0f / cGo vr{sf] k|Zg 5, ;f] xfn ;Lldt ?kdf /fHosf tkm{af6


776

Joxf]l/Psf] cWoog k|ltj]bgx?af6 b]lvPsf] 5 . s'df/Lx?n] s'df/L k|yfsf cg'ofoL wfld{s ;+k|bfosf] wd{ / ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xs pkef]u ug{df of]ubfg u/]sf] dfGg' kb{5 . s'df/Lsf] x}l;otdf /fi6«sf] ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts Pj+ wfld{s hLjgdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub}{ pgLx?sf nflu /fHon] cfjZos ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;lxtsf] cGo plrt / cfjZos k|aGw ug'{kb{5 . o;df b'O{dt x'g ;St}g . s]lx :yfgsf s'df/L / lgj[Q s'df/Lx?sf nflu xfn /fHon] pknJw u/fOcfPsf] cfly{s ;x'lnot x]bf{ ;f] cToGt Go"g / c;dfg ;d]t /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . @*= dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL ;ldltsf] ;g\ @))$ hgj/L !@–#) sf] #) cf}+ ;qsf] a}7sn] g]kfnn] dxf;lGw sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfsf af/]df k7fPsf] k|ltj]bg pk/ l6Kk0fL ub}{ s'df/L k|yfn] dlxnf lj?4 e]befj u/]sf] / of] dxf;lGw ljk/Lt ePsfn] o:tf] e]befjo'Qm k/Dk/fut k|rngnfO{ pGd"ng ug{ sbd rfNg' egL l;kmfl/z u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0faf6 s'df/L ePs} sf/0faf6 g]kfnL aflnsfx?n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# åf/f k|bQ df}lns xs tyf afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw nufot dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx?åf/f k|bQ xsx? pkef]u ug{ /f]s nfu]sf] cj:yf gb]lvPsf]n] l/6 hf/L ul//xg k/]g .

@(= dfly ljj]rgf ul/P cg';f/ s'df/L k|yf g]kfnsf lxGb" / af}4 wdf{jnDjL hg;d'bfosf] ;+:s[lt / wd{ ;DaGwL xssf] Ps cleGg c+usf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvof] . s'df/Lsf] pkl:ylt / ;xeflutf ljgf sf7df8f}+,nlntk'/ / eQmk'/sf lxGb" / af}4 wdf{jnDjLx?sf sltko rfF8kj{, k"hfcfhf / ;+f:s[lts s[Tox? ;Dej x'Fb}gg\ . xfd|f] ;dfh k/Dk/fjfbL ePsf] / s'df/L ag]kl5 cWoog ug{ gx'g] eGg] dfGotfsf] sf/0f sltko s'df/Lx?n] lzIff cfh{g ug{ kfPgg\ . To:tf s'df/Lx? k/Dk/f / /Lltl/jfhaf6 kLl8t x'g k'u] . slnnf] pd]/df k/Dk/f / /Lltl/jfhsf sf/0f lzIff cfh{g ug{ gkfPsfn] s'df/Lx?sf] lgj[Q hLjg :jfjnDjL / cfTdlge{/ x'g g;sL cleefjs lktfdftf jf kltdf e/kg]{ x'gk'Uof] xf]nf . o;nfO{ ;dfhsf nflu Ps JolQmn] cfˆgf xsx? ;dk{0f u/]sf] eGg'k5{ . tyflk of] cj:yf sfg"gn] l;h{gf u/]sf] xf]Og, ;fdflhs k/Dk/f, /Lltl/jfh, ljZjf; / k|rngn] NofPsf] xf] . t/ cfhsf] ;dfh k|ultzLn 5 / hgtfdf cfPsf] r]tgfsf] sf/0f s] 7Ls s] j]7Ls 5'6\ofpg ;Sg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 . cfhsf] ;dfh wd{ / ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xsnfO{ bvn glbOsg s'g} klg JolQmn] lzIff cfh{g ug{ x'G5 eGg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 . cyf{t\ lzIff cfh{g ubf{ ;dfhsf] wd{ / ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xs xgg\ x'Fb}g eGg] cfhsf] ;dfhn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] tYo xf] . cfhsf] of] cj:yfn] cjsf

777

c+s ^

lk+9LnfO{ o;df e|d gxf]nf t/ lxhf]sf s'df/Lx? t k/Dk/fsf sf/0f kLl8t x'g k'u] . of] oyfy{ xf] . o;/L afNosfndf lzIff cfh{g ug]{ clwsf/ h:tf] df}lns xs / dfgj clwsf/af6 al~rt x'g k'u]sf lgj[Q s'df/Lx?sf nflu /fHon] social security jf pension benefit h:tf ;'ljwfx? k|bfg ug]{tkm{ ljrf/ ug'{kb{5 . #)= ctM s'df/L / lgj[Q s'df/Lx?sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf dfWodaf6 s'df/L ;+:s[ltdf ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg' jf~5gLo b]lvPsf]n] pgLx?sf] ljBdfg cj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg tyf g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx?sf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL s] s:tf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, j}wflgs jf k|zf;sLo pkfox?sf] cjnDjgåf/f pgLx?sf] xs lxt / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf clej[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] laifodf lj:t[t cWoog u/L ;f]xL cg'?k ug'{ u/fpg' pko'Qm b]lvPsf]n] s'df/L ;+:s[ltsf cg'ofoL ;d'bfosf cu'jf tyf k|ltlglw ;+3;+:yfx?;+u ;d]t cGt/lqmof u/L ;'emfj ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Ps cWoog ;ldlt u7g ug'{ egL ljkIfL ;+:s[lt dGqfnosf gfddf lgb]{zfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5 / cWoog ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 ;f] k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfof{Gjog ug'{ eGg] k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/Psf] 5 .

;ldltsf] u7g

g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dgf]lgt ;+:s[lt dGqfnosf] ;x;lrj :t/sf Ps hgf clws[t –;+of]hs u'7L ;+:yfgaf6 dgf]lgt Pshgf k|ltlglw

– ;b:o afnaflnsf ;DaGwL dGqfnoaf6 dgf]lgt Pshgf k|ltlglw–––––– – ;b:o lgj[Q s'df/Lx?dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dgf]lgt Ps hgf k|ltlglw – ;b:o g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dgf]lgt Pshgf Vofltk|fKt ;+:s[lt Pj+ ;+:s[tljb\ – ;b:o of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] Ps dlxgfleq g]kfn ;/sf/n] cWoog ;ldltsf] u7g ug'{kg]{5 . ;ldltn] u7g ePsf] Ps aif{leq cfˆgf] /fo ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{5 / g]kfn ;/sf/n] To;sf] Psk|lt o; cbfntsf] cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f dxfzfvfnfO{ ;d]t pknAw u/fpg] 5 . k|:t't cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLx? / o; cbfntsf] cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f dxfzfvfnfO{ ;d]t lbO{ bfo/L nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" . pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . Gof=tkjxfb'/ du/ Olt ;Dat\ @)^% ;fn efb| @ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\––––– Ohnf; clws[t M dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{


778

lg0f{o g+=&(*@ g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L= dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb

sf]O{/fnf ;Djt\ @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g= ()#^

cfb]z ldltM @)^%.#.!^.@

d'2fM– lnvt jb/ btf{ jb/ btf{ sfod . k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lhNnf ;'g;/L w/fg

gu/kflnsf jf8{ g+= !^ j:g] of]lht/fh k|wfg g]kfnL

lj?4 ljkIfL jfbLM lh= sf7df8f}+ sf7df8f}+

dxfgu/kflnsf jf8{ g+= ( jlQ;k'tnL j:g] uf]kfnzlQm df:s]

z'? km};nf ug]{M

df=d'=Gof >L zf/bf k|= kl08t df=Gof=>L uf]ljGbs'df/ >]i7

cfkm\gf] ;d]t xs nfUg] ;uf]nsf]

;DklQ ;uf]nsf] c+lzof/n] cfkm"v';L ljqmL Jojxf/ u/]df k|rlnt sfg"gsf Dofb leq} gfn]z u/L cfkm\gf] xssf] hlt lnvt jb/ u/fO{ lng kfpg] .

-k|s/0f g+=$_ /sd xfnL hUuf v/Lb ug]{ ;fx'

;b}j vt/fdf /xg] eGg] x'b}g . To;sf] nflu xbDofbsf] Joj:yf

ul/Psf] xf] . cfkm"nfO{ dg nfu]sf] cj:yfdf lnvtsf] gSsn ;fb}{ xbDofb sfod u/]/ gfln; ug{ kfpg] eGg] P]gsf] dgzfo gx'Fbf ;uf]ndf 5f]/fn] yfxf kfPsf] cj:yfdf ;uf]nd} /x]sf cGo c+lzof/n] lnvtsf] jf/]df yfxf gkfPsf] eGg g;lsg] .

-k|s/0f g+=%_ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg

clwjQmf >L ;f]dsfGt d}gfnL ljkIfL jfbL tkm{jf6M cjnlDjt ghL/M

km};nf Gof=/fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnfM Gofo

k|zf;g P]g, )$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_ jdf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|fKt u/L k'g/fj]bg bfo/Ldf btf{ e} k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo tyf 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M

ljkIfL dWo]sL zf]ef df:s] d]/L kTgL x'g . ljkIfL u[x:yL ub}{ j:b} cfPsf]df )#* ;fndf lhNnf ;'g;/L jf+emu/f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= *-s_ ls=g+= $! sf] )–&–!# hUuf ;d]t v/Lb u/L lbPsf] lyP . pQm zf]ef df:s] gfpF btf{sf] hUufdf d]/f] k"0f{xsnfUg] lglj{jfb 5 . ljkIfL zf]ef df:s] gfpF btf{sf] d]/f] xsnfUg] P]= ls=g+= $!, )–&–!# hUuf dWo] )–#–) hUuf ljqmLul/ ;s]sf]n] pQm ls=g+= $@ kmf]8 eO{ ls=g+= %! sf] )–$–!#

779

c+s ^

hUufdf ;d]t d]/f] ;d]t ef]urng sfod 5 . @)%^.&.!! ut]sf lbg lj/f6gu/ cfp+bf k|df0fsf dflg;x?n] dnfO{ ljkIfL kTgL zf]ef df:s]n] d]/f] ;d]t c+zxs nfUg] pQm hUufx?jf6 d]/f] xs d]6\g ljkIfLx?;Fu u'kr'ku/L dnfO{ yfxf hfgsf/L glbO{ d+h'/L j]u/ hUuf ljqmL ljt/0f u/]sf] s'/f ;'gfPsf]n] pQm ls=g+= $! sf] )–&–!$ hUuf lsQf kmf]8u/L pQ/ k"j{jf6 sfod ls=g+= !)) sf] )–!–% k|= 5lntf lnDj' / k|= g]qsnf lnDj'sf] ;+o'Qm gfpFdf /=g+= !!%%-s_ jf6 5lntf lnDj'sf] klZrd tkm{jf6 sfod ls=g+= !)! sf] )–!–), k|= /l;tf /fO{sf] gfpFdf /=g+= !!^)-s_ jf6, gOGb| b]lv k"j{tkm{jf6 sfod ls=g+= !)@ sf] )–!–), k|= x:tsnf lnDj'sf] gfpFdf /=g+= !!^!-s_ jf6 d'n ls=g+= $! sf] klZrd pQ/ tkm{jf6 sfod ls=g+= !)# sf] )–!–) k|= gOGb| s'df/ cfªbDj]sf] gfpFdf /=g+= !!%^-s_ jf6 of]hLt /fO{ b]lv pQ/ tkm{jf6 sfod ls=g++ !)^ sf] )–)–!( k= 8DjfWjh lnDj' / k|= t]h s'df/ lnDj'sf] gfpFdf ;+o'Qm /=g+= !!%(-s_ jf6 5lntf lnDj' ;d]t / ;l/tf /fO{ b]lv blIf0f tkm{jf6 sfod ls=g+= !)$ sf] )–!–^ tyf klZrd blIf0f tkm{af6 sfod ls=g++ !)% sf] )–!–# ;d]t k|= of]lht /fO{ k|wfg g]kfnLsf] gfpFdf /=g+= !!%& lsQfsf6 ;d]t u/L hDdf )–&–!# hUuf yfg ^ /flhgfdf n]vL n]vfO{ kfl/t u/]tfklg lbg] bftf zf]ef df:s]n] ls=g++ $! jf6 pNn]lvt k|ltjfbL sf] gfpFdf Ps} ldlt @)%%.&.!@ ut] df=kf]=sf= ;'G;/Laf6

lbg'lng' u/]sf] x'Fbf c=j+= &@ g+= jdf]lhd Pp6} lkm/fbjf6 bfjL u/]sf] 5' . ljkIfLx?n] Ps} ldltdf ls=g++ $! kmf]8 u/L d]/f] xs d]6\g dnfO{ yfxf hfgsf/L glbO{ u'kr'k ;Fu hUuf kfl/t u/L lng'lbg' u/]sf] Jojxf/df d]/f] j]dGh'/L /x]sf]n] pQm ls=g+= $! jf6 ljleGg lsQf sfod ePsf]nfO{ ls=g++ $! g} sfod dfgL pQm ls=g+= $! sf] hUufdf dnfO{ kfos kg]{ pQ/ tkm{jf6 k"j{ klZrd nDjfO{ u/L d]/f] xs x'g] @ efusf] ! efu )–#–!^½ w'/sf] n]vt jb/ btf{ jb/ u/L d]/f] gfpFdf btf{ ;d]t sfod u/L kfp eGg]] lkm/fbkq .

xfdLn] @)%%.&.!@ ut]df kfl/t u/L lnPsf] hUuf ljkIfLsL kTgL zf]df df:s]n] cfkmgf] lghL 1fg lzk >djf6 @)#* ;fndf vl/b u/]sf] lghL cfh{gsf] hUuf x'Fbf To:tf] hUuf vl/b u/L lnbf ljkIfLsf] d+h'/L :qL c+zwgsf] ! g+= jdf]lhd lng' gkg]{ x'Fbf / ljkIfLnfO{ ;fIfL /fvL /xg' kg]{ cj:yf gx'Fbf dnfO{ ;fIfL g/fvL dGh'/L glnO{ /lhi6«]zg kfl/t u/]sf] eGg] ljkIfLsf] n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+= jdf]lhdsf] cfwf/df lnPsf] bfjL ;f] P]g ljk/Lt 5 . zf]ef df:s]sf] pQm ;Dklt c+zj08fsf] !* g+= jdf]lhd j08f gug'{kg]{ xsleqsf] ;DklQ xf] . :qL c+z wgsf] ! g+= n] pQm lghL 1fg k|of;n] cfh]{sf] ;Dklt cfkm"v'; ug{ kfpg] xbleqsf] hUuf lsGbf j]Rbf cGosf] dGh'/Lsf] cfjZostf gkg]{ ePjf6} bftfn] hUuf ljqmL u5'{ eg]jf6 xfdLn] sfg"gsf] l/t k'¥ofO{ vl/b u/L /lhi6«]zg u/L lnPsf] x'Fbf xs} gk'Ug]


780

ljkIfLsf] :qL c+zwgsf] ! g+= sf] k|lts"n k/]sf] lkm/fbsf] e/df xfd|f] lnvt btf{ jb/ e} ljkIfLsf] gfpFdf btf{ sfod x'g ;Sg] xf]Og . ljkIfLn] n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+= sf] cfwf/df gfn]; u/]sf] kfOG5 . n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+= n] g} cfkmgf] lghL cfh{gsf] eP ;Fu j:g]sf] dGh'/L lng' kb}{g egL j]rljvg ubf{ dGh'/L lng'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] / :qL c+z wgsf] ! g+= / c+zj08fsf] !* g+= n] cfkmgf] 1fg l;k k|of;jf6 cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ cfkm"v'; ug{ kfpg] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]jf6 @)#* ;fndf cfkmgf] l;k k|of;jf6 cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ bftfjf6 xfdLn] vl/b u/]sf] x'Fbf jfbL bfjL jdf]lhd lnvt jb/ btf{ jb/ x'g] xf]Og . jfbLn] s'g ;uf]nsf] ;Dklt slxn] ljqmLu/L cfPsf] ?k}ofjf6 bftf zf]ef df:s]nfO{ pQm hUuf vl/b u/L lbPsf] xf] jf s'g Joxf]/fjf6 k|fKt ePsf] xf] ljkIfLn] ;f] tYo l5kfO{ lkm/fb u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfkmgf] 1fgl;kn] cfh{g u/]sf] hUuf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+= n] cfkmgf] lghL cfh{gsf] eP s;}sf] dGh'/L lng' kb}{g eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] / :qL c+zwgsf] ! g+= tyf c+zj08fsf] !* g+= n] cfkm\gf] lzk k|of;jf6 cfh]{sf] ;DklQ cfkm"v'; ug{ kfpg] ePjf6 bftfn] )#* ;fndf cfkmgf] lghL cfh{gjf6 vl/b u/L lnPsf] hUuf xfdLn] vl/b u/L lnPsf]n] btf{ jb/ ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbL bfjL pQm P]g k|lts"n x'Fbf btf{ jb/ x'g] xf]Og . jfbLn] 5'6f 5'§} lkm/fb ug'{kg]{df c=j+= &@ g+= jdf]lhd u/]sf] lkm/fb c=j+= &@ g+= k|lts'n

x'Fbf vf/]h efuL 5 . g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)%% c+s # lg=g+= ^*@) k[i7 ;+Vof !%! df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt k|lts'n u/L k/]sf] ljkIfLsf] gfn]; pko'{Qm cfwf/jf6 sfod /xg g;Sg] x'Fbf xfd|f] lnvt btf{ ;b/ ul/kfpFm eGg] k|ltpQ/ kq .

jfbLsf] ;fIfL s+rg Gof}kfg] / k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL /fheut k|wfgfËn] cbfntdf pkl:yt e} u/]sf] jskq ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] .

k|ltjfbL zf]ef df:s]n] Otnfogfdfsf] z'? Dofb u'hf/L k|ltpQ/ glkm/fO{ j;]sf] .

k|ltjfbL zf]ef df:s]n] /flhgfdf u/L ljqmL u/]sf] kfl/t /=g+= !!%%-s_ /=g+= !!%^-s_ /=g+= !!%&-s_ /=g+= !!%(-s_ /=g+= !!^)-s_ /=g+= !!^!-s_ sf] /flhgfdfsf] jfbLsf] xs hlt g/d s/d ldnfO{ # efusf] ! efu n]vt btf{ jb/ u/L pQm hUuf jfbL uf]kfn zlQm df:s]sf] gfddf btf{ sfod x'g] 7x5{ eGg];'g;/L lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%&.!@.!# sf] km};nf .

xfd|f bftf zf]ef df:s]n] cfkmgf] 1fg l;k k|of;jf6 cfh]{sf] ;Dkltjf6 pNn]lvt xfdLnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf] hUuf @)#* ;fndf bftfn] vl/b u/L lnPsf] x'Fbf To:tf] cfkm"n] cfh]{sf] ;DklQjf6 vl/b ePsf] hUuf czj08fsf] !* g+= n] j08f ug'{ gkg]{ x'Fbf / o:tf] ;DkQL :qL c+z wgsf] !g+= n] cfkm'v'; ug{ kfpg] x'Fbf x'b} bftf zf]ef df:s]n] xfdLnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf] To:tf] hUufsf] n]vt jb/ ug]{ u/]sf] z'?

781

c+s ^

km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ x'Fbf pN6L ul/kfpFm eGg] k|ltjfbL x:tsnf lnDj' / ;l/tf /fOsf] ;+o'Qm k'g/fj]bg kq .

bftf zf]ef df:s]sf] lghL cfh{gsf] ;DklQnfO{ lghL gdfgL # efusf] ! efu lnvt ab/ x'g] egL ePsf] z'? km};nf :qL c+zwgsf] ! g++ tyf c+zj08fsf] !(-@_ sf] q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pN6L ul/kfpFm eGg] k|ltjfbL of]lht/fh k|wfg g]kfnL, 5lntf lnDj',g]qsnf lnDj',gOGb| cfªbDj] ;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

jfbLn] lkm/fbkqdf ljjfbLt hUuf d}n] vl/b u/L lbPsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf]df ;f] vl/b u/]sf] k|df0f k]z gePsf] / oL jfbL tyf k|ltjfbL dWo]sL >LdtL ;f]ef df:s] Psf;uf]ndf Ps} 3/ kl/jf/df a;]sf] eO{ /lhi6«]zg ePsf] ldltdf g} lnvt v8f ePsf] yfxf kfpg] l:ylt ePsf]df gSsn ;f/L lnPsf] ldltdf yfxf kfPsf] egL xbDofb sfod u/L lkm/fb u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] sf] ljj]rgf gu/L z'? cbfntjf6 ePsf] OG;fkm km/s kg]{ b]lv+bf 5nkmnsf] nfuL ljkIfL lemsfO{ k]zug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt @)^).#.!! sf] cfb]z .

o;} nufpsf] b]=k'=g+= !$(*,!%)! / b]=k'=g++ !%)@ sf] lnvt btf{ jb/ btf{ sfod d'2fdf z'? km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x/L cfh o;} Ohnf;jf6 km};nf ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] d'2fdf pNn]lvt cfwf/ k|df0fsf] cfwf/df k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbL zf]ef df:s]n] /flhgfdf u/L ljqmL u/]sf] /=g++ !!%%-s_, !!%^-s_, !!%&-s_, !!%(-s_, !!^)-s_ /

!!^!-s_ sf] /flhgfdfsf] ls=g++ $! sf] jfbLsf] xs hlt # efusf] ! efu lnvt btf{ jb/ u/L jfbLsf gfddf btf{ sfod x'g] 7x¥ofO{ z'? ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntjf6 ldlt @)%&.!@.!#.@ df ePsf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lv+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k|ltjfbLx?sf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;St}g eÌ] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^).&.!(.$ sf] k}m;nf .

d]/f bftfsf ljkIfL klt / 5f]/fn] hUuf ljqmL ug]{ s'/f u/]sf / ljkIfLx? ;j} Psf;uf]nsf kl/jf/sf] ;xdtLjf6 dfq d}n] hUuf v/Lb u/]sf] x'+ . ljkIfLx?s} ;Nnfx cg';f/ /flhgfdf lnvtdf e'; j/fj/sf] d'No xfnL hUuf v/Lb u/]sf] xf] . ljkIfLx?s} ;Nnfx / ;xdtL cg';f/ hUuf v/Lb u/]sf]df ljkIfLx?nfO{ yfxf hfgsf/L x'g] x'Fbf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+= cg';f/ yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] #% lbg leq gfn]z ph'/ ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/L gSsn ;f/L yfxf kfPsf] ldlt sfod u/L kg{ cfPsf] lkm/fb xbDofb ljxLg e} vf/]h eflu 5 . ;fy} d'=P]= n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !! g+= df Psf ;uff]ndf pd]/ k'u]sf s;}n] yfxf kfPsf]df ;uf]ndf ePsf] d'Vo ;d]t ;j} xsjfnfn] yfxfkfPsf] 7x5{ eGg] Joj:yfjf6 Psf;uf]nsf >LdtL tyf cfdfn] ljqmL u/]sf] s'/f Psf;uf]nsf kl/jf/sf klt / 5f]/fnfO{ lnvt ePs} cj:yfdf yfxf hfgsf/L x'g] x'Fbf jf yfxf ePsf] dfGg' kg]{ x'Fbf lnvt ePsf] ldltn] #% lbg leq lkm/fb ug'{kg]{df gSsn ;f/L yfxf kfPsf] xbDofb sfod u/L kg{ cfPsf] lkm/fb


782

vf/]h eflu e} vf/]h x'g'kg]{df ;f] gu/L ;'? ;b/ x'g] u/L ePsf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ 5 . c+zj08fsf] !* g+= df s'g} c+lzof/n] cfkmgf] jf s;}jf6 lghL tj/n] bfg jf js; kfPsf] jf s;}sf] ck'tfnL k/]sf] jf :qL c+zwgsf] dxnsf] % g+= jdf]lhd kfPsf] To:tf] cfh{g jf kfPsf] ;DklQ ;f] cfh{g ug]{ jf kfpg] c+lzof/sf] lghL 7x/L cfkm'v'; ug{ kfpF5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 .

ljkIfLx?sf] ;Nnfx ;d]tjf6 ljqmL ePsf] ldlt @)#*.*.! sf] hUufnfO{ Ps} eft efG5fdf ug]{ Ps} 3/df j:g] 5f]/f uf]k]zn] gSsn ldlt @)%%.!).% df ;f/]/ yfxf kfO{ lkm/fb ug]{ / klt uf]kfnzlQm df:s]n] ldlt @)%^.&.!! df k|df0fsf JolQmn] egL yfxfkfO{ lkm/fb ug]{ sfo{ sbfkL klg Gofo / sfg"g ;Fut x'g ;Qm}g . ljkIfL bftf zf]ef df:s];Fu g5'l§O{ ;Fuj;]sf] egL pNn]vu/] klg bftfsf] gfpFdf ldlt )#*.*.! df v/Lb ePsf] pQm ls=g+= $!,$@ sf] hUuf ;uf]nsf] ;Dkltjf6 vl/b u/]sf] egL bfjL lnPklg ;uf]nsf] of] ;Dklt ljqmL u/L jf ;uf]nsf] ;Dkltjf6 o;/L j9] j9fPsf] ;Dkltjf6 vl/b u/]sf] egL eGg ;s]sf] / k|df0fjf6 cfkmgf bfjL :yflkt ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g . bftfsf] lghL cfh{gsf] hUuf d}n] v/Lb u/L lnPsf] / lghL cfh{gsf] hUuf lsGbf j]Rbf d+h'/Lsf] cfjZostf g} gkg]{ c+zj08fsf] !(-@_ / n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+= tyf :qL c+zwgsf] ! g+= jdf]lhd cfkm'v';ug{ kfpg] ;Dklt v/Lb u/L

lnPsf]df d+h'/L lng'kg]{ egL u/]sf] k'=j]=c= lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf pN6L u/L d]/f] k|ltpQ/ lhls/ jdf]lhd u/L kfp eGg] k|ltjfbL of]lht/fh k|wfgsf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bg kq .

o;df d'n'sL P]g, n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] dxnsf] !) g+= df c+z gePsf c+lzof/n] ;uf]nsf] crn ;DklQ j]rljvg ubf{ jf s'g} lsl;dn] xs 5f8L lb+bf P]gn] cfkm' v';L ug{ kfpg] c?sf] d+h'/L lng' gkg]{df afx]s c?df Psf3/;Fusf c+lzof/ ;j} ;fIfL j;]sf] jf lghx?n] dGh'/Lsf] lnvt u/L lbPsf] ePdfq kSsf 7x5{ . ;fIfL klg gj;]sf] / d+h'/Lsf] lnvt klg geP dGh'/ gx'g]n] /lhi6«]zg ePsf] ldltn] Ps aif{;Dddf yfxf kfPsf] k}lt; lbg leq ph'/ u¥of] / lghsf] d+Gh'/L 7xl/Pg eg] lghsf] xs hlt ;f] ;DklQ lghnfO{ lkmtf{ u/fOlbg' k5{ eGg] ;d]t sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf ljjflbt ldlt @)%%.&.!@ sf] kfl/t /flhgfdf lnvtx?sf ;DjGwdf ljkIfL jfbLsf] Psf3/ ;uf]nsf] 5f]/f uf]k]z zlQm df:s]n] ldlt @)%%.!).% df gSsn ;f/L yfxf kfPsf] egL ldlt @)%%.!!.$ df g} lkm/fb lbPsf] b]lvG5 . uf]k]z zlQmn] lbPsf] pQm lkm/fbdf lghsf] jtg sf=lh=sf=d=g= kf=j8f g+= ( jlQ;k'tnL pNn]v u/]sf]df ljkIfL jfbLn] ;d]t ldlt @)%^.&.!! df lnvt jf/] yfxf kfPsf] egL ;f]xL jtgjf6 ldlt )%^.*.!) df k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fb lbPsf] b]lvof] . o;/L Pp6} jtgdf j:g] jfbLsf] Psf;uf]nsf] 5f]/f uf]k]zn] yfxf

783

c+s ^

kfPs} ldltdf jfbLn] ljjfbLt lnvt ePsf] s'/f yfxf kfPgg\ xf]nf egL dfGg ldNg] l:ylt gx'Fbf @)%^.&.!! df dfq yfxf kfPsf] cfwf/ lnO{ bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fbjf6 bfjL jdf]lhd lnvt jb/ x'g] 7x/fPsf] z'?sf] km};nf ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^).&.!( sf] km};nfdf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g++ df Jojl:yt pNn]lvt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] u+le/ q'6L b]lv+bf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ jdf]lhd k|:t't d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^# .!.@(.^ sf] cfb]z .

lgodjdf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs tkm{jf6 pkl:yt lj4fg clwjQmf ;f]dsfGt d}gfnLn] ljjflbt hUuf k'g/fj]bsn] vl/b u/]sf]df jfbLn] /lhi6«]zg ePs} cj:yfdf yfxf kfpg] cj:yf /x]sf]df gSsn;f/L Dofb sfod u/L cfPsf] lkm/fbjf6 OG;fkm x'g ;Sg] l:ylt 5}g . c+zj08fsf] !* g+= cg';f/ cfkm"v'; ug{ kfpg] ;DklQ cfkm" v'; ul/Psf] ;Dklt xf] . bftfsf] jf;f]jf; sf7df8f}+df g} /x]sf] x'Fbf ;j} kl/jf/;Fu ;Nnfx u/]/} vl/b ePsf] hUuf xf] . bftf zf]ef df:s]n] ljqmL u/]sf] hUuf @)#* ;fndf cfkmgf] lghL >f]tjf6 vl/b u/L lnPsf] hUuf xf] . :qL c+zwgsf] ! g+= cg';f/ cfkm'v'z ug{ kfpg] hUuf vl/b u/]sf]df cGo c+lzof/sf] xs nfUg] x'b}g .

k|:t't d'2fdf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+= cfslif{t x'b}g . k[ys k[ys lsQfsf] nfuL k[ys k[ys gfn]z ug'{ kg{]df of]lht/fh k|wfg, nlntf lnDj'nfO{ ;+o'Qm lkm/fb bfo/ ul/Psf]df klg ;'lg x]l/Psf] 5 . ljkIfLsf] lkm/fb c=j+= &@ g+= sf] k|lts"n /x]sf] cj:yfdf lg0f{o u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g . c+zj08fsf] ! g+= jdf]lhd j08f gnfUg] ;DklQ vl/b ePsf]df jblgot k"j{s gfn]z bfo/ u/]sf] cj:yf sfg"g jdf]lhd bfjL ug{ g;Sg] xs gePsf] hUufdf jfbL bfjL jdf]lhd lnvt jb/ x'g] u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ x'Fbf pQm km};nf jb/ u/L k|ltpQ/ lhls/ jdf]lhd xf]; egL ug'{ ePsf] jx; ;d]t ;'lgof] .

pko'{Qm jdf]lhdsf] jx; tyf k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L o;df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^).&.!(.$ sf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5 ;f] ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .

@= k|ltjfbL kTgL zf]ef df:s]n] d]/f] ;d]t c+z xs nfUg] hUuf d]/f] d+h'/L ljgf k|ltjfbL of]lht/fh k|wfgnfO{ /fhLgfdf kfl/t u/]sfn] pQm lnvtjf6 @ efusf] ! efu lnvt jb/ u/L d]/f gfddf btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg] lkm/fb dfubfjL /x]sf]df jfbL bfjLsf] hUuf jfbLsf] c+zxs nfUg] ge} zf]ef df:s]sf] lghL cfh{gsf] x'Fbf lnvt jb/ x'g] xf]Og eGg] k|ltpQ/ k/L sf/jfO{ x'Fbf z'? ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntn] jfbL bfjL jdf]lhd # efusf] ! efu lnvt


784

btf{ jb/ e} jfbLsf] gfpFdf btf{ x'g] u/L ePsf] km};nfnfO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/jf6 @)^).&.!(.$ df ;b/ x'g] u/L ePsf] km};nf pk/ o; cbfntjf6 d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg e} lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] b]lvof] .

#= ljjfbdf k|:t't ul/Psf] hUuf zf]ef df:s]sf gfddf @)#* ;fndf ;'g;/L jfemu/f *-s_ls=g+= $! h=lj= )–&–!# ls=g+= $@ h=lj= )–&–!# vl/b ePsf]df pQm ls=g+= $! lsQf kmf]8 e} ls=g+= !))h=lj= )–!–% nlntf lnDj' / g]qsnf lnDj'sf] ;+o'Qm gfddf /=g++ !!%%-s_ jf6 ls=g+= !)! h=lj= )–!–) ;l/tf /fOsf] gfpFdf /=g++ !!^)-s_ jf6 ls=g++ !)@ h=lj= )–!–) x:tsnf lnDj'sf] gfddf / =g+= !!^!-s_ jf6 ls=g++ !)# h=lj= )–!–) gOGb| s'df/ cfªbDj]sf] gfpFdf /=g++ !!%^-s_ jf6 ls=g+= !)^ h=lj= )–)–!( 8Dd/Wjh lnDj' / t]h s'df/ lnDj' ;d]t hgf @ sf] ;+o'Qm gfddf /=g++ !!%( -s_ jf6 ls=g++ !)$ h=lj= )–!–^ ls=g++ !)% h=lj= )–!–# ;d]t )–@–( ls==g++ %! dWo] klZrd tkm{jf6 )–#–!! ;d]t )–^–) of]lht /fh k|wfg g]kfnLsf gfpFdf /==g++ !!%&-s_ jf6 @)%%.&.!@ df dfnkf]t sfof{nojf6 xs x:tfGt/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm lnvtnfO{ jfbL uf]kfn zlQm df:s]n] @)%^.&.!! df yfxf kfPsf] ldlt sfod u/L @)%^.*.!).^ df jb/ u/fO{ kfpg dfubfjL lnO{ lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvof] .

$= lkm/fbL uf]kfn zlQm df:s]sf] lkm/fb n]v x]bf{ hUuf ljqmL ug]{ zf]ef df:s] lkm/fbLsf] >LdtL /x]sL / ;uf]ndf j:b} cfPsf]df @)#* ;fndf hUuf vl/b u/]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePtfklg lkm/fb kbf{sf] cj:yf;Dd lghx?sf] kfl/jfl/s l:ylt s] /x]sf] eGg] jf/]df pNn]v u/]sf] kfOb}g h;jf6 jfbL k|ltjfbLsf] jLrdf dfgf] r'nf] Ps} 7fp+df /x]sf] dfGg'kg]{ b]lvof] . To;}u/L lkm/fbLsf] 5f]/f uf]k]; zlQm df:s]n] k|:t't ljjfbdf lnvtsf ;DjGwdf @)%%.!).% df gSsn;f/L ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntdf b]==g++ !#%# / !#%$ sf] lnvt btf{ jb/ d'2f ;d]t bfo/ u/]sf] klg b]lvg cfp5 . cfkm\gf] ;d]t xs nfUg] ;uf]nsf] ;DklQ ;uf]nsf] c+lzof/n] cfkm"v';L ljqmL Jojxf/ u/]df k|rlnt sfg"gsf Dofb leq} gfn]z u/L cfkm\gf] xssf] hlt lnvt jb/ u/fO{ lng kfpF5 . d+h'/ gx'g]n] pd]/ k'u]sf] / xbDofb leq k/]sf] eP lnvt jb/df gfn]z ug{ kfpg] x'G5 . jfbL uf]kfn df:s], zf]ef df:s] tyf uf]k]z zlQm df:s] Psf;uf]ndf /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;uf]nsf] Ps c+lzof/n] hUuf ljlqm u/]sf] eGg] ljifo yfxf lyPg yfxf kfP kl5 gfn]; ug{ cfPsf] egL k|:t't d'2fdf ljjfb p7fPsf] kfO{G5 . hUufsf] ljifodf cfkmgf] d+h'/L gePsf] egL @)%%.&.!@ sf] lnvtsf ;DjGwdf 5f]/f uf]k]zn] @)%%.!).% df gSsn lnO{ @)%%.!!.$ df gfn]z u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;uf]nd]} e/x]sf] jfj'n] lnvtsf jf/]df yfxf kfOg eGbfsf] cj:yfdf ;f]sf]

785

c+s ^

sfg"g ;Fut cfwf/ sf/0f k|:t't ug'{kg]{df jfbLjf6 tYoo'Qm cfwf/ v'nfPsf] b]lvb}g . lkm/fb n]vdf cfkmgf] xsnfUg] eGg] syg jfx]s @)%%.&.!@ sf] lnvtsf ;DjGwdf @)%^.*.@) df dfq ghfn]z ug'{sf] sf/0f v'nfPsf] kfOb}g .

%= n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+= x]bf{ lnvtsf] jf/]df d+h'/ gx'g]n] lnvt /lhi6«]zg ePsf] ldltn] Psaif{;Dddf yfxf kfPsf] #% lbg leq ph'/ ug'{kg]{ u/L sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm gDj/df Psftkm{ c+lzof/sf] xssf] ;'/Iff u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ ;fx'sf] xssf] klg ;+/If0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . /sd xfnL hUuf v/Lb ug]{ ;fx' ;b}j vt/fdf /xg] eGg] x'b}g . To;sf] nfuL xbDofbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . cfkm"nfO{ dg nfu]sf] cj:yfdf lnvtsf] gSsn ;fb}{ xbDofb sfod u/]/ gfln; ug{ kfpg] eGg] P]gsf] dgzfo xf]Og . ;uf]ndf 5f]/fn] yfxf kfPsf] cj:yfdf ;uf]nd} /x]sf cGo c+lzof/n] lnvtsf] jf/]df yfxf gkfPsf] eGg] x'b}g .

^= ctM Psf;uf]nsf jfj' 5f]/f dWo] 5f]/fn] yfxf kfPsf] ldltn] xbDofb leq gfn]z u/L lghn] cfkmgf] xsdf lnvt jb/ x'g] 7x/L clGtd ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL kl/jf/sf ;Fu} j;]sf jfj'n] @)%^.&.!! df dfq yfxf kfPsf] eg]sf]df klg @)%%.&.!@b]lv ldlt @)%^.*.@) ;Dd ! jif{ ! dlxgf * lbg kl5 dfq lkm/fb u/]sf]af6 ;d]t n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g++ !! g+= sf] ljk/Lt lkm/fb u/]sf]jf6

lghsf] xsdf lnvt jb/ x'g] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^).&.!( sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lv+bf pN6L e} xbDofb gf3L k/]sf] jfbL bfjL vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . c? tkl;n jdf]lhd ug'{ .

tkl;n

dfly OG;fkm v08df jfbL bfjL vf/]h x'g] 7x/]sfn] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^).&.!( sf] km};nf adf]lhd jfbL uf]kfn zlQm df:s]nfO{ sf]6{ lkm e/fO{ lbg egL /fv]sf] nut cg';f/ cj ;f] /sd e/fO{ lbg gkg]{ x'Fbf k|ltjfbLn] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/df /fv]sf] w/f}6L /sd lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ g} lkmtf{ lbg' egL >L ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntnfO{ nut lbg' ========!

z'? ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntsf] k}m;nf adf]lhd # efusf] ! efu lnvt btf{ ab/ u/L lbg egL sfodL nut cg';f/ ca ;f] adf]lhd ug{ gkg]{ x'gfn] ;f] nut s§f u/L lbg >L df]/Ë lhNnf cbfntsf gfddf nut lbg' ===============@

bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L dl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' ====#

pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=jn/fd s]=;L=

Olt ;Djt @)^% ;fn c;f/ !^ ut] /f]h @ df z'ed\================ Ohnf; clws[t /fh]Gb| s'df/ cfrfo{


786

lg0f{o g+=&(*# g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/ dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{

;Dat\ @)^$ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=!!! km};nf ldltM @)^%.^.!.$

d'2f M ck|fs[lts d}y'g -hj/h:tL s/0fL_ .

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM s s'df/Lsf] hfx]/Ln]

g]kfn ;/sf/ la?4

k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM gjnk/f;L lhNnf, b'lDsjf; uf=lj=;=j8f g+=! 3/ e} xfn sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=#% hl8a'6L a:g] /fh]z If]qL

z'? km};nf ug]{ M

df=lh=Gof=>L e/tk|;fb clwsf/L k'g/fa]bg km};nf ug]{ M

df=Gof= >L s[i0fk|;fb a:ofn df=Gof= >L xl/axfb'/ a:g]t

aflnsfsf] d'v, 6fpsf] nufot

z/L/sf ljleGg efudf lnËsf] 3if{0f u/fO{ lk;fa ;d]t km]l/lbPsf] eGg] cfwf/df dfq kLl8t aflnsfnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] eGg] :yflkt gx'g] .

kLl8t aflnsf pk/ pNn]lvt of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ubf{ aflnsf ?Fb} lrRofpFb}

sf]7f aflx/ lg:sL cfdf ePtkm{ uPsLn] k|ltjfbLn] hj/h:tL s/0fL ug{ gkfPsf] / hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwsf] pBf]u;Dd u/]sf] b]lv+bf pBf]udf ;hfo ug]{ 7x¥ofPsf] z'? lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf cGoyf gb]lvPsf]n] ;f] km};nf ;b/ x'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=#_ d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg txlssftsf]

sf/jfxL hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u tkm{ s]Gb|Lt eO ck|fs[lts d}y'gtkm{ cg';Gwfg txlssftsf] sf/jfxL ePsf] b]lvPg . t;y{ ck|fs[lts d}y'gsf] jf/bft :yflkt x'g] s'g} ;j"b k|df0f ;+sng ePsf] b]lvg gcfpFbf ck|fs[lts d}y'gtkm{sf] s;"/ :yflkt x'g] cg';Gwfg txlssftsf] cefjdf ;f] s;"/ sfod u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo ug{ gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=$_

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg sf=d'=gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf >L ;"o{k|;fb sf]O/fnf

k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg clwjQmfåo >L /fdk|;fb cof{n / cldtf lbIfLt

cjnlDjt ghL/M

787

c+s ^

km};nf Gof=tkjxfb'/ du/M Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_ adf]lhd k'g/fa]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.!).$ sf] km};nf bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg eO{ bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M– ldlt @)^@.&.@) ut] d]/L 5f]/L aif{ % sL v s'df/LnfO{ /fh]z If]qLn] 6fpsf] / d'vdf lk;fa u/]sfn] sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg] s s'df/Lsf] lgj]bg . k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qL / xfdLx? Pp6} 3/df 8]/f lnO{ a:b} cfPsf]df ldlt @)^@.&.@) ut] ;fFem c+=!(M)) ah] d k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qLsf] sf]7fdf uPsf] a]nf klxnf Sof;]6df d} 5f]/L ;'Gb/L eGg] uLt ahfO{ gfRg nufof] . To;kl5 lghsf] cf]5\ofgdf ;'Tg nufO{ d]/f] 6fpsf] tyf z/L/df lghsf] lnË bNg yfNof] . d}n] p7]/ efUg vf]Hbf efUg glbO{ d]/f] d'vdf lghn] cfˆgf] lnË 3';fpg vf]h]sf]n] d}n] d'v aGb ubf{ lghn] xftn] d]/f] d'v vf]nL lnË d]/f] d'vdf 3';fof] . lghn] dnfO{ s/0fL ;d]t ug{ vf]Hbf d efuL d]/L cfdf s s'df/LnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsL x'F eGg] kLl8t aif{ % sL v s'df/Lsf] sfuh . k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qL klg xfdL a;]sf] 3/df g} 8]/f a:g] u/]sf] / d]/L 5f]/L aif{ % sL v s'df/Ln] lghnfO{ c+sn eGg] ub{lyOg\ . ldlt @)^@.&.@) ut] ;fFem kv 5f]/L v]Nb} tn cf]n]{sL lyOg\ . ;fFem c+=!(M)) ah] 5f]/L sf]7fdf cfO{ dDdL dnfO{ tnsf] /fh]z If]qL c+snn] cfˆgf]

lnË d]/f] d'vdf l5/fP/ xNnfof] . d]/f] 6fpsf]df klg lghn] cfˆgf] lnË bNof] egL eg]sLn] / lgh k|ltjfbLn] d]/L gfafns 5f]/LnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fL ug]{ pBf]u u/]sf] x'Fbf sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg] s s'df/Lsf] hfx]/L b/vf:t . ldlt @)^@.&.@) ut] ;fFem c+=!(M)) ah]sf] ;dodf cfˆgf] sf]7fdf al;/x]sf] lyPF . kLl8t aif{ % sL v s'df/L klxnf klg d]/f] sf]7fdf cfpg] u/]sf] ;f] lbg klg lgh d]/f] sf]7fdf cfOg\ / gfRg yflng\ . To;a]nf dnfO{ s] eof] s] eof], lghnfO{ s/0fL ug]{ OR5f nfUof] / lgh ;fgL ePsf]n] d}n] lghsf] of]gLdf s/0fL gu/L lghsf] d'vdf cfˆgf] lnË 3';fP/ xNnfPF / kLl8tsf] 6fpsf] / cg'xf/df ;d]t cfˆgf] lnË bnL lghsf] 6fpsf]df lk;fa u/]sf] x'F egL k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qLn] df}sfdf u/]sf] ;flalt aofg . sf]7fsf] pQ/kl§ b'O{ j6f ‰ofn /x]sf] ‰ofnsf] leqkl§af6 kbf{ nufPsf] ;f]lx ‰ofnkl§ Pp6f lj:tf/f nufPsf] vf6 /x]sf] s'gfkl§ lsrg, ‰ofn / :6f]j ;lxtsf efF8fx? /x]sf] ;f]xL sf]7fsf] vf6df /fvL kLl8t aflnsf v s'df/LnfO{ k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qLn] hj/h:tL s/0fL ug]{ pBf]u u/]sf] eGg] 36gf:yn k|s[lt d'r'Nsf . k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qLn] hfx]/jfnfsL gfjfns 5f]/L v s'df/LnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fL ug]{ pBf]u u/]sf]df ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] cK;/f yfkf / sf}lzNof yfkfn] u/]sf] Ps} ldnfgsf] sfuh .


788

k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qLn] d'n'sL P]g hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] bkmf (s sf] s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf] b]lv+bf lghnfO{ P]=bkmf (s tyf bkmf # sf] b]xfo ! adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm / kLl8tnfO{ k'Ug uPsf] dsf{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L dgfl;j dflkmssf] Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t e/fO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cleof]u dfu bfjL . ldlt @)^@.&.@) ut] laxfg *M)) ah]b]lv a]n'sf *M)) ah];Dd d cfˆgf] 8\o'6Ldf sfd u/L a;]sf] lyPF . sf]7fdf *M)) ah] dfq cfOk'u]sf] lyPF . d}n] cleof]u kqdf bfjL lnP adf]lhd s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf] 5}g . hfx]/jfnf;Fu kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] ljifodf egfeg eO/xGYof] . d}n] v s'df/L;Fu s'g} klg ck|fs[lts d}y'gsf] sfo{ u/]sf] 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qLsf] cbfnt ;dIfsf] aofg . k|ltjfbL c;n / lg/ck/flws JolQm x'g\ . lghn] >LdtL ;fy} ePsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] % aif{sf] aRrfnfO{ ck|fs[lts d}y'g unf{g\ h:tf] dnfO{ ljZjf; nfUb}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL /fhs'df/L a:g]tn] u/]sf] askq . k|ltjfbLn] d} 5f]/L ;'Gb/L eGg] Sof;]6 ahfO{ dnfO{ grfpg] ub{y] . Ps lbg dnfO{ cf]5\ofgdf ;'tfP/ lgh k|ltjfbLn] cfˆgf] t'/L d]/f] d'vleq 3';fpg' eof] / dnfO{ b'v]sf]n] ?Fb} cfdf ePsf] 7fpFdf uO{ clZnn Jojxf/ ePsf] cfdfnfO{ eg]sL x'F . lghn] d]/f] lhpsf]

n'uf e/L lghsf] lnË bn]sf lyP eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] kLl8t v s'df/Lsf] askq . d} 5f]/L ;'Gb/L eg]/ kLl8t 5f]/Ln] k|ltjfbLnfO{ eGg] u/]sf] / dnfO{ d} 5f]/L ;'Gb/Ln] ;' ul/lbof] eg]kl5 ;f] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L d}n] kfPsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/jfnL s s'df/Ln] u/]sf] askq . cf06L dnfO{ d} 5f]/Ln] lgwf/df 6fpsf]df lhpdf d'vdf ;' nufO{ lbof] eg]/ kLl8tn] eg]sL x'g\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] df}sfdf a'lemPsL cK;/f yfkfn] u/]sf] askq . kLl8t aRrfn] dnfO{ 6fpsf] e/L lhpe/L d'v e/L k|ltjfbLn] ;' blnlbof] eg]/ dnfO{ ;'gfPsL lyOg\ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] df}sfdf a'lemPsL sdnf a:g]tn] u/]sf] askq . k|ltjfbLn] kLl8t aif{ % sL v s'df/LnfO{ of]gLdf s/0fL gu/L lghsf] hLp z/L/ 6fpsf] ;d]tdf cfˆgf] lnË bnL hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u;Dd u/]sf] 7x5{ . ;f] 7xgf{n] kLl8tsf] pd]/ % aif{ eGg] x'Fbf hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] #-!_ g+=adf]lhd hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] 7x/ eP d'2fsf] k|s[lt / cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ x]/L !) aif{ k|ltjfbLnfO{ s}b ;hfo x'g]df hj/h:tL s/0fL / ck|fs[lts d}y'gtkm{sf] bfjL gk'uL hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u;Dd u/]sf] 7x/ ePsf]n] hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] % g+=adf]lhd P]=s} #-!_ g+=cg';f/ x'g ;Sg] ;hfosf] cfwf % aif{ k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qLnfO{ s}b

789

c+s ^

;hfo x'g] 7x5{ eGg] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] @)^#.@.$ sf] km};nf . hj/h:tL s/0fL ck|fs[lts d}y'gtkm{ jfbL bfjL gk'u]sf] s'/fdf cbfnt ljZj:t ePkl5 cleof]ukq vf/]h u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;kmfO{ lbg'kg]{df ;f] gu/L lgbf]{liftfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ j]jf:tf u/L hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u x'gsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ tTjtkm{ s'g} ljj]rgf gu/L cg'dfgsf] e/df ul/Psf] z'? km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ x'Fbf ab/ u/L cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qLsf] k'g/fj]bgkq . d'n'sL P]g hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] (s g+=df s;}n] s'g} gfjfns;Fu s'g} lsl;dsf] ck|fs[lts d}y'g u/] u/fPdf hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] dfgL o;} dxnsf] # g+=adf]lhd x'g] ;hfodf yk Ps aif{ s}b u/L To:tf] gfafnsnfO{ lghsf] pd]/ / p;nfO{ k'Ug uPsf] dsf{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L cbfntn] ck|fs[lts d}y'g ug]{af6 dgfl;j dflkmssf] Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t e/fO{ lbg'k5{ eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]n] k|:t't jf/bftdf hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] dfgL OG;fkm ug'{kg]{df hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u ePsf] egL u/]sf] km};nf sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ;f] xb;Dd ab/ u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u dfu bfjL adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bgkq . k|ltjfbLn] kLl8t v s'df/LnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fL ug]{ pBf]u u/]sf] k'li6 x'g cfof] . k|ltjfbLn] kLl8tsf] of]gLdf s/0fL

gu/L lghsf] d'v z/L/ / 6fpsf]df lnË bn]sf] eGg] b]lv+bf k|ltjfbLsf] ;f] sfo{nfO{ ck|fs[lts d}y'g tyf hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] 7x/fO{ ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . k|ltjfbL /fh]z If]qLnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] % g+=adf]lhd P]=s} # g+=cg';f/ % aif{ s}b ;hfo x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lv+bf dgfl;j 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.!).$.% sf] km};nf . s/0fLsf] k|of]hgsf nflu k|s[lt k|bQ cË afx]s cGo cËx?df ul/g] d}y'ghGo sfo{ ck|fs[lts d}y'gleq kb{5 . k|ltjfbLn] kLl8t aflnsfsf] d'vdf lnË 3';fO{ xNnfPsf], z/L/sf] ljleGg efudf lnËsf] 3if{0f u/fO{ jLo{ :vng u/fO{ of}gfgGb k|fKt u/]sf] sfo{ ck|fs[lts d}y'g xf] . ctM o:tf] cfk/flws sfo{ ug]{ k|ltjfbLnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] ( s g+=adf]lhd hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] dfgL pQm dxnsf] # g+=n] x'g] ;hfodf ! aif{;Dd yk s}b ;d]t ug'{kg]{df ;f] ljk/Lt hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u 7x/ u/]sf] z'? km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nfdf hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] # / (s g+=sf] JofVofTds q'6L ePsfn] ;f] km};nf bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]l/kfpF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] lgj]bgkq . kLl8t % aif{sL aflnsfnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] lnË v'jfO{ ck|fs[lts d}y'g


790

u/]sf] eGg] s'/f cbfntdf ePsf] lghsf] askq tyf k|ltjfbLsf] aofg ;d]taf6 k'li6 eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] sfo{ hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] (s g+=adf]lhd ck|fs[lts d}y'g ePsf] 7x/fO{ ;f]xL dxnsf] bkmf # adf]lhd x'g] ;hfo u/L bkmf (s adf]lhd yk ;hfo ;d]t ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/L hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u;Dd u/]sf] 7x¥ofO{ bkmf #-!_ adf]lhd x'g] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo dfq ug]{ u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nfdf hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] bkmf (s sf] q'l6 ePsf] b]lv+bf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@ -!_-s_ adf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.$.!# sf] cfb]z . lgod adf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k]zL ;"lrdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cWoog ul/of] . k'g/fj]bs jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg\ sf=d'=gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf >L ;"o{k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] k|ltjfbLn] kLl8t aflnsf;Fu ck|fs[lts d}y'g u/]sf] k'li6 ePkl5 hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] (s g+=cg';f/ P]=sf] # g+=cg';f/ hj/h:tL s/0fLdf ;hfo u/L yk ;hfo ;d]t ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/L hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]udf k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsfn] pN6L u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u dfu bfjL cg';f/ ;hfo x'g'kb{5 egL

ax; ug'{eof] . k|ToyL{sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg\ clwjQmf >L /fdk|;fb cof{n tyf ljåfg\ j}tlgs clwjQmf >L cldtf bLlIftn] ck|fs[lts d}y'g tkm{sf] cg';Gwfg txsLsft g} gePsf]n] ;f] k|dfl0ft x'g ;St}g . t;y{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g'kb{5 egL ax; ug'{eof] . pNn]lvt ax; ;d]t ;'gL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.!).$ sf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5 5}g eGg] laifodf lg0f{o lbg' k/]sf] 5 . @= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, k|ltjfbLn] cbfnt ;dIf aofg ubf{ cf/f]lkt s;"/df OGsf/ /xL aofg u/]sf] eP tfklg k|x/L ;dIf aofg ubf{ kLl8t aflnsfnfO{ cf]5\ofgdf ;'tfO{ cfˆgf] lnË lghsf] d'vleq xfnL xNnfPsf], 6fpsf] nufot aflnsfsf] z/L/sf ljleGg efudf lnË 3if{0f u/fPsf] / lk;fa km]/]sf] s'/f :jLsf/ u/L ;lj:tf/ aofg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|x/L ;dIfsf] aofg k|x/Ln] hj/h:tL ;lx5fk u/fPsf] aofg xf] egL k|ltjfbLn] lhls/ lnP klg To;sf] ;dy{gdf s'g} 7f]; ;j"t k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . k|:t't d'2fsf] p7fg kLl8t % aif{sL aflnsf v s'df/Ln] 36gfsf] Joxf]/f cfˆgL cfdf s s'df/LnfO{ ;'gfPkl5 ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLn] cfˆgf] d'vdf lnË 3';f/]sf], cfˆgf] z/L/sf] ljleGg efudf lnË 3if{0f u/fO{ lk;fa ;d]t km]l/lbPsf] tYo p;} avt kLl8t aflnsfn] cfˆgL cfdf hfx]/jfnL s s'df/LnfO{ atfPkl5 jf/bftsf] hfx]/L k/]sf] b]lvG5 . kLl8t

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aflnsfn] k|x/Ldf sfuh ubf{ / cbfntdf askq ubf{ ;d]t k|ltjfbLn] lgh pk/ u/]sf pNn]lvt of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/x? ;lj:tf/ aofg u/]sL 5g\ . o;af6 ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf] k|x/L ;dIfsf] aofg lghsf] OR5f adf]lhd ePsf] :j]R5fsf] aofg xf] eGg] l;4 x'G5 . #= kLl8t aflnsfsf] aofg sfuh tyf askq, k|ltjfbLsf] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIfsf] aofg, 36gf:yn k|s[lt ljj/0f, hfx]/jfnfsf] askq ;d]tsf ldl;n ;+nUg sfuh k|df0fx?sf] ljj]rgf u/L x]bf{, k|ltjfbLn] kLl8t aflnsfsf] of]gLdf lnË k|j]z u/fPsf] eGg] b]lv+b}g . k|ltjfbLn] aflnsfsf] d'v, 6fpsf] nufot z/L/sf ljleGg efudf lnËsf] 3if{0f u/fO{ lk;fa ;d]t km]l/lbPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . o;af6 k|ltjfbLn] kLl8t aflnsfnfO{ hj/h:tL s/0fL u/]sf] eGg] :yflkt x'Fb}g . k|ltjfbLn] kLl8t aflnsf pk/ pNn]lvt of}g b'Jo{jxf/ ubf{ aflnsf ?Fb} lrRofpFb} sf]7f aflx/ lg:sL cfdf ePtkm{ uPsLn] k|ltjfbLn] hj/h:tL s/0fL ug{ gkfPsf] / hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] ck/fwsf] pBf]u;Dd u/]sf] b]lv+bf pBf]udf ;hfo ug]{ 7x¥ofPsf] z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.!).$ sf] km};nf cGoyf gb]lvPsf]n] ;f] km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;Sb}g .

$= k|:t't jf/bftsf] hfx]/L b/vf:tdf hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u u/]sf] egL ck/fwsf] gfdfs/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . tTkZrft\ d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg txlssftsf] sf/jfxL klg hj/h:tL s/0fLsf] pBf]u egL To;tkm{ g} s]Gb|Lt ePsf] b]lvG5 . ck|fs[lts d}y'gtkm{ cg';Gwfg txlssftsf] sf/jfxL ePsf] b]lv+b}g . ldl;n ;+nUg cg';Gwfg txlssftsf] sf/jfxLaf6 ck|fs[lts d}y'gsf] jf/bft :yflkt x'g] s'g} ;j"b k|df0f ;+sng ePsf] b]lvg cfpFb}g . o;/L ck|fs[lts d}y'gtkm{sf] s;"/ :yflkt x'g] cg';Gwfg txlssftsf] cefjdf ;f] s;"/ sfod u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo ug{ ldNg] gx'Fbf o; cbfntaf6 d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg ubf{ u|x0f ul/Psf cfwf/x?;Fu ;d]t ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . bfo/L nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ Olt ;Dat\ @)^% ;fn c;f]h ! ut] /f]h $ z'ed Ohnf; clws[t M dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{

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g]kfn sfgg klqsf @)^%, c+s - Supreme Court of Nepalg]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^%, c+s ^File Size: 1MBPage Count: 128