Glandular Epithelium Main Function: Secretion Main Function: Secretion Location: Lie in clusters deep to the covering and lining epithelium Location: Lie

Glandular EpitheliumGlandular Epithelium

• Main Function: SecretionMain Function: Secretion

• Location: Lie in clusters deep to the Location: Lie in clusters deep to the covering and lining epitheliumcovering and lining epithelium

Two TypesTwo Types

• EndocrineEndocrine

• ExocrineExocrine

EndocrineEndocrine

• Secrete hormones into the Secrete hormones into the bloodstream bloodstream

EndocrineEndocrine

• Location: pituitary, thyroid, and Location: pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glandsadrenal glands

ExocrineExocrine

• Secrete products that are released Secrete products that are released onto the skin surface or into the onto the skin surface or into the lumen of a hollow organ.lumen of a hollow organ.

ExocrineExocrine

• Products secreted: mucus, sweat, Products secreted: mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, and digestive oil, earwax, saliva, and digestive enzymes.enzymes.

ExocrineExocrine

• Most glands are multicellular, but Most glands are multicellular, but some are single-celled like goblet some are single-celled like goblet cells.cells.

Exocrine GlandsExocrine Glands

• Merocrine secretion - their products Merocrine secretion - their products are synthesized on fixed ribosomes are synthesized on fixed ribosomes (RER), package in the golgi (RER), package in the golgi apparatus in secretory vesicles and apparatus in secretory vesicles and released via exocytosis.released via exocytosis.

Exocrine Glands ContinuedExocrine Glands Continued

• Holocrine secretion - a secretory Holocrine secretion - a secretory product accumulates in the cytosol. product accumulates in the cytosol. Once the cell matures it bursts and Once the cell matures it bursts and the cell itself becomes the secretory the cell itself becomes the secretory product. product.

• Example: Sebaceous glandsExample: Sebaceous glands

Connective TissueConnective Tissue

• Vascular except cartilage and Vascular except cartilage and tendonstendons


• Has a nerve supplyHas a nerve supply


• Two major components:Two major components:

1.1. CellsCells

2.2. MatrixMatrix

Types of CellsTypes of Cells

1.1. Mesenchymal Cells: Mesodermal Mesenchymal Cells: Mesodermal embryonic cells that give rise to cells embryonic cells that give rise to cells of the connective tissue.of the connective tissue.


2.2. Fibroblasts: Immature cells that Fibroblasts: Immature cells that secrete the matrix in loose and secrete the matrix in loose and dense connective tissue.dense connective tissue.


3.3. Chondroblasts: cells that secrete Chondroblasts: cells that secrete the matrix in cartilage.the matrix in cartilage.


• Once the matrix is produced, Once the matrix is produced, chondroblasts differentiate into chondroblasts differentiate into mature cells called chondrocytes.mature cells called chondrocytes.


4.4. Osteoblasts: Immature cells that Osteoblasts: Immature cells that secrete the matrix in bone.secrete the matrix in bone.

Types of cellsTypes of cells

• Once the matrix is produced, Once the matrix is produced, osteoblasts differentiate into mature osteoblasts differentiate into mature cells called osteocytes.cells called osteocytes.


5.5. Macrophages: Engulf bacteria and Macrophages: Engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis.cellular debris by phagocytosis.


Found in lungs and spleenFound in lungs and spleen


6.6. Plasma Cells: They secret Plasma Cells: They secret antibodies. (Antibodies are proteins antibodies. (Antibodies are proteins that attack foreign substances)that attack foreign substances)


Found in salivary glands, lymph Found in salivary glands, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, GI tract, nodes, red bone marrow, GI tract, and respiratory tract.and respiratory tract.


7.7. Mast Cells: Produce histamine. Mast Cells: Produce histamine. (Histamine dilates small blood (Histamine dilates small blood vessels when the body undergoes vessels when the body undergoes injury or infection)injury or infection)


Found in blood vesselsFound in blood vessels

Type of CellsType of Cells

8.8. Adipocytes: Are fat cells that store Adipocytes: Are fat cells that store triglycerides.triglycerides.

Type of CellsType of Cells

Found below skin, around the heart Found below skin, around the heart and kidney.and kidney.


9.9. White Blood Cells: Not normally White Blood Cells: Not normally found in connective tissue. They found in connective tissue. They Migrate from the blood into Migrate from the blood into connective tissue in cases of connective tissue in cases of infection, parasitic invasion, and infection, parasitic invasion, and allergic responses. allergic responses.

Connective Tissue MatrixConnective Tissue Matrix

• Consists of:Consists of:

1.1. Ground SubstanceGround Substance

2.2. FibersFibers

Ground SubstanceGround Substance

• Between cells and fibersBetween cells and fibers


• Supports cells and binds them Supports cells and binds them togethertogether


• Composed of interstitial fluid, cell Composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans.proteoglycans.

FibersFibers

1.1. CollagenCollagen

2.2. ElasticElastic

3.3. ReticularReticular

CollagenCollagen

Strong and resist pulling forcesStrong and resist pulling forces

CollagenCollagen

Occur in bundles parallel to each Occur in bundles parallel to each otherother

CollagenCollagen

Found in bone, cartilage, tendons, Found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligamentsand ligaments

ElasticElastic

Strong and can be stretched up to Strong and can be stretched up to 150% of their relaxed length.150% of their relaxed length.

ElasticElastic

Contain the property elasticity.Contain the property elasticity.

ElasticElastic

Found in skin, blood vessel walls, and Found in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissuelung tissue

Reticular FibersReticular Fibers

Provide support and strengthProvide support and strength


• Thinner than collagen fibers and form Thinner than collagen fibers and form branching networksbranching networks


Form a network around cells in Form a network around cells in areolar, adipose, and smooth muscle areolar, adipose, and smooth muscle tissue.tissue.


Found in spleen and lymph nodes.Found in spleen and lymph nodes.

Types of Connective TissueTypes of Connective Tissue

• MesenchymeMesenchyme

• Mucous connective tissueMucous connective tissue

• Areolar connective tissueAreolar connective tissue

• Adipose connective tissueAdipose connective tissue

• Reticular connective tissueReticular connective tissue

• Dense regular connective tissueDense regular connective tissue

• Dense irregular connective tissueDense irregular connective tissue

Types continuedTypes continued

• Elastic Connective TissueElastic Connective Tissue

• Hyaline CartilageHyaline Cartilage

• FibrocartilageFibrocartilage

• Elastic CartilageElastic Cartilage

• Bone tissueBone tissue

• Blood tissueBlood tissue

• LymphLymph

MesenchymeMesenchyme

• Irregular shaped mesenchymal cellsIrregular shaped mesenchymal cells


• Ground substance contains reticular Ground substance contains reticular fibersfibers


• Mostly found under skin and along Mostly found under skin and along bones of embryo bones of embryo


• Function: Forms all other connective Function: Forms all other connective tissuetissue

Mucous Connective TissueMucous Connective Tissue

• There are widely scattered There are widely scattered fibroblasts.fibroblasts.


• Contains collagen fibers in ground Contains collagen fibers in ground substance.substance.


• Found in umbilical cord of fetus Found in umbilical cord of fetus


• SupportSupport

Areolar Connective TissueAreolar Connective Tissue

• Loose Connective TissueLoose Connective Tissue


• Contains collagen, elastic, and Contains collagen, elastic, and reticular fibersreticular fibers


• Contains fibroblasts, macrophages, Contains fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, and mast plasma cells, adipocytes, and mast cellscells


• Found in subcutaneous layer of the Found in subcutaneous layer of the skin, papillary region of dermis of skin, papillary region of dermis of skin, and around nerves, blood skin, and around nerves, blood vessels, and organsvessels, and organs


• Function: Attaches skin to Function: Attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs, underlying tissues and organs, strength, elasticity, and support.strength, elasticity, and support.

Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue



• Contains adipocytes (store Contains adipocytes (store triglycerides)triglycerides)


• The nucleus and cytoplasm of these The nucleus and cytoplasm of these cells are in the peripherycells are in the periphery


• Found in the subcutaneous layer Found in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin, around the kidney deep to the skin, around the kidney and heart, yellow bone marrow.and heart, yellow bone marrow.


• Function: Reduces heat loss, Function: Reduces heat loss, supports, protects, and serves as an supports, protects, and serves as an energy reserveenergy reserve

Reticular Connective TissueReticular Connective Tissue



• Contains reticular fibers and reticular Contains reticular fibers and reticular cellscells


• Found in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, Found in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, blood vessels, and red bone marrow, blood vessels, and musclesmuscles


• Function: Forms the supporting Function: Forms the supporting framework of organs, binds smooth framework of organs, binds smooth muscle tissues together, filters and muscle tissues together, filters and removes worn-out blood cells in the removes worn-out blood cells in the spleen and microbes in lymph nodesspleen and microbes in lymph nodes

Dense Regular Connective Dense Regular Connective TissueTissue

• Dense Connective TissueDense Connective Tissue


• Contains collagen fibers arranged in Contains collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundlesparallel bundles


• Shiny white matrixShiny white matrix


• Contains fibroblasts in rows in Contains fibroblasts in rows in between parallel bundlesbetween parallel bundles


• Found in tendons and ligamentsFound in tendons and ligaments


• Function: Provides attachment Function: Provides attachment between structuresbetween structures

Dense Irregular Connective Dense Irregular Connective TissueTissue



• Contains irregularly arranged Contains irregularly arranged collagen fiberscollagen fibers


• Few FibroblastsFew Fibroblasts


• Found in reticular region of the Found in reticular region of the dermis of skin, periosteum, dermis of skin, periosteum, perichondrium, joint capsules, perichondrium, joint capsules, pericardium, heart valves, and in pericardium, heart valves, and in membrane capsules of kidneys, membrane capsules of kidneys, livers, testes, and lymph nodeslivers, testes, and lymph nodes


• Function: strengthFunction: strength

Elastic Connective TissueElastic Connective Tissue



• Contains elastic fibersContains elastic fibers


• Contains fibroblasts in between fibersContains fibroblasts in between fibers


• Found in lung tissue, walls of elastic Found in lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, and true vocal cordsand true vocal cords


• Function: Enables organs to stretchFunction: Enables organs to stretch

Hyaline CartilageHyaline Cartilage

• CartilageCartilage


• Collagen fibersCollagen fibers


• Abundant chondrocytesAbundant chondrocytes


• Bluish white shiny ground substanceBluish white shiny ground substance


• Found in ends of long bones, ends of Found in ends of long bones, ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, and embryonic and fetal bronchi, and embryonic and fetal skeletonskeleton


• Function: Gives a smooth surface for Function: Gives a smooth surface for movement in joints, flexibility, and movement in joints, flexibility, and supportsupport

FibrocartilageFibrocartilage



• Collagen FibersCollagen Fibers


• ChondrocytesChondrocytes


• Pubic symphysis, intervertebral Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of knee, and parts of discs, menisci of knee, and parts of tendons that insert into cartilagetendons that insert into cartilage


• Function: Support and fusionFunction: Support and fusion

Elastic CartilageElastic Cartilage



• Elastic FibersElastic Fibers


• ChondrocytesChondrocytes


• Located in epiglottis, external ear, Located in epiglottis, external ear, and auditory tubesand auditory tubes


• Function: Support and maintains Function: Support and maintains shapeshape

Compact BoneCompact Bone

• Bone Bone


• Contains osteonsContains osteons


• OsteocytesOsteocytes


• Found in bones of the bodyFound in bones of the body


• Function: Support, protection, Function: Support, protection, storage, movementstorage, movement

BloodBlood

• BloodBlood

BloodBlood

• Blood plasmaBlood plasma

BloodBlood

• Red blood cellls, white blood cells, Red blood cellls, white blood cells, and plateletsand platelets

BloodBlood

• Found in Blood vessels and chambers Found in Blood vessels and chambers of heartof heart

BloodBlood

• Function: RBC’s transport oxygen Function: RBC’s transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, WBC’s involved and carbon dioxide, WBC’s involved in immune system response and in immune system response and allergic reactions, platelets involved allergic reactions, platelets involved in clotting in clotting

Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue

• SkeletalSkeletal

• CardiacCardiac

• SmoothSmooth

SkeletalSkeletal

• StriatedStriated

SkeletalSkeletal

• One nucleusOne nucleus

SkeletalSkeletal

• Voluntary controlVoluntary control

SkeletalSkeletal

• Nucleus located in peripheryNucleus located in periphery

SkeletalSkeletal

• Found attached to bone by tendonsFound attached to bone by tendons

SkeletalSkeletal

• Function: Motion, posture, and heat Function: Motion, posture, and heat productionproduction

CardiacCardiac

• StriatedStriated

CardiacCardiac

• Usually contains one nucleus, but Usually contains one nucleus, but some times contains twosome times contains two

CardiacCardiac

• Involuntary ControlInvoluntary Control

CardiacCardiac

• Nucleus located in centerNucleus located in center

CardiacCardiac

• Fibers BranchedFibers Branched

CardiacCardiac

• Found in Heart wallFound in Heart wall

CardiacCardiac

• Pumps blood everywherePumps blood everywhere

Smooth Smooth

• NonstriatedNonstriated

SmoothSmooth

• One nucleusOne nucleus

SmoothSmooth

• InvoluntaryInvoluntary

SmoothSmooth

• Nucleus located in centerNucleus located in center

SmoothSmooth

• Spindle shaped fibersSpindle shaped fibers

SmoothSmooth

• Found in walls of blood vessels, Found in walls of blood vessels, airways to lungs, stomach, airways to lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, urinary intestines, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and uterusbladder, and uterus

SmoothSmooth

• Function: MotionFunction: Motion

Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

• Neurons: nerve cellsNeurons: nerve cells

• Neurons contain:Neurons contain: Cell bodyCell body DendritesDendrites AxonsAxons

NervousNervous

• Found in nervous systemFound in nervous system

NervousNervous

• Function: Converts stimuli to nerve Function: Converts stimuli to nerve impulses, and conducts these nerve impulses, and conducts these nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, and glandsfibers, and glands

Membranes Membranes

• Made up of epithelial and connective Made up of epithelial and connective tissuetissue

MembranesMembranes

• 4 types: 4 types:

1.1. MucousMucous

2.2. Serous Serous

3.3. Cutaneous Cutaneous

4.4. synovialsynovial

MucousMucous

• Lines the passages of the digestive, Lines the passages of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tractstracts

MucousMucous

• Made up of epithelium with areolar Made up of epithelium with areolar connective tissue beneathconnective tissue beneath

SerousSerous

• Lines cavities that are not open to Lines cavities that are not open to the exterior (peritoneal, pleura, and the exterior (peritoneal, pleura, and pericardial)pericardial)

SerousSerous

• Made up of transudate(fluid that Made up of transudate(fluid that reduces friction), mesothelium, and reduces friction), mesothelium, and areolar connective tissueareolar connective tissue

CutaneousCutaneous

• SkinSkin

CutaneousCutaneous

• Made up of stratified squamous Made up of stratified squamous epithelium, areolar connective tissue, epithelium, areolar connective tissue, and dense irregular connective tissueand dense irregular connective tissue

Synovial Synovial

• Lines joint cavitiesLines joint cavities

SynovialSynovial

• It consists of epithelium with It consists of epithelium with overlying areolar connective tissueoverlying areolar connective tissue

Documents

Glandular Epithelium Main Function: Secretion Main Function: Secretion Location: Lie in clusters deep to the covering and lining epithelium Location: Lie