Global Involvements and Global Involvements and World War I, 1902-1920World War I, 1902-1920

AP US HistoryEast High School

Mr. PetersonSpring 2011

Focus Questions

• What goals underlay America’s early-twentieth-century involvements in Asia and Latin America?

• Considering both immediate and long-term factors, why did the United States go to war in 1917?

• How did Washington mobilize the nation for war, and what role did U.S. troops play in the war?

• What was the war’s economic, political, and social impact on the American home front?

• How did the League of Nations begin, and why did the Senate reject U.S. membership in the League?

Defining America’s World Role, 1902-1914

The “Open Door:” Competing for the China Market

• John Hay’s “Open Door” Note

• China should be open to all countries

• Troops sent to put down Boxer Rebellion

The Panama Canal: Hardball Diplomacy

• Need to move ships from Atlantic to Pacific during Spanish-American War

• French fail• Roosevelt assists Panamanian rebels

• Panama Canal built 1906-1914• U.S. Canal Zone established

p. 665

Roosevelt and Taft Assert U.S. Power in Latin America and Asia

• “The Roosevelt Corollary” to the Monroe Doctrine

• U.S. right to intervene in Western Hemisphere• “speak softly and carry a big stick”

• Roosevelt earns Nobel Peace Prize• Russo-Japanese war

• Taft and “dollar diplomacy”

Wilson and Latin America

• Promised to not seek additional territory

• Intervened in Haiti, Dominican Republic

• Tried to control events in Mexico • Intervened in Mexican internal conflict• Sent troops under John J. Pershing to go after

Pancho Villa

Map 22-1, p. 667

p. 668

War in Europe, 1914-1917

The Coming of War

• Secret alliances• Rise of German Empire• Competition for colonies, military power• Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated June 1914

in Sarajevo, Bosnia• War

• Allies-Great Britain, Russia, France• Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, and

Ottoman Empire

The Perils of Neutrality

• Wilson vows to stay neutral• American generally agree• “He kept us out of war”

• Germans sink Lusitania • Limits agreed for submarine warfare

p. 670

The United States Enters the War

• Unrestricted submarine warfare reinstated

• Zimmerman telegram

• Declaration of war• April 2, 1917• U.S. joins Allies

Mobilizing at Home, Fighting in France, 1917-1918

Raising, Training, and Testing an Army

• Selective Service Act

• Commission on Training and Camp Activities• Turned civilians into soldiers

p. 672

Organizing the Economy for War

• War Industries Board• Bernard Baruch

• Fuel Administration

• Food Administration• Herbert Hoover• “Meatless Monday”• “Wheatless Wednesday”

22CO, p. 662

With the American Expeditionary Force in France

• European armies in disarray• Stuck in trench warfare• Russia under Bolsheviks quits

• John J. Pershing leads AEF• 2 million Americans serve in France and Belgium• Second Battle of the Marne• Meuse-Argonne offensive

• Aircraft play important role

p. 681

p. 678

p. 675

Turning the Tide

• Americans help Allies win war

• Meuse-Argonne offensive ends war• Armistice signed November 11, 1918

Map 22-2, p. 677

High Casualty Rates

• British Empire 1,000,000

• France 1,700,000

• Germany 2,000,000

• Austro-Hungarian 1,500,000

• Russia 1,700,000

• Italy 460,000

• United States 112,000

Promoting the War and Suppressing Dissent

Advertising the War

• Liberty Loans• “Fight of Buy Bonds”

• Committee on Public Information• Georg Creel• Propaganda

• Emphasizes German atrocities

• Warns of spies and saboteurs

• Becomes “progressive” war

Wartime Intolerance and Dissent

• Anti-German sentiment grows• Ban on German language• “liberty cabbage”

• Socialists oppose war• Attacks against radical dissenters

• Religious (conscientious) objectors• Organized labor, women’s groups, blacks

split in support

"No person, individually or as a teacher, shall, in any private, denominational, parochial or public school teach any subject to any person in any language other than the English language." –Nebraska state law (1919)

"If these people are Americans, let them speak our language. If they don't know it, let them learn it. If they don't like it, let them move. . . ." –Nebraska state legislator

"No person, individually or as a teacher, shall, in any private, denominational, parochial or public school teach any subject to any person in any language other than the English language." –Nebraska state law (1919)

"If these people are Americans, let them speak our language. If they don't know it, let them learn it. If they don't like it, let them move. . . ." –Nebraska state legislator

"No person, individually or as a teacher, shall, in any private, denominational, parochial or public school teach any subject to any person in any language other than the English language." –Nebraska state law (1919)

"If these people are Americans, let them speak our language. If they don't know it, let them learn it. If they don't like it, let them move. . . ." –Nebraska state legislator

p. 679

p. 682

Suppressing Dissent

• Espionage Act• Sedition Amendment• Socialist magazines banned in mail• Schenk v. United States

• “clear and present danger” doctrine

• American Protective League organized• Councils of Defense• Boy Spies of America

Economic and Social Trends in Wartime America

Boom Times in Industry and Agriculture

• Prices and wages rise

• Industry grows

• Farmers profit• Bust after war

Blacks Migrate Northward

• Move from South to jobs in Northern cities

• Racial tensions and violence

p. 684

Women in Wartime

• Nineteenth Amendment-1919

• 1 million women work in industry

Public-Health Crisis: The 1918 Influenza Pandemic

• 50-100 million die worldwide

• 550,000 in US, six times battle deaths

p. 687

Fig. 22-1, p. 686

The War and Progressivism

• Eighteenth Amendment-1919

• Campaign against vice

• War Labor Board

• Many ideas copied in FDR’s New Deal

Joyous Armistice, Bitter Aftermath, 1918-1920

Wilson’s Fourteen Points: The Armistice

• Wilson’s plan for post-war world• “war to end all wars”• “general association of nations”• Self-determination for people of Austro-

Hungarian and Ottoman Empires

“Liberalism is the only thing that can save civilization form chaos—from a flood of ultra-radicalism that will swamp the world…Liberalism must be more liberal than ever before, it must even be radical, if civilization is to escapethe typhoon.”--Woodrow Wilson

The Versailles Peace Conference, 1919

• French and British determined to punish Germany• Reparations demanded

• Some self-determination• Poland, Baltic States• New nations-Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia

• Mandate in Palestine (Israel)• Balfour Declaration

p. 690

The Fight over the League of Nations

• Wilson gives up most of 14 points to get League in Treaty of Versailles• Opposition in U.S.

• Henry Cabot Lodge

• Wilson won’t compromise• Gets sick in Pueblo, then has stroke

• Reservationists and irreconcilables block treaty in Senate

p. 691

Racism and Red Scare, 1919-1920

• Anti-radical sentiment

• Palmer Raids target radicals• AG A. Mitchell Palmer• 4000 arrested, 550 deported

p. 692

The Election of 1920

• Democrats nominate James Cox

• Republicans nominate Warren Harding• Return to “normalcy”

• Harding wins easily

Table 22-1, p. 692

p. 693

Global Involvements and Global Involvements and World War I, 1902-1920World War I, 1902-1920

AP US HistoryEast High School

Mr. PetersonSpring 2011