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Global Positioning System Global Positioning System Receiver and Inter-Receiver and Inter-
Satellite Communications Satellite Communications RF DesignRF Design
Soralis PimentelSoralis Pimentel
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Environmental Satellite, Data and (NOAA)-National Environmental Satellite, Data and
Information Service (NESDIS), Office of Systems Information Service (NESDIS), Office of Systems DevelopmentDevelopment
National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Goddard Space Flight Center-Guidance, (NASA), Goddard Space Flight Center-Guidance,
Navigation and Control Center (GNCC)Navigation and Control Center (GNCC)
ProjectProject
NOAA NOAA NESDISNESDIS
NASANASA
Goddard Goddard Space Flight Space Flight
Center, GNCC Center, GNCC
MagnetospherMagnetospheric Multi Scaleic Multi Scale
(MMS) (MMS)
MissionMission
GOES-RGOES-RSeriesSeries
Inter-satellite Inter-satellite Ranging and Ranging and
Alarm SystemAlarm System(IRAS) (IRAS)
RF up RF up conversion conversion
and and modulation modulation transmittertransmitter
GPS GPS ApplicationApplication
ss
RF downconversion receiver
GPS weak signal
receiver
RF down conversion
receiver
GOES Mission
• This constellation provide information about meteorological events in the Western atmosphere
• GOES-R measurements will result in more accurate weather forecasts, atmosphere, climate, and ocean monitoring.
Global Positioning Global Positioning System (GPS)System (GPS)
Satellite radio navigation system Satellite radio navigation system Passive system that uses trilateration positioning Passive system that uses trilateration positioning
method method Array of satellites to measure position, velocity and timeArray of satellites to measure position, velocity and time Positioned on the middle earth orbit (MEO)Positioned on the middle earth orbit (MEO) Designed to measure on the lower earth orbit (LEO) Designed to measure on the lower earth orbit (LEO)
down to earth’s surfacedown to earth’s surface GOES-R GPS application could be used to validate GOES-R GPS application could be used to validate
measurementsmeasurements
GPS orbits
Main lobe
First side lobe
42.6 degrees (L1)
GEO
LEO (below 3000 km)
HEO spacecraft
-130dBm
-145dB
m
Objectives Objectives
To design, build and test Radio Frequency To design, build and test Radio Frequency (RF) chains(RF) chains– Magnetospheric Multi Scale (MMS) mission, IRAS:Magnetospheric Multi Scale (MMS) mission, IRAS:
Down-conversion frequency receiver and power Down-conversion frequency receiver and power amplification amplification
Up-conversion and phase modulator transmitterUp-conversion and phase modulator transmitter
Global Positioning System:Global Positioning System: Weak signal down-conversion frequency receiver and Weak signal down-conversion frequency receiver and
power amplificationpower amplification
For future GOES-R applications and othersFor future GOES-R applications and others
Design Requirements Design Requirements
GPS receiver:GPS receiver: Input of -111dBm at 1.57542 GHz for an output of Input of -111dBm at 1.57542 GHz for an output of
+4dBm at 35.42MHz+4dBm at 35.42MHz IRAS communications system:IRAS communications system:
– Transmitter: pulse train from a Digital to Analog Converter Transmitter: pulse train from a Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) of 2V peak-to-peak of +10dBm input(DAC) of 2V peak-to-peak of +10dBm input
– Receiver: input of -111dBm at 2.05 GHz for an output of Receiver: input of -111dBm at 2.05 GHz for an output of +4dBm at 35.42MHz+4dBm at 35.42MHz
Power representationPower representation
log(P)10dB
mW
PdBm
1log10
Methodology Methodology
Understanding of Electrical Understanding of Electrical Engineering design skillsEngineering design skills
Study information about RF design Study information about RF design Know the requirements and Know the requirements and
specifications for the design specifications for the design Build and test the systems Build and test the systems Data analyses about overall Data analyses about overall
effectiveness of the chaineffectiveness of the chain
GPS Receiver GPS Receiver LO=1.54GHz-111dBm
@1.57542GHz
+3.3dBm @35.42MHz
+20dBm
+20dBm
-2dBm -2dBm -3dBm
+24.6dBm+24.6dBm +24.6dBmPower Amplifier
+20dBm
-3dBm
+24.6dBm
-2dBm-8.5dBmLoss ?
LNA’s
Loss ?
Attenuator
BPFLPF
BPF
Receiver output Receiver output
IRAS transmitter IRAS transmitter
LO=2.05GHz
+10dBm
@1MHz
-2dBm -2dBm
-2dBm
Cut-off Frequency:
2MHz
-4dBm Loss ?
Center frequency: 2.05GHz
B=10MHz
+1V
-1V
+2.2dBm @2.05GHz
+20dBm
LPF BPF
Low Pass Filter Design Low Pass Filter Design
Cut-off frequency= 2MHz @ -1dB, Pass Band Cut-off frequency= 2MHz @ -1dB, Pass Band Frequency=1.9MHz, Pass Band Ripple= Frequency=1.9MHz, Pass Band Ripple= 0.5dB 0.5dB
IRAS Receiver IRAS Receiver LO=2.01458GHz-111dBm
@2.05GHz
+4dBm @35.42MHz
+21dBm
+21dBm
-3dBm
+24.6dBm+24.6dBm +24.6dBmPower Amplifier
+20dBm
-3dBm
+24.6dBm
-2dBm-8.5dBmLoss ?
LNA’s
Loss ?
Attenuator
BPFCenter
frequency=2.05GHz
LPF
BPFCenter
frequency=35.42MHz
Acquired Knowledge
• Hands-on Engineering design
• System requirements and specifications
• RF principles and applications
• Filter design and implementation
• Overall system effectiveness analyses
References References
Mistra, Pratap; Enge, Per. Mistra, Pratap; Enge, Per. Global Positioning System, Global Positioning System, Signal, Measurements, and PerformanceSignal, Measurements, and Performance Ganga- Ganga-Jamuna Press, Massachusetts, 2004Jamuna Press, Massachusetts, 2004
McClaning, Kevin; Vito, Tom. McClaning, Kevin; Vito, Tom. Radio Receiver Design. Radio Receiver Design. Noble Publishing Corporation, Atlanta, GA, 2000 Noble Publishing Corporation, Atlanta, GA, 2000
www.minicuircits.comwww.minicuircits.com Jeyasunder, David. Jeyasunder, David. Magnetospheric Multi-Scale Mission Magnetospheric Multi-Scale Mission
Observatory/Spacecraft Requirements Document. Observatory/Spacecraft Requirements Document. Code 461 Code 461 Goddard Space Flight Center, 2005Goddard Space Flight Center, 2005
Bowick, Chris. Bowick, Chris. RF Circuit Design. RF Circuit Design. Newnes Indianapolis, Newnes Indianapolis, 19821982
Filter Free design software Filter Free design software NESDIS Office of Systems Development, NESDIS Office of Systems Development, GOES-R. GOES-R.
http://www.osd.noaa.gov/goes_R/http://www.osd.noaa.gov/goes_R/
Acknowledgments Acknowledgments
NOAA-EPP program, for the opportunity NOAA-EPP program, for the opportunity of this internship and the Kennedy Space of this internship and the Kennedy Space Center tripCenter trip
ORISEORISE Edward Miller, NESDIS-Office of System Edward Miller, NESDIS-Office of System
Development, for mentoringDevelopment, for mentoring Greg Boegner, Miriam Wennersten, Greg Boegner, Miriam Wennersten,
NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center, GNCC for the opportunity of interrelating GNCC for the opportunity of interrelating a project between NOAA and NASA a project between NOAA and NASA
NWS Aviation Services BranchNWS Aviation Services Branch
Plans for next summerPlans for next summer
Find a project that includes both Find a project that includes both Engineering and Atmospheric Engineering and Atmospheric Science in order to integrate an Science in order to integrate an interdisciplinary background for interdisciplinary background for Graduate studies consideration. Graduate studies consideration.
Questions?
Backup SlidesBackup Slides
SpacecraftSpacecraft
Electrical Electrical Power Power
SubsystemSubsystem (PSE)(PSE)
Control and Control and Data Handling Data Handling
Guidance and Guidance and Navigation Navigation
CenterCenter
InstrumentsInstruments
Spacecraft Spacecraft computercomputer
TelemetryTelemetry
MemoryMemory
InterfaceInterface
Solar ArraySolar Array
BatteriesBatteries
Power Power Distribution Distribution
PositionPosition
TimeTime
PlasmaPlasmainstrumentsinstruments
Energetic Energetic particle particle
detectorsdetectors
RangeRange Electric field Electric field instrumentsinstruments
MagnetometeMagnetometersrs
VelocityVelocity
Inter Satellite Ranging Inter Satellite Ranging and Alarm System and Alarm System (IRAS)(IRAS) IRAS is part of MMSIRAS is part of MMS Ranging: Ranging:
– It is used to measure the relative distances among It is used to measure the relative distances among four satellites forming a tetrahedron four satellites forming a tetrahedron
Alarm:Alarm:– Passing packets of orbit dataPassing packets of orbit data– Pass alarm messages between the observatoriesPass alarm messages between the observatories
Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering Facts Facts
Transmitter: Transmitter: – Source of data informationSource of data information and process the signal and process the signal
for transmission to another medium for transmission to another medium Receiver:Receiver:
– Receives a signal from an external source to Receives a signal from an external source to
process the informationprocess the information Amplifier:Amplifier:
– Integrated circuit that increases the power, voltage Integrated circuit that increases the power, voltage or current of a signal or current of a signal
Mixer: Mixer: – Mixes the RF signal with the local oscillator signal Mixes the RF signal with the local oscillator signal
to obtain the IF output.to obtain the IF output.
Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering FactsFacts
Filter: sort out unwanted frequency ranges Filter: sort out unwanted frequency ranges – Low Pass (LPF), High Pass (HPF), Band Pass (BPF), Low Pass (LPF), High Pass (HPF), Band Pass (BPF),
Band Reject (BRF)Band Reject (BRF) Modulation: alter a signal inserting a carrier Modulation: alter a signal inserting a carrier
– Phase Modulation (PM)Phase Modulation (PM) Encoding of information into a carrier wave by Encoding of information into a carrier wave by
variation of its phase in accordance with an variation of its phase in accordance with an input signalinput signal
Power representation in decibels, dB or dBmPower representation in decibels, dB or dBm
log(P)10dB
mW
PdBm
1log10
Materials Materials
AmplifiersAmplifiers Band Pass filters, Low Pass filtersBand Pass filters, Low Pass filters MixerMixer Power amplifiersPower amplifiers AttenuatorsAttenuators Coaxial cablesCoaxial cables Spectrum analyzer Spectrum analyzer Power supply and signal generatorPower supply and signal generator