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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate- the principal chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy.

Consists of adenine, Ribose, and three phosphate groups.

ADP- adenosine diphosphate, it looks like ATP but has two phosphates instead of three.

When a cell has energy available it stores the energy by adding a phosphate to ADP.

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Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

Section 8-1

ATP

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ADP ATP

Energy

EnergyAdenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Partiallychargedbattery

Fullychargedbattery

Section 8-1

Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery

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ADP ATP

Energy

EnergyAdenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Partiallychargedbattery

Fullychargedbattery

Section 8-1

Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery

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Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration- the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (as ATP)

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (as ATP)

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Glucose

Glycolysis Krebs cycle

Electrontransport

Fermentation (without oxygen)

Alcohol or lactic acid

Chemical Pathways

Section 9-1

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GlucoseGlycolysis

Cytoplasm

Pyruvic acid

Electrons carried in NADH

Krebs Cycle

Electrons carried in

NADH and FADH2 Electron

Transport Chain

Mitochondrion

Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview

Mitochondrion

Section 9-1

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Plant Cell

Nuclearenvelope

Ribosome(attached)

Ribosome(free)

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Nucleus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleolus

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Cell wall

CellMembrane

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Section 7-2

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

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Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.

NADH holds electrons to be transferred to other molecules. By doing this it helps to pass energy from glucose to other pathways in the cell.

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Glucose

To the electron transport chain

Figure 9–3 Glycolysis

Section 9-1

2 Pyruvic acid

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Anaerobic Respiration

Fermentation-releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP without oxygen present.

Alcoholic Fermentation- Yeasts and microorganisms form ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as waste.

Lactic Acid Fermentation- pyruvic acid accumulates as a result of glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid.. It Regenerates NAD so that glycolysis can continue

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Glucose Pyruvic acidLactic acid

Figure 9–4 Lactic Acid Fermentation

Section 9-1

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Flowchart

Section 9-2

Glucose(C6H1206)

+Oxygen

(02)

GlycolysisKrebsCycle

ElectronTransport

Chain

Carbon Dioxide(CO2)

+Water(H2O)

Cellular Respiration

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Aerobic Respiration

Uses Oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria

Krebs Cycle- 2nd stage of cellular respiration that break pyruvic acid down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions.

The 1st compound formed is citric acid so Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle.

Electron Transport Chain- also takes place in the mitochondria . It uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP into ATP.

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Citric Acid Production

Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle

Section 9-2

Mitochondrion

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Figure 9–7 Electron Transport Chain

Section 9-2

Electron TransportHydrogen Ion Movement

ATP Production

ATP synthase

Channel

Inner Membrane

Matrix

Intermembrane Space

Mitochondrion

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The Totals

Krebs cycle and Electron Transport chain enable the cell to produce 34 more ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

18 times as much ATP can be generated from glucose in the presence of oxygen.

So total amount is 36 ATP’s

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Heterotroph or Autotroph

Autotrophs- organisms such as plants that make their own food.

Heterotroph- organisms like animals obtain energy food that they consume.

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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugars and oxygen.

6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6+ 6O2

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Light and Pigments

Pigments- light absorbing molecules that plants use to gather the sun’s energy.

Chlorophyll- the plants principal pigment.

Two Types.

Chlorophyll –a and Chlorophyll-b.

Carotene- red and orange pigments that some plants contain.

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Absorption of Light byChlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b

V B G YO R

Chlorophyll b

Chlorophyll a

Section 8-2

Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption

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Chloroplast

Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast

Thylakoids-saclike photosynthetic membrane. Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana(plural) or granum(singular).

Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters known as photosystems.

Photosystems- light collecting units of the chloroplast 2 types

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Light Energy

Chloroplast

CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2

Section 8-2

Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products

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Chloroplast

Light

O2

Sugars

CO2

Light-Dependent Reactions

CalvinCycle

NADPH

ATP

ADP + PNADP+Chloroplast

Section 8-3

Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview

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Light dependent reactions

Light dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes

Light dependent reactions require energy from light to produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH.

ATP Synthase- enzyme or protein that binds ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP.

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HydrogenIon Movement

Photosystem II

InnerThylakoidSpace

ThylakoidMembrane

Stroma

ATP synthase

Electron Transport Chain Photosystem I ATP Formation

Chloroplast

Section 8-3

Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions

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Light independent reactions or The Calvin Cycle

Takes place in the stroma.

The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions and 6 molecules of carbon dioxide to produce a single 6 carbon sugar molecule.

Plants use the glucose to make a polysaccharide called cellulose.

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Chloroplast

CO2 Enters the Cycle

Energy Input

5-CarbonMoleculesRegenerated

Sugars and other compounds

6-Carbon SugarProduced

Section 8-3

Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle

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Photosynthesis

includes

of

take place intakes place in uses

to produce to produce

use

Light-dependentreactions

Calvin cycle

Thylakoidmembranes Stroma NADPHATPEnergy from

sunlight

ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts High-energysugars

Section 8-3

Concept Map

Videos

Click a hyperlink to choose a video.

ATP Formation

Photosynthesis

Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1

Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2

Calvin Cycle

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Video 1

ATP Formation

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Video 2

Photosynthesis

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Video 3

Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1

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Video 4

Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2

Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 5

Calvin Cycle

ATP activity

Interactive test

For links on Calvin cycle, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3082.

For links on photosynthesis, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3083.

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