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Goals:Identify the structures and functions of the male
and female reproductive systems.
Summarize the internal feedback control of reproductive hormones
Sequence the stages of the menstrual cycle
DO NOW 1
Worksheet - Answer the Multiple Choice questions
– From exam on Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Sexual Reproduction •We know that sexual reproduction needs TWO parents, a male and a female. Sexual reproduction also needs specialized sex cells, sperm and eggs.
•We will learn the specialized sex organs and how sperm and egg meet to create a new life!
Male Reproductive SystemFunction:
The male reproductive system is responsible for producing, storing, nourishing and transporting reproductive cells (sperm).
DO NOW 2 - Label the parts of the Male Reproductive System
– Blank diagram on your note packet page 1
Anatomy: Male Reproductive System
Anatomy: Male Reproductive SystemProduction of SpermSperm is first made during puberty (about 12 – 14), in structures known as the testes.
TWO testes are found in a loose sac called the scrotum which is 2⁰C - 3⁰C cooler than normal body temperature for good sperm production
After sperm are made, they are stored in the epididymis which are coiled tubes on each testis.
Problems: Male Reproductive System
What if your vas deferens were cut? Sperm could not leave the body! Male will be infertile! This is called a Vasectomy
What if temperature of the scrotum was too warm?
Sperm will not form correctly Can lead to infertility or
reduced fertility This can happen with Varicose
Veins
After sperm are formed and storedWhen excited, blood flows into the penis and veins collapse creating
an erection. An erection is when the penis becomes rigid (hard).
Mature sperm move into the Vas deferens, which transports the sperm from the epididymis to the urethra by peristalsis.
As sperm move through the vas deferens and urethra there are three glands that add fluid to support the sperm and create semen
DO NOWWrite answer on top of page 2 in your note packetLets follow sperm.Put in order from where sperm start to where they are released:
•Testes
•Urethra
•Vas Deferens •Epididymis
Anatomy: Male Reproductive SystemSemen – milky white fluid that is ejaculated. Consists of sperm and supporting fluids from THREE main glands.
2. Prostate Gland - (30% of semen) Secretes basic fluid that helps
sperm move Contains muscle for support
1. Seminal Vesicle - (60% of semen) Secretes basic fluid to help neutralize the acidity in
the urethra and the vagina Nutrients in secretion for sperm
3. Bulbourethral Gland Secretes basic fluid and lubricating mucus. Activates sperm
Ejaculation: Male Reproductive System As sperm moves from the vas deferens to the urethra, collecting
fluids to become semen, a muscle closes the bladder to prevent urine and semen mixing
Muscle contractions (peristalsis) help release semen from the males body known as EJACULATION
The PENIS helps to deposit sperm in the VAGINA of the female which leads to the female gamete, the egg.
Several hormones contribute to the male reproductive process
In addition to sperm, the testes also produce the male hormone
Before birth, a male begins to make testosterone which causes the embryo to develop into a male rather than a female.
Testosterone levels are low until puberty
Testosterone
Hormones: Male Reproductive System
Hormones: Male Reproductive System
At puberty, testosterone levels rise.
What effect does this have on a male?1. Testosterone:Influencing the development of secondary male characteristicsMaintains reproductive tract Promotes sperm productionInfluences sex drive & behavior
Secondary male characteristics: broad shoulders, deep voice, facial hair, larger muscles, increased bone density, sperm production,
2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Promotes / initiates sperm
production Pituitary gland
3. Luteinizing hormone (LH) Assists spermatogenesis and initiates
production of testosterone in the testes
Pituitary gland
4. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Secreted by hypothalamus gland Causes pituitary to release FSH and LH Testosterone production is regulated
by
Hormones: Male Reproductive System
Negative Feedback
Does the body constantly produce testosterone?
Levels of Testosterone • Controlled by negative feedback• Regulated by GnRH
As levels of testosterone decrease in the blood….• GnRH is released• Stimulates the pituitary to release LH and
FSH• LH and FSH promote testosterone
production
As levels of testosterone increase in the blood….• GnRH secretion is shut off• No LH and FSH released• No testosterone production
Hormones: Male Reproductive System
NO
DO NOW 3
Worksheet - Answer the Multiple Choice questions – Male Reproductive System– How well do you know the male reproductive system?
Male_Reproductive_System_sc(2).pdf
Female Reproductive SystemFunction:
1. The female reproductive system is responsible for producing, storing, nourishing and transporting reproductive cells (eggs).
2. Includes structures to nourish and protect the fetus during pregnancy
DO NOW 10Label the parts of the Female Reproductive System
– Blank diagram on your note packet
Anatomy: Female Reproductive System
Parts & Terms to knowOvaries Female organ where egg cells (sex cells) are produced
Produces female sex hormones called estrogen and progesterone
Eggs cells mature in the ovaries in special clusters of cells called follicles.
Ovulation – when egg is mature, the ovary releases the egg cell into the fallopian tubes. Occurs once about every 28 days.
Female Reproductive System
Fallopian tubes Also called the Oviducts (5 inches)
Mature eggs released into fallopian tubes
Egg moves through fallopian tube by peristalsis and tiny hairs called cilia Fallopian tubes is where
FERTILIZATION happens!!
Fertilization – haploid egg and sperm join to make a diploid zygote
Zygote – fertilized egg
Parts & Terms to knowUterus Also called The Womb
Protects and nourished the fetus during development
Female Reproductive System
If fertilization happens – the fertilized egg or zygote attaches to the uterine wall
No fertilization – thickened uterine wall will shed in a process called menstruation
Parts & Terms to knowVaginaReceives the penis and semen during intercourse
This is where the developed fetus will exit the female body. This is known as birth.
Female Reproductive System
DO NOW 11
Worksheet - Answer the Multiple Choice questions – Female Reproductive System– How well do you know the Female reproductive system?
Female_Reproductive_System_sc(2).pdf
Menstrual Cycle – NO fertilization
Menstrual CycleThe menstrual cycle:
In the human female, a mature egg develops and leaves one of the ovaries about every 28 days known as ovulation
During ovulation, the walls of the uterus have thickened with a rich supply of blood vessels and is prepared to accept a fertilized egg for development.
If the egg is not fertilized, the built-up portion of the uterine wall breaks down along with the unfertilized egg and passes out of the body through the vagina. This process is known as
Menstruation
Menstrual CycleThe menstrual cycle:
Begins at puberty around age 12 Temporarily stops during
pregnancyPermanently stops between the
ages of 40-45. This is known as menopauses
Menstrual cycle is controlled by interactions of 4 hormones1.FSH2.LH3.Estrogen 4.Progesterone
Menstrual CycleMenstruation is divided into 4 stages using these hormones:1.Follicle stage2.Ovulation stage3.Corpus luteum stage4.Menstruation stage
1. Follicle Stage
FSH and Estrogen levels increase in the body
1. Follicle Stage (Day 1- 13)FSH – Follicle Stimulating Hormone– Secreted by pituitary gland – Stimulates the development of an egg in a follicle in the ovary
called Oogenesis
1. Follicle Stage (Day 1 -13)Estrogen•(Day 7) As the egg matures and the follicle develops, ESTROGEN is secreted by the ovaries. •Estrogen stimulates the lining of the uterus to thicken and become rich in blood vessels
2. Ovulation (Day 14)Negative Feedback – high levels of Estrogen in blood “tells” the pituitary gland to decrease FSH secretion
Pituitary gland now secretes Luteinizing hormone (LH) which causes ovulation
3. Corpus Luteum (Day 15-27) After ovulation, cells fill the empty follicle to form a yellow body
called the corpus luteum. Corpus luteum secretes the hormone progesterone.
Progesterone - maintains the thickened uterine lining and prevents development of new follicles in the ovaries
4. Menstruation(Day 28)If fertilization does not occur:
LH levels decreaseThe Corpus luteum breaks down causing Progesterone levels to
decreaseMenstruation - decreased progesterone causes thickened uterine
walls to break down and shed out the vagina along with unfertilized egg
Last about 4 days
Label the hormonesWhy is progesterone high during the Corpus Luteum stage?
DO NOW 101
Label the diagram (except #6)
DO NOW 66
Worksheet - Answer the Multiple Choice questions –Menstruation– How well do you know the Menstruation?
Female_Reproductive_System_sc(2).pdf
DO NOW 99Complete the graphic organizer on the female reproductive
system
DO NOW
Fertilization and Development
What if Fertilization DOES occur?DO NOW 13In packet
Only 1 questions (few parts)
What if Fertilization DOES occur?
If fertilization occurs then the process of will not happen!
An egg will become fertilized. A fertilized egg is known as a _________
Menstruation
Zygote
Human FertilizationFertilization – 1 sperm fuses with 1 egg creating a zygoteHaploid Sperm + Haploid Egg = Diploid Zygote
Fertilization the Story Sperm are deposited in the vagina, travel past the cervix into
the uterus then finally into BOTH fallopian tubes.
Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube and creates variation! Any 1 of the 200 – 400 million unique sperm can fuse with the egg!
The fertilized egg is called a zygote
Fertilization the StoryCan more than one egg be fertilized?
Yes, if more than one egg is released
Fraternal Twins – 2 separate eggs are fertilized by different sperm
How are identical twins produced?
When one zygote divides into two separatecells (2 zygotes) during cleavage
After Fertilization
What happens after the egg has been fertilized in the fallopian tube?
Fertilized egg (zygote) travels through the rest of the fallopian tube and begins to divide by
Will every cell in the new baby have the EXACT same DNA? Why?
MITOSIS
Meiosis -> Fertilization -> Mitosis
As zygote travels in the oviduct, it begins a process called Cleavage
Cleavage - process in the Oviduct where the zygote divides by mitosis increasing the amount of cells (forming 2 cells, 4 cells and so on)
What do you notice about the size of the ball of cells as cleavage occurs?
The number of cells increase by the size of the diving zygote remains the same
Meiosis -> Fertilization -> MitosisAs cleavage occurs, a ball of about 50 cells forms the morula
Cells will keep on dividing into a hollow ball called the blastocyst
ZygoteMorula
Blastocyst
Fertilization – Cleavage - _____________After the zygote undergoes cleavage and becomes a blastocyst, what happens next?
Implantation
Implantation
Fertilization – Cleavage - Implantation
After implantation of the blastocyst into the wall of the uterus, a process known as gastrulation occurs.
Gastrulation:Blastocyst bend inwards and is called a gastrula The gastrula bends inwards and forms 3 different layers
The three layers will differentiate into specialized tissues and organs
What the layers become?
Internal Development
As the different body systems develop, the developing embryo needs nutrients!
Yolk Sac – Provides nutrients for the early embryo before the umbilical cord and placenta form
Eventually the placenta and umbilical cord form
Placenta & Umbilical CordPlacenta
Responsible for nourishing the fetus and removing fetal waste Filled with capillaries for _______________________
•__________________________ diffuse into the embryo’s blood from the mother (for nourishment)•________________________________ diffuse into the mothers blood for removal
Diffusion
Nutrients and Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide and other wastes
Placenta & Umbilical CordThe mother’s blood NEVER mixes with the blood of the fetus!!
Why?
Placenta & Umbilical CordUmbilical Cord
The placenta gets the nutrients The nutrients travel through the umbilical cord to the fetus
Placenta & DiffusionWhatever the mother takes in her body during pregnancy will diffuse into the growing fetus!
What does this mean:Mother smokes chemicals diffuse into fetusMother does drugs drugs diffuse into fetusMother eats pizza nutrients diffuse into fetus Mother breathes oxygen oxygen diffuses into fetusMother breathes carbon monoxide CO diffuses into fetusMother drinks alcohol alcohol diffuse into fetus
Placenta & DiffusionIf an adult smokes, it can cause cancer, poor circulation, and many other problems. What is damaged in cells from chemicals in cigarettes? Do you get as much oxygen per breath if you smoke?
This would be horrific for a developing fetus because cells are differentiating, meaning cells are growing and dividing into the actual tissues and major organs of the baby!!
If cell division is “messed up” organs will form incorrectly, not completely or not at all! Less oxygen = low birth weight!
Alcohol = #1 agent that causes defects• Alcohol shuts down adult livers!• Imagine the damage it can cause in a fetus
Do the data in the tables justify scientists' conclusions that alcohol causes physical abnormalities at birth by interfering with the normal development of the fetus? Defend your position with supporting data.
Baby is BornBaby is born after 9 months in humans!
The time the baby takes to develop is known as gestation.
If squeamish do not lookAfter the baby is born, the placenta will come out the vagina a few minutes after the baby
…here is what the placenta looks like after the baby is born
