Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Lecture presentation on Toddlerhood.
Citation preview
Psychosexual Stage: AnalPsychosocial Stage:Autonomy Versus Shame And DoubtCognitive Stage:Sensorimotor (End); Preoperational (Beginning)
Fear: SEPARATION ANXIETY
TODDLERHOOD
PLAY
PLAY
Plays alongside other children but not with them.
Mostly free and spontaneous, no rules or regulations
Attention span is still very short, and change of toys occurs at frequent intervals
Safety is important
PLAY
Suggested toys are those they can play with themselves and that require action.Play furniture, dishes, cooking
utensils, telephoneClay, sandbox toys, crayons, finger
paintsPounding toysBlocksPush and pull toysTrucks Squeaky frogsPedal-propelled toysToy telephone
CHARACTERISTICS
*Toddlers are headstrong and negativistic.*They are naturally active, mobile and curious.*There is a distinct decrease in appetitebecause of slower growth rate.*They are repetitive, rigid, ritualistic, and stereotyped in their behavior.*They have a need for independencewithout overprotection.*They tend to go into temper tantrums in order to control self and others.
*Toddlers have poor sense of time. *Adults should talk to very young children at eye level.*Since all 20 deciduous teeth are out at 2 ½ - 3 years.
Start brushing of teeth at about this time.*Anterior fontanel closes at 12-18 months.
CHARACTERISTICS
*Tend to have a prominent abdomen – a pouchy belly.*They also have a forward curve of the spine at the sacral area –
lordosis.*They waddle or walk with a wide stance.
*Toddler is the critical period for toilet training.
CHARACTERISTICS
PHYSICAL MATURATION must be reached before training is possible-Sphincter control adequate when the child can walk-Able to sit, squat, and walk-Able to retain urine for at least 2 hours
TOILET TRAINING
PSYCHOLOGICAL READINESS-Aware of the act of elimination-Able to inform the parent of the need to defecate or urinate-Desire to please the parent-Able to remove clothing
TOILET TRAINING
PROCESS OF TRAINING
-Bowel control develops first before
bladder control
-Choose a specific word for the act
-Have a specific time and place
-Do not punish for accidents
-May use potty chair
-Praise child
-Remind to wash hands
-Do not wake the child during the night
and carry to the bathroom to void
TOILET TRAINING
AGE OF ACHIEVEMENT-Bowel control – 18 months of age-Daytime bladder control – 2 ½ years of age-Nighttime bladder control – 3 years of age
TOILET TRAINING
HEALTH PROMOTION
FOR
TODDLERS
NUTRITION
NUTRITIONPhysiologic anorexia is normalObjectives:-Provide adequate nutrient intake to meet continuing growth and development needs-Provide a basis for support of psychosocial development in relation to food patterns, eating behavior, and attitudes-Provide sufficient calories for increasing physical activities and energy needs
13 – 18 months
Discontinuation of bottle feeding
Offering of textured solids as small portions
and frequent feedings
Avoidance of force feeding
Use of healthy snack
NUTRITION
19 – 24 months
Use of drinking water for thirst
Limitation of fluids before meals
Inclusion of foods high in iron and protein
Regularity of meal time
NUTRITION
25 – 36 months
Healthy food choices for the child, including vegetables,
healthy snacks between meals, foods from all food
groups, and iron fortified cereals
Creative food preparation for the picky eater
Limitation of fat content in foods
Avoidance of high-sugar cereals
Child participation in food preparation
Avoidance of food as a reward
NUTRITION
SAFETY
Supervise child
Outdoors, near
swimming pool,
ponds, or hot
tubs
Public settings
SAFETY
Educate child
Dangers of throwing, hitting
Safe ways to interact pets
Street dangers
Dangers or weapons and fires
How to get help when feeling scared or in danger
Stranger danger
SAFETY
Preventing access to
electrical outlets,
cords, and appliances
or tools
Secure gates and doors
Use car seat
SAFETY
Store all chemicals, cleaners, personal
care products, matches and lighters
out of child’s reach
Ensure multiple barriers to pools and
hot tubs
Select toys according to manufacturer’s
recommendations
Using of appropriate helmet for bike
riding
SAFETY
Toddlers experiences basic fear of loss of love,
fear of unknown, fear of punishment
Immobilization and isolation represent additional
crises for the toddler
Regression may occur
HOSPITALIZATION
Protest
Prolonged loud crying, consoled by no one but the
parent or usual caregiver
Continually asks to go home
Rejection of the nurse or any stranger
STAGES OF SEPARATION ANXIETY
Despair
Alteration in sleep pattern
Decreased appetite and weight loss
Diminished interest in environment and play
Relative immobility and listlessness
No facial expression and unresponsive to stimuli
STAGES OF SEPARATION ANXIETY
Detachment or denial
Cheerful, undiscriminating friendliness
Lack of preference for parents
STAGES OF SEPARATION ANXIETY
OTHER PARENTAL CONCERNS:
Discipline
Sibling rivalry
