Upload
phungkhuong
View
219
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Masfria
Muchlisyam
Tuty Roida Pardede
Yade Metri Permata
Qualitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Laboratory
Faculty of Pharmacy
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Practical Book
2019
Qualitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Qualitative
Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Laboratory
YADE METRI PERMATA, S.Farm., M.Si., Apt.
Prof.Dr. MASFRIA, M.S., Apt.
Prof.Dr. MUCHLISYAM, M.Si., Apt.
Dra. TUTY ROIDA PARDEDE, M.Si., Apt.
Qualitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory
Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Sumatera Utara
Medan
2019
2
Preface
This book is arranged to complement the knowledge about the identification of the
various drug and chemical compounds quickly by chemical reaction in accordance
with our experience in laboratory Qualitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry. This book
can be used as a guide for students as teaching material in Chemistry Analysis. This
book was made on the awareness that the conventional chemical identification of
medicines still needed, although there is so many progress of modern technology of
qualitative identification. If using identification technology with modern and
sophisticated tools require huge costs and a long time. It is our experience when
receiving multiple requests to identify some unknown material, but the identification
by using some chemical reaction and in a short time has been able to know the
content of the material.
Do not copy or reproduce the contents of this book
without the written permission of the author
3
CONTENTS
Preface
Contents
Experiment 1 Dry Analysis (flame test, sublimation, pyrolysis)
Experiment 2 Analysis of Cation (Ag+,Pb
+2,Hg
+2,Bi
+3,Cd
+2,Cu
+2,As
+3,Fe
+2,Fe
+3)
Experiment 3 Analysis of Cation (Al+3
, Zn+2
, Ca+2
, Ba+2
, Mg+2
,K+, Na
+, NH4
+)
Experiment 4 Analysis of Anion (Cl-, Br
-, I
-, NO2
-, NO3
-, PO4
3- ClO
-)
Experiment 5 Analysis of Anion (SO42-
,SO32-
,S2O32-
, CO3-2
, HCO3-,borat, tetraborat)
Experiment 6 Practical Test of Cation and Anion
Experiment 7 Functional Group dan Infra red Analysis
Experiment 8 C,H,O Compound Analysis
Experiment 9 C,H,O,N Compound Analysis Part I
Experiment 10 C,H,O,N Compound Analysis Part II
Experiment 11 C,H,O,N,S Compound Analysis
Experiment 12 Practical Test
4
Experiment 1
Dry Analysis
Aim:
The students can carry out cation and anion tests, sublimation tests, pyrolysis and
crystals reaction which can be used in the preliminary test analysis of certain
compounds.
DRY ANALYSIS AND CRSYTAL REACTION
include:
flame test with Ni / Cr wire, Cu wire, sublimation, pyrolysis and crystal reaction.
1. Flame test with Ni/Cr wire.
Objective: to know the specific flame colour of several cations.
How: Ni / Cr wire is cleaned by dipping the wire into concentrated HCl (in a
tube or watch glass), then burned. Performed repeatedly until the flame of the
Bunsen on the combustion wire did not provide a special flame colour. Then
the wire is moistened with concentrated HCl and dipped in the sample, so that
there is a little sample attached to the end of the wire, then burned again,
observe the flame colour.
The experiment was repeated for another sample after the wire was cleaned.
Compare the results with the theory you know.
Sample : K+, Ba
+2, Ca
+2, As
+3, Na
+ .
Compound Flame colour
K
As
Ba
Ca
Na
Purple
Grey
Greenish yellow
Red
Golden Yellow
2. Flame tests with Cu wire ( beilstein Test).
Objective: to know the flame colour of halogen / halogenide.
5
The ways: copper wire is cleaned by rubbing it using sand paper, then burned.
Performed repeatedly until the flame of the Bunsen on the combustion wire
did not provide a special flame colour. Dip the end of the wire in a sample /
sample solution, burn and observe the flame colour.
The experiment was repeated for another sample after the wire was cleaned.
Sample: Cl-, Br
-, I
-.
3. Pyrolysis Test.
Objectives: 1. To find out whether there is residual pyrolysis or not, if the
inorganic compound is burned.
2. To see the specific colour of the remaining pyrolysis of some
metal oxides.
The ways: provide a clean porcelain cup / crucible. Place a small amount of
solid sample in the saucer, heat it over the fire, first with low heat, observe and
note the color changes that occur. Then the fire is raised and burning continues
until there is no change/ there is no black color on the cup. Record the color of
the remaining pyrolysis for each sample.
Sample : NH4Cl, ZnO, Pb(CH3OO)2, Bi(NO3)3, Hg(NO3)2.
4. Sublimation Test.
Objective: to find compounds that easily sublime.
The ways : provide a sublimation ring and a clean glass objects. Place a small
amount of solid sample into the sublimation ring that has been placed above
the glass object, then close the ring with a glass object again and above it is
given cotton that has been dripped with water, and then heated with a low
heat. Observe the shape under a microscope and draw it.
Sample: H3BO3, As2O3.
5. Crystal reaction from Cations :
Zn with K2Hg(CNS)4
Ca with oxalic acid
K with picric acid
Na with picric acid
6
Experiment 2
Analysis of Cation
Aim:
The students can analyze the cations contained in a sample.
Cations Identification : Ag+, Pb
+2, Hg
+2, Bi
+3, Cd
+2, Cu
+2, As
+3, Fe
+2, Fe
+3
Students are given 1 sample that contain one of the above cations.
Stages Analysis:
1. Organoleptic Tests: Odor, Colour and Taste
2. Flame Test with Ni / Cr
3. Classification Test
a) Group 1 cation deposition reaction
b) Group 2 cation deposition reaction
4. Specific reactions
Perform a minimum specific test if the sample is suspected
Sample: Ag+
- with dilute HCl
o percipitate + dilute NH4OH
o Dilute HNO3
- percipitate + water, heat it up ,observe after cold
- with KI
o percipitate + concentrated NH4OH
o percipitate + KCN,
- with K2CrO4
- with sulfide solution
- with α.α'dipiridil
- with Ditizon
Sample: Pb2+
- with dilute HCl
7
o percipitate + dilute NH4OH
o percipitate + water, heat it up
� observe after cold
- with KI
o percipitate + water, heat it up
o percipitate + excessive KI
- with K2CrO4
- with sulfide solution.
- with dithizon reagents
Sample: Hg2+
- with sulfide solution (HCl acid atmosphere)
o + excessive sulfide solution
- with NaOH
o + NaOH excess
- with KI
o + KI excess
- with Difenyl Carbazid
- with Dithizon
Sample: Bi3+
- With sulfide solution
o + HCl dilute
- with KI
o + KI excess
- with Na2HPO4
- with Pirogallol and HNO3 dilute
- with dithizon
Sample: Cd2+
- sulfide solution
- With NH4OH
o + NH4OH excess
8
- With KCN
- With Difenylcarbazid
Sample: Cu2+
- with sulfide solution
o percipitate + HNO3 heat it up
- with NH4OH
o percipitate + NH4OH excess
- with K4[Fe(CN)6]
- with KCN
- with KI
- with dithizon
Sample: As3+
- with Sulfide solution + HCl dilute
- Gutzeit test.
- With AgNO3
o Percipitate + HNO3
- With sol. Iodii
Sample: Fe2+
- Sulfide solution
- with K3[Fe(CN)6]
- with α α’ dipiridil
- with dimetilglioksim
- with o-fenantrolin
Sample: Fe3+
- with NaOH
o + NaOH excess
- Sulfide solution
- With K4[Fe(CN)6]
- with NH4CNS
9
Experiment 3
Analysis of Cation
Aim:
The students can analyze the cations contained in a sample
Identification of cations: Al+3
, Zn+2
, Ca+2
, Ba+2
, Mg+2
, K+, Na
+, NH4
+
Students are given 1 sample containing one of the above cations
Stages of analysis:
1. Organoleptic Tests: Odor, Colour and Taste
2. Flame Test with Ni / Cr
3. Classification Test
a) Group III cation deposition reactions
b) Group IV cation deposition reactions
c) Group V cation
4. Specific reactions
Perform a minimum specific test if the sample is suspected
Sample: Al3
- with NaOH
o + NaOH excess
- with sulfide solution
- with Alizarin
- with Aluminon
- with dithizon
Sample: Zn2+
- with NaOH
o + NaOH excess
- with sulfide solution
- with Na2HPO4
- with dithizon
10
- reaction of crystals with KHgCNS (crystal image)
Sample: Ba2 +
- with (NH4) 2CO3
o + HNO3 e
- with H2SO4 e (crystal image)
- with K2CrO4
- with meditren solution
Sample: Ca2 +
- with H2SO4 (crystal image)
- with (NH4)2(COO)2 (crystal image)
- with K4[Fe(CN)6]
- with Meditren (crystal image)
Sample: Mg2 +
- with NH4OH e
o + NH4Cl
- with (Na) 2CO3
o + NH4Cl
- with Na2HPO4 +
o + NH4Cl + NH4OH
- with Titan Yellow
o + NaOH
Sample: K +
- with Na Cobaltritrite
- with tartric acid (crystal image)
- with perchloric acid (crystal image)
- with picric acid (crystal image)
Sample: Na +
- with Zink uranyl acetate (crystal image)
11
- with picric acid (crystal image)
Sample: NH4 +
- with NaOH
o test with litmus
o test with a stirring rod dripped with HCl
- with Nessler
- with Na.cobaltinitrit
- with Tanin and AgNO3 solutions
12
Experiment 4
Analysis of Anion
Aim:
The students can analyze the anions contained in a sample.
Anion identification: Cl-, Br
-, I
-, NO2
-, NO3
-, PO4
3-, ClO
-
Students are given 1 sample containing one of the anions above.
Stages of analysis:
1. Organoleptic Test: Odor, Color and Taste
2. Flame Test with Cu
3. Classification Test
a) Anion reaction with acid addition
b) The deposition reaction with silver nitrate, barium clorida, magnesium sulfate
and other salts
c) Oxidizing properties test
d) Reducing properties test
4. Specific reactions
Perform a minimum specific test if the sample is suspected
Sample: Cl-
- with AgNO3
o + NH4OH e
o solution + HNO3 e
- with Pb.acetat
o sediment + water, heat after cold observe
- with KMnO4 + H2SO4
- test with Kanji / KI paper
Sample: Br-
- with AgNO3
o + NH4OH e
13
o + NH4OH p
- with Pb.acetat
o + water, heat, observe after cold
- with NaOCl + HCl,
o shake with CHCl3
- with KMnO4 + H2SO4
o test with starch paper
- with K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4
Samples: I-
- with AgNO3
o + NH4OH e
o + NH4OH p
- with Pb.acetat
o + water, heat observe after cold
- with NaOCl + HCl e
o shake with CHCl3
- with KCr2O7 + H2SO4
o test with starch paper
Sample: NO2-
- with KMnO4 / H2SO4
- KI solution
- with FeSO4 / H2SO4
- with Antipirin and HCl
Samples: NO.3-
- with H2SO4 p
- with FeSO4 / H2SO4 p
- reduction with Zn / HCl
o + antipyrin and HCl
- with diphenylamine / H2SO4
- with Zn / NaOH
14
o test with tanin solution and AgNO3
Sample: PO43-
- with AgNO3
o + NH4OH e
o + HNO3 e
- with FeCl3
o + CH3COOH
o + HNO3
- with HNO3
- with BaCl2
o + HCl e
Sample: OCl-
- with KI + H + → I2 solution
o I2 release test
- with HCl e
o test with starch paper
- with Pb. acetat
15
Experiment 5
Analysis of Anions
Aim:
The students can analyze anions are present in a sample.
Identification anion: SO42-
, SO32-
, S2O32-
, CO3-2
, HCO3-, BO3
3-, B4O7
2-
Students are given one sample that you lack any of the above anions.
Stages of analysis:
1. Test organoleptic: Odor, Color and Flavor
2. Test Bright with Cu
3. Classification Test
a) The reaction by the addition of acid anion
b) Precipitation reaction with silver nitrate, barium chloride, magnesium sulphate
and other salts
c) Tests oxidant properties
d) Reductant nature test
4. Specific reaction
Make a minimum specific test if the sample allegation
Sample: SO42-
- with BaCl2
o + HCl e
o + HNO3 e
- with Hg(NO3)2
- with Pb.acetat
Sample: SO32-
- HCl e
o test with K2Cr2O7
o KIO3 starch test paper
- with KMnO4 + H2SO4
16
- by the K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4
- with a solution of Fuchsin
Sample: S2O32-
- with a solution Iodii
- with AgNO3
- with Pb.Acetat
o preheat the sludge + water
- with NaOH + KCN, heat + HCl + FeCl3
Sample: CO32-
- HCl e
o test with stir bar that drops of Ba(OH) 2
- with BaCl2
o + HCl e
- with AgNO3
o + NHOH
o + HNO3 e
- with MgSO4
o heat
- with HgCl2
- with CaCl2
o + NH4OH
o + HCl e
Sample: CO32-
- the sample was heated
o test with whitewash
- with MgSO4
o heat
- HCl e
o test with Ba(OH)2
- with CaCl2
17
o sediment + NH4OH
o sediment + HCl e
- with HgCl2
o sediment + HCl e
- with AgNO3
o sediment + NH4OH
o sediment + HNO3 e
Sample: BO33-
- sublimation test
o crystal image
- borax esterification with CH3OH and H2SO4p
o heat
- with phenolphthalein and 1 or 2 drops of NaOH to react weakly
o + 1 drops of glycerin,
Sample: B4O72-
- Borax esterification with CH3OH and H2SO4p
o heat
- with AgNO3
o sediment + NH4OH
o sediment + CH3COOH
o heated deposition
- with BaCl2 dropwise until excess
- with phenolphthalein
o + 1 drops of glycerin
18
Experiment 6
Practical Test of Cation and Anion
Aim:
The students can analyze cations and anions are present in a sample.
Identification Cation and Anion (from experiments 2-5)
Students are given one sample containing cations and anions
Stages of analysis:
1. Test organoleptic: Odor, Color and Flavor
2. Test Bright with Ni / Cr
3. Test Bright with Cu wire
4. Classification Test
a) Cation precipitation reaction group 1
b) Cation precipitation reaction group 2
c) Cation precipitation reaction group 3
d) Group 4 cation precipitation reaction
e) Reaction cation identification group 5
f) Identification reaction with concentrated acid anion
g) Anion precipitation reaction with silver salts, magnesium, zinc and
barium
h) The oxidation reaction anion
i) The reduction reaction anion
5. Specific reaction
For specific reaction clay at 2-5 experiments.
19
Experiment 7
Functional Groups and Infrared Analysis
Aim:
- The students can analyze functional groups contained in a sample using
chemical reactions.
- The students can analyze functional groups contained in a sample using
infrared spectrophotometry method.
Cation identification: Function group
Practicum is given 1 sample containing organic compounds to be analyzed for its
functional groups.
1. Aliphatic hydroxy group
Mono Hydroxy Aliphatic
- Azo's reaction
- Esterification reactions
Poly Hydroxy Aliphatic
- Azo's reaction
- Test with Borat / can increase the acidity of Borat solution.
- Cuprifill reactions
2. Hydroxy aromatic group
Mono Hydroxy Aromatic
- Azo's reaction
- Reaction of FeCl3
- The reaction of the Marquis
Poly Hydroxy Aromatic
- Azo's reaction
- Reduction Reactions to Fehling and Ammonia Silver
3. Carboxyl group
- Test for positive carbonyl
- Esterification reactions
4. Keton group
- Reaction with Na. Nitroprussid (Rothera Legal Reaction)
20
- Iodoform reaction
5. Aldehyde group
- Schiff's reaction
- Reduction of Tollen’s reagent and Fehling
6. Amin group
- Reactions with p-DAB HCl
- Reactions with matchstick
- Indophenol reaction
- Reactions with CuSO4
7. Nitro group
- Reactions with bases of NaOH or KOH
- Reduction in acidic conditions to primary amine.
8. Sulfon group
- Oxidized to SO42-, and identified as SO42-
9. Unsaturated bond
- The reaction is added to Aqua Brom
- Reaction to KMnO4 solution (Baeyer reaction).
Cation identification: Function group
Practitioner is given 3 samples containing organic compounds to analyze the
functional group content using a spectrophotometer. Students interpret spectrum data
obtained.
Tools and materials:
- IR plate
- Mortar and pestle
- Cotton bud
- Tissue
- KBr for IR
- Acetone
- Sample
21
Procedure:
Prepare samples to be examined. The sample must be pure compound. If in solid form
it must be the result of crystallization or the results of isolation by chromatography.
The liquid sample is purified by distillation or gas chromatography.
Samples are mixed in special mortar and pestle with paste-forming compounds
(Nujol, hexachlorobutadiene, and fluorolube) or pellets. The most commonly used
pellet is KBr, because it does not provide specific absorption. Before measuring
sample absorption, measurements of absorption from the pasta or pellet maker were
measured. The aim is to reduce the absorption caused by the humidity of the
environment against the absorption of samples obtained.
Comparison of mixing samples with KBr or Nujol is 1 mg: 100 mg, or it can be said
to be 1% sample. The maximum measurement sample that still gives good results is
with a sample content of 10%.
22
INTERPRETATION OF INFRARED SPECTRUMS
-COOH 3600 – 2400 cm-1
-OH 3500 – 3200 cm-1
-NH2 3500 – 3100 cm-1
=C-H 3150 – 3050 cm-1
-C-H (alifatis) 2950 – 2875 cm-1
-COH (aldehid) 2750 cm-1
CΞC 2250 – 2100 cm-1
CΞN 2250 cm-1
C=O 1700 cm-1
C=C 1600 and 1500 cm-1
N=O 1550 – 1350 cm-1
S=O 1350 – 1050 cm-1
C-O 1300 – 1000 cm-1
CH2 1450 cm-1
CH3 1375 cm-1
C-C 1200 cm-1
C-Cl 800 cm-1
C-Br 550 cm-1
C-I 500 cm-1
23
Experiment 8
Analysis of Compounds C, H, O
Aim:
The students can analyze reactions of compounds that have elements C, H and O with
functional groups OH Aliphatic and Aromatic both monovalent and polyvalent, and
carboxylic groups and able to distinguish compounds from one another (especially
those used/ related to the pharmaceutical field), by using certain chemical reagents.
Compounds carried out by practicum include:
1. Organic compounds used in the pharmaceutical field which has elements C, H,
and O with OH Aliphatic functional groups in the form of monovalent or
polyvalent.
2. Organic compounds used in the pharmaceutical field which has elements C, H,
and O with OH functional groups in the form of monovalent or polyvalent
3. Organic compounds used in the pharmaceutical field that have C, H, and O
elements with the -COOH functional groups in the form of mono carboxylic and
poly carboxylic.
General reaction to OH aromatic:
1. AZO Reagent Reaction:
Diazo A: 0.5% sulfanylic acid solution in (30 ml 4N HCl + 70 ml water).
Diazo B: 9% NaNO2 solution in water.
How to experiment:
Add 2 drops of ethanol or a sample solution in water into the test tube, add Diazo
A and Diazo B (4: 1 or 1: 1) and 1-2 drops of NaN 2N until reacting alkaline,
shake, heat it in a water bath, it will form a color reddish yellow to red. Add 4
drops of amyl Functions C, H and O Aliphatic, shake, color not interested Amyl
Clusters of C, H and O Aliphatic functions (colorless layer) (for groups of function
groups C, H and O Aliphatic).
Try the same for glycerin, observe and record the results.
Compare the results that occur in all samples examined.
24
2. Esterification reaction (Monovalent Aliphatic)
Reactor:
Salicylic acid, benzoic acid or acetic acid.
Concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst.
How to experiment:
3 drops of ethanol are put into the test tube, add a little salicylic acid crystals and
1-2 drops of concentrated H2SO4, cover the mouth of the tube with wet cotton, heat
it in a water bath for 5 minutes. Lift and dilute with 1 ml of water. Smell the smell
and smell of gandapura (for ethanol and methanol).
The experiment was repeated using benzoic acid or acetic acid. Observe and note
the smell.
3. Reaction of the committee (Aliphatic polyvalent)
Reactor:
2% CuSO4 solution, 2N NaOH solution
How to experiment:
Add a little glycerin (or sample solution in water) into the test tube, add 1 solution
of CuSO4 and 2-3 drops of NaOH solution, clear blue dark solution will form.
Heat, don't form red brick deposits.
Perform the same experiment on ethanol, observe and record the results.
Compare the results that occur in all samples examined.
4. Test with Borax (Aliphatic polyvalent)
Reactor:
1% borax solution and 0.2% phenolphthalein solution in 70% ethanol.
How to experiment:
In the test tube put 1 drop of borax solution and 1 drop of phenolphthalein solution
(the solution becomes red). Add 2 drops of glycerin. Observe and record the
results.
Do the same experiment with ethanol, observe and record the results; compare
results in all samples.
5. Carletty's reaction. (Aliphatic polyvalent)
Reactor:
Oxalic acid (crystal)
Resorcin (crystal)
Concentrated H2SO4
25
How to experiment:
2 drops of glycerin free of water (or a small amount of solid sample) is placed on
the drip plate, add a little bit of oxalic acid crystals and a bit of resorsing crystals,
stir with the stirring rod, then add 1 drop of concentrated H2SO4, stir, observe and
record the results.
Perform the same experiment on ethanol, observe and record the results. Compare
results for all samples.
General reaction to the Aromatic OH group:
1. Azo reaction (same as in C, H and O Aliphatic functional groups, but red can
form in cold conditions, if shaken with amyl alcohol, generally red can be
attracted to amyl alcohol) (for OH Aromatic groups).
2. Reaction with FeCl3
On the drip plate, a small sample or solution of neutral sample in water or
ethanol is added 1 drop of FeCl3 solution, color will be formed depending on
the sample being examined (observe the color changes that occur).
3. Reaction with aqua bromine
In a test tube (or drip plate) place a small amount of the sample solution (in
water or ethanol), add aqua brom drop by drop, (observe the results of the
reaction on the addition of a little aqua bromine, and on adding aqua bromine).
4. Lieberman's reaction (reaction with concentrated NaNO2 and H2SO4).
Reagent: 1% NaNO2 solution in concentrated H2SO4 (made new)
How to: put a little sample or sample solution into the test tube, add 1-2 drops
of reagent, leave a few minutes, then dilute with a few drops of water, will
form a red color, mix with NaOH or NH4OH, the color turns blue.
5. The reaction of the Marquis:
Reagent: mix 1 part formaldehyde with 9 parts H2SO4 solid (made new).
Method: on a drip plate a small amount of solid sample is added with 1 drop
of reagent, a color will be formed.
6. Reactions with Fehling reagents (for polyvalent phenols).
In the test tube enter 2-3 drops of the sample solution in water, add 2 drops of
fehling A and 2 drops of fehling B, if necessary heat it in the water, it will
form a yellow to brick red precipitate.
26
7. Reactions with silver ammonia (for polyvalent phenols)
Reagent: 0.5 ml AgNO3 0.1N added dilute ammonia drop by drop until the
precipitate formed dissolves again.
How to: a few drops of sample in the tube are added a few drops of reagent, if
necessary, heat the water bath, a silver mirror is formed on the tube wall.
8. The reaction with floroglusin and NH4OH or NaOH (for polyvalent OH
Aromatic), fluoroglusin reagent and NaOH 0.5 N or concentrated NH4OH.
Method: 1 drop of sample solution + a little fluoroglusin crystal + a few drops
of water + 1 drop of NaOH, stir the color.
or concentrated NH4OH, stir the color.
Based on the results of the reaction above a special reaction is carried out on
OH aromatic which is examined or suspected, according to each monograph.
General properties of carboxylic acid compounds:
Generally acidic, can react with bases to form salts that are easily soluble in water.
Dignified acid 1 which has a short C chain, in the form of a liquid that is easy to mix /
dissolve in water. The longer the C chain, the harder it is to dissolve in water.
Aromatic acid is generally difficult to dissolve in water.
Many dignified acids are generally easily soluble in water.
Identification of carboxylic acid compounds.
Given the absence of a general reaction to carboxylic acids, the identification reaction
is carried out on functional groups which may be present in the carboxylic
compounds examined.
Stages of Analysis:
1. Organoleptic test (shape, smell, taste and color)
2. Test solubility (in water or in organic solvents), then apply it over a water bath.
3. Beilstein and Ni/ Cr flame tests
4. Fluorescence
5. Pyrolysis
6. Azo's reaction
7. Esterification reaction
8. The reaction of Cuprifil
9. Carletty's reaction
27
10. Borax reactions
11. Iodoform reaction
12. Fehling's reaction
13. Silver Ammonia Reaction
Subsequent examinations were carried out based on the results obtained in the above
test, in accordance with the monograph of each suspected C, H and O Clusters.
Examples of several Pharmaceutical compounds that have elements C, H and O with
OH functional groups are Aliphatic and Aromatic:
1. METHANOL (CH3OH)
2. ETHANOL (C2H5OH)
3. CHLORAL HYDRATE (CCl3-CH (OH) 2.)
4. GLYCEROL (Glycerin = propane triol: CH2 (OH) -CH (OH) -CH2OH)
5. GLICOL ETILEN. (HOCH2-CH2OH)
6. PROPILEN GLICOL (Trimethylene glycol: CH3-CHOH-CH2OH)
7. MANNITOL
8. SORBITOL
9. PHENOL
10. NIPAGIN (Methyl p hydroxy benzoate) preservative
11. NIPASOL (Propyl p hydroxy benzoate) Preservatives
12. VIOFORM (Iodochloro hydroxy quinoline) Antiamuba
13. RESORSINOL (m-dioxy benzolum) Keratolytic
14. HIDROQUINON. (p-dioxy benzolum)
15. DERMATOL (Bismuth sub gallat) Antiseptic
16. GUAIPHENESIN (GLYCERIL GUAIACOL) Expectorant
17. ACETIC ACID (Vinegar acid: CH3 - COOH)
18. ACID BENZOAT
19. SODIUM BENZOAT
20. SALICYLATE ACID
21. SODIUM SALISILATE
22. ACID ACETYL SALISILATE
23. CITRIC ACID
24. SRIUM SITRAT
25. TARTRATE ACID
28
26. POTATO HYDRAULIC TARTRATE (Cream of tartar).
27. VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)
29
Experiments 9 and 10
Analysis of Compound C, H, O and N (I and II)
Aim:
- The students can identify pharmaceutical compounds containing elements C,
H, O and N, by the reaction classification and the functional group contained
in each compound.
- The students are able to distinguish the pharmaceutical compounds containing
elements C, H, O and N with each other based on reactions that occur.
Nearly 75% of pharmaceutical compounds containing the element nitrogen
compounds derived from both natural and synthetic made paracetamol Nitogen in
pharmaceutical compounds are usually bound in the form of: a bond with the nitro
compounds into carbon compounds, as amine primary, secondary or tetsier alkaline;
as ammonium kiuarterner; aromatic amine groups, acid amide neutral zwitterion salts
such as amino acids. Compounds that have the elements C, H <O and N contained in
compounds that have pharmacological effects such as barbital, Vitamins, Antibiotics
and Anti-histamine in addition to compounds derived from nature such as alkaloids
and amino acids
General reaction
1. As Aromatic Nitro.
The principle of this method changes aromatic nitro into primary aromatic
amines.
How it works: A number of 50 mg of aromatic nitro compounds dissolved in
ethanol add 3 ml of dilute HCl, 4 ml of water and 200 mg Zn, in the water
bath heated mixture of water for 10 minutes, then add 2 drops of reagent A.
Further Diazo solution is poured into 2 ml Diazo reagent B; formed orange or
orange precipitate Example: nitrazepam.
2. Aliphatic primary amine
Reaction Sentol: Addition to Carbon Disulfides
How it works: A solution aliphatic amine compounds dissolved in ethanol and
then sprinkled with carbon disulfide as much, is heated to evaporate the excess
30
CS2, the rest of adding HgCl2 solution, showed a distinctive smell of the
aliphatic primary amine Example; Amitriptyline, Cinnarizine, Ethambutol,
Methadone, Pethidine, Propranolol, Timolol and Verapamil.
3. Basa Compound Amine
Reaction Mayer; Amine base compound forms a precipitate yellowish.
How it works: basic amine compounds dissolved in the water, if insoluble
added sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid in order to form a clear solution, and
then inserted into the test tube was added some drops of reagent Mayer then
precipitates yellowish. The reaction can also be done in the object glas. Chinin
example HCl, Coffein.
4. Aromatic Primary Amines
Diazo reaction
Ways of working ; Number 50 mg primary aromatic amine compounds
dissolved in 1 ml of HCl 3N, the solution was treated with 2 drops of Diazo A
Furthermore, the solution is poured into 2 ml of reagent Diazo B; orange or
red color formed orange precipitate positive reaction to benzocaine, Procaine
and the reaction is positive when first added in the water bath HCl and heated
water for 10 minutes prior written Diazo Diazo A and B, Klordiazopoxid
example, HCT, Oksazepam and phenacetin.
5. Secondary Amines
Flourescamine test
How it works: Compounds of amine secondary dissolved in 2 ml of HCl 3 N
cooled to 5 ° C and then added 2 ml solution of NaNO2 1%, allowed to stand
for 5 minutes, then the solution is diluted with water 5 ml and shaken twice,
each shuffling added ether 5 ml, grab ether and washed and evaporated to
dryness, the rest of the evaporation was added phenol 50 mg, briefly heated,
cooled and treated with 1 ml of H2SO4 formed in red and ar formed when
diluted with red color.
6. The imidazole compound
The reaction with sulfanilic acid terdiazotasi
How it works: nitrogen compounds having a group of imidazole dissolved in 3
N NaOH 1 ml and then added a solution of sulfanilic acid (0.5 grams of
sulfanilic acid dissolved in 70 ml of water and then reacted with HCl 6 N 6 ml
31
add water to 100 ml ) and 10% NaOH at a lot of it will form a red color
Example: Paracetamol
For nitrogen compounds can also be done the following general reaction:
1 reaction Dragendorf
2 reaction Bauchardat
3 Ninhydrin reaction
4 Ortho degan reaction Phtalaldehyde / Betta- Mercaptoetanol.
5 reaction Isonitriles
6 Condensation with 1,2 naphthoquinone Sodium 4 sulfonate
7 Reaction with nitric acid.
Stages Analysis:
1. Test organoleptic (shape, smell, taste and color)
2. Test solubility (in water or in organic solvents), then uapkan over a water
bath.
3. Test flame Beilstein and Ni / Cr
4. fluorescence
5. pyrolysis
6. Public reaction
Examples of Pharmaceutical Compounds That Has Some Elements C, H, O and N
1. GLUTAMIC ACID (HOOC-CH (NH) 2- (CH2) 2-COOH)
2. MEFENAMIC ACID
3. NICOTINE ACID
4. NICOTINAMIDE
5. P-AMINO SALICYLIC ACID
6. INH, ISONIAZID
7. DIPHENHYDRAMIN HCl
8. ANTIMO
9. EPHEDRINE
10. SALBUTAMOL
11. BENZOCAIN
12. PROCAIN HCl
32
13. LIDOCAIN HCl
14. PARACETAMOL
15. PHENACETIN
16. ANTIPIRIN
17. PHENYL BUTAZONE
18. CAFFEINE
19. THEOHYLLINE
20. TEOBROMIN
21. QUININE
22. QUININE HCl
23. QUININE Sulfat
24. PAPAVERIN HCl
25. KODEIN HCl
26. DEXTROMETHROPHAN HBr
27. NOSCAPIN
28. CHLORAMPHENICOL
29. CHLORAMPHENICOL Palmitat
30. CHLORAMPHENICOL Stearat
31. PHENOBARBIT
32. DIPHENILHIDANTOIN
33. STREPTOMISIN
34. TETRACYCLIN HCl
35. OKSITETRASIKLIN HCl
36. CHLOR PHENIRAMIN MALEAT
37. ANTAZOLIN HCl
38. VITAMIN B6
39. VITAMIN M
40. VITAMIN B2
33
Experiment 11
Analysis of Compound C, H, ON and S
Aim :
The students can identify pharmaceutical compounds containing elements C, H, O, N
and S, based on the reaction classification and the functional group contained in each
compound.
Sulfur element of the analysis:
1. With the method lassaigne
2. Reduction with a strong reducing agent
Compounds containing elements of S can be divided into several Alignment:
1. Thiols and disulfan
2. Tio ether compound
3. sulfone compound
4. Sulfonic acid derivatives
5. Sulfonyl urea compound
6. heterocyclic compounds
Stages Analysis:
1. Test organoleptic (shape, smell, taste and color)
2. Test solubility (in water or in organic solvents), then apply it over a water bath
3. Test flame Beilstein and Ni/ Cr
4. fluorescence
5. pyrolysis
6. Public reaction
34
Examples of Pharmaceutical Compounds That Has Some elements C, H, O, N and S
1. AMPISILLIN
2. AMOKSISILLIN
3. ANTALGIN
4. SULFACETAMID
5. SULFADIMIDIN
6. SULFADIAZIN
7. SULFAGUANIDIN
8. SULFAMERAZIN
9. SULFASOMIDIN
10. SULFANILAMID
11. SULFATIAZOL
12. SULFAMETOXAZOL
13. CHLORPROMAZIN HCl
14. PROMETHAZIN HCl
15. MEBHIDROLIN NAPADISYLATE
16. THIAMIN HCL (Vitamin B1)
35
Experiment 12
Practical Test
Aim:
The students can identify pharmaceutical compunds containing compounds of all
elements namely C, H, O, N, and S based on functional groups and classification
analysis found in each compound.
Analysis Step:
1. Organoleptic Test (shape, smell, taste and color)
2. Solubility test (in water or organic solvent), then evaporated over the bath
3. Flame Test Beilstein and Ni/Cr
4. Fluorescence
5. Pyrolisis
6. General Reaction
7. Special reaction/ specific
The sample tested was one of all samples analyzed from experiment 8 to 11.
36
Table of reaction Test Name Reagent Procedure
Liq. Bromide Liq. Bromide Sample in distilled water or diluted
HCl acid + Liq. Bromide
Liq. Iod Liq. Iod Sample + Liq. Iod
Carletty Oxalic acid
Resorchine
H2SO4
Oxalic acid + resorchine + sample
+ H2SO4
CuSO4 Distilled water
NaOH solution
CuSO4 solution
Diluted HCl acid
Sample + 2 ml distilled water, heat
on waterbath + NaOH solution +
after the tube has been cold
+CuSO4 solution + neutralize with
diluted HCl acid
Deniges Reagent: Concentrated H2SO4 +
distilled water (2:8)
KMnO4
Oxalic acid
Sample in distilled water + reagent
+ KMnO4 + Oxalic acid
King Reaction
Diazo
Reagent: Diazo A + Diazo B (4:1)
NaOH solution
Sample + reagent + alkalize using
NaOH solution, heat on waterbath
if necessary
Fehling’s
reaction
Fehling A
Fehling B
NaOH solution
Sample + Fehling A and Fehling B
in same ratio, then heat on
waterbath
Frohde
reaction
Reagent: 1% ammonium molibdate
in concentrated H2SO4
Sample + reagent
Indophenol
reaction
NaOH solution
NaOCl solution
Phenol liquid
Sample + 2 ml of distilled water,
heat on watherbath, + 2 drops of
NaOH solution + 2 ml of NaOCl
soluton and 1 drop of phenol
liquid.
Iodoform NaOH / NH4OH solution
Aqua Iod
Alkalize the sample using NaOH
or NH4OH + Aqua Iod, then heat
on the waterbath
KbrO3
reaction
H2SO4 4 N
Saturated KBrO3 solution
Sample in 4 N H2SO4 solution +
saturated KBrO3
Lieberman
reaction
Reagent: 1% NaNO2 in
concentrated H2SO4
Sample + reagent
Mandeline
reaction
Reagent: 1% ammonium vanadate
in concentrated H2SO4
Sample + reagent
Marquis
reaction
Reagent: formaline + concentrated
H2SO4 (1:9)
Sample + reagent
Murexide
reaction
KClO3
Diluted NH4OH
Diluted HCl
Sample + KClO3 + diluted HCl,
then heat on the waterbath + 1-2
drops diluted NH4OH
Parri reaction Reagent: 1% Co(NO3)2 in
methannol
Diluted NH4OH
Sample + reagent + 1-2 drops
diluted NH4OH
Roux reaction Reagent: Filtrate of Roux 1 + Roux
2 + Roux 3 (20:1:1)
Sample + reagent
Vitalli-Morin
reaction
Concentrated HNO3
Aceton
3% KOH in ethanol solution
Sample + 0.5 ml concentrated
HNO3, dry on the watherbath;
disolve the residu in aceton + 3%
KOH in ethanol.
37
REFERENCES
Auterhoff. H, Kovar. K.A., 1987. Identifikasi Obat. Translation by Sugiarso. N.C.,
publisher ITB Bandung.
Basic Test For Pharmaceutical Substance. 1986. WHO. Geneva.
Basic Test For Pharmaceutical Dosage Form. 1992. WHO. Geneva.
Clarke’s. 1986. Isolation and Identification of Drug. 2nd
edition. The Pharmaceutical
Press. London.
DepKes RI. 1979. Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi III.
Ebel. S. 1992. Obat Sintetik. Terjemahan oleh Mathilda. B.W. Gadjah Mada
University Press. Yogyakarta.
Feigl.F. 1966. Spot Test in Organic Analysis. 7th
English edition. Amsterdam.
Oxford. New York.
Fries, J & Getrost, H., (1977), “Organic Reagents for Trace Analysis”, Emerck
Darmstadt.
Shriner.R.L, Fuson. R.C, et all. 1980. The Systematic Identification of Organic
Compound. Sixth edition. John Willey & Son. New York.
The Pharmaceutical Codex. 11th
edition. The Pharmaceutical Press. University Press.
Cambridge. London.
Treadwell F. P. et al, (1952). “Analytical Chemistry”, Vol 1 ed 9, John
Wiley&Sons, Inc New York; Page:99-295.
Vogel A.I. et al. (1953). ”Text Book of Macro and Semi Micro Qualitative in
Organic Analysis”, ed 4, Longmans Group Limited, London.