Gyan Prabha April to June-2009 - Bharat Vikas … · April to June 2009 vizSy ls twu & 2009 Year 6th : Issue 2nd o"kZ N% % vad f}rh; GYAN PRABHA ... A Father’s Letter to Abraham

April to June 2009 vizSy ls twu & 2009Year 6th : Issue 2nd o"kZ N% % vad f}rh;

GYAN PRABHA(Quarterly)

(=kSekfld) 13

izcU/ lEikndizcU/ lEikndizcU/ lEikndizcU/ lEikndizcU/ lEikndlqjs'k pUælqjs'k pUælqjs'k pUælqjs'k pUælqjs'k pUæ

Managing EditorSuresh Chandra

ewY; % 30@ #i;sewY; % 30@ #i;sewY; % 30@ #i;sewY; % 30@ #i;sewY; % 30@ #i;s okf"kZd ewY; 100@& #i;sokf"kZd ewY; 100@& #i;sokf"kZd ewY; 100@& #i;sokf"kZd ewY; 100@& #i;sokf"kZd ewY; 100@& #i;s

Hkkjr fodkl ifj"kn~ izdk'kuHkkjr fodkl ifj"kn~ izdk'kuHkkjr fodkl ifj"kn~ izdk'kuHkkjr fodkl ifj"kn~ izdk'kuHkkjr fodkl ifj"kn~ izdk'ku

bl vad esa -----

1- viuh ckr 1

2- Editor’s Reflections 3

3- osnke`r vksadkj flag R;kxh 5

4- Empowerment of Women Suresh Chandra 6

5- uonqxkZ vkSj ukjh 'kfDr txnh'k tks'kh 9

6- vkSjr dks le>us ds fy, oUnuk feJk 13tUe ysuk gksxk vkSjr dk

7- L=kh eqfDr ds HkkSfrd midj.k dey fd'kksj 18

8- ukjh eqfDr ;k ukjh l'kfDrdj.k fd'kksj vxzoky 23

9- i;kZoj.k j{kk esa ukjh dk ;ksxnku izfrHkk vk;Z 27

10- tc fL=k;ksa us bfrgkl jpk jktsUnz dqekj 31

11- esjh vè;kRe ;k=kk Lo- y{ehey fla?koh 34

12 Women Empowerment Prof. Arjun Y. Pangannovar 36Through Self Help Groups

13- mnkÙk mn~cks/u Mk- /eZohj lsBh 38

14- /jrh yksdrU=k oUnuk f'kok 40

15- fpUrkvksa ls Mj dSlk Mk- iz.ko ik.M;k 43

16- deZ;ksx iz/ku thou Mk- Å"kk [kkslyk 45

17- Hkkjr esa ijek.kq lw;ksZn; vkj- ds- JhokLro 47

18- y{; izkfIr ds fy, lhrkjke xqIr 51fojks/h Hkkoksa dks R;kxsa

19- laLd`fr cks/ & Hksn vkSj vHksn izeksn dqekj nqcs 54

20- bXySaM esa vaxzsth dh la?k"kZ xkFkk n;k izdk'k flUgk 57

21- if'pe esa lekpkj i=kksa dh 'kphUn pUnz xks;y 60fxjrh gqbZ la[;k

22- [kjhnk dkSfM+;ksa ds eksy ladfyr 62

23- Stem Cell O.P. Saxena 64-A New Wonder Therapy

24. Development of Villages S.R. Maan 68Through N.G.O’s

25. A Father’s Letter to Abraham Lincoln 71His Son’s Teacher

26. I have three visions for India Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam 72

27. Private Prisons in the U.S. Vicky Pelaez 74(Global Research)

28. Corruption in Drug Industry Compiled 79

29. Rational Use of Drugs Col. (Dr.) B.R. Pareethi 79

30. The Path of the Pilgrim Dr. Kiran Kumar 81

31. i=k txr 84

iq#"kksa ds gkFkksa esa vlhfer vf/dkj ugha fn;s tkus pkfg,A,sls vf/dkj ikdj os vR;kpkjh 'kkld cu cSBsaxsA geefgyk,sa mu dkuwuksa dks dHkh ugha ekusaxhA ftuds cukus esagekjk izfrfuf/Ro u gks ,oa er us fy;k x;k gksAlu~ 17761776177617761776 esa vesfjdh jk"Vªifr tku ,MEl dks ,d efgyk}kjk fy[ks x;s i= dk ,d va'k A

ys[kd ds lkekftd ljksdkj

vU; dykvksa tSls isafVax] laxhr] u`R; bR;kfndh rjg ys[ku Hkh ,d dyk gSA dyk ds fy, izk;% ghLokUr% lq[kk; jpuk ;k Art for Art’s sake dh nqgkbZ nhtkrh gSA fdUrq D;k dksbZ Hkh dyk vius ifjos'k ,oalkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls dV dj thfor jg ldrh gS\dyk ds fy, dyk dsoy bl vFkZ esa Lohdkj dh tkldrh gS fd dykdkj Lor% izsj.kk ls ;k vUrjkRek dhiqdkj ls dyk l`tu djs fdlh O;kikfjd ;k vkfFkZdmn~ns'; ls ughaA

ys[kd lf"V dk ,d vR;ar pSrU; ,oa laosnu'khyizk.kh gksrk gSA og thou ,oa lekt ls tqM+k gksrk gSAlkFk gh og thou ds lR; ,oa mlds ewY;ksa dh [kkstHkh djrk gSA tgk¡ og rkRdkfyd ,oa Toyar iz'uksa ,oaleL;kvksa ds mÙkj ,oa gy <wa<rk gS ogk¡ og nwj & n`"VkHkh gS ,oa jk"Vª rFkk fo'o ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh ea=kksa dkl`tu Hkh mlh dh ys[kuh ls gksrk gSA

ns'k esa orZeku le; dh lcls cM+h foMEcuk;g gS fd lekt esa U;k; O;oLFkk] vFkZ O;oLFkk ,oa /eZ rFkk laLd`fr ij Hkh jktuhfr gkoh gks xbZ gSA vHkhyksd lHkk ds pqukoksa dk egkdqEHk lEiUu gqvk gS ,oafiNys ekg esa ,slk yxrk Fkk fd jk"Vª ds thou esajktuhfr ds vfrfjDr dqN Hkh ugha jg x;k gSA ehfM;kdk izR;sd vax&v[kckj] if=kdk,sa] jsfM;ks] Vsfyfotulc ij jktuhfrK;ksa ds fØ;k&dyki] Hkk"k.k] c;ku&ckthds vfrfjDr dqN fn[kkbZ iM+uk dfBu FkkA ys[kd dksjktuhfrd gy&py dk tkx:d n`"Vk vo'; gksukpkfg, fdUrq ys[kd oxZ jktuhfr ls i`Fkd gh jgs rksJs;Ldj gSA

viuh

ckr

1GYAN PRABHA Kku izHkkApril to June-09 vizSy ls twu&09

efgyk l'kfDrdj.k & vkbZ0 ,0 ,l0 VkWij efgyk,¡Kku izHkk dk ;g vad efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ,oa ukjh eqfDr dks lefiZr

gSA efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds dbZ igyq gSaA D;k ukjh eqfDr ,oa mldk l'kfDrdj.k,d gh gS\ eqfDr ls ge D;k le>rs gSa\ mldk f'kf{kr gksuk] vkfFkZd :i lsLokoyach gksuk ,oa Lo;a fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke gksuk ;s lc ukjh eqfDr ,oa ukjhl'kfDrdj.k ds gh vax gSaA

;gk¡ if'pehdj.k dk iz'u Hkh mB [kM+k gksrk gSA ogk¡ ukjh eqfDr dsuke ij mPNJa[kyrk dks c<+kok feyk gSA eqfDr ,oa l'kfDrdj.k bl lhek rdigq¡p x;k gS fd ikfjokfjd O;oLFkk dks gh [krjk iSnk gks x;k gSA D;k Hkkjrdks Hkh mlh jkg ij pyuk pkfg;s tgk¡ ls og lekt okil vkuk pkgrk gS\

L=kh dh n<+ bPNk 'kfDr Hkh mldh eqfDr dk ,d lksiku gSA fdUrq ;fnHkkSfrd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ,slh gksa fd mlds vius eqfDr ds fo"k; esa lkspus dh 'kfDrgh 'ks"k u jg tk;s rks dsoy bPNk 'kfDr dgk¡ rd dke djsxhA vr% fnu&jkre'khu dh Hkk¡fr dke esa [kVusokyh L=kh dks bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls Hkh NqVdkjkfnykuk gksxkA

,d egÙoiw.kZ lekpkj ;g Hkh gS fd o"kZ 2008 ds vkbZ0 ,0 ,l0ijh{kk ds tks vafre ifj.kke ?kksf"kr gq, gSa muesa rhu 'kh"kZ LFkku efgykvksa usizkIr fd;s gSaA ;gh ugha 25 izFke liQy mEehnokjksa esa ls 10 yM+fd;k¡ gSaA blijh{kk esa dqy 791 mEehnokj liQy gq, gSa ftuesa ls 166 efgyk,¡ gSaA

efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dh fn'kk esa ;g ,d lkFkZd dne gSA efgyk,sa gj{ks=k esa vkxs c<+ jgh gSaA vkbZ0 Vh0] eSusteSUV] O;kikj] m|ksx] jktuhfr bR;kfndksbZ Hkh {ks=k muls vNwrk ugha gSA efgykvksa ds fy, vkus okys u;s ;qx dk ;glaHkor% izFke lksiku gSA

fdUrq tc ge mudh liQyrkvksa dh ckr djrs gSa rks ,d dVq lR;dks Hkwy tkrs gSaA ;s liQyrk,sa efgykvksa ds ,d fo'ks"k oxZ rd gh lhfer gSaAxzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa 50 izfr'kr ls Hkh vf/d efgyk,sa vHkh vf'kf{kr gSaA ns'k dsvusd Hkkxksa esa ukjh eqfDr ,oa ukjh l'kfDrdj.k tSls 'kCn muds fy;s vutkusgSaA

ns'k ds fy, og 'kqHk fnu gksxk tc bl ns'k dh izR;sd efgyk u dsoybu 'kCnksa dk vFkZ le> ldsaxh vfirq l'kDr ,oa eqDr gksdj [kqyh gok esa lkalHkh ys ldsaxhA


Editor’s Reflections

Bharat Vikas Parishad

A Complete NGO

Non-Government Organizations are usually divided into threecategories or generations. The word generation is used because manyNGOs start working in the first category and then develop into the secondand third categories.

First generation NGOs directly deliver the services to meet animmediate deficiency or shortage experienced by its beneficiarypopulation such as the needs for food, health care or shelter. During anemergency such as flood, an earthquake or a war such assistance isurgently required and is delivered according to the funds and staffavailable with the NGO.

In this category the NGO is the doer while the beneficiary ispassive. The relief efforts remain tied to the needs of the people indistress. It is an adhoc relief and usually no further effect or developmentis involved. Sometimes the NGOs are formed for this very purpose andare dissolved when the emergency is over.

Second generation NGOs focus their energies on development.This development is of two kinds-first the development of health andeducational facilities and strengthening the infrastructure. In villagesthey introduce improved agriculture practices, impart employment orientedtraining etc. Mostly they do it with their own resources but with theactive help of the village committees, self-help groups etc. Secondlythey help in developing the capacities of the people to meet their ownneeds through self-reliant local action.

In this type NGO work there is a partnership between the NGOand the community. The latter is expected to contribute to both decisionmaking and implementation. The rallying cry of this type of work is theancient proverb, “give a man a fish and you feed him for a day, teach himto fish and your feed him for life time.” But there is a flaw in the secondgeneration NGO work as well. They do very good work in providing servicesand also help in developing the potential of the local population makingthem self-reliant. But their action is confined to local communities, a


few towns and small territories. They are unable to work at national orglobal levels.

The third generations NGOs combine the working strategies ofboth second and third generation NGOs but they work perpetually andare not constrained by a particular territory. They come forward to helpin emergencies like floods, earthquakes, famines etc. They also set-upexcellent local units to provide help in medical, educational,environmental fields etc.

Going beyond the above two functions They performa catalyticand foundation like roles along with the role of an operational serviceprovider. The underlying theory of the working of third generation NGOsis grounded in an assumption that a centralized control of resources,prevent essential services from reaching the poor and lead to corruption,delay and exploitation. Moreover, these NGOs try to change the thinkingof the people and bring a silent revolution.

Bharat Vikas Parishad is a third generation NGO and muchmore. It was born out of a first generation NGO, the Citizens Forum,which was formed to assist the 1962 war efforts. It converted itself in thesecond generation NGO after the war. For four years it was confined toDelhi only. Now that small plant has expanded to become a huge banyantree. Its branches give local help at the time of disasters like floods,earthquakes, tsunami, super cyclones etc. It is also running excellentinstitutions like Hospitals, Viklang Kendras, Diagnostic Centers etc. itis also brining mental revolution by imbuing the national spirit and givingSanskaras to the youth, families and senior citizens. Its branches havespread in almost all the corners of the country. The planning, raising thefunds and implementing the projects is done by the branches but undersupervision of the centre.

It has spread its wings to the foreign shores also and is on theway of becoming a global entity.

One who wants to please everybody cannot lead.


osnke`r

tua foHkzrh cgq/k fookpla ukuk/ekZ.ka i`fFkoh ;FkkSdle~Alglza /kjk nzfo.kL; es nqg;a /zqoso /suqjuiLiQq:rhAA

(vFkoZosn 12-1-45)

HkkokFkZ %& fofo/ izdkj dh Hkk"kkvksa dks cksyus okys rFkk fofo/ /eksZa dks ekuus okystuleqnk; dks ,d ?kj ds leku /kj.k djrh gqbZ ;g i`Foh fcuk fgys Mqys fLFkj [kM+hxk; ds leku esjs fy;s /u&/kU; dh gtkjksa /kjk,¡ nqgs vFkkZr iznku djsA

The earth sustains human beings speaking different languagesand following different religions. It is like a cow which is standing still.May it provide me with wealth as the cow gives milk.

vFkoZosn ds mijfyf[kr eU=k ls gesa ;g f'k{kk xzg.k djuh pkfg, fd fo'oesa vFkok fdlh ns'k fo'ks"k esa vyx&vyx /eZ rFkk vyx&vyx Hkk"kk gksus ij Hkh ,difjokj dh rjg ijLij feydj izseiwoZd jguk pkfg,] rHkh ;g ns'k vFkok fo'o /u&/kU; ls iw.kZ le`¼ gks ldsxkA

bl osn eU=k ls i;kZoj.k dk Hkh lqUnj lans'k feyrk gSA ;gk¡ ij i`Foh dh miekxk; ls nh xbZ gSA xksnksgu ds leku gh gesa i`Foh ds lalk/uksa dk ekuork ds fgr esalnqi;ksx djuk pkfg,A

The creator of this mantra says that all the people speakingdifferent languages and following different religions should live peacefullyon this earth. This earth is like a cow who feeds all of us.

The mantra also indicated that the resources of this earth shouldbe used with prudence so that like a cow the earth can produce themcontinuously and sustain us forever.

vksedkj flag R;kxh


Empowerment of Women

Suresh Chandra

First of all let us be clear on one point: what do we mean exactlyby empowerment of women. Does it mean that they should be enabledto do every type of work, from driving a locomotive to joining the combatduty at war front? The other view may be that they should be allowed toape the West freely with all of its vices like divorce, live-in arrangementseven though unmarried, dating, etc. Some others may opine that inancient India women were worshipped; they were Durga, Parvati andLaxmi and were the foundation of the social and cultural life of the family.So, should we revert to that age to empower women?

In pre-agriculture period, women worked hard and evenparticipated in warfare. But the pregnancy and childbirth reduced theircapacity to work and made them more and more dependent on men forfood and protection. With time nomads settled down and community lifeoriginated. The hunters and food-gatherers became agriculturists andfor that also man power was required. The community desired a continuedexistence beyond the present and institutions like property, inheritanceetc. appeared. Women became epitome of procreation and wererespected and even feared.

But with the advent of an agrarian society a feudal and patriarchalsystem was also not far away. In that system the woman was lookedupon as a property to be used as her owner, the man, wished. Thepatriarch became all powerful, dominating almost every sphere of life.Woman was made a goddess but was given little rights in actual practice.Some religious ideologies also strengthened this trend. Woman wasconfined to the privacy of the home having almost no touch with theoutside world.

As regards India, thousands of years of foreign invasion andslavery played havoc with every sphere of life, which included the statusof women in the society as well. Due to insecurity they were confinedwithin the four walls of the house. Their education suffered and they


were married off at an early age to keep them safe from the prying eyesof the invaders. Under feudalistic system woman was treated as aproperty with no rights of her own and almost no say in domestic orother affairs. After independence efforts has been made to ameliorateher position but so far a very small section of women has benefittedfrom these.

The Indian Constitution gives equal rights to women and lawshave been made to give them protection against domestic violence,rights in property, reservation in some elected bodies and educationalinstitutions but so far the results have not been very satisfactory. Thetrue empowerment of women lies in the fact that that they should beable to take a decisive part in social, political and economical life of thecountry.

So, let us come to the point and analyse what steps should betaken to enable women to assert themselves and be empowered enoughto avail the rights given to them by the Constitution and various otherlaws.

UNICEF in its recent report have given three suggestions forempowering women. The first is that she should be enabledto take decisions about herself and her family independently.At present, specially in rural areas, she has to take thepermission of her mother-in-law or husband even to visit ahealth centre. Secondly her economic security should beensured. Thirdly, she must have adequate representation inpolitics and government.

The first step for empowering women is to educate them.Education means freedom, freedom from ignorance and exploitation byothers. The over all literacy figure for India is 70% but for women it is60%. But this figure is deceptive. A majority of women live in villagesand the literacy in some tribal areas of Bihar, Orissa and Rajasthan isas low as 20%. With such low literacy how these women can be awareof their rights and the laws, which have been enacted to protect them.They are exploited by their family members and employers. The economic


security is a distant dream for them. They work hard in fields andconstruction sites and get less than their men folk for the same work.

Sexual exploitation is another grey area in the field of theempowerment of women. Almost one woman is raped every forty minutesin India. Even the national capital Delhi has become the rapists’ paradisewhat to say of the remote areas where a number of cases go unreported.To this may be added the workplace and home sexual exploitation whichis a great menace for women workers and helpless young girls. Theattitude of the police and the society in general is responsible for thissituation and very often laws exist in the statue books only.

The next major issue is domestic violence. Domestic violenceis not just hitting, or fighting, or an occasional argument. It is an abuseof power. The abuser tortures, and controls the victim by calculatedthreats, intimidation, and physical violence. Recently the parliamenthas passed a law against domestic violence and let us hope it will helpthe hapless women.

About 2.5 crore girls are missing from India’s population. Inmost countries of the world, there are approximately 105 female birthsfor every 100 males. In India, there are less than 93 women for every 100men in the population. The economic dependence and dowry systemcan be held to be responsible for female infanticide. But this anti-femalebias is not limited to the poor families; the well to do families are alsoindulging in this abominable practice. Actually much of this discriminationis to do with cultural beliefs and social norms.

The Women Reservation Bill is hanging fire for a long time andno political party is ready to share political power with women. So, thisbattle for the empowerment of women would have to be fought on twofronts: empowering women politically and changing the mind set of thismale dominated Indian society.

We must always remember: When women achieve, thenation advances, when they don’t the nation retreats.

Prerna Apartments, Ghaziabad


uo nqxkZ vkSj ukjh 'kfDr

txnh'k tks'kh

rqylhnkl us tc jkepfjr ekul dk igyk eaxykpj.k fy[kk rc mlds ifgys

dqN 'yksd fy[ks Fks tks vR;ar egRoiw.kZ dgs tk ldrs gSa ,oa tks Hkkjr dh lkaLd`frd

vUrjkRek ds jgL; dk cks/ mtkxj djrs gSaA ifgys gh 'yksd esa mUgksaus ôUns ok.kh

fouk;dkS* fy[kk] fiQj Hkxoku 'kadj dh oanuk esa fy[kk Hkokuh 'kadjkS oans J¼k fo'okl

:fi.kkS*A rRi'pkr~ os fy[krs gSa mn~Hko fLFkfr lagkj dkfj.kh ds'kgkfj.kha loZ Js;Ldjha

lhrka urksag jkeoYyHkke~*A rqylh us efgykvksa dh izFke oanuk dj vius dkO; dk izkjEHk

fd;kA ifgys ljLorh fiQj x.ks'k] ifgys Hkokuh fiQj 'kadj D;ksafd fcuk J¼k ds fo'okl

vkftZr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA lhrk rqylh ds ekul dh pfj=k ukf;dk gSaA os ,sjh xSjh ugha

gSa] mudh {kerk l`tu] lao/Zu vkSj lagkj rhuksa esa leku :i ls lekfo"V gSA os ml lhrk

dks four gksrs gSa tks jkeoYyHkk Hkh gSaA

^loZJs;Ldjha lhrka urksge~ jkeoYyHkke~*

iqjkus lHkh lektksa dh rjg Hkkjr Hkh iq#"keq[kh lekt jgk gSA cgqnso oknh

iqjkru vU; lH;rkvksa ds iqjk.kksa esa Hkh efgyk,a gSa fdarq os mruh l'kDr ugha fn[krh vkSj

u izHkkoh gSa tks Hkkjrh; feFkdksa esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSaA

ikSjksf.kd dFkkud fdlh ns'k dh lH;rk dh jgL;e;h varjkRek dk

fnXn'kZu djkrs gSaA bl izn'kZu esa lkekU; eu dh Hkkouk tqM+h jgrh gSA

vU;k; lH;rkvksa ds feFkdksa ls vyx Hkkjrh; ukjh l`tu] lao/Zu vkSj lagkj

dh {kerk ls ;qDr ,d izfrHkk gS tks lkjh jk"Vªh; laLd`fr dks ,d dksey Lusg /kjk ls

cka/dj] latksdj izLrqr dj nsrh gSA Hkkjr eas euk, tkus okys uojk=k blh rF; dk

vuqeksnu djrs gSaA vkfndky esa ½xosn dk egf"kZ lxoZ dgrk gS ekrk i`Foh] iq=kks¿ge~

i`fFkO;k*A euh"kh firk dk uke ugha ysrk og ekrk ds uke ls gh xkSjokfUor eglwl djrk

gSA

dFkk gS fd vkfn 'kadjkpk;Z viuh ekrk ds ,dykSrs csVs FksA firk dk lk;k mB

x;k Fkk vkSj mUgksaus laU;kl ysus dk fu.kZ; ys fy;kA Kku vkSj oSjkX; es iw.kZrk izkIr djus

dh yyd FkhA lkFk gh fc[kjs ns'k dks tksM+us dh cyorh bPNk FkhA ekrk firk ds izfr


drZO; vkSj jk"Vª ds izfr drZO; bu nksuksa ds }an esa iQals vkfn'kadj vkf[kj laU;klh cu

gh x;sA izf'k{k.k iwjk djus ds mijkUr fnfXot; dh bPNk ls vfHkizsr 'kadj ds eu dks

'kkafr ugha fey jgh FkhA mUgsa vius Kku vkSj oSjkX; dh flf¼ nwj dh dkSM+h izrhr gks jgh

FkhA blh ekufld vUrZ}Un ls vkØkUr vkfn'kadj okjk.klh igq¡p x;s vkSj HkVdrs jgsA

mUgsa larks"k gh ugha fey jgk FkkA Kku dh Hkw[k rst+ gks jgh FkhA ;FkkFkZ nwj FkkA HkVdrs

gq, os nsoh vUuiw.kkZ ds eafnj esa igq¡ps vkSj vius vijk/ksa dh {kek dk lzksr i<+uk 'kq:

fd;k ftlesa ckj&ckj ;g dgk fd iq=k dqiq=k Hkys gks fdarq ekrk dqekrk ugha gksrh vkSj

var djrs gq, dgk &

^Kku oSjkX; fl¼kFkZ fHk{kka nsfg p Hkkjrh*

'kadj ekaxrs gSa fHk{kk vUu dh ugha] O;atu dh ugha] Kku oSjkX; dh flf¼ dhA

lkFk gh ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd esjs leku dksbZ ikih ugha vkSj ikiksa dks u"V djus dh {kerk

rqEgkjs vykok fdlh esa ugha gS vLrq tks ;ksX; gS ogh dfj;sA vUuiw.kkZ ekrk izlUu gqbZ

vkSj vkfn'kadj dks Kku] oSjkX;] flf¼ dh fHk{kk iznku dj nhA mlds ckn gh vkfn'kadj

u dsoy fnfXot;h gq, oju~ iwjs ns'k dks tksM+us okys pkj /ke ns'k ds pkjksa dksuksa esa LFkkfir

dj fn;sA og fc[kjrs ns'k dks tksM+us dk igyk ,sfrgkfld dne Fkk ftls vkt dk vfr

vk/qfud O;fDr le>us esa l{ke ugha gSA uojkf=k dh vkjkè; nsoh gj fnu vyx&vyx

:iksa esa vkrh gS vkSj 'kSyiq=kh ls flf¼nk=kh dk Lo:i ys ysrh gSA ml ij egknsoh esa nSoh

iq#"k 'kfDr ds lkjs va'k lekfgr] gksrs iznf'kZr gksrs gSaA vf'ouh esa ubZ iQly vkrh gS

mlh rjg pS=k esa HkhA ;g u;s l`tu dk lekjksg gS ftlesa l`tu vkSj lao/Zu vUrfuZfgr

gaSA vUu l`f"V dk izk.k gS vkSj vUu i`Foh ekrk ds xHkZ ls gh izdV gksrk gSA fiQj ouLifr

dk Hkh mn~xe ogha ls gSA l`f"V] pjkpj ds thou lapj.k dk lzksr rks i`Foh dh moZjrk

gh gSA blh dkj.k euq"; i`Foh iq=k vafdr fd;k x;k gSA tgk¡ l`tukRedrk gS] lao/Zu

vkSj iks"k.k gS] ogh naMkRedrk Hkh gS tks lekt ds fu;eu vkSj fodkl ds fy, vko';d

vkSj vfuok;Z gSA

Hkkjrh; lH;rk dh vkfne 'kq:vkr orZeku cyqfpLrku] vkSj viQxkfuLrku ls

ekuh tkrh jgh gSA mlh cyqfpLrku esa lcls vkfne 'kfDrihB gS fgaxyktA foHkktu iwoZ

ds ,d fla/h ;k=kh ds ;k=kk o.kZu ls mldh izflf¼ dk vuqeku feyk FkkA ysfdu Hkkjr

dh vusd nwjLFk oukapyksa dh vkfne tkfr;ksa ds nsoh iwtu ds xhrksa esa nsoh fgaxyk dk

ft+Ø t:j lquk tkrk gSA vkfn Hkkjrh; ds fy, nsoh fgaxyk vkt Hkh vizfre gSa tks

jktuSfrd foHkktuksa ds ckotwn vkneh dks bfrgkl l`tu ds Nksj ls tksM+s gq, gSA


'kjn dh 'kq:vkr dk 'ka[kukn uojkf=k ds izFke fnu ls gh 'kq: gks tkrk gSA

mel vkSj ikol dh ?kqVu VwVrh gSA ilhuk lw[kuk 'kq: gksrk gSA ,d gYdh xqykch BaMd

eu dks jksekafpr dj nsrh gSA /qyk&/qyk uhyk vuUr vkdk'k ,oa ml uhfyek dks phj

dj lewg esa mM+rh foagxkofy ,d je.kh; fp=k izLrqr djrh gSA blh xquxqukrh 'khr esa

gh rks 'kjn dh iwuks Hkh vkrh gSA uojkf=k ds lekIr gksus ds dqN gh fnu ckn lkjh ukjh

{kerk egkjl dh egkek;k esa dyk l`tu vkSj laxhr dks ,d lkFk lekfgr dj ,d :i

gks tkrh gSA

vn~Hkqr dYiuk iz[kjrk dk ;g ns'k jgk gS] tks laiw.kZ l`f"V dks var}Zan foghu

dj ,d vuks[kk leUo; lalkj ds lkeus izLrqr dj nsrk gSA cPpk rks ekrk dks gh izFker%

tkurk gS vkSj mlh ls ;kpuk Hkh djrk gSA Lusg] lkSgknZ] laj{k.k vkSj vuq'kklu rFkk

fu;eu dk drZO; Hkh ekrk ds da/ks ij gh gSA vkf[kj lekt dks pykrk dkSu gS\ lekt

dks rks lewg gh pykrk gSA lewg O;fDr;ksa ls curk gS vkSj O;fDr dk cqfu;knh izkFkfed

izf'k{k.k rks ekrk dk gh mÙkjnkf;Ro gSA ;fn ckjhdh ls xkSj fd;k tk, rks lekt dks cukus

fcxkM+us dk ekè;e dgk¡ gS\ og fuf'pr rkSj ij ekrk dh Lusg jTtq ls ca/k gqvk gSA

vkf[kj O;fDr ogha rks viuk vkJ; ryk'krk gS tgk¡ mls de ls de lkStU;e;h 'kkafr

vkSj leosnuk dk v{k; HkaMkj feysA og mls viuh ekrk ls gh fey ldrk gSA

cgqnsooknh] iq#"kkfHkeq[kh Hkkjrh; laLd`fr us ekr`'kfDr dks tks O;kidrk vkSj

izfr’k nh gS og vn~Hkqr gSA og Kku foKku ds vuqHkwr vè;;u ls izokfgr gqbZ gSA vkf[kj

efg"kklqj enZu ds lanHkZ esa] 'kqaHkfu'kqaHk ds lkeus fu"izHk gks x;h] rc ;g fopkj djuk

iM+k fd vkf[kj og fu"izHk D;ksa gks x;h\ lek/ku fd;k x;k gS fd bu nSR;ksa us dfBu

riL;k ls ojnku izkIr fd;k vkSj nsork ijkftr gks x;sA rkRi;Zr% nsork dHkh riL; /

uh ugha jgs] os lnSo vIljkvksa ds lkFk xqyNjsZ mM+krs FksA nsorkvksa dk jktk bUnz Lor%

ijL=kh xeu vkSj cykRdkj dk vijk/h jgk gS vkSj mlds iq.; {k; gks x;s FksA iq#"k

nsorkvksa ds vkpj.k lnSo lansg dh ifjf/ esa f?kjs jgsA blh dkj.k mUgsa ekr`'kfDr ds lkeus

vkRe leiZ.k dj vius lHkh lk/u gfFk;kj mlh ds lqiqnZ djus iM+sA iq#"k nsorkvksa dh

'kfDr dk ßkl vkSj nsfo;ksa dh 'kfDr dk izlkj ,d fo'ks"k izlax izLrqr djrk gSA

uj vkSj ukjh lekt ds jFk ds nks ifg;s gSaA jFk ,d ifg;s ls ugha pyrkA vr%

jFk ds leqfpr lapkyu ds fy, nksuksa ifg;ksa dks cjkcjh esa j[kuk gksxkA tgk¡ iq#"k iz/

ku nSoh 'kfDr] fu"izHk gks ogk¡ nsfo;ksa dh 'kfDr ,dkadh ugha gSA vdsyk iq#"k nsork gh


loZ lkeF;Zoku ugha gSA mlds lkFk 'kfDr :ih ukjh dk jguk vfuok;Z gS vkSj og iq#"k

'kfDr ukjh ds vuqxzg ij voyafcr gSA HkfDr vkSj J¼k ls gh fo'okl vkSj ladYi dk

mn; gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; nk'kZfudksa us l`f"V ds jgL;ksa dks fuxqZ.k :i ls mBkdj lxq.k :i

esa izLrqr djus dk vlk/kj.k dk;Z fd;k gS tks Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh ftthfo"kk gSA

iwoZ lgL=kkCnh esa tks vc lekIr gks pqdh gS Hkkjrh; ekufldrk ,d

v{kE; vijk/ ls xzflr gqbZ Fkh tc ;gk¡ ds /ekZf/dkfj;ksa us vkSjrksa dks

osn i<+uk vkSj lquuk naMuh; ?kksf"kr fd;kA mu ew[kksZa us ;g ugha lkspk fd

osnkvksa dh ½pkvksa dh lajpuk esa fonqf"k;ksa dk fdruk cM+k ;ksxnku FkkA

blh nq"deZ ds pyrs Hkkjr dh ukjh 'kfDr ds fodkl dks jksdus esa /eZkf/dkfj;ksa us vusdksa

iQros x<+s vkSj izkphu uthjksa dks dfyo"kZ ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA mldk ifj.kke lkeus vk;k

tc ns'k dks 'krkfCn;ksa rd nkl cudj jguk iM+k vkSj vkdze.kdkfj;ksa ds mRihM+u dks

eu ekj dj lguk iM+kA blds iyV if'peh ns'kksa es T;ksa&T;ksa ukjh dks lekurk feyus

yxh os lH;rk ds HkkX; fo/krk cu x;sA le; vk x;k gS tc Hkkjrh; deZdkaM dks

nfd;kuwlh vkSj lM+h xyh O;oLFkkvksa dks dBksjrk ls lekIr fd;k tk,A Lokeh n;kuan

vkSj egkRek xka/h us mu vojks/ksa dks rksM+k vkSj ns'k Lok/hurk ds iFk ij vxzlj gqvkA

mBus yxh gS vkokt+ vkj{k.k dh] ysfdu egt vkj{k.k D;ksa\ lekurk D;ksa ugha\

jktuhfr esa vfuok;Zrk D;ksa ugha\ lkjs jktuSfrd nyksa ds ifjn`'; es lE;d Hkkxhnkjh D;ksa

ugha\

ns'k 21oha 'krkCnh ds njokt+s ij [kM+k gSA u;k ;qx u;s Loj dh vis{kk djrk

gSA nqxkZlIr'krh dk jgL; egt deZdkaM vkSj ;K gou esa ugha gSA mldh xgjkbZ esa izos'k

dj ml jgL; dks ryk'kuk gksxk tks mn~Hko] fLFkfr vkSj lagkj ds chp lkeatL; LFkkfir

dj ldsA ewfrZ Hkj gh ugha] ewfrZ ds chp fNih vUrdZFkk ds jgL; dks lkdkj vkpj.k

vkSj vuqlj.k ls djuk gksxkA deZdkaM izn'kZu vkSj O;kolkf;drk ls ijs feFkd jgL;ksa

dks vkRelkr dj mudk u;s lanHkZ es ifjekftZr iz;ksx gh lPph vjk/uk gksxh vkSj ;g

ns'k lekurk dk oknh Loj cu ldsxkA


vkSjr dks le>us ds fy, tUe ysuk gksxk vkSjr dk

oUnuk feJk

vjLrq us L=kh ds fo"k; esa ,d txg dgk gS fd dqN xq.koÙkk dh deh ds dkj.kgh L=kh] L=kh curh gSA og iq#"k dks izd`fr dh iw.kZrk ekurk gSA mlus L=kh dks Lok;Ùk lÙkkugha ekuk] dkj.k mlesa fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk ugha gksrh gSA og Lo;a dks iq#"k ds vuqlkjcukrh gSA lheksu n cksmokj dgrh gSa fd L=kh tUe ugha ysrh cfYd cukbZ tkrh gSA IysVksus bZ'oj dks /U;okn fn;k fd mlus mldks (IysVks) dks iq#"k cuk;kA dfo;ksa ,oa ys[kdksatSls laosnu'khy yksxksa us L=kh dks cscl] ykpkj vkSj etcwj ds :i esa fpf=kr fd;k ijbls chrs ;qx dh ckr crk dj larks"k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

vkt dh ukjh vkdk'k dh Å¡pkb;ksa dks Nwrh iQkSt dh vf/dkjh] liQyreO;kikjh vkSj x`gLFkh ds dke dks Hkh pViV fuiVkrh vFkkZr y{eh] nqxkZ vkSj ljLorh dksvius esa lesVs gq, xoZ dk fo"k;] dkuwu ls et+cwrh izkIr dj iqj"kksa dh cjkcjh djrh gqbZ*vcyk thou gk; rqEgkjh ;gh dgkuh* vJqiwfjr Hkkoqdrk ls eqDr] NqbZeqbZ dh Hkwfedkls fudy lkglh vkSj rstLouhA ij ;g rLohj dk igyw] ehfM;k }kjk iksf"kr] izsf"kr] nwljk;g fd deZ {ks=k foLr`r ij lgk;d gkFk ugha] dkuwu dk ojngLr ij O;oLFkk bruhtfVy fd jkgr ughaA lEifÙk esa vf/dkj ij vius gh yksxksa dk dksi HkktuA lR; dk,d :i ;g HkhA fouksn dqekj 'kqDy fy[krs gSa &

^^ ,d vdsyh vkfnoklh yM+dh@ vdsys taxy esa tkus ls ugha Mjrh@ 'ksj phrsHkkyw ls ugha Mjrh ij@ Mjrh gS egqvk ysdj xhne ds cktkj tkus lsA**

ukjh foe'kZ dk 'kksj ,d rjiQ 'kqHk nwljh rjiQ ckt+kj dh ek¡x ls lEcfU/rAfoe'kZ djus okyksa dk eUrO; Hkh lansgkLinA ukjh eqfDr dk rkRi;Z ;kSu 'kqfprk ls eqfDr]iq:"k ls eqfDr] ifjokj ls] ewY;ksa ls eqfDr ek=k ;k foLr`r lUnHkZA ,d rjiQ L=kh eqfDrdk Hkze ikys nwljh vksj esd&vi esa t+jk lh pwd vkRefo'okl fMxkus esa l{keA :ids tky esa iQ¡lh L=kh iq:"k ds tky ls eqDr ugha gks ldrhA L=kh ds fo"k; esa dHkh&dHkheqfDrcks/ ds 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks *xyr txg le>kSrs djuk] xyr txg yM+ tkuk* gks tkrkgSA og Lo;a viuh nsg ls bruh vkdzkUr fd vlqjf{kr yxrhA nwljs mls fdl rjg ns[krsgSa ;g vyx ckr ij og Lo;a dks fd rjg ns[krh gS ;g ijh{k.kh; gSA


*ukvkseh oqYiQ* us dgk fd **L=kh x`gLFkh ls eqDr gqbZ rks lkSUn;Z izlk/uksaus mls tdM+ fy;k**A pqLr nq:Lr jguk xyr ugha ijUrq mls ekufld jksxdh rjg viukuk xyr gSA

blds ewy esa dgha u dgha ehfM;k dk izksRlkgu o psrkouh gS] tks crkrk gSfd fcdus yk;d gj oLrq dk izn'kZu vko';d gS pkgs og L=kh lkSUn;Z gh gksA fou; lkSjHkds 'kCnksa esa dgas rks **os csgn 'kkyhu <ax ls mPNJà[ky gksrh fL=k;k¡ FkhaA**

dgha ,slk rks ugha fd eqfDr dk Hkze ikys os vius vkUnksyu dks xyr fn'kkns jgha gksa ;k bl Hkze ds pyrs mudk vkUnksyu&vkUnksyu gh u jg tk,A ;kSu 'kqfprkls vfu;af=kr eqfDr Hkh vusd izdkj dh lkekftd leL;k;sa mRiUu djsaxhA ukjh foe'kZds dqN izorZd mUgsa fdlh izdkj ls Hkh nsg ls Åij ugha mBus ns jgs gSaA tSlk 'kks"k.k igysca/u ds uke ij Fkk oSlk gh vc eqfDr ds uke ij gSA rdZ ;g gS fd L=kh nsg ds ftlLrj ij izrkfM+r gqbZ mlh Lrj ij eqDr gksxhA ;g vius vki esa viw.kZ gS D;ksafd ftuLFkkuksa ij ;kSu 'kqfprk dk cU/u ugha ogk¡ Hkh ukjh Lora=k gks t+:jh ughaA izk;% 'kks"kdoxZ ds leku cu tkuk 'kksf"kr oxZ dh pkgr vkSj dHkh&dHkh etcwjh cu tkrh gSA ;geqfDr dh izkFkfed fLFkfr gSA Hkkjr dk ukjh oknh vkUnksyu izFke fLFkfr ls gh xqtj jgkgSA

okLrfod Lora=krk vkRefu.kZ; dk lkgl vkuk gSA loky ;g gS fd ;glkgl vk, dSls\ D;ksafd vkfFkZd :i ls Lora=k L=kh Hkh lc le; fu.kZ;ugha ys ikrhA vkfFkZd o ekufld nksauksa izdkj ls Lora=k L=kh gh okLrfodLora=k gSA

ijUrq ik'pkR; laLd`fr] dk vU/kuqdj.k dj fL=k;k¡ ^tks pkgs lks* djus dhLora=krk izkIr djuk pkg jgh gSaA ;g y{; ls HkVdkus okyk fcUnq gSA L=kh Lora=k gksxhrks mlds eu esa izse dh bPNk Hkh gksxh vkSj p;u dk vf/dkj Hkh] ij ;gh lc dqNughaA L=kh lksprh gS fd og iq#"kksa dk viuh bPNkuqlkj miHkksx dj jgh gS ij gksrk mYVkgh gSA tks ,slk ugha djrh os iq#"kfoghu lekt dh dYiuk djus yxrh gSaA fLFkfr bruh?kkrd gSa fd dqN fL=k;k¡ la[;k de gksus ij Lo;a ds okaNuh; gksus dk Hkze iky ysrhgSaA vkSj blh vk/kj ij *dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k* dks ncs eu ls leFkZu nsrh gSaA

L=kh foe'kZ orZeku le; esa nsg foe'kZ ds bnZ&fxnZ pDdj dkV jgk gSA LorU=krkdk ;g dkuiQkM++w 'kksj Hkh L=kh ds f[kykiQ lkft'k gh gS D;ksafd ;g ukjk Hkh muds fy,


iq#"k gh yk, gSaA os L=kh euksfoKku dks le>us dk nkok djrs gSa vkSj xoZ ls dgrs gSa fdL=kh vius nSfgd 'kks"k.k dh ckr dsoy ppkZ esa vkus ds fy, djrh gSa D;ksafd ;s mlesaHkh jlkuqHkwfr djrs gSaA vc ,sls O;fDr L=kh&foe'kZ dh e'kky mBk;saxs rks HkVdko rks gksxkghA

ukjh foe'kZ dk rkRi;Z fli+QZ bruk fd vius ru&eu vkSj /u dk iwjs foosdls fu.kZ; ukjh ys ldsA t+kfgj gS fd ;g Lora=krk fxM+fxM+kus ls ugha feysxhA izk;% viusthou dh dbZ egÙoiw.kZ miyfC/;ksa dks L=kh bl Hk; ls NksM+ nsrh gS fd ml ijpfj=kghurk dk byt+ke u yx tk;s D;ksafd mldh okLrfod izfrHkk dks Hkh izk;% fdlhu fdlh dh n;k ekuk tkrk gSA ,d ekufld ncko >syrs gq, og vkxs c<+rh gSA ckgjfudyus okyh gj L=kh bu lkft'kksa ls xqt+jrh gS] gj iy mls lokfy;k ut+jksa dk lkeukdjuk iM+rk gS vkSj os gh ut+jsa volj feyus ij Hkw[kh ut+jksa esa cny tkrh gSaA blfy,dqN vkSjrsa ph[k&ph[k dj vius eqDr thou dh ckr dgrh gSaA irk ugha dgk¡ rd lghgSA ij Lo;a dks lekt dh ut+jksa esa lgh lkfcr djus esa L=kh ftruh 'kfDr yxkrh gS]mlls dgha de esa og T+;knk jpukRed dk;Z dj ldrh gSA uSfrdrk csM+h dh rjg ughagksrh rks tks LoHkkor% uSfrd gS mls <ksaxh ugha ekuk tk;sxkA ukjh LorU=k rc gksxh tcmls nsg ls vyx dqN ekuk tk,xkA

,d vdsyh L=kh pkgs lkS izfr'kr lgh gks ij mldk ewY;kadu vkSj gh rjhdsls gksrk gSA ,d L=kh ds fy, lekt dfBu fLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu dj nsrk gS] bruh fddHkh&dHkh mls vkRegR;k ;k csesy fookg dks foo'k gks tkuk iM+sA

eapksa ls izlkfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd ukjh LorU=k fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke gSA dkuwuukjh ds lkFk&lkFk gSA ,d rjiQ Mjrh lgerh viuh bT+tr dks lc dqN le>rh ukjhnwljh rjiQ lekt dk #[k ns[kdj fonzksgh rsoj viukus dks fouk'k dh gn rd tkrh ukjhA;s nksuks mldh O;kidrk dks gkfu igq¡pkrs gSaA fuf'pr :i ls LorU=k psrk L=kh xqyke ds:i esa viuh nsg iq#"k oxZ dks lkSai ugha ldrh] blfy, ;g LorU=krk dk <ksax jpk x;kftlls L=kh dks yxs fd og LosPNk ls ,slk dj jgh gS tcfd pyrh og iq:"k o ckt+kjds b'kkjs ij gh gSA iq#"kksa us ukjh foe'kZ dh Mksj dqN bl rjg idM+h gS fd yxs ogukjh ds gkFk esa gSA bl xgjh lkft'k dks rksM+uk cgqr t:jh gSA blh Hkze esa iM+h L=khiq:"k&miHkksx dk rdZ nsrh gS ijUrq mldk viuk rdZ u gksus ls og lUrq"V ugha jgrh]D;ksafd iq:"k ds pys tkus ij og Lo;a dks Nyk eglwl djrh gS vkSj f'kdk;rsa djrhgSA iq:"k ds fy, ;g thou dk ,d {k.k vkSj L=kh ds fy, lEiw.kZ thou cu tkrk gSAvkt dh ukjh Hkkoqdrko'k leiZ.k dj nsrh gS] ijUrq bruh Hkksyh vkSj fu’k;qDr Hkh ughajg x;h fd viuh Hkkouk dks dqpyk tkrk ns[k lds] vr% mlds rdZ mls dBksj cuusdks foo'k djrs gSaA ;g fLFkfr lekt ds fy, vkSj ?kkrd gSA


bl fLFkfr essa L=kh dh okLrfod leL;kvksa ls eq¡g pqjk;k tk jgk gSA vkt ckjckykvksa dh leL;k] os';kvksa ds iquokZl] dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k dh leL;k] ngst mRihM+u]ngst gR;k] dksbZ Hkh leL;k bruh NksVh ugha ftls Vkyk tk ldsA

L=kh lekt esa LorU=k jgs lekt ls ugha] ;g ckr è;ku esa j[kuh pkfg,Aif'peh lekt dks Hkkafr lekurk bl gn rd mfpr ugha fd viuk ewygh [+kRe gks tk;sA

t+kfgj gS tc bl laLd`fr dh nqgkbZ nh tkrh gS rks iq:"kksa dks blls eqDr ugha j[kk tkukpkfg;sA L=kh bruh LorU=k gks fd fdlh vkSj ds fu;U=k.k ds fcuk gh lgh jkg pys ;ghlekt dk b"V gks] vkSj blds fy, iq:"kksa dks mldk lg;ksx fcuk n;k dk Hkko fn[kk,djuk gksxk] ojuk uqdlku nksuksa dk gksxkA

gekjk lekt vkt nks eq¡gk izfreku j[krk gSA ,d rjiQ LorU=krk dk leFkZdnwljh rjiQ lkeUrh ekufldrk okykA iq:"k ckgjh fL=k;ksa dks tks lykg nsrk gS og viuhiRuh dks ugha nsrk D;ksafd mlls mlds fcxM+ tkus dk Hk; jgrk gSA rFkkdfFkr L=kh foe'khZpkgrs gSa fd L=kh Lo;a vius dks (muds fy,) eqDr djs] ftuls mudk dke vklku gksAnq";Ur ds 'kCnksa esa &

mudh vihy gS fd mUgsa ge enn djsaApkdw dh ilfy;ksa ls xqt+kfj'k rks nsf[k,A

cjlksa igys fleksu n cksmokj us iz'u mBk;k Fkk fd **;g nqfu;k ges'kk iq#"kksadh jgh] exj D;ksa\ ;g iz'u vkt Hkh mlh izdkj Toyar gS ;|fi mÙkj gS] ij larq"Vdjus okyk ughaA dkj.k pkgs vkfFkZd nqcZyrk gks ;k ekufld dkseyrk o HkkoukRedtqM+ko fLFkfr fopkj.kh; gSA

v[+kckjksa es izfrfnu Nirh cykRdkj o nSfgd 'kks"k.k dh [+kcj fj'rksa o mezesa Hkys ifjofrZr gks tk;] ijUrq ewy esa ogh iz'u pedrk fn[krk gSA ukjh f'k{kk ocky&fookg mUewyu dkuwu Hkys cuk gks ij fLFkfr;k¡ mls eqg¡ fp<+krh yxrh gSaA ?kjsyw fgalkes ekeyksa dks vkilh ekeyk dg dj Vky fn;k tkrk gSA ifr ifrr gksdj Hkh iwT; cusjgus dh lkekftd o dkuwuh ftí djrk vkSj thr Hkh tkrk gSA fiNys o"kZ ?kjsyw fgalkfujks/ dkuwu ikfjr gqvkA bls efgyk laxBuksa o dkuwuosÙkkvksa dh nl o"kZ dh esgur dkurhtk ekuk x;kA 1979 esa efgykvksa ds lkFk gks jgs HksnHkko ds f[kykiQ lEesyu gqvk*lh bZ Mh MCy;w tgk¡ 1170 ns'kksa us gLrk{kj fd, vkSj 14 o"kZ ckn efgyk ij gks jghfgalk dks ekuokf/dkj guu dk nt+kZ feykA fo;suk esa 1993 esa la;qDr jk"Vª ds vUrxZrekuokf/dkj lEesyu gqvkA chftax lEesyu ls vkSj vk'kk txhA 1992 esa Hkkjr esa dk;Zjr

16GYAN PRABHA KKku izHkkApril to June-09 vizSy ls twu&09

yk;lZ dysfDVo us ?kjsyw fgalk fujks/d fo/s;d dk etewu rS;kj fd;kA reke jktuSfrdmBk&iVd ds ckn ;g fo/s;d dkuwu cukA larks"ktud ckr ;g Fkh fd blesa fliQZ iRuhugha] oju~ lkFk jg jgh ;k ifjokj dh gj L=kh lfEefyr gSA nwljs fliQZ 'kkjhfjd fgalkdks fgalk ugha ekuk x;k] ekufld o 'kkfCnd izrkM+uk Hkh fgalk ds vUrxZr yk;h x;hArhljk igyw ;g fd mls ckr&ckr esa ?kj ls fudkyus dh /edh u firk o HkkbZ ns ldrsgSa u ifrA ;g rks dkxt+h i{k gS] ijUrq bldk O;ogkfjd igyw rHkh iQynk;h gksxk tcdkuwu ds j[kokys rFkk lekt ds yksx lkFk nsaA ge lc tkurs gSa fd L=kh llqjky esa ejtkuk blhfy, ilUn djrh gS D;ksafd lekt esa fonzksg djus okyh L=kh [kjkc vkSjr dsuke ls tkuh tkrh gSA vdsyh L=kh ekuks [kqyk vkea=k.k gks] bl izdkj ns[kh tkrh gSA geuSfrd ewY;ksa dh nqgkbZ nsrs gSa] ijUrq vius ifjokj dh cfPp;ksa dk nSfgd 'kks"k.k vuns[kkdj tkrs gSaA rkRi;Z ;g fd dkuwu rHkh enn dj ldrk gS tc mfpr ekgkSy Hkh gksAefgyk ds izfr lgh ut+fj;k Hkh gksA

ukjh foe'kZ orZeku le; esa fdukjs f[kaph xbZ js[kk ek=k ugha jg x;k gS] upeRdkjh Lyksxu] u egt ljdkjh [kkuk&iwfrZA ;g viuh 'kfDr o lhek igpku pqdhykecUn fL=k;ksa dh tax gS] ftldk mís'; lekt dks csgrj cukuk gSA og ek¡ cudj viusiq=k dks fliQZ enZ ugha laosnu'khy euq"; cuk jgh gSA og iq:"k dh ekufldrk dks tksdqafBr gksdj T;knk fgalk djrk gS] le>rh gSA ,d rjiQ og iq#"k dh ckrksa dkslgkuqHkwfriw.kZ rjhds ls lqurh gS nwljh rjiQ *ukjh&ukjh dh 'k=kq* dh mldh ekufldrkdk [kaMu Hkh djrh gSA mls viuh Hkwfedk ls badkj ughaA og ekr`Ro ds xkSjo ls badkjugha djrh ijUrq ;g t+:j pkgrh gS fd lUrkuksRifÙk esa vleFkZ gksus ij mls izrkfM+ru fd;k tk;sA og viuk ?kj rksM+uk ugha pkgrh ijUrq ;g pkgrh gS fd mldh VwVh&iQwVhnhokjksa dh ejEer vo'; dh tk;sA L=kh f'k{kk ds cy ij vkfFkZd gh ugha ekufld :ils Hkh Lora=k gSA og dsoy cy iz;ksx ls ugha rdZ o izse ls thrh tk ldrh gSA mls iq#"kls ugha mlds nksgjs ekun.M ls ui+Qjr gSA og tcjnLrh lrh&lkfo=kh ugha cu ldrh ijviuk Kku gksus ij Lo;a cu ldrh gSA vr% ml ij O;FkZ igjs u yxkdj mlds fu.kZ;dk lEeku gksuk pkfg,A

og vius fgLls dk le>kSrk djus ls fgpdrh ughaA vc ckjh iq#"k dh gS fdos vius Hkhrj ds dksey Hkkoksa dks lkeus yk,A mEehn dh fdj.k rks fn[krh gh gS&

;s dkSu >k¡drk gS] fdokM+ksa dh vksV lscÙkh cq>k ds ns[k] lcsjk u gks dghaA

gesa ;g u dguk gks fd *vkSjr dks le>us ds fy, tUe ysuk gksxk vkSjr dk*L=kh&iq:"k dk lq[k&nq%[k lk>k gks rHkh dY;k.kdkjh lekt dh LFkkiuk gks ldsxhA


L=kh eqfDr ds HkkSfrd midj.k

vkt+kn vkRek,¡ vktkn 'kjhjksa esa gh jgrh gSaA vr% L=kh eqfDr dk d[kx;g gS fd fL=k;ksa dh mu HkkSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks cnyk tk, tks mudhpsruk dks lhfer djrh gSaA

dey fd'kksj

L=kh eqfDr ij ftl rjg dk ys[ku gekjs ;gk¡ T;knkrj ns[kus esa vk jgk gS]mlls ;g >yd feyrh gS fd iq#"kksa }kjk 'kks"k.k gh fL=k;ksa dh ,dek=k leL;k gSA ;gleL;k bruh Li"V gS] fiQj Hkh vk'p;Z dh ckr ;g gS fd bls gtkjksa rjg ls fy[kk tkrkgS vkSj Fkhe dh uohurk ges'kk cuh jgrh gSA bldk ,d dkj.k 'kk;n ;g gS fd L=khiq#"k ds laca/ pkgs ftrus cnyrs jgs gksa] muds cqfu;knh pfj=k esa dksbZ iQdZ ugha vkrkAysfdu L=kh eqfDr ds iz'u D;k nqfu;k Hkj esa ,d tSls gSa\ ;k] fofHkUu lektksa esa L=kh eqfDrds vkSt+kj vyx&vyx gksaxs\ ns'k dh 90 izfr'kr fL=k;ksa dks viuh eqfDr ds fy, ftuvkSt+kjksa dh t:jr gS] ;s vkSt+kj os ugha gSa tks eè;oxhZ; fL=k;ksa dh Hkk"kk dks vk/qfudrFkk mÙkj vk/qfud cukrs gSa] ftlds fcuk if'peh ns'kksa esa gksus okys lsfeukjksa dk fuea=k.ki=k izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

vktdy rqylh nkl dks izfrfdz;koknh dfo ekuk tkus yxk gS] ij mUgksaus lrhvulw;k ds eq¡g ls dgyok;k gS fd fo/krk us L=kh dks irk ugha fdl rjg jpk gS fdlius esa Hkh mls lq[k ugha gSA lhrk us] ftlls ;s iafDr;k¡ dgh x;h gSa] vius futh vuqHkols fu'p; gh bl lR; dks igpkuk gksxkA muds lq[k ds ,dek=k fnu os Fks tc tudnqykjh ds :i esa mUgksaus viuh 'kq#vkrh vBkjg&chl lky fcrk;s FksA ckn esa rks fujkykds 'kCnksa esa nq[k gh thou dh dFkk jgh*A iz'u mBrk gS fd fujkyk ds nq[k esa vkSj lhrkds nq[k esa D;k dksbZ lkE; gS\ fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds nq[kksa dk Bhd&Bhd vuqeku ugha yxk;ktk ldrkA ysfdu ^ljkst Le`fr* dh iwjh Fkhe dk lkjka'k ;gh izrhr gksrk gS & ^/U;s]eSa firk fujFkZd Fkk] dqN Hkh rsjk fgr dj u ldkA* fu'p; gh fujkyk ds thou esa vkSjHkh osnuk,¡ Fkh] ij csVh ljkst ds lanHkZ esa fujkyk dk HkkSfrd nSU; gh izdV gqvk gSA fujkykvius O;fDrRo ds cy ij vius HkkSfrd vHkkoksa dh ekj ls ikj ik ldrs Fks] ij csVhds nSU; dk os D;k djrs ftlds nq[k mUgsa yxkrkj lkyrs jgsA lhrk ds izkd`frd ekrkfirk ds ckjs esa dksbZ lwpuk ugha feyrhA bruk fuf'pr gS fd os ,d jktk ds ?kj esa iyhc<+ha] ,d jktdqekj ls C;kgh x;ha vkSj vius pØorhZ ifr }kjk xHkkZoLFkk esa ifjR;DrgqbZaA blh rjg] nzkSinh us Hkh jkt ifjokj esa tUe ysus ds ckotwn de nq[k ugha >sykA bldk


lans'k ;gh gS fd laiUu ifjokj dh gksus ls gh L=kh dks nq[k ls eqfDr ugha fey tkrhA ogijk/hu gS vkSj ijk/hu gh jgrh gSA ysfdu vxj og xjhc dh csVh vkSj xjhc dh ghtks: gks] rc\ rc D;k mldk nq[k nqxquk&frxquk ugha gks tkrk\

Hkkjr ds ukjhokfn;ksa ij ;g vkjksi yxk;k tkrk gS fd os L=kh eqfDr dh if'pehvo/kj.kkvksa ls dqN T;knk gh izHkkfor gSaaA bl vkjksi ds ihNs izeq[k ckr ;g gksrh gSfd if'pe dh fL=k;ksa dks O;fDrxr thou dh tks Lok/hurk,¡ pkfg,] Hkkjr dh fL=k;ksadh mudh t:jr ugha gSA blls Hkh vkxs] os Lok/hurk,¡ ;gk¡ miyC/ djk nh tk;sa] rksHkkjr dh fL=k;k¡ fcxM+ tk;saxhA lekt esa vjktdrk iQSy tk;sxhA ifjokj u"V gks tk;sxkAHkkjrokfn;ksa dh ;g vk'kadk ftruh Mjkouh yxrh gS] oLrqr% mruh gS ughaA ,dvkrkrk;h] ysfdu vuq'kkflr ikfjokfjd vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk dh rqyuk esa ckgjhfu;a=k.k ls eqDr vkSj Lora=k O;oLFkk ges'kk csgrj gksrh gS& blds rRdkfyd urhts tksHkh fudyrs gksaA Li"V gS fd bl dksfV ds Hkkjroklh iq#"k dh vktknh ls ugha] L=kh dhvktknh ls Mjrs gSaA ;gk¡ ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd L=kh dh vktknh ls Mj if'peh lektksaesa Hkh de ugha jgk gSA bu lektksa esa L=kh la?k"kZ dk bfrgkl yky dkyhu ls gksdj ughaxqtjk gSA ,d&,d lqfo/k ds fy, n'kdksa vkSj 'krkfCn;ksa rd la?k"kZ djuk iM+k gS] tSlserkf/dkjA bl n`f"V ls Hkkjr dh fL=k;k¡ fdLer okyh gS fd ftu vf/dkjksa ds fy,if'pe dh fL=k;ksa dks dk¡Vksa Hkjs jkLrs ij yack la?k"kZ djuk iM+k gS] os vf/dkj mUgsavklkuh ls fey x;s gSaA cs'kd vHkh rks ;s dkxt ij gh gSa ysfdu dkxt ij gSa] blfy,cgqr lh fL=k;k¡ budk mi;ksx Hkh dj ik jgh gSaaA tks bu vf/dkjksa dk mi;ksx djus dhfLFkfr esa vkt ughsa gSa] mudh n'kk ges'kk ,slh ugha jgsxhA feBkbZ gS] rks mls [kkus dkizyksHku Hkh gksxkA

ftl rF; dh vksj Hkkjrokfl;ksa dk è;ku ugha tkrk vkSj ftldh ppkZ Hkkjresa gksus okys ukjhoknh fparu ls Hkh unkjn jgrh gS] og ;g gS fd Hkkjr dh T;knkrj fL=k;ksadks igys laca/ksa esa eqfDr pkfg, ;k mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls eqfDr pkfg, tks muds le;]mudh Je'kfDr vkSj mudh ÅtkZ dks bl rjg fupksM+ ysrh gSa fd mUgsa xSj&HkkSfrd phtksads ckjs esa lkspus dk ekSdk gh ugha feyrkA Lora=krk dksbZ gokbZ pht ugha gSA Lora=krkdh Hkkouk jgrh gekjs eu esa gh gS] ij mldk mi;ksx ftu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gksrk gS] oseq[;r% HkkSfrd gSaA tks L=kh jkst vBkjg ?kaVs dke djus dks ckè; gS] mlls ;g mEehndSls dh tk ldrh gS fd og thou ds mu igyqvksa ij è;ku ns ldsxh ftudk laca/vfLrRo dh cqfu;knh lkFkZdrkvksa ls gS\ lH;rk ds fodkl dk laca/ iQqjlr ls gSA bldk


eryc ;g ugha gS fd ftuds ikl iQqjlr ugha gS] os vlH; gksrs gSaA ysfdu mUgsai<+us&fy[kus] lkspus fopkjus vkSj feyus tqyus dh iQqjlr gks tk;s] rks os vkSj T;knk lH;gks ldrs gSaA fopkj.kh; gS fd L=kh eqfDr ds iz'uksa ij D;k os efgyk,¡ gh T;knk fopkjugha dj jgh gSa] ftuds ikl blds fy, i;kZIr le; gS\ ;fn mUgsa iwjs ?kj ds fy, nksckj [kkuk cukuk iM+s] ifjokj ds lHkh lnL;ksa ds diM+s lkiQ djus iM+sa] >kM+w&iksaNk djukiM+s vkSj dq,¡ ;k uy ls ikuh ykuk iM+s] rks lekt dks mudk jpukRed ;ksxnku fdrukjg tk;sxk\

,slh efgyk,¡ pw¡fd Lo;a Je ugha djrha] 'kk;n blhfy, os Jfed oxZ dhfL=k;ksa dh eu vkSj 'kjhj dks rksM+ nsus okyh Je&fLFkfr;ksa dh dYiuk rdugha dj ikrhaA ,sls esa ;g vLokHkkfod ugha gS fd os ukjh eqfDr ds ,slseqís mBkrh gSa] tks ns'k dh lkekU; vkSjrksa ds ân; esa luluh iSnk ugha djikrsA ;s eqís csdkj gjfxt+ ugha gSaA ysfdu bUgsa egkuxjksa dh lhekvksa lsckgj xzkgd rHkh fey ldsaxs tc mu xzkgdksa ds ikl i;kZIr le; gksxkAblfy, L=kh iq#"k dh cjkcjh dk eqík mBkus okyksa dks ;g ;kn fnykukt:jh yxrk gS fd L=kh&L=kh dh cjkcjh Hkh mruk gh egRoiw.kZ eqík gSA

Hkkjr dh cgqla[; fL=k;ksa ds fy, ukjh eqfDr dk vFkZ D;k gS\ eSa pkj phtksadk mYys[k djuk pkgq¡xk % (1) ?kj esa uy dk ikuh] (2) jlksbZ xSl (3) okWf'kax e'khuvkSj (4) jsfizQtjsVjA ;s pkjksa phtsa L=kh ds thou dks vklku cukrh gSaA mls iQkyrw Jels eqDr djrh gSaA mlds thou esa iQqjlr ys vkrh gSaA mlds Hkhrj vkRefo'okl HkjrhgSaA vkt ftl L=kh ds ikl buesa ls dksbZ ,d Hkh lqfo/k ugha gS] mldh Lora=krk okafNrLrj ls de gSA eksVjxkM+h] ia[ks] Vsyhfotu vkfn dks vki foykflrk dh Js.kh esa j[k ldrsgSaA buds fcuk vkneh dk dke py ldrk gSA ysfdu uy] xSl] diM+s /ksus dh e'khuvkSj fizQt ds cxSj vkt dh L=kh dk thou v/wjk gSA

xjhc ifjokjksa dh fL=k;ksa ds nSufnu thou ij ,d ut+j Mkyus ls gh ;g Li"Vgks tk;sxk fd mudk fdruk le; ikuh dk bart+ke djus] dks;ys ;k ydM+h dh vk¡pij [kkuk cukus vkSj diM+s /ksus esa u"V gks tkrk gSA bu dkeksa esa fliQZ le; gh ugha yxrk]ÅtkZ Hkh [kpZ gksrh gSA iQyLo:i ,slh gj L=kh dks ges'kk ;g yxrk jgrk gS fd djusdks dkiQh dke iM+k gSA mlds ikl le; ugha gSA ysfdu ekeyk bruk gh ugha gSA pw¡fd;s lkjs dke egRoghu ekus tkrs gSa] budk ewY; ugha vk¡dk tkrk] bu dkeksa dks djus


okys dks ghu le>k tkrk gS] blfy, ifjokj esa & vkSj iQyr% lekt esa & Jfed fL=k;ksadh gSfl;r fxjh gqbZ jgrh gSA tkfr O;oLFkk ds <k¡ps esa tks LFkku 'kwnz dk gS] ifjokj esaogh LFkku L=kh dks feyrk gSA og ?kj dh nklh gSA mldk viuk dksbZ otwn ugha jg tkrkAog vius fy, ugha] nwljksa ds fy, thrh gSA ^fcu ?kjuh ?kj Hkwr dk Msjk* dh dgkor,d ugha] dbZ vFkksZa esa lp gSA

bl flyflys esa flaxj e'khu ds vkfo"dkj dh dgkuh dks ;kn djuk mi;ksxhgks ldrk gSA vkt diM+k flyus dh e'khusa dbZ ukeksa ls vkrh gSaA ysfdu dqN le; igysrd flaxj daiuh bl {ks=k esa vdsyh FkhA ;gk¡ rd fd flykbZ dh fdlh Hkh e'khu dksflaxj e'khu dgus dh izFkk gS] tSls gekjs ;gk¡ fdlh Hkh fMVjtsaV ikmMj dks liZQ dgnsrs gSaA flaxj daiuh dk uke flaxj uke ds egk'k; ij iM+k gSA ;s la;qDr jkT; vesfjdkds jgus okys FksA 'kq: ls gh e'khuksa esa #fp FkhA tc mUgksaus ns[kk fd diM+s flyus esa mudhiRuh ds gkFk nq[k tkrs gSa] dHkh&dHkh lqbZ xM+ tkrh gS vkSj [kwu Vidus yxrk gS] rksmUgksaus diM+s lhus dh e'khu cuk MkyhA ;g e'khu O;olkf;d :i ls cgqr liQy gqbZvkSj ns[krs gh ns[krs if'peh nqfu;k esa Nk x;h] ysfdu blds vkfo"dkj dk izsj.kk lzksrD;k Fkk\ ,d ifr dk viuh iRuh ls yxkoA dgus dh t:jr ugha fd flykbZ e'khuus flaxj egk'k; dh iRuh dks ,d egRoiw.kZ vFkZ esa eqDr fd;kA

Hkkjr dh djksM+ksa&djksM+ fL=k;ksa dks ,slh eqfDr dh vtsZ.V t:jr gSA

îq#"k&iz/ku lekt* dh f'kdk;r dk jVar yxkus okyh fL=k;ksa ls fuosnugS fd muds ,tsaMk esa igyk LFkku fL=k;ksa dks os HkkSfrd lalk/u fnykus dkgksuk pkfg, ftuls mudk thou vklku curk gS] muds le; vkSj ÅtkZdh cpr gksrh gS vkSj muesa vkRe fo'okl vkrk gSA

iq#"k dh ekufldrk cnyuk vklku ugha gSA ifjokj ds <k¡ps esa yksdra=k ys vkuk vkSjHkh dfBu gSA vius 'kjhj vkSj dks[k ij L=kh dk viuk vf/dkj gks] ;g ckr euokusesa dkiQh le; yxsxkA ysfdu HkkSfrd fLFkfr;ksa dks rks cnyk gh tk ldrk gSA gj L=khds ikl xSl dk pwYgk gksuk pkfg,] gkFk c<+krs gh uy py iM+s vkSj mlls ikuh vkusyxs & ;g lqfo/k gj L=kh dks feyuh pkfg,] ?kj esa ,d NksVk lk fizQt gksuk pkfg, rkfd[kkus dh cjcknh u gks vkSj ,d csyk dh lCth nwljs csyk esa dke esa yk;h tk lds &;s ,slh ek¡xsa gSa tks iwjh gks tk;sa rks blls iq#"k lekt dk Hkh iQk;nk gksxkA ;kuh L=khoknhfopkjdksa] ys[kdksa] dk;Zdrkvksa vkSj laxBuksa ls ;s ek¡xsa dh tk;sa] rks mUgsa iqq#"k oxZ dkHkh leFkZu fey ldrk gSA vkf[kj dkSu iq#"k ugha pkgsxk fd mldk lkeuk ,d chekj


lh] Fkdh gqbZ vkSj ÅtkZ jfgr L=kh dh ctk; LoLFk] ÅtkZoku vkSj LiQwfrZe; L=kh ls gks\bl ek¡x ls Hkkjr esa L=kh ,drk ftruh etcwr gks ldrh gS] mruh vkSj fdlh ek¡x lsughaA rc xk¡o dh vui<+ fL=k;k¡ Hkh lkspsaxh fd gekjh i<+h&fy[kh cguksa ds LoIu esa gekjsfy, Hkh txg gSA bldh rqyuk bl ek¡x ls djds nsf[k, fd laln vkSj fo/ku lHkkvksaesa fL=k;ksa ds fy, ,d&frgkbZ txg vkjf{kr gksuh pkfg,] rks rqjar irk py tk,xk fdgekjh izcq¼ fL=k;k¡ Hkkjr ds lkekU; ;FkkFkZ ls fdruh nwj [kM+h gSaA fuosnu gS fd,d&frgkbZ rks D;k] mlls T;knk LFkku gekjh fL=k;k¡ vkxs c<+ dj [kqn ys ysaxh & vkiigys mUgsa fnu&jkr dh vuko';d e'kDdr ls eqDr rks djkb,A

;gk¡ tks izfrikfnr djus dh dksf'k'k dh tk jgh gS] mlds ckjs esa ;g lkspktk ldrk gS fd ;g ukjh vkanksyu dks HkVdkus dh dksf'k'k gSA L=kh eqfDr ds ;s pkj vkStkj& uy dk ty] jlksbZ xSl] okWf'kax e'khu vkSj fizQt & Hkkjr dh lHkh fL=k;ksa dks miyC/djkus esa lkS lky Hkh yx ldrs gSaA tc rd ukS eu rsy u gks] rc rd jk/k viuk ukpukD;k LFkfxr j[ks\ lp rks ;g gS fd viuh reke foiUurk esa Hkh ,slh fL=k;k¡ gks ldrhgSa tks fdlh dh xqykeh djus ds fy, jkt+h ugha gSa vkSj viuh ftanxh vius <ax ls thusds fy, izfrc¼ gSaA geesa ls gj,d dh eqykdkr ,slh L=kh ls gqbZ gksxhA ;g fn[kkrk gSfd vkneh dh vkRek HkkSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh canh ugha gSA eu 'kjhj ls T;knk 'kfDr'kkyhgksrk gSA ysfdu ;g {kerk ,d vlkekU; miyfC/ gSA ftuds ikl ;g {kerk gS] os lHkhdh c/kbZ ds ik=k gSaA ysfdu lkekU; O;fDr;ksa ls bldh mEehn ugha dh tk ldrhA mUgsablds fy, cjkcj mn~cq¼ fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd os tgk¡ gSa tSls gSa* mlh ifjos'k esa viusgdksa ds fy, la?k"kZ djsa vkSj iq#"koknh O;oLFkk ds Lrj ij HkhA ysfdu ns'k es nfjnzrk dktSlk iQSyko gS vkSj bl nfjnzrk ds lw=k ftl rjg iwjh O;oLFkk ls tqM+s gq, gSa] mls ns[krsgq, ;g fnok&LoIu gh gS fd dksYgw ds cSy dh rjg fu/kZfjr ?ksjs esa yxkrkj Je djrsjgus okyh fL=k;k¡ mu vU;k;ksa ls la?k"kZ djuk rks NksfM+, & mUgsa lanHkZ ds lkFk gh le>ldsaxh ftudk f'kdkj fliZQ blfy, gksuk iM+ jgk gS fd mudk tUe L=kh ds :i esa gqvkgSA blds fy, igyh 'krZ ;g gS fd mu HkkSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks cnyk tk;s tks L=kh psrukdks ifjfer djrh gSaA vHkh ukjhokn ds T;knkrj Loj L=kh&iq#"k laca/ dks iquiZfjHkkf"krdjus ij yxs gq, gSaA ;g dke pyrs jguk pkfg,A ysfdu Hkkjrh; L=kh vkSj Hkkjrh; iq#"kds HkkSfrd ifjos'k dks Hkh iquiZfjHkkf"kr djuk gksxk] rkfd laca/ksa ds u;s vkSj lH;rj :iO;kid rFkk fVdkÅ gks ldsaA

vktkn vkRek,¡ vktkn 'kjhjksa esa gh jgrh gSaA


ukjh eqfDr ;k ukjh l'kfDrdj.k

fd'kksj vxzoky

ekuo ds eu vkSj efLr"kd esa eqfDr dh dkeuk ;k eqDr gksus dh pkg rHkhtUe ysrh gS tc og Lo;a dks ca/uks esa ca/k gqvk vuqHko djrk gSA ;wa rks vkè;kfRedn`f"V ls ;fn ns[kk tk, rks euq"; tUe ysrs gh lkalkfjd ca/uksa esa ca/ tkrk gS rFkk iwjsthou bUgh lkalkfjd ca/uksa rFkk eksgek;k ds tky esa iQalk jgrk gS vkSj cM+s cM+s Kkuhlar] egkRek e`R;q ds i'pkr eqfDr vFkok eks{k dh dkeuk bZ'oj ls djrs gSaA ;fnHkkSfrdoknh n`f"V ls vke vkneh dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tk, rks Hkh euq"; iSnk gksrs gh vusdizdkj ds lkekftd ca/uksa o jhfr fjokt+ks ls f?kj tkrk gSA lekt esa vusd izdkj ds fj'rs]fu;e] tkfr o dkuwu O;fDr dks cka/s j[krs gSaA fdlh Hkh lH; lekt ;k ns'k ds viusdkuwu o fu;e gksrs gSa rFkk ml ns'k ;k lekt ds yksx mUgsa lgtrk ls Lohdkj dj ysrsgSaA dksbZ Hkh iq#"k ;k efgyk bu ca/uksa ls eqDr ugha gksrkA tgk¡ ij ukjh ,d csVh] cgu]iRuh] izsfedk ;k ek¡ ds :i esa lekt esa fofHkUu fj'rksa esa ca/dj R;kx] eerk] izse]okRlY; rFkk leiZ.k tSlh ifo=k ekuoh; Hkkoukvksa ds o'khHkwr gksdj LokfHkd :i lsviuk thou lgtrk ds lkFk O;rhr djrh gS rFkk ukjh gksus ij xoZ vuqHko djrh gSogha ij iq#"k Hkh ,d iq=k] HkkbZ] izseh] ifr o firk ds :i esa vius iq:"kksfpr LoHkkods dkj.k viuh iRuh rFkk iwjs ifjokj dk ikyu djrs gq, mls lqj{kk iznku djrk gSAHkkjrh; lekt esa iq#"k o L=kh x`gLFkh dh xkM+h ds nks ifg;s ekus tkrs gSaA nksuksa ,d nwljsds iwjd o ,d nwljs ds vU;ksU;kfJr gksrs gSaA ,d nwljs ds fcuk thou viw.kZ ekuk tkrkgSA iq:"k ;fn vkdk'k gS rk L=kh /jrhA nksuksa esa ls fdlh ,d ds fcuk l`f"V dh dYiukgh csdkj gSA vf/dka'k liQy iq:"kksa ds ihNs fdlh ukjh dk gkFk gksrk gS vkSj bls osLohdkj Hkh djrs gSaA Hkkjrh; ifjos'k esa lekt esa izR;sd fj'rs dh ,d e;kZnk] ,d xfjek],d mi;ksfxrk gksrh gS ftls O;fDr lgtrk ls fcuk ckg~; ncko ds Lor% gh fuokZg djrkgSA bu fj'rksa ds fuoZgu dh izfdz;k esa dgha Hkh O;fDr Lo;a dks ca/uks esa tdM+k etcwj;k foo'k vuqHko ugh djrk gSA

vk/qfud lekt esa ukjh eqfDr ;k ukjh l'kfDrdj.k dh tks vo/kj.kk izLrqrdh tkrh gS mls xgjkbZ ls ns[kus dh vko';drk gSA ljljh rkSj ij ns[kus esa nksuks vo/kj.kk;sa ,d tSlh izrhr gksrh gSa fdUrq lw{erk ls fujh{k.k djus ij vUrj Li"V fn[kkbZnsrk gSA orZeku le; esa ukjh eqfDr dh ckr T;knk izkalfxd ugha yxrh gSA gk¡ ukjhl'kfDrdj.k dh ckr ;k mlds fy, fd;s tk jgsa iz;kl T+;knk mfpr] mi;ksxh o lkFkZd


gks ldrs gSaA eè; dky vkSj orZeku dky esa ukjh dh lkekftd vkfFkZd o jktuSfrdifjfLFkr;ksa es cgqr vUrj vk pqdk gSA

ukjh l'kfDrdj.k ds lanHkZ esa eè; ;qx rFkk vk/qfud ;qx dh ekufldrk esacgqr vUrj gSA ukjh eqfDr ds lEcU/ esa vk/qfud efgykvksa dh lksp rhu izdkj dhfn[kkbZ nsrh gS & efgykvksa esa ,d oxZ fo'kq¼ uSfrdoknh <ax ls thus esa fo'okl djrkgS mls] viuh lkekftd ifjfLFkfr ls dksbZ vlarks"k ugha gS u gh og vius dks fdlh cU/u esa vuqHko djrk gS vr% bl oxZ dks eqfDr dh dksbZ vko';drk ;k pkg izrhr ughagksrhA

nwljk oxZ ,slh efgykvksa dk gS tks ?kj ifjokj dh pkjnhokjh dks yka?k dj viusiSjksa ij [kM+k gksdj vkRefuHkZj cu dj vius Lo;a ds cy ij liQyrk ds f{kfrt dksNwus dks rS;kj gSa ysfdu ;g oxZ Hkh vius ifjtuksa ds lg;ksx ls viuh lH;rk o laLd`frds nk;js esa jgdj lkekftd fu;eksa ds vUrxZr gh vkxs c<+us es fo'okl j[krk gSA rhljkoxZ ,slh efgykvksa dk gS tks lHkh fu;eksa] ijEijkvksa rFkk jhfr fjokt+ks dks /rk crkrs gq,iwjh rjg ls LoPNan thou xqt+kjus esa fo'okl j[krh gSa rFkk ;g oxZ iq#"k dks lg;ksxhu ekudj izfr}anh ds :i es ns[krk gSA bl oxZ dh efgyk;sa vk/qfud cudj lHkh fu;eo dkuwu [+kqn cukuk pkgrh gSa rFkk O;fDrxr thou esa viuh LorU=krk esa fdlh dkgLr{ksi lgu ugha djrh gSaA ;s viuh nSfgd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dks viuk LorU=kvf/dkj ekurh gSa vkSj lkekftd vkfFkZd o jktuSfrd :i ls Hkh Lo;a fu.kZ; ysuk pkgrhgSa vkSj iq:"kksa ij fuHkZj ugha jgrhaA

Hkkjr esa ukjh eqfDr dk eqík dksbZ u;k ugha gSA izkphu Hkkjr esa vusd :f<+;ka]ijEijk;sa] dqizFkk;sa o va/fo'okl izpfyr Fks ftUgksus ukjh dks tdM+ j[kk Fkk rFkk mldkmRihM+u gksrk FkkA lekt esa lrh izFkk] cky fookg] inkZ izFkk] ukjh dks gs; le>k tkuk]f'k{kk dk vf/dkj u gksuk ,slh dqfRlr :f<+;ka izpfyr Fkh ftUgksus ukjh dk thouukjdh; cuk j[kk FkkA rRdkyhu egkiq:"kksa o lekt lq/kjdksa us bu dqjhfr;ksa ds f[kykiQlekt esa vusd vkanksyu fd,s] lekt dk fojks/ lgu fd;k fdUrq bUgsa lekIr djus esaliQyrk vftZr dhA Lokeh foosdkUn] jktk jkeeksgu jk;] bZ'ojpUn fo|klkxj] Lokehn;kuUn ljLorh] T;ksfrck iQwys] lkfo=kh ckbZ] jekckbZ vkfn us fL=k;ksa dh n'kk lq/kjus] mUgsalekt esa iq:"kksa ds cjkcj LFkku fnykus] f'k{kk dk vf/dkj fnykus] fo/ok fookg djkus]lrh izFkk dk vUr djus] cky fookg ij jksd yxkus rFkk lEifÙk esa efgykvksa dks vf/dkj fnykus ds fy, tks la?k"kZ vkSj vkanksyu fd;s mUgsa eqfDr vkanksyu dguk mfpr gksxkA

xkSrecq¼ us vius vkJe esa izFke ckj efgykvksa dks izos'k fn;kA osn&dky esaftl lekt esa vxLr] of'k’ rFkk fo'okfe=k vkfn ½f"k jgrs Fks mlh lekt esa yksikeqnzk


vius oS;fDrd fopkjksa ds fy, tkuh xbZA ?kks"kk] lw;kZ] fo'orkjk vkfn efgyk ½f"k;ksa usosn ea=kksa dh jpuk dhA mifu"kn dky esa xkxhZ] eS=ks;h] vikyk vkfn 17 ½f"k;ksa usvkSifu"kfnd foe'kZ esa Hkkx fy;kA ckS¼dky esa 'kadjkpk;Z dks Hkkjrh us ijkLr fd;kAHkfDrdky esa ehjk ds :i esa L=kh us iq#"k oxZ ij izgkj fd;kA dgk tk ldrk gS fdL=kh eqfDr dh og izFke gqadkj FkhA

egkRek xk¡/h us LorU=krk vkanksyu esa fL=k;ksa dks ?kj dh pkjnhokjh ls ckgjfudkydj ns'k dh Lok/hurk laxzke ls tksM+k vkSj vkt+knh ds vkanksyu esa Hkkx ysus dsfy, izsfjr fd;kA ;g ,d izdkj ls ?kj ifjokj vkSj lekt dh nfd;kuwlh ijEijkvksa dsf[kykiQ jktuSfrd eqfDr dh 'kq:vkr FkhA dLrwjck xk¡/h] ljksftuh uk;Mw] deyk usg:]y{eh lgxy tSlh vusd efgyk;sa bldh felky gSaA bfrgkl esa vusdks ckj efgykvksaus jkt'kkgh esa vkxs c<+dj iq:"kksa ds opZLo dks pqukSrh nsdj Lo;a dks Js’ fl¼ fd;kgSA

lkfgR; esa Hkh efgykvksa dks LorU=krk iznku dh xbZA ;s efgyk;sa ckSf¼dlkekftd rFkk oSpkfjd Lrj ij u dsoy iq:"kksa ls cgl ;k fopkj foe'kZ djrh Fkha vfirqLorU=k :i ls reke ijEijkxr :f<+;ksa ds f[kykiQ tkdj fu.kZ; Hkh djrh FkhaA caxkyesa johUnz ukFk VSxksj }kjk jfpr xhrkatyh ds xhrksa ij Loj lk/us o u`R; djus dh 'kq:vkrefgykvksa us dhA caxyk lkfgR; esa 'kjr~pUnz pêðksikè;k;] JhdkUr o vk'kkiw.kZ nsoh usdeyk o y{eh dks [kM+k fd;k ogha ij mnwZ esa bLer pqxrkbZ vkSj dqrqZy ,u gSnj us ukjhvfLerk dks i`Fkd igpku nhA fgUnh lkfgR; esa Hkxorh pj.k oekZ] tSusUnz] v{ks;] js.kq]izHkk [ksrku] eS=ks;h] rLyhek uljhu vkfn us fp=kys[kk vkSj e`.kky tSlh LoPNanukf;dkvksa dks izLrqr fd;k tks O;fDrxr ,oa nSfgd fu.kZ; Hkh Lo;a ysrh FkhaA Nk;koknh;qx esa jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds lkFk egknsoh oekZ vkSj lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku ds :i esa nks cnysukjh :i feyrs gSaA egknsoh oekZ us [kknh igu xk¡/h n'kZu dks thou esa mrkjk vkSj viusxhrksa esa ;=k r=k jk"Vªh; eqfDr dh ckr dghA lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku dh Hkh jk"Vªh; vkanksyuesa [kqydj Hkkxhnkjh jghA Nk;kokn ds dky esa gh lqfe=kk dqekjh flUgk o rkjk ik.Ms dsuke vkrs gSaA

ukjh l'kfDrdj.k dk eqík Hkkjr esa 1975 ls 'kq: gqvk ekuk tk ldrk gS tccfyZu esa Hkkjrh; ukfj;ksa dk ,d ny izFke fo'oLrjh; efgyk lEesyu esa Hkkx ysus x;kAukjh l'kfDrdj.k D;k gS rFkk bls dSls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS ;s iz'u ,d nwljs ls tqM+sgSa rFkk budks mÙkj Hkh ,d nwljs ls lEc¼ gSaA


ukjh l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, vko';d gS fd ukjh dks vius thou esa iw.kZLorU=krk gks rFkk og Lo;a drkZ gks] og fdlh dh n;k ij fuHkZj u gksdj vkRefuHkZj cus]og fdlh dh nklh] ukSdjkuh vkSj mldh vuqxkfeuh u gks cfYd og iq:"k dh lgHkkfxuhgksA iq#"k o L=kh esa fyax ds vk/kj ij dksbZ HksnHkko u gks] nksuksa ds fy, dk;Z ds voljrFkk dk;Z{ks=k leku gksa] nksuks ds fy, leku dkuwu o leku vf/dkj gksaA iq#"k L=kh ijfgalk dk iz;ksx u dj ldsA

blds fy, fL=k;ksa esa o lekt esa tkx:drk iSnk djuk vko';d gSA ge Hkkjresa if'pe dh udy ugha dj ldrs D;ksafd ogk¡ dk lekt O;fDr dsfUnzr gS rFkk gekjs;gk¡ ifjokj dsfUnzr lekt gSA ;gk¡ ij L=kh Lo;a dks ifjokj o lekt dk ,d vfHkUuvax ekurh gSA vkt Hkkjr esa L=kh iq#"k lekurk cgqr gn rd LFkkfir gks pqdh gSA iwjsns'k esa efgykvksa dks oksV nsus rFkk pquko yM+us dk vf/dkj iq:"kksa ds leku gSA vktdksbZ ,slk {ks=k ugha gS tgk¡ ij efgykvksa us viuk i`Fkd vfLrRo u cuk fy;k gksA

ukjh l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, lcls cM+h pqukSrh ukfj;ksa es bPNk 'kfDr dks txkukgSA blds ckn ukjh] LokLF;] oSpkfjdrk] f'k{kk] vkfFkZd LokyEcu] vkRe fu.kZ;] cgknqjh]lkgl o 'kkS;Z ds xq.kksa dh Lo;eso Lokfeuh cu tk;sxhA

orZeku esa ukjh eqfDr dh ckr djuk T;knk izkalafxd o lkFkZd ugha gSA ukjhl'kfDrdj.k ds fy, iz;kl tkjh jgus pkfg,A lafo/ku esa ukjh iq#"k lekurk ds rFkkukjh mRihM+u dks jksdus ds fy, dkuwu gSa fdUrq dsoy dkuwu cukuk i;kZIr ugha gS] bldsfy, lekt esa tkx:drk ykuk vko';d gSA

Hkkjr fodkl ifj"kn~ iq#"k o L=kh esa dksbZ foHksn ugha djrhA nksuks dks gh ifj"kn~ds lafo/ku esa leku vf/dkj izkIr gSaA L=kh fdlh Hkh in ij pquko yM+dj ml ij dk;Zdj ldrh gSA fdlh Hkh pquko esa Hkkx ysdj ernku dj ldrh gSA fdlh Hkh fo"k; ijLorU=k :i ls fopkj izdV dj ldrh gSA ifj"kn~ esa ukjh dks lEekfur o cjkcjh dk ntkZizkIr gSA izR;sd dk;Z iq#"k o ukjh dU/s ls dU/k feykdj iw.kZ lerkoknh n`f"Vdks.k lsdjrs gSaA

^foKku yksd* cqyUn'kgj (m-iz-)


i;kZoj.k&j{kk esa ukjh dk ;ksxnkuizfrHkk vk;Z

vLR;qÙkjL;ka fnf'k nsokRekfgeky;ks uke uxkf/jkt%A

iwokZijkS rks;fuf/ oxká fLFkr%i`fFkO;k bu ekun.M%AA

& dqekj lEHkoe~

mÙkj fn'kk esa ioZrksa dk egku jktk fgeky; gS tks vius fnO; :i esa i`Fohukiusokys n.M ds leku iwoZ if'peh leqnzksa ds chp fLFkr gSA

vkt xkSjo'kkyh fgeky; dh ckr gks jgh gS] dsoy x<+oky ;k dqek;w¡ dh ugha]lqnwj iwoZ esa v#.kkpy ls ysdj if'pe esa yík[k d'ehj rd iQSys bl foLr`r ioZrekykdh ckr gks jgh gSA fofHkUu izkUrksa esa foHkkftr] fofo/ laLd`fr;ksa dks lesVs] tgk¡ ,d vksjdkek[;k nsoh gS rks nwljh vksj uUnknsoh vkSj oS".koh nsohA cnzhfo'kky gS rks Lo;aHkw vejukFkHkh gSA Hkyk lalkj esa vkSj ,slh dkSu lh ioZrekyk gS tks bruh lkjh fofo/rkvksa dk te?kVgksA bldh fgekPNkfnr ioZr Ja[kyk] lqUnj Å¡ps o`{kksa ls Hkjs ?kus ou] xaxk tSlh ifo=kreunh tks vius vki esa lH;rk dk bfrgkl gSA ou] nqyZHk vkS"kf/;k¡] gjh Hkjh e[keyh ?kklokyh iQwyksa ls Hkjh ?kkfV;k¡ vkSj lqUnj izkd`frd n`';ksa ds chp fLFkr gekjh vkLFkkvksa dsdsUnz rhFkZLFky vkSj lcls c<+dj ;gk¡ dk ljy fdUrq ifjJeh lektA

fgekPNkfnr ioZr Ja`[kykvksa ls uhps mrjdj o`{kksa ds ?kus taxy es?kky; lsysdj d'ehj rd iQSys gq, gSaA igkM+ dk thou bUgha o`{kksa ij fuHkZj gSa ,oa bUgha ds dkj.klqjf{kr gSA vkt muds yxkrkj dVus ds dkj.k ;g thou vlqjf{kr gks pyk gSA Hkkjrh;n'kZu ds ewy esa gekjh laosnu'khyrk izeq[k gSA ouLifr;ksa ds fy, LdUniqjk.k esa ,dvR;Ur lqUnj 'yksd vkrk gS tks gekjs nk'kZfud fpUru] ekufldrk o vkLFkk dh vksjladsr djrk gS&

vk;qcZya ;'kks opZ% iztk olwfu pAczã izKka p es/ka p] Roa uks nsfg ouLirsA

gs ouLirs! eq>s vk;q rst cy lUrfr] i'kq/u] oSfnd Kku] izKk vkSj /kj.kk&'kfDr iznku djsaA ftl ouLifr ls ge bruk dqN ikus dh vkdka{kk j[krs gSa] ogk¡fiQj 'kadk D;ksa gksus yx iM+h gS\ ijUrq fujUrj gks jgs HkwL[kyu us gesa ;g lkspus ij ckè;dj fn;k gS fd dgha&u&dgha xM+cM+ vo'; gS vkSj ;g xM+cM+ gS gekjh ekufldrk esa


vk;k cnykoA izfl¼ i;kZoj.kfon~ Jh tsjkYM M;wjsaM us dgk gS]^^ laj{k.k dk vFkZ gSlEiw.kZ i`Foh dh j{kk] pkgs os o`{k gksa ;k ikS/s i'kq ;k fiQj Loa; ekuo&tc ekuo izd`frdks u"V djrk gS rks mlh 'kk[kk dks dkV jgk gksrk gS ftl ij og Lo;a cSBk gSA**

th gk¡---gesa i;kZoj.k dks ,d fo'kky ifjis{; esa ns[kuk gS---D;ksafd thou dsik¡pksa rRo f{kfr] ty] ikod] xxu vkSj lehj gSaA bUgha iapHkwrksa ls feydj ;g 'kjhjgS vkSj ;g dsoy ekuo ij gh ykxq ugha gksrk---i`Foh dk uUgsa ls uUgk izk.kh] i'kq&i{kh]isM+&ikS/s] eNyh vkfn izkf.kek=k blesa vk tkrs gS ijUrq foKku dh izxfr esa tcls euq";us dsoy viuk lkspuk 'kq: dj fn;k gS mlh fnu ls gekjs i;kZoj.k dk lUrqyu fcxM+x;k gS] gekjh gok fo"kSyh gks xbZ gS] ty iznwf"kr gks x;k gS] i'kq if{k;ksa dh dbZ iztkfr;k¡lekfIr ds dxkj ij gSa vkSj vk'p;Z ugha fd Lo;a ekuo Hkh lekfIr ds dxkj ij vktk,--- nwj D;ksa tk,¡] fgjksf'kek] esa v.kq ce dk foLiQksV o Hkksiky dh xSl&=kklnhvlaosnu'khy oSKkfud izxfr dk gh ,d thrk&tkxrk uewuk gSA ,d vksj oSfnd ;qxhuekuo Fkk tks i`Foh [kksnrs le; dgrk Fkk] ftl i`Foh ij nsork ;K djrs gksa mldks esjs}kjk d"V u igq¡ps&

i`fFkfo nso;tU;k"kè;kLrsewya ek fgafl"ke~AA

& ;tqosZn

vkt ekuo ykyp esa vkdj va/k/qa/ o`{k dkV jgk gS] iQSDVfj;ksa ls fnu jkrfo"kSyh xSlsa] /q¡vk vkSj ty izokfgr gks jgk gSA euq"; rks bruk ykyph gks x;k gS fdv'kq¼ ikuh dks Hkh feujy okVj ds uke ls csp jgk gSA gekjh vkLFkk dk dsUnz gekjsrhFkZLFky i;ZVu LFky cu x, gSaA nwj D;ksa tk,¡] gfj}kj esa vkusokys gtkjksa /uk<~; yksxgSa tks dkj }kjk lIrkgkUr fcrkus vkrs gSa vkSj vius ihNs ikWyhFkhu ds FkSys] [kkus ds [kkyhiSdsV] IykfLVd dh [kkyh cksrysa vkfn xUnxh ds :i esa iQsad tkrs gSaA geus fonsf'k;ksals îQsad nks* & disposable dh laLd`fr viuk yh gSA iz;ksx djks] iQsad nksA gj oLrqvc NksVs&NksVs iSdsV esa fcdus yx xbZa gSA pkgs 'kSEiw] lkcqu] lkSaiQ] uedhu] lqikjh vkfnD;ksa u gks---nqdkunkj Hkh bu NksVs&NksVs iSdsVksa dh jaxhu pednkj >kyj cUnuokj lh ltknsrs gSa vkSj u xyusokys dwM+s&ddZV dh leL;k dks vkSj c<+k nsrs gSaA ukfy;k¡ cUn gks jghgSa vkSj ioZrksa ds lqUnj n`';ksa ds chp iQSys gq,] mM+rs gq, ;s fyiQkiQs] [kkyh cksrysaokrkoj.k dks iznwf"kr dj jgs gSaA lcls igys gesa bl leL;k ij xEHkhjrkiwoZd fopkjdjuk gksxkA xaxks=kh ls ysdj nwjnjkt ds xk¡oksa esa] ioZrksa esa] ?kkfV;ksa es iQSys bl u xyusokysdwM+s dk fuLrkj.k dSls gksxk\ ikWyhFkhu dk jk{kl jDrcht cu x;k gSA bldk vUr dSlsfd;k tk,xk\


ioZrksa esa efgykvksa ds thou dk vk/k Hkkx bZa/u ds fy, ydM+h ,d=k djusesa chr tkrk gS vkSj ihB ij cks> <ksrh ;s efgyk,¡ vle; gh cw<+h gks tkrh gSaA gesa bZa/u dk ,d lqxe o lLrk fodYi [kkstuk gksxkA nwj&njkt ds xk¡oksa esa bZa/u lqyHk djukgksxkA eSa bl ckr ls fcYdqy Hkh lger ugha gw¡ fd ioZrksa esa bZa/u ds fy, taxy dkVstkrs gSaA iryh njkarh ysdj pyus okyh ;g efgyk,¡ muls iryh lw[kh ydfM+;k¡ rks dkVldrh gSa ijUrq taxy ugha--- ;s rks okLro esa taxy ds Bsdsnkjksa }kjk yxk;k x;k xyrbYtke gS tks ipkl isM+ksa dk Bsdk ysdj iwjk&dk&iwjk taxy jkrksa jkr dkV ysrs gSaA ;gk¡LohMu dh vksj è;ku fnykuk pkgw¡xh tgk¡ dkxt dk O;olk; izeq[k gSA ogk¡ isM+ dkVusdk Bsdk feyus ij Bsdsnkj dsoy fuf'pr LFkku ls fuf'pr o`{k gh dkVsxk ijUrq lkFkgh mls nqxus o`{k yxkus dk Hkjkslk fnykuk gksxk vkSj ik¡p o"kZ rd mudh ns[kHkky djuhgksxh vU;Fkk mldk Bsdk fujLr dj fn;k tkrk gS o Hkfo"; ds fy, mls Bsdk ugha feyrkgSA gekjs ;gk¡ Hkh ydM+h ds taxyksa ds fy, dqN fu;e gksus pkfg,A va/k/qa/ o`{kksa dksdkVus dh vuqefr ugha feyuh pkfg,] pkgs ljdkj dks /u dk ykHk D;ksa u gksA eSa^fpidks vkanksyu* ls tqM+h mu lHkh efgykvksa dk Lej.k fnykrs gq, mudk vfHkuUnudjuk pkgw¡xh ftUgksaus o`{kksa ds lkFk fyiVdj vius eeRo Hkjs vk¡py esa mUgsa lesV djmudh j{kk dhA og lpeqp ukjh 'kfDr dk :i gS] og D;k ugha dj ldrh] o`{kksa dkslUrkuor~ ikyus dh ?kVuk vkt dh ugha dfodqy xq: dkfynkl ds le; ls pyh vkjgh gSA 'kdqUryk us uoefYydk dk lUrkuor~ ikyu fd;k FkkA ikoZrh us nsonk# ds o`{kdks iq=k cuk j[kk FkkA ftl ftl ns'k esa rqylh eS;k ds :i esa iwftr jgh] ihiy] cjxn]vke] fcYo] vk¡oyk] v'kksd vkfn o`{kksa dh vyx&vyx :iksa esa iwtk gksrh jgh gSA o`{kdks dkVuk rks ;gk¡ czãgR;k ds cjkcj ekuk tkrk jgkA vfli=k oua ;kfr ouPNsnh o`FkSop*AA lR; ;g gS fd taxyksa dh dVkbZ ds xqukgxkj ,d ugha cgqr gSa vkSj vUnj gh bls?kqu dh rjg [kk jgs gSaA

gekjs ioZrksa dh ,d vkSj leL;k ty dh gSA ;g lquus esa fofp=k yxrk gS]ijUrq ioZrh; {ks=kksa esa ihus ds ikuh ds fy, efgykvksa dks nwj rd tkuk iM+rk gSA bllUnHkZ esa eq>s ikS<+h x<+oky ds Jh ldykuh ;kn vkrs gSa ftUgksaus ikuh ds NksVs&NksVs lzksrksadk ftUgsa LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa ukSyk* dgrs gSa] iRFkjksa dh lgk;rk ls jksd dj ikuh Hk.Mkj.kdk izcU/ fd;k gS vkSj os vius {ks=k esa vklikl ds lHkh ukSyksa dk izokg fu;af=kr djdsfcuk /u O;; fd, vius Je }kjk gh mUgsa Lo;a cukrs o nwljksa dh lgk;rk djrs gSaAty laxzg.k }kjk i'kqvksa o nSfud dk;ksaZ ds fy, ;g ikuh cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ gSA gekjhiq.; lfyyk xaxk&xaxks=kh ls gh iznwf"kr gksus yx xbZ gSA Lokeh riksou dh nks iafDr;k¡ ;knvk jgh gSa tks mUgksusa xaxk ek¡ dh Lrqfr esa dgk gS&

efyua efyua fpÙkeR;Urefyau 'kqHksdqrks u dq:"ks n`f"Va ef; loZeykigke~AA


gs nsoh iq.;kRek! esjk fpÙk vR;Ur efyu gks x;kA rqe viuh n`f"V ls eq>s ifo=kD;ksa ugha dj nsrha\

iq.; lfyyk xaxk eS;k o"kksZa ls gekjh efyurk dk cks> <ksrs&<ksrs Lo;a gh efyugksrh tk jgh gSA 'kgjksa ds lhoj] ?kjksa dk dwM+k ddZV] vk/s tys 'ko vkfn lc blh ifo=kekuh tkus okyh unh esa lek jgs gSaA ikiukf'kuh xaxk gekjs }kjk iQSykbZ xanxh dks cgkusesa Hkh vleFkZ gksrh tk jgh gSA gesa ;g fu'p; djuk gksxk fd ty lzksrksa ds lehi fdlhizdkj dh xanxh u Mkyh tk,A lcls egRoiw.kZ rks vkusokys i;ZVdksa ds fy, dBksj fu;ecuus pkfg,A ftl izdkj efUnj esa twrs igu dj tkuk vuqfpr gS mlh izdkj ty dsfdukjs xanxh iQsaduk] lhoj ykbZu dks lh/s ufn;ksa esa tksM+uk o 'ko pkgs euq"; dk gks;k i'kq dk] ty esa izokfgr ugha gksuk pkfg,A u xyus okyk ikWyhFkhu] fyiQkiQs vkfndk ;gk¡ izfrcU/ gh ugha cfg"dkj gksuk pkfg,A ioZrh; {ks=k dh efgyk,¡ ljyrk ds lkFk'kfDr] n`<+rk] deZBrk vkSj ifjJe dk ToyUr izrhd jgh gSa] pkgs 'kjkccUnh dk vkanksyugks ;k fiQj fpidks vFkok o`{kkjksi.k dk] efgyk,¡ vkxs c<+dj vkbZ gSaA nwj tkus dhvko';drk ugha] mÙkjk[kaM izns'k ds fuekZZ.k esa bu efgykvksa ds cfynku tqM+s gq, gSaA eSabl vksj è;ku fnykuk pkgrh gw¡ fd ioZrh; {ks=kksa dh leL;k,¡ pkgs es?kky; esa gks ;kmÙkjk[kaM vFkok yík[k esa] yxHkx ,d lh gSa vkSj lcls c<+dj ,d ckr dh lekurklc esa gS] deZBrk o ifjJeA i;kZoj.k j{kk/eZ esa iqjksfgr dk dk;Z Hkh fL=k;ksa dks ghlEHkkyuk gksxkA eq>s fo'okl gS fd iznw"k.k ls fgeky; dh j{kk efgykvksa }kjk gh lEHkogSA

vFkoZosn esa dgk x;k gS& ekrk Hkwfe iq=kks¿e~ i`fFkO;kAA vFkkZr~ /jrh gekjh ekrkgS vkSj ge mudh lUrku--- D;k ;gh lUrku dk /eZ gS fd ge mls iznwf"kr dj nsaA fgeky;gekjh 'kku gS] gekjh vkLFkkvksa o laLd`fr dk dsUnz gSA mldh /jrh] ty] ok;q] vkdk'k]o`{k] tho&tUrq lHkh dks gesa iznw"k.k ls cpkuk gksxkA mldk uSlfxZd lkSUn;Z okfil ykukgksxkA blds fy, fiQj efgykvksa dks gh vkxs vkuk gksxkA 'kfDr Lo:i ukjh gh fgeky;dh j{kk dj ldrh gSA

40] flfoy ykbZUl]#M+dh&247667 (mÙkjkapy)


iqLrd leh{kk

^^tc fL=k;ksa us bfrgkl jpk**(iqLrd dh ysf[kdk dqlqe f=kikBh gSaA)

jktsUnz dqekj

;g iqLrd nks eq[; mís';ksa dks è;ku esa j[k dj fy[kh xbZ gSA ysf[kdk dker gS fd iq#"k jfpr bfrgkl esa fL=k;ksa ds ;ksxnku dks tkucw> dj vuns[kk fd;k x;kgSA vr% mUgksus vrhr ds iUuksa ls mu lHkh vkUnksyuksa ,oa ?kVukvksa dks cVksjk gS ftuesafL=k;ksa us vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA nwljs os mu O;fDr;ksa] laLFkkvksa ,oa cqf¼thfo;ksa dks ,drh[kk mÙkj nsuk pkgrh gSa ftudk fopkj gS fd ukjh psruk dh tkxzfr vk/qfud fodklds lkFk lkFk if'peh izHkko ls vkbZ gSA blh dkj.k mUgksaus ,d ds ckn ,d tq>k: fL=k;ksads uke rF; o ?kVukvksa vkfn ds vk¡dM+s nsdj fl¼ fd;k gS fd vkt ds fodkl ;qxls cgqr igys nfyr o vkfnoklh fL=k;ksa us ukjh eqfDr ds fy, la?k"kZ fd;k gSA

bl iqLrd dh ysf[kdk us fL=k;ksa dh jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd vkUnksyu esaHkkxhnkjh dks rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA igyk tehuh lPpkbZ ls tqM+s eqíksa dks ysdjvkfnoklh] fdlku ,oa dkexkj efgykvksa ds vkUnksyu] nwljs vYila[;d oxZ dh ukfj;ksads ilZuy ykW ds fojks/ esa fd;s x;s vkUnksyu rFkk vafre jk"Vªh;rk ds iz'u ij mBsvkUnksyuA

igys izdkj ds vkUnksyu esa ysf[kdk us cks/x;k vkanksyu] Jh dkdqyevkUnksyu] osHkkxk vkUnksyu] foIyo efgyk la?ke rFkk blh izdkj ds vU; vFkkZrcykRdkj] ?kjsyw fgalk] ngst rFkk dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k vkfn ekeyksa ls tqM+s vkUnksyuksa dksmBk;k gS o rRlEcU/h ?kVukvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA 'kjkc dk fojks/ lHkh vkUnksyukasesa leku :i ls fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA n.Mdkj.; ds vkfnoklh bykdksa esa efgykvksa ds dsM~Mscukus dh izFkk FkhA bl izFkk ds vuqlkj 'kjkc ds u'ks esa ;fn firk csVh dks fdlh dks nsusdk opu ns ns rks yM+dh dks mlds ?kj iRuh ds :i esa tkuk iM+rk Fkk fdUrq ;fn ogiq:"k mls Lohdkj u djs rks ykSVus dks ckè; og yM+dh dsM~Ms dgykrh FkhA blds vykokmuesa ujcfy dh izFkk o tknw Vksuk Hkh pyrk FkkA vkfnoklh efgykvksa us bl dqizFkkvksadk tksj'kksj ls fojks/ fd;kA

nwljs izdkj ds vkUnksyu esa egkjk"Vª ds 1968 rFkk 1978 esa gq, eqfLyeefgykvksa ds vkUnksyuksa dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA buds ekè;e ls eqfLye fL=k;ksa us fgUnwfL=k;ksa dks fn;s tkus okyh dkuwuh vf/dkjksa dh ekax djrs gq, lkSrcUnh rFkk rykdqycSuij ikcUnh yxkus dh iSjoh dhA bl lEcU/ esa ysf[kdk }kjk izdV bu fopkjksa ls lger


gksuk mfpr gksxk fd 'kklu }kjk blesa lg;ksx djus ds LFkku ij ;g dguk fd bl lEcU/esa dkuwu cukus ds fy, igys eqfLyeksa dk yksder rS;kj djuk vko';d gS] mfpr ughaFkkA

rhljh izdkj dk L=kh vkUnksyu jk"Vªh;rk ds iz'u ij mBs vkUnksyu ls gSA bldsvUnj ysf[kdk us fL=k;ksa }kjk pyk, x;s la?k"kZ dFkk dgus ds LFkku ij fL=k;ksa ij fd,tkus okys vR;kpkj o muds nSfgd 'kks"k.k dk foLr`r fooj.k izLrqr fd;k gSA ysf[kdkds vuqlkj vkradokfn;ksa ls fL=k;ka mruh 'kksf"kr o viekfur ugha gqbZ ftruh lsuk o iqfyl}kjk fd;s x;s cykRdkj ds vkrad ls =kLr gqbZa gSaA eqfLye fL=k;ksa ij fd;s x;s vR;kpkjksadk o.kZu fo'ks"k :i ls ekfeZd gSA

bl izdkj ysf[kdk us fL=k;ksa ls lEcfU/r vkUnksyuksa ds vkadM+ks dks izLrqr djusesa tks ifjJe fd;k gS og iz'kaluh; gSA blesa ukjh dh mifLFkfr ntZ djkus ds fy, osiz'kalk dh ik=k gSaA fdUrq bu vkUnksyuksa esa dky[k.M dk mYys[k djuk os izk;% Hkwy xbZgSa ftlds dkj.k vU; vkUnksyukas ds lkFk mlds rkjrE; dks ysdj vLi"Vrk c<+ xbZ gSA

iqLrd dh ,d fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ysf[kdk us yxHkx izR;sd vkUnksyu o ?kVukds fo"k; esa viuh fVIi.kh nh gS o viuh jk; izdV dh gSA lcls egÙoiw.kZ jk; ijEijkxrbfrgkl ys[ku ds fo"k; esa gS ftlesa L=kh la?k"kZ dh dgkuh dh vuqifLFkr gSA ysf[kdk;g ugha ekurha fd ;g fdlh Hkwyo'k vFkok rF;ksa dh vuqiyC/rk ds dkj.k gqvk gSAmudk fopkj gS fd ;g lc ,d xgjs "kM~;a=k dk ifj.kke gSA bl fu"d"kZ ds lEcU/ esardZ dk vHkko muds fu"d"kZ ds [kks[kysiu dks n'kkZrk gSA

ysf[kdk ds fopkj ls lkfo=kh ckbZ iQqys o rkjkckbZ f'kans tSlh dzkfUrdkjhefgykvksa ds ;ksxnku dks foLe`r djds bfrgkl ds iUus ljksftuh uk;Mw] deyk usg:]jktdqekjh ve`r dkSj vkfn ds uke ls Hkjuk fir`lÙkkRed O;oLFkk dh eukso`fÙk gSA os blsneudkjh ekurh gSaA 'kklu dh vksj ls fL=k;ksa ds mRFkku ds fy, efgyk vk;ksx dhLFkkiuk] efgyk iqfyl ny dk laxBu] L=kh lEcU/h vè;;u dsUnzksa dh LFkkiuk vkfn esaHkh ysf[kdk dks "kM+;a=k dh cw vkrh gSA mudk fopkj gS fd Åij ls ;g ljdkj dsldjkRed dne gSa fdUrq vUrr% ;s L=kh fojks/h gSa rFkk ukjhokn ds neu ds izrhd gSaAos ekDlZokn ds izfr fu’koku gSaA 'kk;n blh dkj.k os Hkkjrh; ikfjokfjd lEcU/ksa ,oalaLd`fr dks fir`lÙkkRed lkeUrh crkrs gq, mls rksM+dj ,d tuoknh laLd`fr dh LFkkiukdh ckr djrh gSaA ysf[kdk dk ekuuk gS fd fgUnw /eZ dh laLd`fr ds vuqlkj L=kh iq#"kksads miHkksx dk lk/u gSA blh dkj.k os bl laLd`fr dk fojks/ djrh gSaA mudk ekuukgS fd tks yksx ukjh esa n;k] {kek] lgu'khyrk vkfn ds xq.kksa dk c[kku djrs gSa os okLroesa ukjh dks ew[kZ cuk jgs gSaA okLro esa mUgksaus fgUnw /eZ dh laLd`fr dks Bhd ls le>k


ugha gSA os L=kh iq:"k dh lg&vfLrRo ijd ldkjkRed lfdz;rk ls jfgr fdl izdkjds lf"V o lekt dh ifjdYiuk dj jgh gSa ;g le>uk dfBu gSA muds fopkjksa ls lgerugha gqvk tk ldrkA

jktsUnz dqekj2@254] fo'okl [k.Mxkserh uxj] y[kuÅ

lsok dk izfriQy Hkh feyrk gSA

Ýysfeax uked ,d fu/Zu vaxzst+ fdlku us ,d yM+ds dks ns[kk tks dej rdnyny esa iQalk gqvk Fkk ,oa ckgj fudyus ds fy, la?k"kZ dj jgk FkkA Ýysfeaxus mls cpk fy;kA

vxys fnu ,d /uoku] laHkzkar O;fDr Ýysfeax ds ikl vk;k vkSj dgk ^^rqeusesjs iq=k dh thou j{kk dh gSA eSa rqEgs dqN ikfjrksf"kd nsuk pkgrk gw¡A** Ýysfeaxus mÙkj fn;k ^^ ;g esjk dÙkZO; FkkA eSa blds fy, dqN ugha yw¡xk**A

ikl gh Ýysfeax dk iq=k [kM+k gqvk FkkA /uh O;fDr us iwNk]^^ D;k ;g rqEgkjkiq=k gS**A Ýysfeax us gk¡ esa mÙkj fn;kA

/uh O;fDr us mlds iq=k dh i<+kbZ dk mÙkjnkf;Ro ys fy;k vkSj dgk fd eSa blsbruk ;ksX; cukÅ¡xk fd bldk firk bl ij xoZ dj ldsA

ml /uh O;fDr dk uke ykWMZ jSUMYiQ pfpZy Fkk ,oa nyny esa iQalus okyk mudkiq=k lj foUlVUu pfpZy ds uke ls fo[;kr gqvkA

fu/Zu d`"kd dk csVk lj ,ysDtsUMj Ýysfeax ds uke ls izfl¼ oSKkfud cukftlus isalyhu dk vfo"dkj fd;kA

,d ckj lj foUlVUu pfpZy U;qeksfu;k dh pisV esa vk x;s ,oa blh isalyhu usmudh izk.k j{kk dhA

& ladfyr


esjh vè;kRe ;k=kk

Lo0 y{eh ey fla?koh

eSa vè;kRe dks uk rks ,d vtwck ekurk gw¡] u gh mls ,d lkoZtfud vo/

kj.kk ekurk gw¡A esjs fy, vè;kRe ,d vR;ar futh vkSj varjax vuqHkwfr gSA eSa vè;kRe

dks ,d fojkV~] lqfo'kky pSrU; dk ifo=k eafnj ekurk gw¡] lR; dh thou&;k=kk dk lacy

,oa ikFks; ekurk gw¡ vkSj mls eSa viuh vkRek ds vkyksd dk ,d nhid le>rk gw¡A esjs

fy, vè;kRe dk vFkZ gS & lR; dk lk{kkRdkj] lR; dk vkxzg] lR; ds fy, izfrc¼rkA

euq"; ds thou esa vè;kRe] Kku ,oa n'kZu pfj=k dh f=kos.kh ds laxe dk uke gS] ,slk

esjk fouez vfHker gSA

vè;kRe dk xarO; vkSj earO; gS 'kq¼ psruk es voxkgu] lR; dk lk{kkRdkjA

vè;kRe ekuo lH;rkvksa ds bfrgkl esa euq"; dks lR;&fu’k vkSj U;k;&fu’k dh vksj

izsfjr djrk jgk gSA blhfy, lkjs /eksZa ds izokg ftl lkxj esa feyrs gSa] mls eSa vè;kRe

dk uke nsrk gw¡A

vè;kRe okLro esa euq"; dk ,d lkoZHkkSe vkSj 'kk'or /eZ'kkL=k gSA

laiznk; vyx&vyx gksrs gSa] fdarq lc laiznk; /eZ dh var/kZjk vkSj ve`r

}kjk ,dlw=k esa lekfgr fd, tkrs gSaA vè;kRe ds lR; esa yksd Hkh gS vkSj

ijyksd Hkh] eukse; txr Hkh gS vkSj lexz lalkj o gekjk i;kZoj.k HkhA

blhfy, eSa ekurk gw¡ fd vè;kRe cqf¼ ls ijs gksdj Hkh cqf¼ ls vyx ugha

gSA Hkkokrhr gksdj Hkh Hkko&foHkksj gksus dh {kerk vè;kRe esa fojkteku

gSA esjs vè;kRe esa cqf¼ vkSj Hkkouk] J¼k vkSj rdZ] Kku vkSj foKku] n'kZu

vkSj izfrn'kZu leosr gksdj ,d jlk;u dh l`f"V djrs gSa] tks lqd`r vkSj

lnkpkj ds vkn'kksZa dks lapkfjr o izfrf’r djrk gSA

eSa ekurk gw¡ fd vè;kRe gekjs ykSfdd thou ls vyx fdlh ,dkdh dksus esa

lqjf{kr dksbZ /jksgj ugha gS cfYd og ,d thoar vuqHkwfr gS] ftlls l`f"V ds lkFk ,dkRe

Hkko LFkkfir gksrk gS] fe=krk vkSj lnk'k;rk dk lehdj.k LFkkfir gksrk gSA oSeuL; ls


eqfDr feyrh gS] vgadkj e;kZfnr gks tkrk gS vkSj thou esa ,d vn~Hkqr vfuoZpuh; 'kq¼

o izcq¼ psruk dk vkHkkl gksrk gSA vè;kRe dh Hkwfedk esa fparu Hkh gS] eaFku Hkh gS vkSj

mudh nqfo/kvksa ls eqfDr Hkh gSA

tc&tc dksbZ cM+h leL;k esjs lkeus [kM+h gqbZ gS] pkgs og lkoZtfud gks ;k

futh] eSaus ;g iz;Ru fd;k gS fd eSa vius Hkhrj vè;kRe ds ekuljksoj ds ty ls vkpeu

dj ldw¡A vè;kRe ,dkxzrk] vkRe&foLe`fr vkSj leiZ.k dk ,d {k.k gS] foltZu dh ,d

;k=kk gS] vkSj ,d ,slh izrhfr gS tks vn`'; gksdj vuqHkotU; gSA dLrwjh e`x dk

vkRe&lkSjHk gekjs vè;kRe dk ,d laqnj :id gS] vè;kRe ogh varfuZfgr lkSjHk gSA

iwtk ikB vkSj deZdkaM vè;kRe ds vkàku vkSj tkxj.k dk jkLrk vo'; gaS

og ije lÙkk dh vuqdaik dk izfrosnu vkSj izkFkZuk&i=k Hkh gks ldrk gS_ fdarq vxj ge

deZdkaM dks viuh 'kq¼ vkSj izcq¼ psruk dk LFkkukiUu cukuk pkgsa rks esjh n`f"V es ml

izfdz;k es vè;kRe U;wu gks tkrk gSA osn esa dgk x;k gS fd tks ½pk dks vkRelkr~ ugha

djrk vkSj le>rk gh ugha] mlds fy, ½pk D;k dj ldrh gSA bl lanHkZ esa eq>s Je.k

vkxe dk ,d izlax ;kn vkrk gSA dqN deZdkaMh czkã.kksa us Hkxoku~ egkohj ls iwNk fd

vki dSls vk;Z gSa fd vki ds ikl ;K ds midj.k ugha gSa] ;K dh vfXu ugha gS] ;K

dh osnh ugha gS\ vki fdl izdkj gkse djrs gSa\ Hkxoku~ egkohj vfojks/ ds 'kk'or lk/

d FksA mUgksaus crk;k fd esjh lk/uk gh esjh vfXu gS] 'kq¼ vkSj fueZy vè;kRe dk ty

esjs fy, iz'kLr Luku gS] esjs thou dk deZ esjs ;K dh osnh gS vkSj esjk eu] opu ,oa

dk;k gh bl ;K dh lfe/k gSaA vk;Z ijaijk ds ml vjk/d us rc ;g Hkh dgk fd iqjkru

½f"k;ksa us blh izdkj ds iz'kLr gkse dk fo/ku gedks fn;k gSA blh lksp dks ysdj gekjs

ns'k esa ;g dgkor izpfyr gks xbZ fd êu paxk rks dBkSrh esa xaxk*A eSa ekurk gw¡ fd

Hkkjrh; vè;kRe dh ;g vuqie vkSj vf}rh; miyfC/ jgh gS fd og fdlh 'kkL=k esa

dSn u jgdj tuthou dh fojklr cu xbZ gSA

ys[kd Hkkjr fodkl ifj"kn~ ds jk"Vªh; vè;{k ,oa eq[; laj{kd FksA


Women empowerment throughself-help

Prof. Arjun Y. Pangannavar

In rural India, the poorest among the poor are women. The womenempowerment through self-help programme could help to prevent thefeminization of poverty.

The Self-Help Group (SHG) is an informal organization of 10-20persons from the homogeneous poorer section of the society. It iscontrolled and managed by the members. The regular saving contributionto corpus fund is the eligibility to join the SHG. The mutual trust is thespirit of the organization. It has its own set of rules and regulations.There it transparency and accountability in SHG transactions. The SHGsare formed by the promoters like Banks, NGOs and GovernmentDepartments such as Department of Women and Child Developmentetc. There are various categories of SGHs. Some are women SHGs andsome are men SHGs. The present research study is concerned withwomen SHGs.

Some SHGs have bank linkage programmes and some otherSHGs have developmental linkage programmes. There are direct andindirect SGH models. It depends upon the type of promoter.

To promote self-help and mutual help, savings, micro-enterprise,credit linkage with credit institutions etc. are the main objectives andfunctions of SHGs. The self-help groups are functioning as the agent ofdevelopment at the grass-root level and the primary units in thedevelopment process of the country.

The SHGs empower women in various respects. They providewomen access to economic resources. They enable women to participatein decision-making at every level on every financial and non-financialissue. They improve the socio-economic status of the women. Theychange women from housekeeper to organizer, manager and decision-maker.

The Self-Help Group movement has been initiated in India, witha view to facilitate poor rural women to avail bank credit. A pilot project


for micro credit by linking SHGs with banks has been launched byNABARD. Reserve Bank of India directed the commercial banks toactively participate in this linkage programme.

However the SHG movement initially started as micro-financeinstitution movement has now taken the form of womenempowerment paradigm as a group approach to eradicaterural poverty. The constitutional support to socio-economicjustice and the international obligations have encouragedIndia to endeavor to initiate the self-help movement in thecountry. In India, the number of SHGs has increased from2122 in1994-95 to 21.01 lacs in 2005-06. Meanwhile the numberof SHGs having bank loans increased from 1502 to 4.83 lacs;the total amount of bank loans increased from Rs. 179 lacsto Rs. 3096.13 crores and the number of families’ loan availedincreased from 25534 to 7238835.

There is uneven geographical distribution of SHGs in the country.Andhra Pradesh alone has 30.5 percent of the total SHGs of the country.The lowest percentage i.e. 0.19 is in Punjab. The SHGs growth is verylow in states like Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh andRajasthan where the social environment is totally unfavorable to ruralwomen empowerment. However 488 districts in all the states and UnionTerritories are covered under SHGs-bank linkage programmes havinglinkage with 444 banks including 44 commercial banks, 191 RRBs and209 co-operative banks with the association of 2155 NGOs.

The Union Government has shifted its approach from minimalapproach to integrated approach. So it established Micro FinanceDevelopment Fund with NABARD in 2000-01. Moreover the Governmentalso allowed foreign investment in micro-credit field. In return SHGshave achieved the expected results in income and employment generationactivities. They have organized productive activities and enhanced theirsavings and investment levels. They have empowered the rural poorwomen to some extent and enable them to cross the poverty line.

The author is Head of the Department of Studies inEconomics, J.S.S. Arts, Science and Commerce College,

Gokak-Karnataka


mnkÙk mn~cks/u&Mk0 /eZohj lsBh

vks3e~losZ osnk ;RinekeufUr

rikafl lokZf.k p ;}nfUrA;fnPNUrks czãp;Za pjfUr

rÙksina laxzgs.k czohE;ksfeR;srr~AA&dB- 2@15

;ekpk;Z us ufpdsrk dks dgk fd gs iq=k! og ijekRek vkse~ gS ftldk o.kZu osnkfn 'kkL=kksaesa fd;k x;k gSA ftl vkse~ dks tkuus ds fy, eqeq{kq tu vusd izdkj dh riL;kvksa dksdjrs gSa vkSj ftldks ikus ds fy, ;fr yksx czãp;Z ozr dk ikyu djrs gSaA

dqynhidiznks"ks nhid% pUnz%] izHkkrs nhid% jfo%A=kSyksds nhid% /eZ%] lqiq=k% dqynhide~AA

jkf=k esa tSls pUnz nhid curk gS] izkr% dky esa lw;Z vkSj rhuksa yksdksa esa tSls /eZ oSlsgh ifjokj dk nhid gksrk gS lqiq=kA

lUr ok.kh{kkja tya okfjeqp% ficfUr] rnso d`Rok e/qjs oefUrAlUrLrFkk nqtZunqoZpkafl ihRok p lwDrkfu leqnfxjfUrAA

[kkjk ikuh ihdj tSls ckny ehBk ty gh cjlkrs gSa oSls gh lTtu yksx nqtZu ds dVqopuksa dks lqudj e/qj opu gh cksyrs gSaA

ukjh 'kfDrekrk Roeso ifjiks"k;ls futkads]iq=kh Roeso firjkS p dqya iqukflAcèukfl ckU/odja Hkfxuh Roeso]ukjh Roeso x`fg.kh p x`gL; y{eh%AA

gs ukjh] ekrk ds :i esa rqEgha bl fo'o dks xHkkZ/ku ls ysdj ikyu&iks"k.k djrh gqbZ/kj.k djrh gks] iq=kh ds :i esa rqEgha ekrk&firk vkSj dqy dks ifo=k djrh gksA cguds :i esa rqEgha vius HkkbZ dh dykbZ ij jk[kh cka/rh gks tks ifo=k Lusg cU/u dk izrhdgS vkSj iRuh ds :i esa ?kj dh lk{kkr~ 'kksHkk lEifr Hkh rqEgha gksA


le; ijdrkiqLrdLFkk rq ;k fo|k ijgLrxra /ue~Adk;Zdkys leqRiUus u lk fo|k u r¼ue~AA

iqLrd esa j[kk Kku vkSj nwljs ds gkFk esa x;k gqvk /u] iz;ksx dk volj vkus ij ;fnizkIr ugha gksrk rks ml fo|k vkSj ,sls /u dk D;k ykHk\

vuFkZ ls cpks;kSoua] /u lEifÙk% izHkqRoe~] vfoosfdrkA,dSde~ vfi vuFkkZ; fde ;=k prq"V;e~AA

;kSou] /u] izHkqrk vkSj ew[kZrk buesa ls ,d Hkh lc vuFkksZa ds fy, i;kZIr gS] tgk¡ ;spkjksa gks] ogk¡ D;k gksxk\

m|e'khyrkm|esu fg flè;fUr dk;kZf.k u euksjFkS%Au fg lqIrL; flagL; izfo'kfUr eq[ks e`xk%AA

ifjJe djus ls gh dk;Z esa liQyrk feyrh gS] ek=k lkspus ls ughaA lks;s gq, 'ksj ds eq[kesa dHkh Hkh fgj.k ugha vkrkA

fe=krklPpfj=k euq";s.k dj.kh;k=k fe=krkAv;ksX;su p nk=kkfi R;kT;k eS=kh dFk×puAA

mnkÙk pfj=k okys euq"; ds lkFk gh fe=krk djuh pkfg,A tks v;ksX; gS og pkgs fdrukHkh nkuh D;ksa u gks mlds lkFk eS=kh dh vko';drk ughaaA

'kqfprklosZ"kke~ 'kkSpkukeFkZ 'kkSpa ijea Le`re~A

lHkh ifo=krkvksa esa vFkZ (/u) dh ifo=krk gh fof'k"V gSA

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/jrh yksdra=k

oUnuk f'kok

izfl¼ i;kZoj.k fon ,oa bl i`Foh ds lk/uksa tSls ty] ou] tM+h cwfV;ksaij ,dkf/dkj tekus dh izo`fr;ksa ds fo#¼ la?k"kZ'khy efgyk oanuk f'kokus ,d u;k 'kCn x<+k gS% /jrh yksd ra=kA bldk vFkZ gS bl /jrh dhlEink ij lcdk lekukf/dkj gS ,oa isVsaV djkus] cM+s m|ksx [kM+s djus,oa fodkl ds uke ij fu/Zuksa] vkfnokfl;ksa ,oa lkekU; tuksa dks bllEink ls oafpr djus dk vf/dkj fdlh dks ugha gSA bldk lc mi;ksxdjsa ;gh gS lPpk /jrh yksd ra=kA

lkoZtfud oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk futhdj.k vkSj xjhcksa ds thou dh lgk;dO;oLFkk dk oLrqdj.k nksgjh pksjh gS] tks xjhcksa dh vkfFkZd vkSj lakLd`frd nksuksa rjgdh lqj{kk dks lekIr djrh gSA lqjf{kr vkthfodk vkSj igpku ls oafpr yk[kksa yksxmxzoknh] vkradoknh vkSj :f<+oknh vkanksyuksa esa 'kkfey gks jgs gSaA ;s vkUnksyu blh dslkFk&lkFk vU; yksxksa dks nq'eu ?kksf"kr djrs gSaA bl xyr i`FkDdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:ifojks/kRed vkpj.k gksus yxrk gSA ?ksjkcanh vkSj oS'ohdj.k ds vkfFkZd mifuos'khdj.kls mxzokn vkSj vkradokn dk mn; gksrk gSA vkradokn] mxzokn vkSj tkrh; liQkbZ vkSj/kfeZd vlfg".kqrk oS'ohdj.k ls mRiUu vizkd`frd fLFkfr gS vkSj /jrh yksdra=k esa mudsfy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA

?ksjk ;k ckM+k i`Fkdrk ;k vyxko dh Hkkouk iSnk djrk gS vkSj ;g vyxkofuxe oS'ohdj.k dh fNih ykxr gSA uhe] cklerh vkSj xsgwa dh tSo pksjh ds fo:¼ gekjsvkanksyu dk mís'; gekjh tSfod vkSj ckSf¼d fojklr dks lHkh ds miHkksx ds fy, iqu%izkIr djuk gSA dsjy jkT; ds ,d NksVs ls xkao IykphekMk esa fo'o dh lcls cM+h dEiuhdksdk dksyk ds fo:¼ ,d vkfnoklh efgyk }kjk 'kq: fd;k x;k vkUnksyu fodflrgks jgs /jrh yksdra=k ds eeZ esa gSA

u;s ckSf¼d lEifÙk vf/dkj tSfod] ckSf¼d vkSj lkewfgd lEink dks ?ksjrsvFkok lhfer djrs gSaA futhdj.k ikuh ij yksxksa ds vf/dkjksa dks lhfer ;k lekIr djrkgSA bl rjg izR;sd latk;rh ;k leku lEink dks ?ksjus ls yksx csn[ky gksdj vius vf/dkjksa ls oafpr gksrs gSaA blls vf/d yksx vHkko dk f'kdkj gksrs gSa tcfd fxurh ds yksxksadk ^fodkl* gksrk gSA foLFkkiu] bLrseky ds ckn iQSadus dk :i ys ysrk gS vkSj viuslcls dBksj :i esa] izsfjr deh ;k izHkko thfor jgus ds vf/dkj dks oafpr djus dk:i ys ysrh gSA tSls tuu foKku dh lgk;rk ls ifjofrZr cht vkSj fyax p;fur xHkZikr


dk foLrkj gksrk gS yksxksa ds fo'kky lewg&fo'ks"k :i ls NksVs fdlku vkSj vkSjrsa yqIrgksus yxrh gSaA bl rjg yqIr gksus okys yksxksa dh Js.kh vkSj nj uo mnkj fuxe oS'ohdj.kdh 'kfDrvksa }kjk /dsys x;s ^vkfFkZd fodkl* ds vuqikr esa gksrs gSA

eSaus bl ifj;kstuk dks /jrh yksdra=k uke fn;k gSA ;g gekjh LolaxfBr {kerk]gekjh /jrh dh igpku] gekjh cgqyrk vkSj fofo/rk ij vk/kfjr gSA /jrh yksdra=k udsoy euq";ksa ds HkkX; vkSj dY;k.k dh] cfYd lHkh thoksa dh fpUrk djrk gSA /jrhyksdra=k dk laca/ dsoy vxys fojks/ vFkok vxys fo'o lekt iQksje rd ugha gS_mldh fpark bl ckjs esa Hkh gS fd ge bl chp D;k djrs gSaA og bl vksj Hkh è;ku nsrkgS fd gekjs nSfud thou esa gekjh nSfud okLrfodrkvksa esa oS'ohdj.k dk D;k izHkko iM+jgk gS vkSj og LFkkuh; ifjorZu djds fo'o ifjorZuksa dks lqxe cukrk gSA ;s ifjorZuekewyh yx ldrs gSa] ysfdu mudk izHkko nwjxkeh gksrk gS&os izd`fr ds fodkl vkSj ekuo{kerk ds ckjs esa gSa_ os fgalk ds fofHkUu nq'pdzksa ls fudydj] ftlesa vkRe?kkrh laLd`fr;kavkRe?kkrh vFkZO;oLFkk,a vkSj vkRe?kkrh jktuhfr ,d nwljs dk iks"k.k djrh gSa]l`tukRed vfgalk ds usd pØ esa igqaprh gSaA ;gka thoUr laLd`fr;ka thoUr yksdra=k vkSjthoUr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk iks"k.k djrh gSaA

/jrh yksdra=k dsoy ,d fopkj ugha gSA bldk fuekZ.k yksxksa dh cgqfo/ vkSjfofo/ vknrksa ls gksrk gS] tks viuh latk;rh vFkok lkewfgd lEink] vius lalk/uksa]viuh thfodk] viuh Lora=krk] viuh xfjek] viuh igpku vkSj viuh 'kkfUr dks fiQjls izkIr djrh gSa] tcfd ;s vknrsa] xfrfof/;ka vkSj dk;Z cgqeq[kh vkSj cgqfo/ gSaA eSausmu lewgksa dh igpku djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS tks thoUr yksdra=k] thoUr laLd`fr;ksavkSj thoUr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds fopkjksa dks is'k djrs gSa vkSj feydj /jrh yksdra=k dkfuekZ.k djrs gSaA vFkZO;oLFkk] jktuhfr] laLd`fr ,d nwljs ls i`Fkd ugha gSaA blfy, thoUrvFkZO;oLFkkvksa] thoUr laLd`fr;ksa vkSj thoUr yksdra=k dk mn; gksuk lkewfgd iz;kl dhizfdz;k gSA

thoUr vFkZO;oLFkk,a os izfdz;k,a vkSj LFkku gSa] tgka /jrh ds lalk/u lcdksU;k;iw.kZ rjhds ls Hkkstu vkSj ikuh dh vko';drk iwjh djus vkSj lkFkZdthfodk miyC/ djkus ds fy, fn, tkrs gSaA /jrh yksdra=k bl psruk lsfodflr gksrk gS fd ;gk¡ ge LFkkuh; lk/uksa ls thou ;kiu djrs gSaA

gekjk lEiw.kZ fo'o ds lkFk vkSj okLro esa lEiw.kZ czãkaM ds lkFk laca/ gSA ge viukoS'ohdj.k ikfjfLFkfrd izfdz;k vkSj n;k ,ao ,drk ds ca/auksa ij vk/kfjr djrs gSa] iwathvkSj foÙk vFkok lkeku vkSj lsokvksa ds vkokxeu ij ughaA ,d oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk]tks ikfjfLFkfrd lhekvksa dk è;ku j[krh gS mls vfuok;Z :i ls izkd`frd lalk/uksa vkSj


euq";ksa dh cjcknh jksdus ds fy, LFkkuh; mRiknu djuk gksxkA dsoy ikfjfLFkfrd vk/kj ij fufeZr vFkZO;oLFkk,a tks lHkh ds fy, thou ;kiu ds lk/u vkSj le`f¼ miyC/djkrh gSa thoUr vFkZO;oLFkk,a gks ldrh gSaA gekjh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk fglkc =kSekflddke ds vk/kj ij ;k jktuhfrKksa ds pkj ;k ikap o"kZ ds ifjis{; esa ugha cuk;k tkrkAge /jrh ij fodflr gks jgs leLr thoksa dh {kerk ij fopkj djrs gSa vkSj vius ?kjksa]leqnk; vkSj /jrh ds thou esa ekuo dY;k.k dks fo'ks"k egRo nsrs gSaA ikfjfLFkfrd lqj{kkgekjh lcls cqfu;knh lqj{kk gS_ ikfjfLFkfrd igpku gekjh ewyHkwr igpku gSA ge tksHkkstu [kkrs gSa] tks ikuh ihrs gSa] gok ftlesa ge lkal ysrs gSa mu ij fiQj ls yksdrkaf=kdfu;=ka.k izkIr djuk vkSj viuk ikfjfLFkfrd vfLrRo cuk, j[kuk gekjh Lora=krk ds fy,vko';d ifj;kstuk gSA

(oUnuk f'kok oSdfYid ukscsy iqjLdkj ls lEekfur] vusd iqLrdksa dh ysf[kdk]izeq[k fpUrd vkSj i;kZoj.kfon gSaA)

--------39 i`"B dk 'ks"k

ijksidkjijksidkjk; iQyfUr o`{kk% ijksidkjk; ogfUr u|%Aijksidkjk; nqgfUr xko% ijksidkjkFkZfena 'kjhje~AA

o`{k nwljksa ds fy, gh iQy nsrs gSa] ufn;k¡ ij&midkj ds fy, gh cgrh gSa] xÅ,¡ nwljksads fgr ds fy, gh nw/ nsrh gSa] vr% euq";&'kjhj ek=k ijksidkj ds fy, gh cuk gSA

le; ykHkizFkes ukftZrk fo|k] f}rh;s ukftZra /ue~Ar`rh;s ukftZra iq.;e~] prqFksZ fda dfj";flAA

thou ds izFke dky esa fo|k vftZr ugha dh] f}rh; esa /u ugha dek;k] r`rh; esa iq.;vftZr ugha fd;k] rks ,slk euq"; vfUre voLFkk esa D;k djsxk\

tUe&ej.ktkrL; fg /qzoks e`R;q% /zqoa tUe e`rL; pArLeknifjgk;Z¿FksZ u Roa 'kksfprqegZflAA

gs vtqZu! tks lalkj esa tUe ysrk gS mldk ejuk Hkh fuf'pr~ gS vkSj tks ejrk gS mldkfiQj ls tUe gksuk Hkh fuf'pr~ gksrk gSA ;g bZ'ojh; fu;e gSA blls dksbZ Hkh O;fDr cpugha ldrkA blfy, bl vo';eHkkoh izkd`frd fu;e ij rsjk 'kksd djuk O;FkZ gSA vr%mBks vkSj bl /kfeZd ;q¼ ds fy, rS;kj gks tkvksA

&ôjs.;e~*,&1055] lq'kkar yksd xq#xzke


fpUrkvksa ls Mj dSlk

& MkW0 iz.ko ik.M~;k

thou dks ,d izdkj dk [ksy lef>,A f[kykM+h dh rjg ikVZ vnk dfj, vkSjiYyk >kM+ dj vyx gks tkb,A bl oSjkX;] fu"dke deZ ,oa vuklfDr dh ;ksx 'kkL=kesa ckj&ckj f'k{kk nh x;h gSA ;g dksbZ vO;kogkfjd ;k dkYifud fo"k; ugha gS] oju~deZ 'khy euq";ksa dk thou eU=k gSA ftu yksxksa ij vR;Ur dBksj mÙkjnkf;Ro jgrs gSa]ftuds Åij vla[; turk ds HkkX; ds fuekZ.k dk Hkkj gS] muds lkeus ix&ix ij cM+scM+s dfBure isphnk] nq:g vkSj ?kcjk nsus okys iz'u vkrs jgrs gSaA fdruh isphnk xqfRFk;k¡lqy>kuh iM+rh gSa] fdrus fur u;s la?k"kksZa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] ij os vius dkedks Hkyh izdkj djrs gSa] u rks chekj iM+rs gSa] u cspSu gksrs gSa] u ?kcjkrs gSaA jkr dksiwjh uhan ysrs gSa] vkeksn&izeksn esa Hkkx ysrs gSa] g¡lrs [ksyrs gSa] mRlo Hkkstksa esa 'kjhd gksrsgSaA

,d ge gSa] ekewyh lh nks pkj dfBukb;k¡ lkeus vkus ij ?kcjk tkrs gSa] fpUrkds ekjs cspSu cus jgrs gSaA oLrqr% ;g ekufld detksjh gS] vkRecy dk vHkko gS]ukfLrdrk dk fpUg gSA blls cpuk pkfg,] D;ksafd cspSu efLr"d Bhd ckr lksp ughaldrk ,oa mlesa mfpr ekxZ <w¡<us ;ksX; {kerk ugha jgrhA vkifÙk ls NqVdkjk ikus ds mik;ryk'k djus ds fy, xaHkhj] fLFkj vkSj 'kkar fpÙk jgus dh vko';drk gSA ij mls igysgh [kks fn;k tk;] rks tYnckth esa fliQZ ,sls mFkys vkSj vuqfpr mik; lw> iM+rs gSa] tksdfBukbZ dks vkSj Hkh vf/d c<+kus okys gksrs gSaA

dk;Z dh vf/drk] vlqfo/k ;k fpUrk dk dkj.k mifLFkr gksus ij vki mldkslqy>kus dk iz;Ru dhft,A buesa lcls izFke iz;Ru ;g gS fd ekufld larqyu dks dk;ejf[k,] fpÙk dh fLFkjrk vkSj /S;Z dks u"V u gksus nhft,A ?kcjkgV rhu pkSFkkbZ 'kfDr dkscckZn dj nsrh gS] fiQj foifÙk ls yM+us ds fy, ,d pkSFkkbZ Hkkx gh 'ks"k cprk gSA brusLoYi lk/u dh lgk;rk ls ml Hkkjh cks> dks mBkuk ljy ugha jgrkA dgrs gSa fd foifÙkvdsyh ugha vkrhA mlds ihNs vkSj Hkh cgqr ls >a>V c¡/s pys vkrs gSaA dkj.k ;g gS fdfpUrk ls ?kcjk;k gqvk vkneh viuh ekufld LoLFkrk [kks nsrk gS vkSj tYnckth esa blizdkj dk joS;k vf[r;kj djrk gS] ftlds dkj.k nwljs dke Hkh fcxM+rs pys tkrs gSa rFkk,d ds ckn nwljs vfu"V mRiUu gksrs tkrs gSaA ;fn ekufld fLFkfr ij dkcw j[kk tk;]fpUrk vkSj cspSuh ls ?kcjk;k u tk;k tk;] rks ewy dfBukbZ Hkh gy gks ldrh gS vkSjubZ ;kstuk,sa Hkh cu ldrh gSaA


bZ'oj dh bPNk] izd`fr dh izsj.kk] lafpr laLdkjksa ds deZiQy ds vuqlkj fiz;vfiz; izlax gj fdlh ds lkeus vkrs gSa] mudk vkuk jksdk ugha tk ldrkA Hkxoku~ Jhjke];ksxs'oj Jhd`".k rd dks foifÙk;ksa ls NqVdkjk u feykA HkforO;rk dHkh&dHkh ,slh izcygksrh gS fd iz;Ru djrs gq, Hkh muls cpko ugha gks ldrkA ,sls voljksa ij ew[kZ yksxviuk [kwu lq[kkrs gSa] Nkrh ihVrs gSa] jksrs >hadrs gSa vkSj ej feVrs gSaA cqf¼eku yksx thoudh okLrfod fLFkfr ij uohu izdkj ls fopkj djrs gSaA tks gksuk Fkk lks gqvk ;k tks gksukgksxks lks gksxk] ?kcjkus ls dqN ykHk ugha] oju~ nqxuh gkfu gSA dk;Z u"V gqvk] lkFk gh'kjhj Hkh u"V djuk] ;g dksbZ le>nkjh dk dke FkksM+s gh gSA

blfy, foosdoku~ vius efLr"d ij dkcw djrs gSa vkSj f[kykM+h dh Hkk¡frcM+h ls cM+h dfBukbZ dks NksVh djds ns[krs gSaA bldk vFkZ mÙkjnkf;Ùo dhmis{kk djuk ugha] oju~ ;g gS fd dfBukbZ ls ikj gksus ds fy, 'kfDr dkslqjf{kr j[kk tk;] mldk viO;; u gksus fn;k tk;A fpark] 'kksd ,oa?kcjkgV esa flok; cckZnh ds ykHk dqN ugha gS] blfy, bl ekufldnqcZyrk dks ijkLr djus dk 'kfDr Hkj iz;Ru djuk pkfg,A

vki lalkj ds deZfu’ egkiq:"kksa ls f'k{kk xzg.k dhft,] vius dks /S;Zoku~cukb;s] dke dks [ksy dh rjg dhft,] dfBukb;ksa dks euksjatu dk ,d lk/u cukyhft,A vius eu ds Lokeh vki cus jfg,] vius ?kj ij fdlh nwljs dks ekfydh erxk¡Bus nhft,A fpUrk] 'kksd] vkfn 'k=kq vki ds ?kj ij dCtk tekdj] efLr"d ij viukdkcw djds] vkidks nhu&nfjnz dh Hkk¡fr nq%[kh djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj 'kkafr rFkk LokLF;dk gj.k djds O;Fkk&osnukvksa dh pDdh esa ihluk pkgrs gSa] buls lko/ku jfg,A ;fn'k=kqvksa dks vkids efLr"d ij dCtk dj ysus esa liQyrk fey x;h] rks vki dgha dsu jgsaxsA Hkze vkSj vKku ds cUnhx`g esa iM+s&iM+s cqjh rjg lM+rs jgsaxs vkSj LofufeZr ujdesa vius vki }kjk lqyxkbZ gqbZ vfXu ls Lo;eso tyrs jgsaxsA ;g ckr cgqr gh vlgtvkSj nq%[knk;h fLFkfr gksxhA

ys[kd 'kkafr dqat] gfj}kj ds vè;{k gSaA


deZ;ksx iz/ku thouMk0 Å"kk [kkslyk

iwoZ dk deZ;ksx iz/ku thou gh Js’ thou gS D;ksafd bl izdkj ds thou esav'kkafr] 'kksd] ruko] fpUrk] Hk; rFkk thou esa vlarqyu gksus ds fy;s dksbZ Hkh LFkkuugha gSA thou esa lUrq"Vh] izlUurk] /hjrk vkSj ohjrk tSls xq.kksa dk fodkl Lo;a gh gksrkjgrk gSA deZ;ksx iz/ku thou dk vk/kj lukru lR; gSA bl izdkj ds thou dh i¼fr}kjk yksd rFkk ijyksd nksuks gh laoj tkrs gSa D;ksafd ;ksX;rk rFkk lkeZF; ds vuqlkj euq";ykSfdd drZO; dks Hkh iwjk djrk jgrk gS vkSj gj deZ ds iQy dks ijekRek dks vfiZrdjrk pyk tkrk gSA Jh Hkxoku us xhrk esa euq"; ek=k dks ;gh rks lans'k fn;k gS fd thodks deZ djus dk vf/dkj gS ysfdu ifj.kke esa D;k feyrk gS mlds Åij euq"; dkvf/dkj ugha gSA vr% fcuk ifj.kke dh bPNk fd;s rqe fujUrj deZ djrs tkvksA blizdkj ls rqe deZ cU/u esa ugha ca/ksxsA iQy esa vklfDr gh rks cU/u dkjd gSA eu dkscU/u eqDr dj ysuk gh eks{k dk ekxZ gSA ;gh thou dk y{; Hkh gSA bl izdkj ds thou}kjk euq"; dh lc ekSfyd vko';drk;sa iw.kZ gksrh tkrh gSa rFkk vUr esa og fnO; /ke dks Hkh izkIr dj ysrk gSA ftl euq"; us vius thrs th vius yksd rFkk ijyksd nksuksadks gh laokj fy;k mlls c<+dj thou dk dq'ky f[kykM+h vkSj dkSu gks ldrk gSA Hkkjrokfl;ksa dk ;g vgksHkkX; gS fd bl izdkj ds thou ds vewY; fnO; fl¼kUr muds iklekStwn gSaA dgha ls lh[kus ugha iM+rs] [kjhnus ugha iM+rsA mUgsa fu'kqYd esa ½f"k ijEijk}kjk fojklr esa gh feyk gqvk gS ;g fnO; [kt+kukA

;fn bl izdkj dh fnO; lEifÙk ls os ykHkkfUor ugha gks ik jgs gSa rks ;g mudhviuh gh Hkwy gSA os bl vueksy /u dks thou esa /kj.k djus esa vkyL; dj jgs gSaA

if'pe dk vFkZ iz/ku thou fcYdqy fHkUu izdkj dh lksp ij vk/kfjr gSAvFkZ yksyqi euq"; eu ls vlUrq"V] cspSu] rukoxzLr gh jgrk gSA vFkZ iz/ku thou dkvk/kj /kfeZd u gksdj vgadkj ij [kM+k gSA leiZ.k] R;kx] ije lR; bldk vk/kj ughagSA izkIrO; ds fy;s gh deZ fd;k tkrk gSA deZ vkt gksrk gS rks ifj.kke Hkfo"; esaAblfy, ifj.kke dh izrh{kk dk le; ruko ls iw.kZ gksrk gSA ;fn iq#"kkFkZ djds euokafNriQy izkIr gks x;k rks yksHk c<+rk gS] ;fn bPNk iwfrZ ugha gksrh rks dzks/ vkSj fo"kkn ghgkFk yxrs gSaA drkZiu dk vfHkeku cuk gh jgrk gSA bl izdkj dk vgaHkko eu dks Lora=kugha gksus nsrkA yksHk] dzks/ rFkk fo"kkn lHkh reksxq.k gSaA ;s euq"; ds Hkhrj udkjkRedfoèoal iSnk djrs gSaA blfy, vFkZokn dk fl¼kUr euq"; dks thou Hkj vlUrq"V gh j[krkgSA bl izdkj ds thou esa lq[k lqfo/k dk lkeku vkSj /u rks gks ldrk gS ysfdu vkuan


dh dksbZ vuqHkwfr ugha gks ldrhA cf<+;k fcLrj rks gks ldrk gS ysfdu uhan 'kkafrnk;dugha gks ldrhA ?kj ds ckgj pkj pkj dkjsa rks [kM+h gks ldrh gSa ysfdu ân; dk vkaxu[kkyh gh jg tkrk gSA D;ksafd ân; fnO;rk dh ije /kjk ls rks dV x;kA ,sls thou esa'kq"drk vkSj uhjlrk u gks rks vkSj D;k gksA

if'pe ns'kksa esa ;gh gqvk gSA lkeku ds vackj yx x;s gSa ysfdu euq"; euls fof{kIr gks x;k gSA vkRek vkSj ijekRek thou ls [kks x;s gSaA vFkZ dh iz/kurk dkfl¼kUr rks blhfy, viuk;k Fkk fd thou esa iw.kZrk vk;sxhA pkjksa vksj [kq'kgkyh vkSjeaxy gh eaxy gksxkA ysfdu ,slk ugha gqvkA fof{kIr eu esa izk.k ÅtkZ ds vHkko esaeukscy {kh.k gks tkrk gSA vkSj euq"; ekufld rFkk 'kkjhfjd jksxksa dk f'kdkj cu tkrkgSA

foKku] rduhd] vuqlU/ku bl ns'k es mUufr ds f'k[kj ij gSaA ysfdu HkkSfrdfoKku yksxksa ds eu dh fof{kIrrk dks nwj djus esa vliQy gks x;k gSA jksxksa ij dkcw ikusds fy;s fnu izfrfnu u;s u;s ;a=k [kksts tk jgs gSaA ij jksx 'kk;n bruh Hk;adj igys dHkhugha Fks ftruk Hk;adj :i vc ys pqds gSaA ftu chekjh;ksa dks cq<+kis dh chekfj;k¡ dgktkrk Fkk os ckY;koLFkk rFkk fd'kksjkoLFkk esa ns[kus dks fey jgh gSaA ruko bruk vf/dgS fd ruko dks de djus ds fy;s uhan dh xksfy;ka gh thou dk Hkkx cu pqdh gSaA ;ggS Hkhrjh fLFkfr vesfjdk dhA tks nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h 'kfDr gS fdUrq tks vius fuokfl;ksadks lUrq"Vh rFkk eu dk foJke ugha ns ldrhA

Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks bl laLd`fr jfgr ns'k dk va/k /qa/ vuqdj.k djus ls cpukgSA vius deZ;ksx okyh thou i|fr dks gh thou esa /kj.k djds thou esa iw.kZrk dksizkIr djuk gSA Hkkjr o"kZ dh ½f"k ijEijk vkSj muds }kjk fn;k x;k fnO; Kku gh egkugSA mlh }kjk Hkkjro"kZ dk pgq¡eq[kh fodkl lEHko gSA

vk;qosZn ghfyax lsaVjgsoMZ ;w- ,l- ,-


Hkkjr esa ijek.kq lw;ksZn;

vkj- ds- JhokLro

Hkkjr esa ijek.kq lw;ksZn;\ dgk¡ gS\ vHkh rks fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk gSA bls ijek.kqrkjksn; lEHkor% dg ldsa D;ksafd vHkh dqy ÅtkZ mRiknu esa ijek.kq dk lg;ksx dsoy4 izfr'kr gSA rks D;k ijek.kq lw;ksZn; gksuk pkfg,\ D;k ;g Hkkjr ds fgr esa gS rFkk ,slkgksuk lEHko gS\ ;g ,d ;{k iz'u gSA D;k bldk mÙkj nsus ds fy, /eZjkt ;qf/f’j dksvkuk gksxk\ ugha! ge rks mUgh ds oa'kt gSaA ;fn rdZiw.kZ n`f"V ls fopkj djsa rks ge Lo;agh bldk mÙkj izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

ijek.kq ÅtkZ ds vfrfjDr fo|qr mRiknu ds vU; vusd lzksr gSaA Lons'khdks;yk] vk;frr dks;yk] ty fo|qr mRiknu] iou o lkSj ÅtkZ rFkk dwM+s dpjs ls cuusokyh fctyh ,sls gh vU; fodYi gSaA Hkkjr us bu lHkh dks viuk j[kk gS fdUrq fiQjHkh vko';drk ds vuq:i fctyh dk mRiknu ugha gks ik jgk gSA bu lHkh lzksrksa dh viuhviuh lhek,¡ gSaA blds vykok fodkl ds lkFk lkFk fctyh dh ek¡x Hkh izfr o"kZ c<+rhtk jgh gSA

ns'k es mRikfnr dks;yk xq.koÙkk esa mPp Js.kh dk ugha gSA ifj.kker% la;a=kpykus ds fy, dks;ys dk vk;kr Hkh djuk iM+ jgk gSA Hkkjr rFkk fo'o esa Hkh dks;ysdk Hk.Mkj lhfer gSA bu lcds vfrfjDr dks;ys ls dkcZu dk mRltZu gksrk gS tksi;kZoj.k dks iznwf"kr djus ds vfrfjDr fo'o ds rkieku dks c<+kus esa Hkh lgk;d gSAfo'o ds rkieku c<+us ds dkj.k igkM+ksa dh ciQZ fi?kyuh 'kq: gks xbZ gS rFkk bldsnq"ifj.kkeksa ls lHkh Hkyh Hkkafr ifjfpr gSaA

tyfo|qr mRiknu ds fo"k; esa vke /kj.kk gS fd blls i;kZoj.k dks dksbZ gkfuugha gksrhA dsUnzh; ljdkj ds vuqeku ds vuqlkj fgeky; {ks=k esa ,d yk[k ipkl gt+kjesxkokV iu fctyh mRiknu dh {kerk gSA i;kZoj.k dks gkfu u gksus okyh ckr iw.kZ :ils lgh ugha gSA blds fy, fo'kky cka/ksa dk fuekZ.k djuk iM+rk gS ftlds dkj.k igkM+ksads yk[kksa isM+ dkVus iM+rs gSaA isM+ dkVus ls fuf'pr :i ls i;kZoj.k dks gkfu igq¡prhgSA blh dkj.k i;kZoj.k fon cka/ ds fuekZ.k dk fojks/ djrs gSaA blds vykok fdlh nSohnq?kZVuk ds dkj.k ;fn cka/ VwVrk gS rks gt+kjksa xk¡oksa o 'kgjksa ds cgus rFkk yk[kksa yksxksa,ao i'kqvksa ds ejus dh vk'kadk gSA bu cka/ksa dh lqj{kk O;oLFkk Hkh cgqr t:jh gS D;ksafdvkradoknh dHkh Hkh mUgsa viuk fu'kkuk cuk ldrs gSaA

iou ÅtkZ Hkh fo|qr vkiwfrZ dk vPNk lzksr gSA blls u rks i;kZoj.k dks uqdlkuigq¡p ldrk gS vkSj u gh blesa fdlh nq?kZVuk dh gh vk'kadk gSA fdUrq bldk mi;ksxcgqr lhfer gS D;ksafd ;g ogha yxk;k tk ldrk gS tgk¡ fujarj rst gok,¡ pyrh gSaA


MsuekdZ us cgqr cM+h /ujkf'k [kpZ djds iou ÅtkZ ds fy, Vjckbu yxk;sAfdUrq ckn esa irk pyk fd tc t:jr iM+rh gS ml le; rst gok,a ugha pyrha rFkkfo|qr mRiknu ugha gks ikrkA fczVsu dh nks dEifu;k¡ ,slh rduhd fodflr dj jgh gSaftlls gok dh deh iwjh dh tk ldsA blds vuqlkj rst gokvksa ds pyus ds le;vfrfjDr fctyh ls tehu ds vUnj xqiQk,a cukdj vR;kf/d ncko dh gok Hkj nh tkrhgS tks ckn esa Vjckbu pykus ds dke vkrh gSA blh rduhd ls tjeuh ds gUVMksiQZ(Huntdorf) esa 25 o"kZ igys yxk;k 290 esxkokV dk IykaV 2]90]000 ?kjksa dks cjkcjfctyh dh vkiwfrZ dj jgk gSA Hkkjr esa Hkh bldk mi;ksx gks ldrk gSA lkSj ÅtkZ ls Hkhi;kZoj.k dks dksbZ uqdlku ugha gksrkA blds fy, rst+ /wi dh vko';drk gksrh gS tksjktLFkku ds vfrfjDr 'kk;n gh fdlh vU; jkT; esa miyC/ gksA bl izdkj blls mRiUuÅtkZ cgqr de gksxhA

i;kZoj.k dks nwf"kr u djus okyk ,ao fo'o ds rkieku ij foijhr izHkko uMkyus okyk fo|qr ÅtkZ dk lcls vPNk lzksr ijek.kq ÅtkZ gSA bl lEcU/ esa nksegÙoiw.kZ iz'u gSaA igyk ;g fd okLro esa ;g lzksr vU; ikjEifjd lzksrksa dh rqyuk esavPNk gS rFkk Hkkjr dks blds fodkl dk iz;Ru djuk pkfg,A blds fy, blds xq.k nks"kksarFkk vU; lEcfU/r igyqvksa ij fopkj djuk gksxkA nwljk iz'u ijek.kq 'kfDr ls fo|qrmRiknu ds fy, Hkkjr ,oa vesfjdk ds chp gksus okyk djkj gSA bldh ppkZ xr o"kZ cgqrjgh rFkk vUr esa Hkkjr ljdkj us bl djkj ij gLrk{kj dj fn;sA

bl djkj ds lEcU/ esa Hkh dqN ckrsa tku ysuk vko';d gSA bl djkj ds i{k/jksa dk dFku gS fd djkj ls ijek.kq ls fo|qr mRiknu ds fy, vko';d bZa/u dh fujUrjvkiwfrZ gksrh jgsxh rFkk blls ns'k dh fctyh dh deh dks iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldsfojksf/;ksa ds vius vyx rdZ gSaA budh loZizFke vkifÙk ijek.kq ÅtkZ ds e¡gxs gksus dsdkj.k gSA budk dguk gS fd dks;yk vk/kfjr fctyh ?kj LFkkfir djus esa izfr esxkokV4-5 djksM+ dh ykxr vkrh gSA xSl ls pyus okys fctyh?kj dh ykxr 3 djksM+ #i;s izfresxkokV gSA Lons'kh ijek.kq fj,DVj ij 7&8djksM+ izfr esxkokV [kpZ vkrk gS tcfdvk;kfrr fj,DVj dk [kpZ 10 djksM+ #i;s gSA

bl djkj ds leFkZdksa dk dguk gS fd djkj iw.kZ vlSU; ijek.kq ÅtkZ lg;ksxgS rFkk blls Hkkjr dks Hkh ogh ykHk feysaxs tks vesfjdk dks gkfly gSaA fdUrq fojks/h blckr ls lger ugha gSaA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ijek.kq vkiwfrZdrkZ lewg vFkkZr ,u ,lth ds fn'kk funsZ'kksa ds Hkkx&2 ds iSjk 4(bZ) ds vuqlkj vkiwfrZdrkZ jk"Vª dks fdlh HkhgLrkarj.k ds iwoZ ;g ns[kuk vko';d gS fd izkIrdrkZ jk"Vª dh uhfr;k¡] c;ku ,oafdz;kdyki ijek.kq vizlkj ds leFkZu esa gksa rFkk izkIrdrkZ jk"Vª vizlkj ds {ks=k esavUrjjk"Vªh; fu;eksa dk ikyu djrk gksA bl izdkj Hkkjr dks feyus okyh NwV rhu 'krksZa


ij vk/kfjr gSA igyh ;g fd Hkkjr vius vlSU; o lkefjd ijek.kq dk;Zdze ,aolqfo/kvksa dks pj.kc¼ :i es vyx vyx djsxkA nwljs Hkkjr ds ijh{k.kksa ij LFkxu tkjhjgsxk rFkk rhljh 'krZ ds vuqlkj ,u ,l th ds fn'kk funsZ'kksa ds vusdksa izkfo/ku ml ijykxw gksaxsA Hkkjr okLro esa ijek.kq gfFk;kj lEiUu jk"Vª gS fdUrq djkj dh 'krsZa xSj ijek.kq{kerk laiUu jk"Vªksa ds lkFk gksus okys le>kSrs dh rjg dh gSaA

bl djkj dk ,d vkSj egÙoiw.kZ igyq ;g gS fd Hkkjr dk lEiw.kZ vlSU;ijek.kq dk;Zdze LFkkbZ rFkk dkuwuh :i ls vUrjjk"Vªh; fuxjkuh ds v/hu gksxkA elkSnsesa Li"V :i ls dgk x;k gS fd fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa Hkkjr dks fuxjkuh ls eqDr ughafd;k tk;xkA fdUrq vuojr bZa/u vkiwfrZ ds lEcU/ esa dsoy ;g mYys[k fd;k x;k gSfd blds izHkkfor gksus ij Hkkjr lq/kjkRed mik; dj ldrk gSA bl izdkj vkiwfrZvfojy ugha gS tc fd fuxjkuh vfojy jgsxhA bl fuxjkuh ds fy, Hkkjr dks HkqxrkuHkh djuk iM+sxkA elkSns ds vuqlkj ,d dsUnz ds fujh{k.k ds fy, Hkkjr dks izfr o"kZ 12yk[k ;wjks (yxHkx 9&10 djksM+ :i;s) dk Hkqxrku djuk gksxkA Hkkjr esa ,sls nks ntZudsUnz gksaxsA bl izdkj fuxjkuh ds fy, Hkkjr dks izfro"kZ 240djksM+ :i;s nsus gksaxsA

djkj ds lEcU/ esa vc Hkfo"; gh crk,xk fd ;g fdruk ykHkizn jgkA eq[;iz'u vHkh Hkh ;g gS fd Hkkjr viuh ÅtkZ t:jrksa es ijek.kq ÅtkZ dks viukus ds lEcU/esa D;k uhfr fu/kZfjr djrk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd ijek.kq ÅtkZ ds mRiknu ls i;kZoj.kdks dksbZ [krjk ugha gSA fdUrq blesa ijek.kq dpjk o jsfM;ks /ehZ iznw"k.k Hkh cM+h leL;kgSA blds vykok nq?kZVuk,a Hkh gSaA 1979 es vesfjdk ds Fkzh ekby }hi esa ijek.kq la;a=kes nq?kZVuk gqbZ rFkk blds ckn ls vesfjdk us dksbZ ijek.kq fctyh?kj ugha yxk;kA blhizdkj 1986 esa puksZckby (CHERNOBYL) nq?kZVuk ds ckn tjeuh us fo|qr mRiknues ijek.kq dk mi;ksx u djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA blds ckotwn 2001 dh ,d fjiksZV dsvuqlkj vesfjdk esa fo'o Hkj esa lcls vf/d vFkkZr 104 ijek.kq ;wfuV fo|qr mRiknuesa yxs gSa ftuls dqy mRiknu dh yxHkx 20 izfr'kr fctyh iSnk gksrh gSA tjeuh esa 11;wfuVksa ls 32 izfr'kr rFkk iQzkal esa 57 ;wfuVksa ls 78 izfr'kr fctyh iSnk dh tkrh gSA ;gk¡ls vU; ns'kksa dks Hkh fctyh fu;kZr dh tkrh gSA vU; ns'kksa esa tkiku 53 ;wfuVksa ds }kjk29 izfr'kr] baxySaM 33 ;wfuVksa }kjk 19 izfr'kr fctyh iSnk djrk gSA fdUrq Hkkjr esa 14;wfuVksa ds }kjk dsoy 2-8izfr'kr fctyh gh ijek.kq ls iSnk dh tk jgh gSA leLr fo'oesa 2005 esa ijek.kq fo|qr mRiknu dqy mRikn dk 16% FkkA

1979 esa vesfjdk esa ijek.kq fctyh ?kj dh nq?kZVuk ds ckn ijek.kq ls fo|qrmRiknu ds fojks/h vkUnksyu esa LohMu izeq[k ns'k jgk gSA fdUrq vc i;kZoj.k ds iznw"k.k,ao fo'o dh Å".krk o`f¼ dh vk'kadk dks ns[krs gq, LohMu ljdkj us ijek.kq ls vf/dkf/d ek=kk es fo|qr mRiknu djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k gSA D;k Hkkjr dks Hkh ,slk gh fu.kZ;ysuk vko';d gS\


Hkkjr dks fdlh nwljs ns'k dh dsoy udy djuk mfpr ughaaA gesa vius ns'kdh ifjLFkfr] vko';drk] loZJs’ rduhd rFkk bZa/u dh miyC/rk ds vk/kj ij fu.kZ;ysuk mfpr gksxkA ijek.kq ÅtkZ ds nks fodYi gekjs lkeus gSaA igyk fodflr rduhdokys fons'kh fj,DVjksa dks vk;kfrr djds ijek.kq fctyh iSnk dh tk;A blesa bZ/u ds :iesa ;wjsfu;e dk mi;ksx gksxkA bls Hkh vk;kr djuk gksxkA bls viuk dj vkRefuHkZj ughagqvk tk ldrkA

nwljk fodYi gS Lons'kh rduhd dk fodklA dqN yksxksa dk fopkj gS fd Hkkjrvuqla/ku ds dk;Z esa ihNs gSA ;fn og viuh ubZ rduhd fodflr djus esa yxk jgkrks fodkl dh lEiw.kZ izfdz;k /heh iM+ tk;xhA dqN dks Hkkjrh;ksa dh {kerk ij Hkh lansggSA ;g /kj.kk xyr gSA ijek.kq ÅtkZ dh tkudkjh nqfu;k dks 17oh lnh ds ckn gqbZA Hkkjres bZlk ls 1800 o"kZ iwoZ d.kkn us ijek.kqokn ij oS'ksf"kd lw=k fy[ksA tgk¡ rd vk/qfudHkkjrh; dh {kerk dk iz'u gS ,d mnkgj.k i;kZIr gksxkA vkbZ vkbZ Vh [kM+xiqqj dsvk;qfoZKku laLFkku ds MkDVjksa us pkj o"kZ ds vuqla/ku ds ckn ,d ,slk d`f=ke ân; cuk;kgS tks i'kqvksa ij Bhd izdkj ls dk;Z dj jgk gSA vc ekuo ij bldk ijh{k.k gksuk gSrFkk ijh{k.k djus okyh Vhe esa izfl¼ Mk0 osuqxksiky Hkh gksaxsA bl d`f=ke ân; dk ewY;ek=k ,d yk[k :i;s gksxk tc fd igys vesfjdk esa cus d`f=ke ân; dk ewY; 30 yk[k:i;s Fkk ,oa og Hkh vliQy jgkA blh izdkj ;fn ijek.kq ÅtkZ ds {ks=k esa Lons'kh oLokyEcu ds jkLrs n`<+ fu'p;h ;kstuk cus rks rduhd fodflr gks ldrh gSA vesfjdkds jk"Vªifr vksckek us gky gh esa dgk fd vesfjdk ds ;qokvksa dks Hkkjrh; fo|kfFZk;ksa dscjkcj cuus dk iz;Ru djuk pkfg,A vk.kfod ÅtkZ foHkkx ds 2008&2009 ds ctV esayxHkx 215 djksM+ :i;s dh dVkSrh dh xbZ tcfd 'kks/ ds fy, ;g vkoaVu c<+kuk pkfg,FkkA

gekjs ;gk¡ >kj[k.M] vka/z izns'k] es?kky; rFkk jktLFkku es ;wjsfu;e ds fo'kkyHkaMkj gSaA vHkh rd dsoy >kj[k.M ds Hk.Mkj dk gh nksgu fd;k x;k gSA 'ks"k esa Hkh [kuudjuk vko';d gSA fo'o esa Fkksfj;e dk lcls cM+k Hk.Mkj Hkkjr esa gSA Fkksfj;e rduhddk fodkl Hkkjr dks ijek.kq ÅtkZ esa iw.kZ :i ls vkRefuHkZj cuk nsxkA rfeyukMq dsdyiDde esa iQkLV ozhMj fj,DVj dk vkn'kZ uewuk cu jgk gS tks 2010&11 rd iwjkgks tk;xkA blesa ;wjsfu;e ls izkIr IywVksfu;e dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bl fj,DVj dh [kklckr ;g gS fd ;g ftruk bZa/u [kpZ djrk gS mlls vf/d ykSVk nsrk gSA bl izdkj ;sfj,DVj ;wjsfu;e dh deh ugha gksus nsrsA ifj;kstuk dh liQyrk ds ckn bl izdkj ds vU;fj,DVj LFkkfir fd;s tk ldrs gSaA bl izdkj ds iz;kl ls Hkkjr esa ijek.kq lw;ksZn; dslius dks lkdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

66@2 ch LVsu yh jksMbykgckn


y{; izkfIr ds fy, fojks/h Hkkoksa dks R;kxsa

lhrkjke xqIr

thou esa vkxs c<+us ds fy, ,oa fujarj liQyrk dh vksj vxzlj gksus ds fy,thou esa egku~ y{;ksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA y{;ksa ds fcuk ge vkxs dSls c<+saxsA ysfduiz'u mBrk gS fd egku~ y{;ksa dks izkIr dSls fd;k tk,\ y{; flf¼ ds fy, fuEufyf[krrÙoksa dh vksj è;ku nsuk vfuok;Z gS%

1- lcls igys ge viuk y{; fu/kZfjr djsa fd gesa djuk D;k gSA y{; ,dne Li"Vgksuk pkfg,A ,d fo|kFkhZ dks pkfg, fd og Ldwy dh iQkbuy d{kk dh ijh{kkvksads ckn fuf'pr dj ys fd fdl {ks=k esa tkuk gSA mls foKku] dkWelZ vFkok dykfdl {ks=k esa vkxs c<+uk gSA foKku esa Hkh esfMdy esa tkuk gS vFkok bathfu;fjax esa;g fuf'pr~ djuk cgqr t+:jh gSA gesa ukSdjh djuh gS vFkok O;kikj ;k vU; {ks=kfo'ks"k esa tkuk gS ;g fuf'pr~ djuk vko';d gSA ;fn y{; Mkok¡Mksy gksxk rksliQyrk Hkh lafnX/ jgsxhA

lcls igys y{; dks fu/kZfjr dj mls dkxt+ ij fy[k dj vius ikl j[k ysa vFkokMk;jh esa fy[k ysaA Mk;jh fy[kuk ;k Iykuj esaVsu djuk ,d mipkj i¼fr gh gSAtc ge nSfud] lkIrkfgd] ekfld ;k vU; vof/ fo'ks"k esa lEiUu fd;s tkus okysdk;Zdzeksa dks fy[k ysrs gSa rks fy[kus ds lkFk gh bldh izksxzkfeax gekjs eu }kjk gekjsefLr"d esa gks tkrh gS vkSj Mk;jh esa fy[ks dk;Z gesa fcuk Mk;jh ns[ks Hkh izk;% mfprle; ij vkHkkflr gks tkrs gSaA ;g ,d izdkj dh LohdkjksfDr ;k ladYi gh rks gStks geus dkxt+ ij fy[k fy;k gSA

2- nwljk egÙoiw.kZ rÙo gS y{; dks u Hkwy tkuk vFkkZr vkidk y{; fujarj vkidseu esa cuk jgs vkSj blds fy, vko';d gS fd vki vius fy[ks gq, dkxt+ dksvius ikl j[ksa vkSj ckj&ckj ns[krs jgsaA ;k fiQj fdlh LFkku ij blh y{; dks dkxt+ij fy[k dj ,d tSlh dbZ izfr;k¡ rS;kj dj ysa vkSj mudks ?kj ;k dk;Z djus dsLFkku ij bruh Å¡pkbZ ij yxk nsa ftlls os vkidks ckj&ckj fn[kykbZ iM+sA fy[kkbZlki+Q eksVh gksuh pkfg, rkfd nwj ls Hkh vklkuh ls i<+h tk ldsA dkxt+ ;fn lqanjvkSj jaxhu v{kjksa esa fy[kk gS rks mldh izHkkoksRikndrk dbZ xquk c<+ tkrh gSA ftruhckj vki bUgsa ns[ksaxs] eu esa vo'; nksgjk,axs vkSj vkidk dk;Z vFkkZr~ visf{kr y{;izkfIr ljy gks tk,xhA tc y{; vkids lkeus gS vkSj izkIr djus ds fy,d`r&ladYi gSa rks iz;kl Hkh vo'; djsaxsA vxj vki viuh Mk;jh esa izfrfnu brukHkj fy[k ysa êSa cgqr izlUu gw¡** vFkok êSa iw.kZ :i ls LoLFk gw¡** rks vki lpeqp


,sls gh gks tk,saxsA y{; dks ;kn j[kus dk ,d mik; vkSj Hkh gS vkSj og ;g gS fdvki vius y{; dks vius lHkh fe=kksa vkSj ifjfprksa dks cryk nsaA ;fn vkius ,dckj mUgsa cryk fn;k rks os vkils ckj&ckj vkids y{; dh izxfr ds fo"k; esa iwNrsjgsaxs vkSj vkidks ;kn vkrk jgsxk rFkk lkFk gh ;g y{; izkIr djuk vkids fy,izfr’k dk dkj.k cu tk,xkA vki vf/dkf/d mRlkg ls y{; izkfIr esa tqV tk,saxsA

3- y{; izkfIr esa y{; ds fojks/h Hkkoksa dk R;kx Hkh vfuok;Z gSA eu esa y{; dhliQyrk dks ysdj u dsoy lansg gh ugha iSnk gksuk pkfg, vfirq y{; dsfojks/h Hkko fdlh Hkh izdkj eu esa u vkus ik,aA J¼k vkSj fo'okl ds lkFk y{;dks ;kn j[kuk vkSj mldh iw.kZrk ds fy, iwjh rjg vk'kkoknh gksuk t+:jh gSA vkidky{; vkidh bPNk gh rks gS] mRdV bPNk] ftls iw.kZ djus ds fy, vki d`rladYigSaA rks vkidk y{; ,d ladYi ds :i esa lkeus gSA bl ladYi dh ewy Hkkoukds fojks/h Hkko eu esa gjfxt+ u vkus ik,A izk;% gekjs ladYi dh ewy Hkkouk dsfojks/h Hkko gh u;s fojks/kHkklh ladYi ds :i esa mifLFkr gksdj gekjs eq[; ladYidks {kh.k ;k rVLFk djds y{; iwfrZ esa ck/d curs gSaA tc Hkh dksbZ fojks/h Hkko ;kudkjkRed fopkj eu esa vk, mls udkj nsaA eu esa vk, fojks/h Hkko dk Hkhfojks/h Hkko ldkjkRed LohdkjksfDr ds :i esa nksgjk,aA fojks/h Hkkoksa ls cpus ds fy,okLro esa y{; dks ,d LohdkjksfDr ds :i esa ckj ckj nksgjk,a rFkk vka[ks can djdsmldks dYiuk fp=k ds :i esa ns[ksaA

4- y{; izkfIr esa y{; dks ge vYidkyhu] vufrnh?kZdkyhu rFkk nh?kZdkyhu esa HkhoxhZd`r dj ldrs gSaA tSlk y{; oSlh le; lhek ysfdu O;fDrxr y{;iwfrZ ds fy,fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa ;g lhek lkekU;r% nks o"kZ ls vf/d ugha gksuh pkfg,A

tks vYidkyhu y{; gSa mudh izkr% ,d lwph cuk ysa vkSj fnu esa nks&rhu ckj ns[k ysaA'kke dks vki ik,saxs fd vf/dka'k dk;Z iw.kZ gks pqds gSaA 'ks"k cps dk;ksZa dks vxys fnudh dk;Z lwph esa lcls igys fy[k ysa vkSj mijksDr fd;k nksgjkrs jgsaA nh?kZdkyhu y{;ksadks Åij crk, x, rjhds ls eksVk&eksVk fy[kdj vius vkl&ikl Vk¡x nsa ;k fpidk nsaA

vc ,d iz'u mBrk gS fd ,d ckj esa fdrus y{; fu/kZfjr djsa\ tgk¡ rd jkst+ejkZ dsdk;ksZa ;k vYidkfyd y{;ksa dk iz'u gS bldh la[;k fdruh Hkh gks ldrh gS ysfdunh?kZdkfyd y{;ksa dh la[;k lhfer gksuh pkfg,A ,d ckj esa ,d&nks ;k vf/dkf/d rhuy{; ysdj pysaA D;ksafd vf/d y{;ksa dks ,d lkFk ÅtZfLor djus ls izfr y{; deÅtkZ fey ik,xhA eku yhft, fd vki ,d ys[kd gSa rks vki ,d ckj esa ,d gh iqLrdfy[kus dk y{; fu/kZfjr dj ml ij dk;Z 'kq: djsaA ik¡p&lkr iqLrdsa ,d lkFk izkjEHkdjuk dnkfi mfpr ughsa gksxkA vki de fo"k;ksa vkSj de Hkk"kkvksa rd gh lhfer jgsa rks


vPNk gSA fo"ksKrk D;k gS\ ,d gh fo"k; ij vf/dkf/d dk;Z djus dk ladYi vFkokthou ds fy, y{; fu/kZj.kA y{;ksa dk Lrj D;k gks\ igys vis{kkd`r ljy y{;ksa dksfu/kZfjr dj liQyrk izkIr djsaA blls vki esa fo'okl dk fuekZ.k gksxkA ckn esa eqf'dyy{;ksa dks ysaA blls vkiesa fo'okl dk fueZk.k gksxkA ckn esa eqf'dy y{;ksa dks ysaA bllsvkids fo'okl ds Lrj esa yxkrkj o`f¼ gksrh pyh tk,xhA gj y{;flf¼ dk lh/k laca/vkids fo'okl ds Lrj ds vuqdwy gh gksxkA

thou esa liQyrk ds fy, y{; fu/kZfjr djsa u fd vliQyrk ds fy,A thou esa ,slky{; fu/kZfjr u djsa ftl ij vki [kqn fo'okl djus dks rS;kj u gksaA vkids fo'okldk Lrj vkidh y{;iwfrZ esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA ;fn vki dksbZ y{; fu/kZfjr djds dgrsgSa fd ;g dHkh iwjk rks gksxk ugha rks ;gk¡ Hkh vkidk fo'okl vo'; dke djsxk ijUrqfoijhr fn'kk esaA foijhr fn'kk esa fo'okl dk mi;ksx u djsaA

gj liQyrk dks vius fo'okl ls tksM+us dk iz;kl djsaA blls vkids fo'okl esa o`f¼gksxh vkSj vkidks vxys y{;ksa dh izkfIr esa vis{kkd`r 'kh?kz liQyrk feysxhA

vkius tks y{; vius eu dh 'kfDr vFkkZr~ vkè;kfRed ÅtkZ ds lg;ksx ls iw.kZ fd;sgSa mudh iw.kZrk ij vkidks vikj g"kZ gksrk gSA ;g g"kZ vkids 'kjhj esa tks vkuUn dhrjaxsa mRiUu djrk gS vFkok g"kkZuqHkwfr ds dkj.k vkids 'kjhj esa ftu ykHknk;d gkeksZaldk lzko gksrk gS oks 'kjhj dks ,d ubZ fn'kk nsrs gSaA vFkkZr~ gekjs 'kjhj dh jksxksa ls yM+usdh {kerk dks mUur dj gesa uhjksx cuk, j[kus rFkk jksx&eqDr djus esa lgk;rk djrsgSaA ;fn mijksDr fof/ ls ge euekfi+Qd dkslZ esa izos'k] O;olk; ;k ukSdjh vkfn izkIrdj ysrs gSa rks gesa viuh #fp ds {ks=k esa vè;;u ;k dk;Z djus esa vf/d vkuUn izkIrgksrk gSA ilanhnk {ks=k esa fo'ks"kKrk izkIr dj ge vkSj c<+ ikrs gSaA bl izdkj y{; flf¼vFkok leL;kvksa dk lek/ku ,d mipkjd fØ;k gh gSA

;fn vki lk/uksa dh lhferrk esa fo'okl j[krs gSa rks mlh ds vuqlkj y{; fu/kZfjr djsavkSj ;fn vkidk fo'okl czãkaM dh vlhe izpqjrk gS rks dksbZ Hkh y{; izkIr djus esadfBukbZ ugha vk,xhA

oSls rks gj y{; flf¼ vkids fy, LokLFko/Zd gS ysfdu mÙke LokLFk dh izkfIr dks Hkhvki viuk ,d y{; fu/kZfjr dj ldrs gSaA

& ,- Mh- & 106 lh] ihreiqjk] fnYyh & 110088


laLd`fr cks/ % Hksn vkSj vHksn

izeksn dqekj nqcs

mÙkj vkSifuosf'kd fnekxh nqfu;k esa lkezkT;oknh LFkkiukvksa ds fdyksa ds <gusds lkFk gh vko';d gks x;k gS fd vuqokn&ladzfer Hkkjrh; ijaijk ds 'kCnksa ds ewykFkZdh fodkleku /kjk dh igpku cuh jgsA vU;Fkk ladV xgjk ldrk gS] ;fn ge viusgh 'kCnksa dks mifuos'kokn dh iQly ekudj tkr ckgj djuk 'kq: dj nsaA

dqN fo}ku~ ;g ?kks"k.kk dj pqds gSa fd laLd`fr Hkkjrh; ijaijk dk 'kCn ughagSA ;g laLd`r ds dks'kksa esa ugha feyrkA ;g u eksfu;j fofy;El ds dks'k esa gS u oh-,l- vkIVs dsA ysfdu lH;rk laLd`r ds dks'kksa esa gS vkSj blds vFkksZa esa laLd`r ds vFkZdk lekos'k gqvk gSA laLd`fr 'kCn vaxzsth ds dYpj dk vuqokn gSA ;g mi&fuos'koknds lkFk ;wjksi ls Hkkjr vk;k gS* (laLd`fr dk lekt'kkL=k & vkys[k] izks- eSustj ikaMs;)Aysfdu laLd`fr 'kCn i;kZIr vFkZ&laiUurk vkSj Hkwfedk ds lkFk fo'o ds izkphure Hkkjrh;Kku lzksr osn esa mifLFkr gS & lk izFkek laLd`fr fo'o/kjk (;tq- & 7@14) & og fo'o}kjk oj.k dh xbZ izFke laLd`fr gSA ^ ;kfu lksekfu ;kfu NUnkafl ,r;ksjso lk laLd`fr*(8&4&1] 'k- czk-) & tks lkse gS] ea=k gS] ogh laLd`fr gS & vkRek laLd`frokZo ,rS l`tekuvkRekua laLdq#rs (,srjs; czk] 6&5&1)A bu lk{;ksa ds vk/kj ij dgus dk lkgl D;ksaugha fd;k tk ldrk fd Hkkjrh; ijaijk esa laLd`fr* 'kCn gS vkSj oSfnd lkfgR; ds bl'kCn ls fganh vkSj vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk Hkh ifjp; t:j gqvk gksxkA ;g dSls Lohdkjdj fy;k tk, fd laLdfr 'kCn vaxzsth ds dYpj 'kCn dk vuqokn gSA ftu vFkksZa esa dYpj'kCn izpfyr gS] muls laLd`fr 'kCn dh nwjh t:j gSA ;g nwjh le; ds izHkko esa iVrhutj vk ldrh gS] fiQj Hkh nks fLFkfr;k¡ Li"V gSa & ,d esa laLd`fr 'kCn ds ewy vFkZ dh/kjk fodflr gksrh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] ftldk lzksr osn ls tqM+k gqvk gSA nwljh esa ;g vaxzsth'kCn dYpj dk i;kZ; cuk fn[krk gSA nwljh Js.kh dk vuqokfnd laLd`fr 'kCn lLrhyksdfiz;rk ls xzLr gS] ftldk iz;ksx vdLj gksrk jgrk gSA blh dYpj* :ih laLd`fr*dks mifuos'koknh dguk vuqfpr ugha gSA fiQj Hkh nq;ksZx ;g gS laLd`fr 'kCn ds vUo;esa tks cukoV fn[krh gS] mlls dYpj dh dksbZ lekurk ugha gSA

^dYpj* 'kCn izkjafHkd le; esa [ksrh] iwtk] lao/Zu ds vFkZ esa fy;k tkrk FkkAdYV vkSj ;wj 'kCnka'kksa ls dYpj 'kCn cuk gSA ySfVu Hkk"kk ds /krq ^dkWyj* ls dYpqjk'kCn curk gSA dYpqjk ls dYpj 'kCn cukA ySfVu esa Hkh ;g 'kCn d`f"k vkSj iwtk ds vFkZesa izpfyr jgkA if'peh lkfgR; esa ^dYpj* 'kCn dk igyk iz;ksxdrkZ csdu dks ekuk


tkrk gSA blds ckn teZu fo}ku~ gMZj dks bl 'kCn ds iz;ksx dk Js; fn;k tkrk gSA dYpjvkSj laLd`fr 'kCn ds ewykFkZ esa fudVrk ugha gksus ds ckn Hkh vuqokn dh nq?kZVuk gqbZ] tSlkfd vdLj gksrk jgk gSA ;FkkFkZ vkSj vkn'kZ esa fojks/h vFkZ dh [kkbZ [kksnus esa vaxzsthvuqokn dk Hkkjh gkFk gS] vU;Fkk vk|ksikar fn[kk;k gqvk vkn'kZ vuqeku ds vFkZ esa dSlsiz;qDr gksrkA gkse] gkml bR;kfn vaxzsth 'kCnksa ds vFkZ ds izfr ftruh lrdZrk cjrh tkrhgS] fganh ds ?kj] vky; tSls 'kCnksa ds izfr ughaA fganh 'kCnksa ds vfLrRo dks vuqokn dsÝ;wtu ls dUÝ;wt dj nsus dh lkft'k vke ckr gks xbZ gSA bldk ,d mnkgj.k dYpjds vFkZ esa laLd`fr 'kCn ds vFkZ dk lekos'k Hkh gSA

lekt fpÙk ds Hkhrj O;kIr gqbZ d`fr dk izfriknu nks Lrjksa ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gS& igyk] og lesfdr vo;o] tks euq"; gksus o izk.kh gksus ds dkj.k nSfgd xq.kksa ds :iesa loZ=k gS] tSls & vkgkj] funzk] Hk;] eSFkqu] dzks/] yksHk] eksg bR;kfn] nwljk og lesfdrHkko tks vkRek o psruk ds :i esa loZ=k fo|eku gSA blds fy, Hkh le dks vk/kj cuk;kx;k gSA xhrk esa vk;k gS & leks¿ga loZHkwrs"kq* funks"ka fg lea czã (5&19) eSa lc txgO;kIr ^le* gw¡A og le czã ds leku nks"k jfgr gSA ^le* laxhr dh Hkh egÙoiw.kZ'kCnkoyh gSA tgk¡ y; vkSj rky feyrs gSa] ml LFkku dks laxhr esa le dgrs gSaA

vkpk;Z gtkjh izlkn f}osnh tc ^laLd`r* dks LFkkfir djrs gSa] muds lEeq[kle~ vkSj d`fr dk xgjk vfHkizk; ekStwn jgrk gSA muds fy, laLd`r 'kCn l`tu dh izfdz;kds varxZr vkrk gSA mudk okD; gS] îzkd`frd 'kfDr;ksa dk ;n`PNk (euekuk) la;kstufodfr gS vkSj lkekftd eaxy dh nf"V ls la;kstu laLdfr gSA** laLdfr dks vkpk;Z f}osnhus lkekftd eaxy ds fy, izkd`frd 'kfDr;ksa ds lqfu;kstu dk ekè;e ekuk gSA mUgksauslaLd`fr dks izd`fr vkSj fod`fr ds fu;eu dh Hkwfedk esa j[kk gSA mudk okD; gS &^^vla;r izd`fr dk uke gh fod`fr vkSj la;r izd`fr dk uke laLd`fr** (i`- 219] g-iz-f}-xza- & 8)A dguk vuqdwy gS fd Hkw[k yxuk izd`fr gS] Nhu&>iVdj [kkuk fod`frgS vkSj fey&ck¡Vdj [kkuk laLd`frA unh dh izd`fr gS Åij ls uhps dh vksj cguk] [kkjslkxj esa feydj fod`r gks tkukA ysfdu tc ;gh v/ksxkfeuh /kjk mn~xeksUeq[k gksrh gS]fgeky; dh vksj eqM+rh gS rc /kjk ugha jgrh] jk/k cu tkrh gSA dk'kh dh mÙkjokfguhxaxk blfy, egÙoiw.kZ le>h tkrh gS fd og rn~Hkoh ;k dgsa vid"khZ izd`fr ugha jgrh]laLd`fr cu tkrh gSA

laLd`fr 'kCn izd`fr 'kCn ds ckn dh lqfu;ksftr LFkkiuk gSA blfy, izd`fr 'kCnds ewykFkZ dh ppkZ vko';d gS tks 'kfDr dky dks izd`r djrh gS] vkd`r djrh gS]mls izd`fr dgrs gSaA izd`fr ls eqDr n'kk esa dky dk vuqHko ugha gksrkA ge ftl dkydk vuqHko djrs gSa] og i`Foh dh xfr ds gLr{ksi ls fufeZr gksrk gSA blh izd`fr dk


l`tu gS thotxr~A f=k/k izd`fr dh vo/kj.kk ds dkj.k gh gekjs laLd`fr&cks/ esa fofo/rk ds fy, bruk izJ; gS vkSj fofo/rk dks izJ; nsus ds dkj.k lkeatL; dk vHkko]eaqMs&eaqMs efrfHkZUuk dk Dys'k bR;kfn HkhA ;g LFkk;h tura=k dk foy{k.k pfj=k Hkh gSA

izd`fr n'kk ls vkxs c<+dj dqN fo"ks'k gksus ;k djus ds iz;kl esa gh euq";mÙkjksÙkj fodkl dh vksj c<+rk gSA bl dze esa [knku dk ghjk uxhuk cuus ds fy, rjk'kdh ihM+k Hkh lgrk gSA izkd`frd xq.kksa ls laiUu euq"; izkd`r dgk x;k] ftls Hkw[k yxrhgS] uhan vkrh gS] Mj yxrk gS] eSFkqu dh bPNk gksrh gS] ij ,slk rks i'kq dks Hkh gksrkgSA okLrfod euq"; gksus ds fy, izkd`r :i rd lhfer jguk i;kZIr ughaA blfy, rqylhckck us dgk &

dhUgsa izkd`fr tu xqu xkukA flj /qu fxjk ykxh iNrkukAA

ij fofp=krk ;g gS fd egk&fojkxh f'ko dh euksn'kk ds fo;ksx esa mUghaizkd`rtuksa dh Hkk¡fr gks tkrh gS ftudk dksey rarqvksa ls cuk gqvk ân; cgq/k papykf{k;ksads ykspuk?kkr ls ihfM+r gksrk jgrk gSA ;g jgL; ^Ldaniqjk.k* [kksyrk gS &

lkleqRlqd;sRdk{kh yksds'k ee ekule~A izkd`rL; tuL;so p×pyk{khoykspue~A (n'kk'oes/ ekgkRE;)

izkd`rtuksa dh Hkk¡fr f'ko gksrs Hkh gSa rks ml dk'kh ds fy, gksrs gSa] tgk¡ dhizd`fr v/kseq[kh ugha vfirq mèoZeq[kh gS] og izkd`r n'kk esa ugha gS cfYd laLd`r gks pqdhizd`fr gS & le dh n'kk esa vxzlj gks pqdh izd`fr gSA og laLd`fr ugha dgh tk ldrhgSA

dguk 'ks"k ugha cprk fd vkpk;Z f}osnh tc laLd`fr dks izfdz;kRed ifjHkk"kk nsrs gSa]muds lEeq[k ikjaifjd laLd`fr&cks/ v|ru izfrfuf/Ro ds fy, uohu vkdkj ysrk gSAmudk dFku gS & ^^lH;rk us euq"; ds fy, nksuksa gh ekxZ iz'kLr dj fn, gSaA

og fod`fr dh vksj Hkh tk ldrk gS vkSj laLd`fr dh vksj HkhA** lkspuk gksxk fd orZekule; dk ncko D;k gesa okLro esa laLd`fr dh vksj ys tk jgk gS vFkok laLd`fr dkuke ysdj fod`fr dk u'kk fiyk jgk gS\ D;k laLd`fr ds yscy ls tks Hkh phtsa iSfdaxgks jgh gSa] lcdh lc laLd`fr dh gS\ laLd`fr 'kCn D;k lpeqp dYpj ds vFkZ esa iz;qDrfd;k tkuk pkfg,\ vkSj D;k mls dYpj ds vuqokn esa foyhu gks tkus ds fy, NksM+nsuk pkfg,\

------ 'ks"k i"B 58 ij


baXySaM esa vaxzst+h dh la?k"kZ xkFkk

n;k izdk'k flUgk

vkt gekjs ns'k esa vaxzsth dk cksy&ckyk gSA vaxzst+h dk ,slk #rck gS fd mldslkeus lHkh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,a ikuh Hkj jgh gSaA fgUnh dks viuk vfLrRo cuk, j[kuk Hkkjhgks jgk gSA fdUrq ,d le; ,slk Hkh Fkk] tc vaxzst+h dks Lo;a vius ns'k baXyS.M esa iSjtek, j[kuk eqf'dy gks jgk FkkA vxj rc mlus la?k"kZ u fd;k gksrk rks lalkj ls vaxzst+huke dh Hkk"kk dk ukeks&fu'kka feV tkrkA baXyS.M esa vaxzst+h ds LFkku ij iQzkalhlh cksyhtkrh Fkh vkSj nks lkS lky dh xqykeh ds ckn] Hkkjr esa mPp vkSj f'kf{kr oxZ mlh xoZvkSj vfHkeku ls izQkalhlh cksyrk& tSls vkt vaxzst+h cksyrk gSA

bZlk iwoZ 55 o"kZ esa baXyS.M ij jkse lezkV twfy;l lht+j us vkdze.k fd;k FkkAml le; ogka dsYV* tkfr ds yksx jgrs FksA dsYV tkfr baMks&;wjksfi;u (vk;Z) tkfrdh ,d 'kk[kk FkhA bZlk ds i'pkr~ tc pkSFkh vkSj ikapoha 'krkCnh esa baXyS.M ls jkseuvkf/iR; lekIr gqvk rks teZuh dh V~;wVksfud tkfr;ksa us baXyS.M ij geyk fd;kA ;svkdze.k rhu izeq[k ygjksa esa gq,] igyk twV~ uked mitkfr }kjk lu~ 499 esa] nwljklSDlu uked mitkfr }kjk lu~ 577 esa rFkk rhljk ,adYl mitkfr }kjk lu~ 613 esaAbu yksxksa us /hjs&/hjs iwjs baXyS.M ij dCt+k dj fy;kA ogka ij igys ls jg jgs dsYV yksxksadks mUgksaus ekj MkykA tks cp lds] mUgksaus gkj dj osYl ds igkM+ksa vkSj LdkWVyS.M dsiBkjksa esa 'kj.k yh] tgka LFkkuh; yksxksa esa ?kqy&fey dj mudh vyx igpku lekIr gksxbZA orZeku vaxzst+ vius dks bu teZu tkfr;ksa dh lUrku eku dj] vius vkidks ,aXykslSDlu* dgrs gSaA bUgha ds uke ij os vius dks vkSj viuh Hkk"kk dks baxfy'k* dgus yxsA

baXyS.M ij ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ vkdze.k lu~ 1066 es ukWjeu* tkfr ds yksxksa}kjk gqvkA ;s ewy :i ls izQkal ds ûkjesaMh* izns'k ds Fks] vr,o bu yksxksa us izQkalhlhHkk"kk dks gh baXyS.M es jktHkk"kk ds :i esa izfrf’r fd;kA ijkftr yksxksa dh Hkk"kk vaxzst+hmisf{kr gksdj fuEuoxZ rd lhfer gks xbZA mPp lekt esa mldk dksbZ LFkku ugha jgkAljdkj vkSj mPp oxZ dh Hkk"kk] iBu ikBu dh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; jpuk dh Hkk"kk] vnkyrksadh Hkk"kk izk;% lHkh {ks=kksa es izQkalhlh LFkkfir gks xbZA og lH;rk dh i;kZ;okph Hkh cuxbZ] Bhd mlh izdkj] tSls Hkkjr esa vkt vaxzst+h gSA

ftl izdkj fgUnh rFkk vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dks viuk vfLrRo cpk, j[kusds fy, la?k"kZ djuk iM+ jgk gS] Bhd mlh izdkj vaxzst+h dks Hkh izQkalhlh Hkk"kk ds fo#¼vius vfLrRo dh yM+kbZ yM+uh iM+hA ;g yM+kbZ yxHkx rhu lkS o"kksaZ rd pyhA bl vof/esa ;|fi ljdkj ls vaxzst+h dks dksbZ laj{k.k ugha feyk rc Hkh vaxzst+ksa us viuh jk"Vªh;vfLerk ds izrhd ds :i esa vaxzst+h dks thfor j[kk rFkk vaxzst+h esa FkksM+h cgqr lkfgR;jpuk Hkh gqbZA


pkSngoha 'krkCnh esa bfrgkl us ,d egÙoiw.kZ eksM+ fy;kA baXyS.M ds ukjeujktk ,MoMZ r`rh; rFkk izQkal ds jktk fiQfyIl "k"Be~ esa Bu xbZA ,MoMZ r`rh; us nkokfd;k fd og izaQkl ds flgkalu dk gdnkj gS] D;ksafd og izaQkl ds iwoZ LoxZoklh jktkpkYlZ prqFkZ dh iRuh dh cgu dk iq=k gSA fiQfyIl us baXyS.M dks izaQkl ds mu izns'kksals m[kkM+ iQsaduk pkgk ftu ij mudk dCtk igys ls pyk vk jgk FkkA ifj.kker% lu~1338 esa vaxzst&izQaklhlh ;q¼ fNM+ x;kA bls ^lkS o"khZ; ;q¼* Hkh dgrs gSa D;ksafd ;g#d&#d dj lu~ 1453 rd pyrk jgkA bl ;q¼ ds ekè;e ls] baXyS.M esa izaQkl ds fo#¼tks Hkkouk mn; gqbZ mlls vaxzst+h&jk"Vªh;rk laiq"V gqbZA

ukjeu jktk ,MoMZ r`rh; esa izaQklhlh jDr izokfgr FkkA og vaxzst+h dh vis{kkizaQklhlh Hkk"kk dk gh i{k/j FkkA fdUrq tc iazQkl ls ;q¼ gqvk] rc mlds ikl vaxzst+hjk"Vªh;rk ls tqM+us ds vfrfjDr dksbZ fodYi ugha FkkA Lo;a dks iazQklhlh Hkk"kk dk fgek;rhdg dj og lkekU; vaxzst+ dks izaQkl ds fo#¼ ;q¼ esa lkFk ysdj ugha py ldrk FkkAvr,o mlus Lo;a dks vaxzst+h jk"Vª/kjk esa lefiZr dj fn;kA vaxzst+h jk"Vªh;rk ds i;k;Zokphds :i esa vaxzst+h Hkk"kk dh izfr’k LokHkkfod gSA vr,o lu~ 1362 esa ,MoMZ r`rh; uslaln dks igys ls izaQklhlh Hkk"kk esa lacksf/r djus dh pyh vk jgh ifjikVh ds LFkku ij]vaxzst+h esa lacksf/r fd;kA lkFk gh vnkyrksa esa Hkh iazQklhlh ds LFkku ij vaxzst+h Hkk"kk dsiz;ksx dk vkns'k fn;kA ;g ,d dzkafrdkjh dne FkkA blus baXyS.M dh vkus okyh'krkfCn;ksa dk Lo:i gh ifjofrZr dj fn;kA jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk ds fodkl ds lkFk vaxzst+ksa esajk"Vªh;rk cks/ vkSj pfj=k dk ,slk fodkl gqvk fd mlus fo'o ds bfrgkl dks izHkkforfd;kA

blh jk"Vªh;rk cks/ ds ifj.kkeLo:i lu~ 1375 esa okbfDyiQ uked ,d fo}kuus ckbfcy dk vuqokn ;wukuh ls vaxzst+h esa fd;kA vaxzst+h lkfgR; dh izFke egÙoiw.kZ jpuk^daVjcjht VsYl* dk bl dky esa vkfoHkkZo bl rF; dks js[kkafdr djrk gS fd uo&tkxzrjk"Vªcks/ vkSj vkRefo'okl dh gh vfHkO;fDr bl d`fr ds ekè;e ls gqbZ] ftlus ,dvfrlaiUu lkfgR; ijEijk dh vk/kjf'kyk j[khA

tks fLFkfr pkSngoha 'krkCnh ds baXyS.M esa vaxzst+h Hkk"kk dh Fkh ogh fLFkfr vktHkkjr esa Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dh gSA vkt Hkkjr esa vaxzst+h mPpoxZ dh Hkk"kk gksus dh xfjekls ef.Mr gSA pkgs jktusrk gksa ;k ukSdj'kkg] cM+s m|ksxifr gksa ;k cM+s dykdkj lHkh dhvfHkO;fDr dk ,dek=k lEekfur ekè;e vaxzst+h gSA lp rks ;g gS fd fcuk vaxzst+h tkusdksbZ jktuhfr] iz'kklu] f'k{kk] U;k;ikfydk vkfn esa cM+k in ugha izkIr dj ldrk] dksbZcM+k lsYleSu] cM+k eksVj esdsfud] cM+k peZdkj ;k cM+k dk’dkj vkfn Hkh ugha culdrkA vaxzst+h ds bl ,dN=k 'kklu ds vUrxZr Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,a thfor jgus ds lrrla?k"kZ esa ijkftr gks jgh gSaA blesa fgUnh dh fLFkfr lokZf/d n;uh; gSA vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,aizk;% izns'kh; Hkk"kk,a gSaA vYierh Hkk"kk,a gksus ds dkj.k buds cksyus okyksa esa buds izfr,d Hkkoqd yxko gS] D;ksafd ;s mudh igpku cukrh gSaA fdUrq fgUnh ds lanHkZ esa ,slk


dqN ugha gSA og fdlh fo'ks"k izns'k dh Hkk"kk ugha gSA og fgUnh yksxksa dh vyx igpkuugha cukrh vr,o og lcdh gksdj Hkh fdlh dh Hkk"kk ugha gSA blfy, fgUnh dks m[kkM+uklcls vklku gSA fgUnh jk"VªHkk"kk ds xkSjoe; in ls gVkbZ tk pqdh gSA jktHkk"kk Hkh ogdsoy uke ds fy, gSA

lu~ 1362 esa iazQklhlh ewy ds baXyS.M ds jktk r`rh; us ogka dh laln dks] iwoZifjikVh ds fo#¼ iazQklhlh Hkk"kk ds LFkku ij jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk vaxzst+h esa lacksf/r fd;k FkkAbl ifjis{; esa ;g nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gh dgk tk,xk fd 15 vxLr 1947 dks] Lora=krk dh csykesa Hkkjr ds izFke iz/kuea=kh tokgjyky usg: us Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk fgUnh ds LFkku ij fons'khHkk"kk vaxzst+h esa lacksf/r djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA Hkkjr esa vaxzst+h vkSj fgUnh Hkk"kkvksa dsrqyukRed fodkl ds fo'ys"k.k esa ;g rF; vk/kjHkwr egÙo dk gSA tc Hkkjr ds iz/kuea=kh vkSj jk"Vªifr laln dks Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa lacksf/r djrs gq, viuh Hkk"kk ds iz;ksxes xoZ vuqHko djsaxs] rc ns'k esa jk"Vªh; vkRefo'okl tkxsxkA rc Hkkjrh; Hkh vaxzst+ksa dsleku fo'oiVy ij viuh xfjeke;h igpku cuk ldsaxsA

ch&255] lsDVj&26] uks,Mk] m-iz-& 201301ch&255] lsDVj&26] uks,Mk] m-iz-& 201301ch&255] lsDVj&26] uks,Mk] m-iz-& 201301ch&255] lsDVj&26] uks,Mk] m-iz-& 201301ch&255] lsDVj&26] uks,Mk] m-iz-& 201301

------i`"B 56 dk 'ks"kdkSfVY; d`r ^vFkZ'kkL=k* ds nwljs ('yksd þü) esa lekt ds nks izdkj ds jkLrksa

ij pyusokyh euq"; dksfV;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA ,d gS L=kh/uyksyqi euq"; dksfV] nwljhlk/q&lsfor lukru euq"; dksfVA nksuksa dk mi;ksx gS&mldk Hkh] tks la;e&larks"k lsLFkkf;Ro dk ekxZ viukrk gS vkSj mldk Hkh] tks ekSt&eLrh ds fy, thrk gSA laLd`rjguk vFkok izkd`r jguk #fp dk fo"k; gSA vk/qfud le; esa bl lkekftd oxhZdj.kds lekukarj ,d izfdz;kRed oxhZdj.k izfl¼ lekt'kkL=kh ,e- ,u- fuokl us Hkh fd;kAblesa Hkh nks lewg&pfj=kksa dks js[kkafdr fd;k x;kA igyk pfj=k laLd`rhdj.k ds varxZrvkusokys yksxks a dk gS] nwljk ik'pkR;dj.k ds varxZr vkusokyksa dkA bl izdkj dsoxhZdj.k dks lkekftd izo`fÙk;ksa dh le> ds fy, Lohdkj dj Hkh fy;k tk, rc HkhO;fDr&Lrj ij bUgsa Bhd&Bkd ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrkA lk/q&lsfor lukru izo`fÙkdk O;fDr viuh #fp ls Hkksx yksyqiksa dh Js.kh esa tk ldrk gS vkSj Hkksx yksyqi Hkhviuk jkLrk NksM+ ldrk gSA dksbZ ,slk O;fDr Hkh gks ldrk gS tks nksuksa izo`fÙk;ksa dklfEeJ.k gksA blh izdkj laLd`frd`r O;fDr esa ik'pkR; y{k.k lkFk gh buesa vPNs&cqjsdk fu.kZ; Hkh lkisf{kd gksxk vkSj xSj&t:jh HkhA fod`fr dgh tkus okyh #fp;k¡ lq[knkbZgks ldrh gSa vkSj eqfDr nsusokyh Hkh rFkk laLd`r gksus esa vikj d"V dk vuqHko Hkh gksldrk gS ;k lq[kkuqHkko HkhA


if'pe esa lekpkj i=kksa dh fxjrh gqbZ la[;k

'kphnz panz xks;y

dqN le; iwoZ eSa vius iq=k ds ikl jgus ds fy, vejhdk x;k FkkA ogk¡ ij;g ns[kdj eq>s vk'p;Z gqvk fd esjk iq=k ,oa iq=ko/q dksbZ Hkh lekpkj i=k ugha [kjhnrsgSaA eSa rks bl ckr dk vH;Lr Fkk fd losjs dh pk; dk Lokn rc rd v/wjk jgrk gStc rd lkFk esa lqcg dk v[kckj u gksA fdUrq v[kckj u [kjhnus dk eryc ;g ughafd mu yksxksa dks nqfu;k ds ckjs esa dksbZ [kcj ugha FkhA os bUVjuSV ij vusdksa v[kckjksadh lqf[kZ;ksa dks ns[krs FksA cfYd dHkh dHkh Hkkjro"kZ esa ?kVus okyh NksVh NksVh ?kVukvksa,oa NksVs uxjksa ds lekpkjksa ls Hkh o ifjfpr jgrs FksA esjs fy, fo'ks"k :i ls mUgksaus ,dlekpkj i=k [kjhnuk izkjaHk fd;kA lEHkor% esjs okil vkus ds ckn mls can Hkh dj fn;kgksxkA

vejhdk ds vU; ifjokjksa esa Hkh tgk¡ eSa x;k mUgsa Hkh izk;% gh lekpkj i=k mlizdkj ls i<+rs gq, ugha ik;k tSlk fd gekjs ns'k es f'kf{kr eè;e oxZ esa ik;k tkrk gSAge ,slh dYiuk Hkh ugha dj ldrs fd ,d f'kf{kr Hkkjrh; lekpkj i=k ugha i<+rk gksxkA;gk¡ rks vusd ifjokj nks v[kckj eaxkrs gSa & ,d fgUnh ;k vU; LFkkuh; Hkk"kk dk ,oanwljk vaxzst+h dkA Hkkjr esa v[kckjksa dk ldqZys'ku fujUrj c<+ jgk gSA tks lekpkj i=kigys ,d ;k nks LFkkuksa ls Nirs Fks vc os nl ;k mlls Hkh vf/d LFkkuksa ls vius laLdj.kfudky jgs gSaA mudh yk[kksa izfr;k¡ Nirh gSaA jftVªkj vkWiQ U;wt+ isilZ vkWiQ bfUM;k dh,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj 31 ekpZ] 2005 dks 60413 lekpkj i=k&if=kdk,sa jftLVMZ Fksftudh la[;k 31 ekpZ] 2006 dks c<+ dj 62483 gks xbZA blh izdkj 2004&2005 esalekpkj i=kksa dh izlkj la[;k 156719209 Fkh tks 2005&2006 esa c<+dj 180738611 gksxbZA bl ,d o"kZ dh vof/ esa nSfud lekpkj i=kksa dh izlkj la[;k esa yxHkx 14» dho`f¼ ntZ dh xbZA bl fjiksVZ ls Li"V gS fd Hkkjr esa izfr o"kZ lekpkj i=kksa ,ao if=kdkvksadh izlkj la[;k c<+ jgh gSA ;|fi o"kZ 2008&2009 dh fjiksVZ miyC/ ugha gS fdUrq vk'kkdh tkuh pkfg, fd ;g o`f¼ vkt Hkh dk;e gSA

if'peh ns'kksa esa lekpkj i=kksa ds fy, ;g c;kj mYVh fn'kk esa cg jgh gSAbaxySaM ds Msyh fejj] fn xkftZ;u ,oa fn vkWCtoZj tSls izfl¼ ,oa iqjkus nSfud lekpkji=kksa dks izlkj la[;k ?kVus ds dkj.k vkfFkZd gkfu gks jgh Fkh vr% mUgksaus vius ewY;c<+k fn;sA iazQkl dk fycjs'ku uke dk v[kckj cgqr cM+h la[;k esa fcdrk Fkk ,ao foKkiuNkiuk viuh 'kku ds f[kykiQ le>rk FkkA fdUrq og Hkh vkfFkZd nq"pdz dk f'kdkj gks


x;k gSA ykl ,aftYl VkbEl ,oa U;w;kdZ VkbEl tSls v[kckjksa dh gkyr vR;Ur iryhgks xbZ gSA f'kdkxks fVªC;wu ,oa ykl ,aftYl dks pykus okyh dEiuh us fnokfy;kiu lscpus ds mik; fd;s gSaA U;w;kdZ VkbEl us 20 djksM+ Mkyj dh jkf'k tqVkus ds fy, viuhubZ fcfYMax fxjoh j[k nh gSA

bu leLr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds i'pkr~ dqN ik'pkR; fo'ks"kKksaus v[kckjksa dks bu ns'kksa dh ejrh gqbZ pht+ ekuuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA vesfjdk esa gj 'kgjdk viuk v[kckj fudyrk gSA ,slh vk'kadk izdV dh tk jgh gS fd 2010 rd ;s lHkhLFkkuh; v[kckj can gks tk,axsA dqN fo'ks"kKksa us rks ;gk¡ rd Hkfo";ok.kh dh gS fd 2040esa vesfjdk dk vkf[kjh v[kckj Hkh can gks tk,xkA ,slk yxrk gS fd vesfjdk esa fo'ks"k:i ls ,oa ;wjksi rFkk baxySaM esa lkekU; :i ls lekpkj i=kksa ds m|ksx ds [kkRes dh'kq:vkr gks pqdh gSA ;g vkf[kjh vatke rd dc igq¡psxh ;g dsoy d;kl gh yxk;ktk ldrk gSA

bu ns'kksa esa v[kckjksa dh ;g nqnZ'kk D;ksa gqbZ gS blds fo'ys"k.k dh vko';drkgSA eSdvkFkZj iQkm.Ms'ku uke dh laLFkk us rhu o"kZ rd bl ifjn`'; ij vè;;u fd;kAmlus ik;k fd ;qok ih<+h v[kckj ugha i<+uk pkgrhA og [kcjksa rFkk vU; lwpukvksa dsfy, bUVjusV ij fuHkZj djrh gSA baVjusV uke dh ;g [kkst lwpukvksa dk ,d Hk.Mkj ysdjizR;sd }kj ij mifLFkr gks xbZ gSA ogk¡ ij NksVs cM+s lHkh v[kckjksa us vius baVjusV laLdj.kfudkyus izkjEHk dj fn;s gSaA i=kdkjksa ds fy, ;g vko';d dj fn;k x;k gS fd mUgsavkWu ykbu dke djus ,ao baVjusV ds bLrseky esa izf'kf{kr gksuk pkfg,A tks i=kdkj ;gdk;Z ugha dj ldrs mudh ukSdjh [krjs esa gSA

,d vkSj #>ku lkeus vk;k gSA v[kckjksa ds lEiknd vius can dejksa esa cSBdjfy[kk djrs Fks ,oa ;g le>rs Fks fd os izR;sd fo"k; ds fo'ks"kK gSaA os ljdkj dks jk;nsus ,oa tulk/kj.k dh jk; <kyus dk nkok djrs FksA if'pe esa ;g Hkze VwV x;k gSA ;|fiHkkjr esa fLFkfr yxHkx oSlh gh gS tSlh fd iwoZ esa FkhA baVjusV ,oa Cykx us ,d vuks[kslalkj dk }kj [kksy fn;k gSA vkt yk[kksa O;fDr lEiknd dk dk;Z djrs gSa] fy[krs gSa,oa viuk er izdV djrs gSaA vr% fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds fo'ks"kK dqN lEiknd ugha gSa vfirqyk[kksa vU; yksx gSaA ;|fi bu Cykxksa esa dkiQh dwM+k ns[kus dks feyrk gS fdUrq dbZ esauk;kc fopkj] lwpuk,sa ,oa fo'ys"k.k Hkh fn[kykbZ iM+ tkrs gSaA lwpukvksa ,oa fopkjksa dsbl fojkV lalkj esa tks rhoz xfr ,oa {kerk fn[kykbZ iM+rh gS mlus eqfnzr v[kzckjksa dksvLrkpy dh vksj mUeq[k dj fn;k gSA

------- 'ks"k i`"B 63 ij


[kjhnk dkSfM+;ksa ds eksy

Lora=krk izkfIr ds ckn fons'kLFk Hkkjrh;ksa us rks fo'o Kku dh /jksgj dks c<+kusesa viuk ;ksxnku fd;k gS] fdarq oSlk ;ksxnku Hkkjr esa gksrk gqvk ugha fn[kkbZ iM+rkA ,dLora=k fVIi.khdkj xxu izrki us bl vksj bafxr djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd ns'k ds lclsgksugkj ;qok /hjs&/hjs 'ks"k fo'o ds fy, VSDuks&dqyh curs tk jgs gSaA os vkxs fy[krs gSafd buiQksfll vkSj foizks dk peRdkj ;gh gS fd mUgksusa ns'k ds lcls gksf'k;kjyM+ds&yM+fd;ksa dks ,df=kr djds mUgsa vejhdk] ;wjksi vkSj tkiku dk VSDuks dqyh cukfn;k gSA

varjkZ"Vªh; [;kfr izkIr foKku if=kdk uspj ls ds-,l- t;jkeu dks mn~/`r djrsgq, mUgksusa ;g Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ iz'u [kM+k fd;k gS fd îf'peh dEifu;ksa ds lkFklg;ksx djrs le; D;k Hkkjr ds 'kks/ laLFkku viuh fLFkfr lqn`<+ dj jgs gSa] ;k vius;qok oSKkfudksa dk 'kks"k.k lLrs oSKkfud etnwjksa ds :i esa djus dh NwV ns jgs gSa\ iwoZorhZekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kh MkW eqjyh euksgj tks'kh Hkh vius ns'k esa 'kks/ ds fxjrs gq,Lrj ij fpark izdV djrs jgs gSaA mudh ,d izeq[k fpark ;g jgh gS dSls fo'oLrjh;oSKkfud izdk'kuksa esa Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa dh Hkkxhnkjh de gksrh tk jgh gSA os vkadM+s nsdjbl ckr dks Li"V djrs gSa fd ftl ns'k ls ftrus de ekSfyd oSKkfud 'kks/i=k bufo'oLrjh; izdk'kuksa esa izdkf'kr gksrs gSa] ml ns'k es 'kks/ dh fLFkfr mruh gh [kjkc fxuhtkrh gSA fpark dk fo"k; ;g gS fd bu izdk'kuksa esa Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa dh Hkkxhnkjh fujarj?kV jgh gSA

fiNys dbZ n'kdksa esa Hkkjrh; tuekul esa ftl usr`Ro us if'pe ds vU/kuqdj.k dk Hkko Hkjk gS] mudh Hkh blesa ftEesnkjh de ughsa gSA fdarq mlls Hkh cqjh fLFkfrrks rc iSnk gksrh gS tc ml VSDuks&dqyh laLd`fr dks jkst+xkj ds uke ij mfpr Bgjk;ktkrk gSA fo'oHkj esa Hkkjrh; dEI;wVj bathfu;jksa dh /we eph gSA Mkyjksa es feyus okyhixkj dks Hkkjrh; :i;ksa es cny ysus ls viuh vehjh dk tks u'kk p<+rk gS] mlesa ;gokLrfodrk Hkqyk nh tkrh gS fd fo'o Lrj ij vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; Je dkSfM+;ksa ds Hkko[k+jhnk tk jgk gSA

xxu izrki us ,d vR;Ur lVhd mnkgj.k ls ;g le>k;k gS fd ftrus /uesa ,d vejhdh oSKkfud dk ,d o"kZ dk O;; u fudyrk gks mrus esa ntZu Hkj Hkkjrh;VSDuks dqyh fnu jkr ,d fd, jgrs gSaA Hkkjrh; es/k vkSj Je dk blls cM+k vieku vkSjD;k gks ldrk gS\ ckr ek=k /u dh ugha gSA bu Hkkjrh; VSDuks dqfy;ksa vkSj oSKkfud


etnwjksa dks ftl n`f"V ls fo'oHkj esa ns[kk tk,xk] oSlk gh n`f"Vdks.k Hkkjr ds izfr HkhmRiUu gksxkA fiNyh 'krkCnh esa Hkkjr ls x, fxjfefV;k Jfedksa dks vkRelEeku vkSj jk"VªlEeku izkIr djus esa Ng&Ng ihf<+;ka yx pqdh gSaA Hkkjrh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa tc rdvkewy pwy ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk,xk] vkRecks/] vfLrRocks/] LoRocks/ vkSj jk"Vªcks/f'k{kk esa ugha vk,axsA ,sls es ekufldrk esa ifjorZu vlaHko gSA vr% vko';drk blckr dh gS fd Hkkjr esa VSfDudy f'k{kk ds lkFk gh jk"Vªh; LokfHkeku ,oavfLrRocks/ dh Hkkouk Hkh Hkjh tk;s rkfd bl jk"Vª dh izfrHkk,a dsoy nwljksa dhudy djus ,ao fdjk, ij dk;Z djus okyksa dk oxZ cudj u jg tk;saA

ladfyr

----- i`"B 61 dk 'ks"kHkkjr esa vHkh [krjs dh ;g ?k.Vh ugha cth gSA dkj.k ;g gS fd 30» Hkkjroklh

vc Hkh vf'kf{kr gSaA dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx eqf'dy ls 25» yksx djrs gSa ,oa bUVjusV dkiz;ksx rks 10» yksx Hkh ugha djrsA iwoZ esa fn;s x;s vkdM+ksa ls Li"V gS fd gekjs ;gk¡ fizUVehfM;k vHkh iQy iQwy jgk gS ,oa 2040 rd blds E;wft;e dh oLrq cu tkus dk dksbZHk; ugha gSA

fdUrq ;g oS'ohdj.k dk ;qx gS ,oa fo'o esa tks dqN Hkh dgh ?kfVr gksrk gSmldk izHkko ge ij iM+uk vfuok;Z gSA vr% lekpkj i=k m|ksx dks vHkh ls lko/kuhcjrrs gq, le; ds lkFk dne c<+kuk gksxkA leLr v[kckjksa dks 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz vkWu ykbugksus dh vko';drk gSA i=kdkjksa dks Hkh bUiQksesZ'ku VSDuksykWth ds vk/qfudre rjhdsviukus iM+saxs ,oa muesa rhoz xfr ls gksus okys ifjorZuksa dk vkRelkr djuk gksxkA Hkkjr,d ;qokvksa dk ns'k gS ftudh #fp ,oa rkSj rjhds rsth ls cnyrs gSaA vr% ikBdksa dscnyus ds lkFk fizUV ehfM;k dk dk;k dYi Hkh le; dh ekax gSA

vxj xgjkbZ ls lkspsa rks v[kckjh nqfu;k¡ esa ;g cnyko mruk gkfudkjd Hkhugha gSA vkt ge isijySl vkWfiQl dh dYiuk djus yxs gSa ,oa tks fdlh lhek rd lkdkjHkh gks jgh gSA ,d fnu v[kckjksa dh nqfu;k Hkh dkx+t jfgr gks ldrh gSA D;k bl ifjorZuls ouksa dk fouk'k ugha #dsxk ftlds fy, gj v[kckj eqfge pykrk gSA

e;wj fogj iQst 1] fnYyhe;wj fogj iQst 1] fnYyhe;wj fogj iQst 1] fnYyhe;wj fogj iQst 1] fnYyhe;wj fogj iQst 1] fnYyh


Stem Cell – A New WonderTherapy

O P Saxena

The discovery of stem cell therapy is no less important thanthe discovery of penicillin. It will revolutionise the treatmentof diseases like diabetes, osteoarthritis, infertility etc. andeven synthetic blood will be produced in the laboratory withits help.

Recently a prominent daily newspaper carried the news thatsynthetic blood from stem cells is a possibility in three years time andthat it’s production will ensure unlimited amounts of synthetic humanblood paving the way for infection free emergency transfusion. Anotherpaper highlighted the popularity of stem cell therapy in the treatment ofserious diseases like cancer, thelsemia, leukemia etc motivatingpoliticians and celebrated personalities to secure safety of umbilicalcord of their children and grand children in Cord Blood Bank. A revolutionin medical science, indeed, is a welcome measure for the welfare ofhumanity. Yet, the science of stem cell is not beyond controversy andis engaging the concern of scientists and governments. It is in thiscontext that effort is being made to highlight the nature, production andusefulness of stem cells in medical therapy.

Cells are those small units of the living organism that form thefundamental basis in the making of the humans and other beings. Theyare not visible to the naked eye, therefore, can be observed only by themicroscope. It is estimated that there are about 6000 billion cells inhuman body. A group of cells is known as tissue which only perform onetype of specific function. Cells perform different functions. For example,tissue cells expand and contract. They are also present under the layersof skin. The brain cells are helpful in the thinking process. Eye cellstransmit rays to the brain. The stream of life is so inextricably connectedwith them that life continues so long as the dead cells are replaced bythe new cells.

Stem cells are unspecified cells that have the remarkablepotential to develop into many different cell types in the body. When


a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remaina stem cell or become another type of cell with more specifiedfunctions, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell or a brain cell.The practical definition of a stem cell is the functional definition –a cell that has the potential to generate tissue over a lifetime.

The two broad types of stem cells are embryonic stem cellsand adult stem cells. Stem cells are found in abundance in embryo andumbilical cord. Embryonic stem cells are taken from 3-5 days embryothat later differentiate into specialized cells. In the process embryo isdestroyed. Adult stem cells are found in adult tissues including umbilicalcord blood and have the ability to divide and create another cell likeitself and also divide and create a cell more differentiated than itself.While adult stem cells are multipotent i.e. stem cells can differentiateinto a number of cells, but only those of a closely related family of cells.Human embryonic stem cells are said to be pluri potent i.e. candifferentiate into nearly all cells. Thus, embryonic stem cells have greaterdevelopmental potential than adult stem cells.

Stem cell research is quite expensive and takes several yearsof trial and error. Research events date back to 1908 when the termstem cell was proposed for scientific use by the Russian histologistAlexander Maksimore at the Congress of hematological society in Berlin.In 1981 mouse embryonic stem cells were derived from the inner massby the scientists who coined the term ‘embryonic stem cell’. The firsthuman embryonic stem cell was derived by James Thomson in 1998.

Stem cells can now be grown and transformed into specializedcells with characterstic consistent with cells of various tissues such asmuscle or nerves through cell culture. Medical researchers believe thatstem cell therapy has the potential to dramatically change the humandiseases. Highly plastic adult stem cells form a variety of sourcesincluding umbilical cord blood and bone marrow that are used in medicaltherapies.

According to a report the scientists at the University of Shanghaihave isolated a small number of germ like stem cells from the ovaries ofadult rodents and transplanted them into the infertile mice. Eventuallythe mice gave birth to offspring. The technique involving transplantingstem cells into the ovaries produce new eggs in infertile women has thepotential to restore fertility in infertile women. Scientists believe that


stem cells can also be used to extend female reproductive life spanand even restore fertility after menopause.

British scientists are reported to be all set to become the firstin the world to use stem cells for producing stem cells having thepotential to multiply indefinitely, are cultured in laboratory with nutrientsto stimulate oxygen- carrying red blood cell creation. Such blood is saidto have the benefit of not being at the risk of being infected with viruseslike HIV or hepatitis. If successful, the project can help save the livesof victims of traffic accidents, soldiers injured in a battle field etc byusing synthetic blood in place of human blood which depends upon thenet work of human blood donors.

British scientists have claimed to have developed the world’sfirst stem cell therapy to cure age related muscular degeneration (AHD),the most common cause of blindness. They have conducted experimentswith rats and pigs which have demonstrated that stem cells can preventblindness. The treatment involved replacing a layer of degenerated cellswith new ones created from embryonic stem cells. According to TomBromridge, the chief executive of the Muscular Disease Society, thestem cell therapy is a huge step forward for patients suffering from AHD.

Scientists in Brazil have developed a stem cell treatment whichcan free diabetes from dependence on insulin. The treatment stopsimmune system of patients with type I diabetes from destroying thepancreatic islet cells which manufacture insulin harmone.

Stem cell research in India is being conducted under theguidelines laid down by the Indian Council of Medical Research. In apilot study, stem cell therapy conducted in AIIMS New Delhi have shownremarkable results and have brought hope to the partially paralysedpatients who become handicapped and are unable to carry on dailyroutine work independently. The neurologists are reported to haveremoved stem cells from the patients bone marrow from the hip bone,purified them and injected them intravenously to the patient forearmswithin few hours. Within six months the patients were able to carry outdaily activities independently. The research established the early findingsthat stem cells have an instinctive guidance system and migrate to theareas of injury. The technique brings new hope to patients who havesuffered fracture of bones who will be free from conventional treatment


involving use of steel plates, rods and nut bolts. Osteoarthritis patientsstand to gain from the new technique as joint replacement therapy wouldno longer be required.

Stem cells are found in abundance in the blood present in theumbilical cord of a new born child, which can be used in the treatment ofserious diseases not only of the donor child but of the members of his /her family as well. Accordingly, cord blood banks have been establishedin some hospitals including AIIMS where cord blood present in theumbilical cord is kept safely within 10 minutes of the child’s birth.According to Lifecell International more than 20000 people have securedsafety of cord blood of their children in cord blood bank. Researchersbelieve that stem cell therapy using stem cells of blood present inumbilical cord have an edge over therapy using stem cells taken outfrom bone marrow.

However, there exists a great deal of social and scientificuncertainty surrounding stem cell research involving embryonic stemcells. This has generated controversy as extraction of stem cells fromembryo leads to its destruction which is considered unethical and againstthe sanctity of life. George W Bush, the then President of USA by anexecutive order banned federal funding to promote research on embryonicstem cells created after August 2001 which has now been reversed bythe President Barack Obama on 9th March 2009 by issuing an executiveorder.

Stem cell therapy offers a great hope for many sufferers aroundthe world who cannot be treated with conventional treatment. Will itbenefit the common man is a million dollar question.

D-305, Pragati Vihar HostelLodhi Road, New Delhi

Health is the greatest gift, contentment the greatestwealth, faithfulness the best relationship.


Gautam Buddha

Development of the Villages ThroughNGOs

S. R. Manan

Once Gandhiji told the renowned author Mulk Raj Anand thatwe cannot build India unless we build our villages. ‘India lives in villages’this is true today as it was when we achieved Independence. The onlydifference is that in 1947 eighty five percent of our population lived invillages, today the ratio has come down to 70%.

Even after 62 years of Independence thousands of villages arenot connected by metalled roads to main roads. Thatched mud huts,dirty lanes, no potable water and no toilets in most of the dwelling placescreate, a dismal picture. Utter lack of health system and no propereducation facilities make the villages a place unfit to live.

It is not that the government has not tried to do anything. Fromthe first five year plan to the latest one astronomical sums of moneyhave been allocated for village development. From Pradhan MantriGram Sadak Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Gram Yojana, Indira Awas YojanaSwarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana and the latest NREGA have beenmade and executed. A lot of govt. officials from village level worker to theChief Development Officer at the District level are working for the villageupliftment. But the results have been quite unsatisfactory, if not zero.The reasons are not far to seek: corruption, bureaucratic approach andsloth in working have marred the game and the village life remains ashellish as it was 62 years ago.

The only hope in this atmosphere of desolation lies in villagedevelopment through NGOs. Being small and autonomous and theirworkers being mostly voluntary workers, they have flexibility of approachand almost free of corruption. They ensure the fulfillments of the needsof the rural populace and develop a work culture which is readilyunderstood by the villagers. Because their operation is very muchdependent on local people, they have the ability to mobilize people andwork collectively. The voluntary agencies are committed to the conceptof development and social change through people’s participation. It ishas been seen that the real and socio-economic development of ruralpeople has taken place in areas where NGO are active.


The process of rural development must start from the peoplespontaneously. Taking stock of the problems, realistic planning andsystematic encouragement to the efforts of the people themselvesstimulated through voluntary agencies should be the main plank of theworking of NGO’s. The fulfillment of the basic needs of the people andcreation of community infrastructure must be given top priority. Toaccomplish the task people should be organized in youth clubs, smallfarmers development societies, rural artisan groups, cooperatives etc.

It is worth repeating that the NGOs must ensure activecooperation of the beneficiaries. They must not go to the villages in thespirit of a donor or a government agency doling out assistance. Theyshould build confidence among people, ensure their involvement andalso seek the cooperation of the government departments for theformulation of development plans and their implementation.

The NGO’s can play a crucial role in rural development in thefollowing fields:-

(1) Selection of backward villages.

(2) Assessment of resources available in the area.

(3) Human resource development through training.

(4) Identification of right beneficiaries belonging to theweaker sections.

(5) Organization and establishment of social action groups.

(6) Tapping the assistance from various government andnon-government organizations.

(7) Ensure that the loanees utilize the money strictly forthe purpose for which it was sanctioned.

(8) Promotion of peace, harmony, unity and nationalismamong rural people.

(9) Fighting the evils of untouchability, blind beliefs, childmarriages, etc.

(10) Raise income levels by expanding employmentopportunities specially for those below poverty line.


(11) Eradication of illiteracy among people ensuring thatevery child of school going age attends the school.

(12) They should play a vital role in the provision of healthservices, sanitation and fight against malnutrition

(13) Setting up such small scale industries which willgenerate self-employment among youth and raise theirincome level.

(14) Imparting employment oriented education to the youth.Computer training, T.V. and scooter repairing, sewing,toy making are few such fields where the village boysand girls will get employment.

(15) Wherever possible the villagers should be encouragedto fight corruption in government departments. Theyshould be taught which government schemes are inoperation for them and they should try to reap thebenefits.

(16) Organizing self help groups and arranging microfinancing through them.

The role of voluntary agencies in rural development is significant. It willlead to the upliftment of the needy, neglected and those who are in direneed. The guiding principle should be to ensure economic growth,equitable distribution of wealth and imparting social justice to all.

SaketNew Delhi

BE AN OPTIMIST

Say to yourself every morning:- Today is going to be a great day!- I can handle more than I think I can!- Things don’t get better by worrying about them!- I can be satisfied if I try to do my best!- There is always something to be happy about!- I’m going to make someone happy today!- I shall never feel dejected!- Life is great so make most of it!


A Father’s Letter to hisSon’s Teacher

Abraham Lincoln, the famous President of America wrotea letter to his son’s teacher. This letter can become a formula forsuccess in life for everybody. Here are some abstracts from theletter:

He will have to learn, I knowThat all men are not just,

All men are not true.But teach him also that

For every scoundrel there is a hero,That for every selfish politician,There is a dedicated leader...

Teach him that for every enemyThere is a friend

***************In school teach him

It is far more honorable to failThan to cheat...

Teach him to have faith in his own ideas,Even if everyone tells him they are wrong.Teach him to be gentle with gentle people,

And tough with the tough.Try to give my son

The strength not to follow the crowdWhen everyone is getting on to the band wagon.

Teach him to listen to all men...But teach him also to filter all he hears

On a screen of truth,And take only the good that comes through.

Teach him, if you can,How to laugh when he is sad...

***************Treat him gently,

But do not cuddle him,Because only the test of fire makes fine steel.

Let him have the courage to beImpatient;

Let him have the patience to be brave.


Teach him alwaysTo have sublime faith in himself,

Because then he will always haveSublime faith in humankind.

This is a big order,But see what you can do...

He is such a fine little fellow,My son.

I Have Three Visions For India

Dr. A. P. J. Abdulkalam

In 3000 years of our history, people from all over the world have comeand invaded us, captured our lands, conquered our minds. FromAlexander onwards, the Greeks, the Turks, the Mughals thePortuguese, the British, the French, the Dutch, all of them cameand looted us and took over what was ours. Yet we have not donethis to any other nation. We have not conquered anyone.

We have not grabbed their land, their culture, their history and triedto enforce our way of life on them. Why? Because we respect thefreedom of others. That is why my first vision is that of FREEDOM.I believe that India got its first vision of this in 1857, when we startedthe War of Independence. It is this freedom that we must protect andnurture and build on. If we are not free, no one will respect us.

My second vision for India is Development. For Sixty years wehave been a developing a nation. It is time we see ourselves as adeveloped nation. We are among the top 5 nations of the world interms of GDP. We have 10 percent growth rate in most areas. Ourpoverty levels are falling. Our achievements are being globallyrecognized today. Yet we lack the self-confidence to see ourselvesas a developed nation, self reliant and self-assured.

I have a third vision. India must stand up to the world. BecauseI believe that, unless India stands up to the world, no one will respectus. Only strength respects strength. We must be strong not only asa military power but also as an economic power. Both must go hand-in-hand.

The Writer is the Former


President of India

Times of India13-2-2009

New low: US judges Jailed kids forDollars

Teens Were Locked Up For Months for StealingLoose Change from Cars or Writing a Prank Note

Wilkes-Barre (Pasadena): For years, the juvenile court systemin Wilkes-Barre operated like a conveyor belt: Youngsters were broughtbefore judges without a lawyer, given hearings that lasted only a minuteor two, and then sent off to juvenile prison for months for minor offenses.

The explanation, prosecutors say, was the corruption on thebench. In one of the most shocking cases of courtroom graft on record,two Pennsylvania judges have been charged with taking millions of dollarsin kickbacks to send teenagers to two privately run youth detentioncenters.

“I have never encountered, and I don’t think that we will in ourlifetimes, a case where literally thousands of kids’ lives were just tossedaside in order for a couple of judges to make some money.” said MarshaLevick, an attorney with the Philadelphia-based Juvenile Law Center,which is representing hundreds of youths sentenced in Wilkes-Barre.

Prosecutors say Luzerne Country judges Mark Ciavarella andMichael Conahan took $2.6 million in payoffs to put juvenile offenders inlockups run by PA Child Care LLC and Sister Company Western PAChild Care LLC. The judges were charged on January 26 and removedfrom the bench by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.

No company officials have been charged, but the investigationis still going on. The High Court, meanwhile, is looking into whetherhundreds or even thousands of sentences should be overturned, and thejuveniles’ records expunged.

Among the offenders were teenagers who were locked up formonths for stealing loose change from cars, writing a prank note andpossessing drug paraphernalia. Many had never been in trouble before.Some were imprisoned even after probation officers recommended againstit. The judges are scheduled to plead guilty to fraud on Thursday in


federal court. Their plea agreements call for sentences of more thanseven years behind bars.

The prison industry in theUnited States: big business or

A new form of slavery?

Vicky Pelaez (Global Research)

Human rights organizations, as well as political and social ones, arecondemning what they are called a new form of inhuman exploitationin the United States, where they say a prison population of up to 2millions-mostly black and Hispanic-are working for various industriesfor a pittance. For the tycoons who have invested in the prisonindustry, it has been like finding a pot of gold. They don’t have toworry about strikes, of paying unemployment insurance, vacationsetc. All of their workers are full-time, and never arrive late or areabsent because of family problems; moreover, if they don’t like thepay of 25 cents an hour and refuse to work, they are locked up inisolation cells.

There are approximately 2 million inmates in states, federaland private prisons throughout the country. According to California PrisonFocus, “no other society in human history has imprisoned so many ofits own citizens. The figures show that the United States has locked upmore people than any other country: a half million more than China,which has a population five times greater than the U.S. Statistics revealthat the United States holds 25% of the world’s prison population, butonly 5% of the world’s people. From less than 300,000 inmates in 1972,the jail population grew to 2 million by the year 2000. In 1990 it was onemillion. Ten years ago there were only 5 private prisons in the country,with a population of 2,000 inmates; now, there are 100, with 62,000inmates. It is expected that by the coming decade, the number will hit3, 60,000, according to reports.

The private contracting of prisoners for work fosters incentivesto lock up. Prisons depend on this income. Corporate stockholders who


make money off prisoners’ work, lobby for longer sentences, in order toexpand their workforce. “The system feeds itself, “says a study by theProgressive Labor Party, which accuses the prison industry of being“an imitation of Nazi Germany with respect to forced slave labor andconcentration camps.”

According to the Left Business Observer, the federal reasonindustry produces 100% of all military helmets, ammunition belts, bullet-proof vests, ID tags, pants, shirts, tents, for canteens. Along with warsupplies, prison workers supply 98% of the entire market for equipmentassembly services; 93% of paints and paintbrushes; 92% of stoveassembly; 46% of body armor; 36% of home appliances; 30% ofheadphones/microphones/speakers; and 21% of office furniture, airplaneparts, medical supplies, and much more.

CRIME GOES DOWN, JAIL POPULATION GOES UP

According to reports by human rights organization, these arethe factors that increase the profit potential for those who invest in theprison industry complex.

Jailing persons convicted of non-violent crimes and long prisonsentences for possession of microscopic quantities of illegal drugs.Federal Law stipulates 5 years ‘imprisonment without possibilities ofparole for possession of 5 grams of crack or 3.5 ounces of heroine, and10 years for possession of less than 2 ounces of rock-cocaine or crack.A sentence of 5 years for cocaine powder requires possession of 500grams-100 times more than the quantity of rock-cocaine for the samesentence. Most of those who use cocaine powder are White, middle-class or rich people, while mostly Blacks and Latinos use rock cocaine.In Texas, a person may be sentenced for up to 2 years’ imprisonmentfor possessing 4 ounces of marijuana. Here in New York, the 1973 NelsonRockefeller anti-drug law provides for a mandatory prison sentence of15 years to life for possession of 4 ounces of any illegal drug.

The passage in 13 states of the “three strikes” laws (life inprison after being convicted of three felonies), made it necessary tobuild 20 new federal prisons. One of the most disturbing cases resulting


from this measure was that of a prisoner who for stealing a car and twobicycles received three 25 years sentences.

THE FOLLOWING MEASURES HAVE BEEN ADOPTED TOINCREASE PRISON POPULATION

• Longer sentences.

• The passage of laws that require minimum sentencing, withoutregard for circumstances.

• A large expansion of work by prisoners creating profits thatmotivate incarceration of more people for longer periods oftime.

• More punishment to prisoners, so as to lengthen theresentences.

HISTORY OF PRISON LABOUR IN THE UNITED STATES Prison labor has its roots in slavery. After the 1861-1865 CivilWar, a system of “hiring out prisoners” was introduced in order to continuethe slavery tradition. Freed slaves were charged with not carrying outtheir sharecropping commitments (cultivating someone else’s land inexchange for part of the harvest), of petty thievery-which were almostnever proven-and were then “hired out” for cotton picking, working inmines and building railroads. From 1870 until 1910 in the states ofGeorgia, 88% of hired-out convicts were Black. In Alabama, 93% of“hired-out” miners were black.

PRIVATE PRISONSThe prison privatization boom began in the 1980s, under the

governments of Ronald Reagan and Bush Sr., but reached its height in1990, when Wall Street stocks were selling like hotcakes. U. S.Government’s program for cutting the federal workforce resulted in theJustice Department contracting of private prison corporations for theincarceration of undocumented workers and high security inmates.

Private prisons are the biggest business in the prison industrycomplex. About 18 corporations guard 10,000 prisoners in 27 states.The two largest are Correctional Corporation of America (CCA) andWackenhut, which together control 75% private prisons. These private


prisons receive a guaranteed amount of money for each prisoner,independent of what it costs to maintain each one.

Learn from the mistakes of others, you can’t make all yourself.

Corruption in Drug Industry

A World wide Phenomenon

A war that is rarely mentioned in the history books is raging inmany countries of the World. It is killing more than a crore people eachyear. It is an economic war, a war to control the health system of thepeople. This war is being waged by the pharmaceutical industry. Today,the industry is blamed for causing injury and death of millions of peoplethrough the so-called ‘business with disease’. The industry has beenaccused of war crimes before the International Criminal Court, in theHague.

Specially the American pharmaceutical industry has beenaccused of building itself in a particular way and its primary goal is tocontrol the health care system around the World. It is systematicallyreplacing natural, non-patentable therapies with profitable, synthetic drugsand patentable therapies that could be sold to patients at sky-high prices.

In American media – newspapers and T.V. – it is hard to tellbetween pharmaceutical advertisements and car advertisements. Bothuse the same popular music, good acting and lofty promises – to hookcustomers. India is gradually falling prey to the trick and media is full ofsuch advertisements. Tooth pastes, slimming products, arthritis curingdrugs are freely advertised. Very often they prove not only ineffective butat times harmful also. In America in the year 2000, pharmaceuticalcompanies spent 2.5 billion dollars on advertisements which increasedto 300 million dollars in 2003.

Another method adopted by the drug companies to increasethe sale of their products is to influence the decisions of the doctorsabout prescribing the medicines for their patients. In U.S., India andother countries tens of thousands of medical representatives’ decendon the doctors’ offices every day. Patients in doctors’ waiting rooms areoften outnumbered by medical representatives. They provide literatureto the doctors which carefully includes the information the drug companieschoose and omit what they want they want to avoid. The studies withfavorable results are published and those with less favorable are notincluded. The medical representatives offer stacks of sample and giftsto the doctors. It has been observed that the sale of a particular medicine


increases after a hard selling campaign is undertaken by the drugcompany.

In Poland pharmaceutical firms contact doctors directly andoffer them extra pay during their official government paid working time.In such cases doctors have to prescribe, or even give free, medicinesproduced by the pharmaceutical companies and then observe patientsand prepare reports for the firms. The firms organize ‘seminars’ in veryattractive tourist places for atleast a week. The professional presentationsand discussions take only one day and rest of the time is spent in‘social activities’. The firms cover all the expenses.

In Italy the police uncovered a huge nexus between the Britishpharmaceutical giant Glaxo Smites Kline (GSK) and doctors. Itinvestigated 2900 doctors. An elaborate computer system was set upwhich showed how GSK commercial representatives tracked theprescription made by doctors in their pay. 13000 hours of phone tapesgave a clear picture of relationship between prescription issued and thevalue of presents received by the doctors. The gifts included “medicaltours” to cultural retreats, cameras, stereo systems, computers andplain cash.

The Indian doctors are not far behind their western counterpartsin this respect. According to a report published in the Times of Indiadoctors are given platinum and gold coupons if they prescribe particulardrugs to a fixed number of patients. The more coupons they get thegreater are the chances of winning prizes. The prizes include cars, frostfree refrigerations, T.V. sets, digital cameras and other items.

Contests are held at some places and in one such contest 100doctors who topped the prescribers’ charts from cities like Ahmedabad,Chennai, Alwar, Belgaum, Ambala and Agra participated in a lucky drawand were awarded publicly by a Gujarat pharmaceutical firm.

The same company let some other doctors and their familiessample Turkish cuisine and culture in Istambul as part of an Internationalsymposium on metabolic medicine. Another lot from 12 metros splashedaround in the best water parks in their cities courtesy the same company.

According to the same report a pharma representative told theTOI that his firm has earmarked an annual budget or Rs. 2 crores forfreebies for doctors in Delhi alone. This does not include gifts and tripsabroad, which come from the company’s central funds.

Remedy - But what is the remedy to cure this malady? No lawenacted by the legislature and no law enforcement agency can eradicatethe evil completely if the medical community itself does not cooperate.There are some suggestions which can go a long way in eliminating themalpractices adopted by the pharmaceutical firms.


• There should be strong, mandatory tools banning any gifts orpayments for meals, shoes, sporting events, travel or meetings.

• A system should be evolved in which drug samples are replaced byvouchers for low-income patients. ..... to page 83

RATIONAL USE OF DRUGS

Col (Dr.) B.R. Pareethi

Human body is so perfectly constituted that no medicine isneeded if one obeys the fixed laws of nature. Nature provides medicinein abundance in fruits, raw vegetables, herbs and spices etc.

Paracelsus, a 16th century physician, said that all medicinesare poisons and have side effects. The meaning of ‘Rational’ is reasonableand sensible. The ‘Drug or Medicine’ can be defined as a chemical orbiological substance that is used to treat, prevent or diagnose an ailment.Irrational use of medicine may not prove effective for the ailment, it maybe a health hazard and an economic loss.

The Controller General of Drugs – India has recommended 350essential drugs along with few life saving medicines. Today the marketis flooded with over 70,000 formulations of expensive branded medicines.Although Drug Standard Control Organization is a ‘watch dog’ for badmedicines but irrationalities in drug treatment is still being caused byhealth professionals.

Right to information Act 2005

Every patient has the right to know:(i) What ailment is he suffering from?(ii) Is there any cheaper or alternative drug available?(iii) What restriction with regard to eatables/drinks with medicines is to

be taken?(iv) What is the prognosis and after how many days will he be fit to

move?(v) Any information or advice for life saving measures in cases of

emergency e.g. head injury, brain/heart attack.

Interaction of Drugs

Interaction is said to occur when the effect of one drug is changed bythe presence of another drug, food or chemical agent.


(a) Interaction between Drug and Drug: When medicines fight againsteach other e.g. High blood pressure drugs are not effective if takenwith brufen.

(b) Interaction between Drug and Alcohol/Food items i.g. (i) Flagyl (antidiarrhoeal) drug taken with whisky can cause severe reaction. (ii)All antibiotics react with milk.

(c) Other Drug Reactions:(i) Over dose of oxygen as life saving medicine can be suicidal for

infants, if it is more than 84%.(ii) Anabolic Steroids used for muscle building at a gymnasium for a

long duration can lead to heart enlargement (cow’s heart), heartattack or even a heart failure.

(iii) D. Kiran Deep Kaur warned that multi-vitamin supplementsprescribed as ‘miracle drugs’ can produce drug reaction.

(iv) Cox-2 (Rofecox) a pain killer had caused drug disaster in 1999resulting in death of several patients.

(v) Paracetamol in large doses amongst infants can be detrimental.

Non-ComplianceWhen the consumer does not adhere to the instructions given in theprescription is called Non-Compliance. It may be due to disbelief inthe doctor and due to distorted drug culture.

What else?• Standard Quality Drug was explained as with 100% essential

salt available in the pill. If it is less or mixed with other substancesit will be called a Spurious Drug (punishable with death).

• Counterfeit Drugs are those when the manufacturers imitates thelabel and packages in an identical manner to cheat the consumers.

• Adulterated Drugs, when some toxic or purified substances arecombined with the main salt of the drug with the intention tocause physical injury. This is punishable under the Drug Act,1940 and Drug Rules 1945.

Medication Errors could be summed up by supply of:(i) wrong drug(ii) wrong dose(iii) for wrong duration(iv) for wrong mode of administration(v) for wrong patient

Medicine and commercial interests makes an unhealthy combination.This paper is aimed at Rational Use of Drugs by discarding moreaggressive branded expensive medicines especially alluring the healthy


population like (i) Food supplements (ii) Sex tonics- Viagra (iii) HormoneReplacement Therapy (iv) Alprax tablets for reducing tension etc.Father Britto Joseph says human body fights diseases in its own way,at its own pace and does not need any medicine. Naam Therapy-SarbRog ko – Aukhad Naam , is better than any other therapy.

The Path of the Pilgrim

Dr. Kiran Kumar

Have you ever felt a burning desire rise up within you to travel toa particular place, a place that holds some special meaning for you?Perhaps it might be to a house or neighborhood where you lived as achild, you have a certain task that must be accomplished, to seek acure for an illness of body or mind, or to scatter the ashes of the lovedone. Your journey might be a passionate spiritual search, looking foranswers to the great existential questions of life. It may be a journey ofcelebration and affirmation, taken at a time in life when a great eventhas occurred, perhaps marriage or birth of a baby. All of these specialjourneys are pilgrimages, transformative journeys of the spirit.

Pilgrimages have been called the oldest form of self-remembering and re-discovery. The pilgrim is often called to the journeyby an inner yearning that taps into some wellspring of meaning for thatperson. Think again about your own life. What is it that you hold sacred?Is it a quest for God? Is it music, nature, family heritage? Perhaps it iscertain in the world, a particular geography that has resonance withyou. Whatever it may be, a pilgrimage that attends to what is sacred inyour life can be an extraordinary experience. Having said that, such ajourney doesn’t necessarily require us to travel to remote corners of theglobe or endure weeks of hardship. Even the most ordinary trip can betransformed by mobilizing the power of imagination and by learning tobe attentive to the mysterious nature of the journey.

In my exploration of the path of the pilgrim, I want to recountsome wonderful tales of these journeys. One of the most incrediblepilgrims of all time was Ibn Battua who left his home in Morocco in theyear 1325. For 29 years he made pilgrimages in Europe, in Middle East,and all the way to China, roaming 75,000 miles. He was possessed of agreat longing to learn about other lands and peoples and to record hisexplorations in a spiritually inspired way. When he finally returned to


Morocco, he wrote a book about his travels that remains one of themost extraordinary documents about a journey ever written.

Pilgrims are spiritual practices in many cultures, and readingabout the incredible diversity of these journeys is fascinating. India is acountry rich in pilgrimage routes. The famous pilgrimage of India is withoutdoubt the extraordinary festival called Kumbh Mela, the largest spiritualgathering on earth. People come to one of four sacred sites along thecourse of the Ganges, the location rotating between sites every fouryears. The pilgrims speak different languages, observe different customs,wear different types of clothing, but they meet to immerse themselvesin the sacred water of the Ganges river, the mother goddess Ganga. Bybathing in the river, pilgrims believe that a great spiritual energy is grantedand besides personal purification, the act of bathing contributes to theevolution of collective spiritual consciousness.

How do we prepare ourselves for a pilgrimage? First of all, thepreparation involves an act of the imagination. What is it that calls us?How can we respond to that call in a journey that does justice to thecall? For many people a search for one’s ancestral roots is a pilgrimageof great meaning. Others make pilgrimages to fulfill a vow.

Perhaps you have decided that you want to travel to the placewhere your ancestors came from, in a remote part of the country. Toprepare yourself, you might begin by studying letters, documents andphotos of ancestors, absorbing images of the geography of the area,reading about the country’s history. Once you have decided how longyou have to travel, you can choose the way you will go. Let the journeybe a mindful one...travel at least a part of the way on foot if possible.Travel becomes sacred by the depth on contemplation involved in thejourney.

As you live on your pilgrimage, a small ritual of leave-taking canmark the beginning of your sacred journey. You might want to offer aprayer, light a candle, or gather some friends to wish you well.

Who will accompany you on your journey? Choose yourcompanions carefully, since on a pilgrimage, companions are important.If you are traveling on a route where you’ll encounter other pilgrims, youmay experience a sense of communication-a deep connection with thosekindred spirits who are also committing themselves to the journey.

As you travel, remember the attitude of the true pilgrim – beopen, aware, humble, and mindful. Buddhist pilgrims follow what theycall “the 5 excellent practices of pilgrimage.” They are:

• practice the art of attention and listening.• practice renewing yourself everyday.• practice meandering towards the centre of every place.


• practice the ritual of reading sacred texts.• practice gratitude and praise singing.

Travel as lightly as possible...rid yourself of material burdens sothat your steps will be easier. You may want to take with you a few specialitems-a walking stick, a hand woven bag, a book or journal... Once you’vebegun your journey, be aware of the possibilities for mystery and meaning.Phil Cousineau writes: “The pilgrim is a poetic traveler, one who believesthat there is poetry on the road, at the heart of everything. Soulful travel isthe art of finding beauty even in ruins, even in inclement weather, even infoul moods. Like art, pilgrimage cannot wait for the right mood to appear.Like poetry, pilgrimage is beyond time and space....”

Expect difficulties and challenges-the most meaningful pilgrimagesare those that present tough challenges to the pilgrims. Be ready for theunexpected! Observe the way your heart draws you forward and feelconfident that you will find your way....the poet Rumi assures us: “As youstart on the way, the way appears.” Listen intently to every thing aroundyou...what are you listening for right now in your life? Become aware of theimportance of seeing, listening, of recording. In sacred travel, everyexperience is uncanny, no encounter is without meaning, look for signseverywhere, see behind the veil of things by using the powers of yoursacred imagination. In her book, “A Trail through Leaves”, Hannah Hinchmanencourages us to record experiences of the sacred in everyday life. Throughthis act of recording, we receive an antidote to the terror of lost time – wedo things that alter time.

Remember that true pilgrimage changes lives...whether you areembarking on a grueling walking pilgrimage, setting off on a longdelayed journey to your ancestral roots or taking step on a journeyof creativity, you will be changed.

The writer is a Co-Directorin Mac Master Medical College Hamilton-Ontario, Canada

.... from page 78• The drug companies should be banned from underwriting doctors’

continuing education thereby ending drug company influence on thespeakers in seminars and meetings.

• The Indian Medical Association should devise a Hippocratic type ofoath by which the doctors would commit themselves to use rationaldrugs, referral and evidence based intervention.

• They will also refuse pharmaceutical companies gifts and otherincentives.


It is only when India’s health professionals decide that enoughis enough and recognizes that their calling included stamping out thismajor cause of death and disease that the health status of India’s peoplewill begin to improve significantly.

{Compiled from information available on internet with inputsfrom the Times of India}

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A Loving TeacherSir,

Sometime ago, I visited a primary school in a small town. Therewere about 300 students in all. The principal, who was in his late fifties,was at that time moving around the school corridor and it was recesstime. Small boys came running to him and hugged him! I was surprised


to see this scene! how can such small kids behave in such a way? Iwondered why they were not scared of their school principal. Soon I gotthe answer that this principal loved the children so much that he spentmost of his time with his students and that they treated him like theirgrandpa. When it came to discipline, his one, “No” would be enough tobring calm. He never had to shout.

How I admired this principal. If we have more such persons I amsure all children wold love to be in school. This is in great contract to theteachers who thrash their pupils for small mistakes and a few of thechildren even die.

Ashok Kumar, Delhi

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,d o"kZ (One Year) #- 100@&

nks o"kZ (Two Years) #- 200@&

vkthou lnL; (Life Member) #- 1500@&

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uxj -------------------------------- fiu dksM jkT;------------(Town) (Pin) (State)

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frfFk ---------------------------------------------- gLrk{kj--------------------------------(Date) (Signature)

pSd ua-@MªkÝV@la------------------------fnukad-----------------#-----------dk layXu gS(Cheque/D.D. No.) (Date) (Amount) (Enclosed)

(MªkÝV@pSd Hkkjr fodkl ifj"kn~ fnYyh dks ns; gksxk)(Payable to BVP at Delhi)

(Hkqxrku ds lkFk bl dwiu dks Hkh Hkstsa)

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iQksu ua-% 011&27313051] 27316049Bharat Vikas Parishad (Behind Power House) Pitampura, Delhi - 34

GYAN PRABHA(Quarterly)

Documents

Gyan Prabha April to June-2009 - Bharat Vikas … · April to June 2009 vizSy ls twu & 2009 Year 6th : Issue 2nd o"kZ N% % vad f}rh; GYAN PRABHA ... A Father’s Letter to Abraham