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STATUS OF BIOENERGY IN
TURKEY
Prof. Dr. Hayati OLGUN
Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
Workshop on International cooperation in the field of bioenergy, 25-26 September, Kiev,
Ukraine
Presentation Outline
Short Description of Solar Energy Institute/Ege
University
Energy Outlook of Turkey
Bioenergy Potential of Turkey
Bioenergy Applications
Landfill/Biogas
Biodiesel/Bioethanol
Combustion/Gasification
Fuel Preparation (Pelletizing /Briquetting)
2
3
The Solar Energy Institute was established in 1978 for graduate
education (Msc and PhD) and research on solar energy and its
applications.
Along with the solar energy, other renewable energy resources like
wind, biomass and geothermal are also being studied.
Ege University Solar Energy Institute
web: http://eusolar.ege.edu.tr e-mail: [email protected]
ENERGY ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
SOLAR ENERGY INSTITUTE
Director: Prof. Dr. Gunnur KOCAR
-Solar Photochemistry
-Next Generation PV
-Organic Solar Cells
-Optoelectronics
-Solar Thermal Applications
-Thermodynamics
-Energy Efficiency in Buildings
- Solar Architecture and Solar
Thermal Applications
- Photovoltaic
- Biomass Energy - Wind Energy
- Geothermal Energy and Heat
Pumps
- Energy Efficiency and
Management
Ege University Solar Energy Institute
RESAERCH INTERESTS
Biogas and Organic Fertilizer Production
Through Anaerobic Digestion
Energy Crops Production
Utilization of Produced Biofuels
Biodiesel Production and Testing
Bioethanol Production
Combustion and Gasification
Torrefaction
Geographical Information Systems
Biorefineries
The usage of biogas in engines and direct
combustion systems Energy crop cultivation with organic
fertilizer from biogas system residues.
Solar Energy Institute/Energy Technology
Biomass Energy Systems and
Technology Center (BESTMER)
Solar Energy
Institute/Energy
Technology
Biomass Energy Systems and Technology Center
(BESTMER)
This project is founded by Ministry of Development
and İzmir Development Agency and its budget is
about 14.5 million Turkish Lira (5 million Euro) .
Within the scope of the project, an energy efficiency-
green building is going to construct.
The building is going to has 4,000 m2 housing space
and has 10 laboratories including such as; raw
biomaterial process, biochemistry, microbiology,
analysis, thermal process, geographical information
system (GIS) and engine test room.
Aim and Scope:
Accredited laboratories to perform national and international R&D studies, analysis and tests according to biomass energy technology standards,
Vocational education and certification,
University-Industry collaboration,
Consultancy about biomass energy technology,
In-situ tests by mobile vehicle and experienced stuff,
Create a biomass potential map for İzmir and around by Geographical Information System (GIS) and present the all data through a database.
Biomass Energy Systems and Technology Center
(BESTMER)
Main Expected Results
Strengthen the collaboration between university and
industry
Carry out and improve R&D studies to provide
sector’s need
Vocational education to increase qualified labor
Determination of biomass potential by GIS.
Biomass Energy Systems and Technology Center
(BESTMER)
Biomass Energy Systems and Technology Center
(BESTMER) Projects Partners and Collaborations
Energy Outlook Of Turkey
Turkey has an area of 780,580 square kilometers with a total
coastline of 8,430 kilometers, and shares its land borders with
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq,
and Syria.
The total population in Turkey was last recorded at 75.6
million people in 2012.
Gebze
İzmir
Prof. Dr. Bülent Yeşilata, GÜNDER/Turkey
Official Name of
Country
Republic of Turkey
Area 783,562.38 km²
Population 76 million (2012)
Labor Force 27.3 million (2012)
Median Age 30.1 (2012)
Currency Turkish Lira
GDP (Gross Domestic
product)
USD 786 billion (2012)
GDP Per Capita USD 10,504 (2012)
Exports USD 153 billion (2012)
Imports USD 237 billion (2012)
Major Exports Markets Germany (8.6%); Iraq (7.1%); Iran (6.5%); UK (5.7%); UAE (5.4%);
Russia (4.4%) (2012)
Major Imports Sources Russia (11.3%); Germany (9.0%); China (9.0%); USA (6.0%); Italy
(5.6%); Iran (5.1%) (2012)
Major Cities (Population) Istanbul (13.9 million), Ankara (5.0 million), Izmir (4.0 million),
Bursa (2.7 million), Adana (2.1 million), Sanliurfa (>1.0 million)
Ref. http://www.invest.gov.tr/en-US/turkey/factsandfigures/Pages/TRSnapshot.aspx
Energy Outlook Of Turkey
13
Energy Outlook Of Turkey
N. gas Hydro Coal
Renewables
14
Energy Outlook Of Turkey
15
Energy Outlook Of Turkey
16
Energy Outlook Of Turkey
17
Energy Outlook Of Turkey
18
Resource type
End of the 2013 30 April 2014
Installed
power
The share of
installed power
Number of
the system
Installed
power
The
share
Number of
the system
MW % MW %
Fuel oil + Aspaltit +
Nafta + Motorin 693,1 1,1 20 678,1 1 19
Coal + Lignite 8.515,20 13,3 20 8.566,20 13 21
Imported coal 3.912,60 6,1 7 4.262,60 6,5 8
Natural gas + LNG 20.254,90 31,6 216 20.854,40 31,7 224
Biogas 224 0,3 38 241,1 0,4 41
Multi fuel + liquid 682,4 1,1 9 667,7 1 9
Mulfi fuel liquid + N.
Gas 4.365,80 6,8 45 4.365,80 6,6 45
Geothermal 310,8 0,5 13 317,4 0,5 13
Hydro with dam 16.142,50 25,2 74 16.299,00 24,8 74
Hydro Run of the river 6.146,60 9,6 393 6.559,30 10 413
Wind 2.759,60 4,3 72 2.924,10 4,4 75
Total 64.007,50 100 907 65.735,60 100 942
Energy Outlook Of Turkey (Present situation)
21
Biomass is the major source of energy in rural Turkey..
Biomass Energy in Turkey
Herdem Attorneys At Law |2013 Turkey Energy Report
Fuel wood seems to be the most interesting because its share of
the total energy production of Turkey is high at 21%.
The total biomass energy potential of Turkey is about 32 Mtoe.
The amount of usable biomass potential of Turkey is
approximately 17 Mtoe.
Biomass energy is one of the most significant renewable energy
resources regarding its potential.
The recoverable biomass energy potential come from:
Agricultural residues, Forestry and wood processing residues,
Animal wastes, Municipal wastes.
The largest portion of this product is used in rural areas for heating and
cooking in a primitive way.
Biomass Annual potential (mtons) Energy (Mtoe)
Annual crops 54,4 15,5
Perennial crops 16,0 4,1
Forest residues 18,0 5,4
Residues from agro-industry 10,0 3,0
Residues from wood industry 6,0 1,8
Animal wastes 7,0 1,5
Other (municipal) 5,0 1,3
Total 116,4 32,6
Biomass Energy in Turkey
23
Turkey is a country which
has rich agricultural
potential with 23.07
million ha agricultural
arable land.
18.11 million ha is
cultivated and remaining
part (5.59 million ha) is
fallowing land.
Total amount of
agricultural solid waste in
Turkey is 40-55 million
tones (Energy potential is
around 15,5 mtoe)
Annual Crops
Annual
production
(mtons)
Energy
Potential
(mtoe)
Wheat straw 26,4 7,2
Barley straw 13,5 3,9
Maize stalk 4,2 1,2
Cotton cocoon shell 2,9 0,9
Sunflower shell 2,7 0,8
Sugar beet waste 2,3 0,7
Hazelnut shell 0,8 0,3
Oat straw 0,5 0,2
Rye straw 0,4 0,1
Rise husk 0,4 0,1
Fruit shell 0,3 0,1
Olive cake 0,75 0,3
Total 54,4 15,5
Ref. N. Saracoglu, Zero Emission Power Generation Workshop, 2007
Biomass Energy in Turkey
24
Land Use of Turkey
2008, Ministry of Environmental and Forestry, Turkey
Biomass Energy in Turkey
25
Conventional biomass plays a considerable role in energy
production in Turkey.
Mustafa Acaroğlu, Hasan Aydoğan, Biofuels energy sources and future of biofuels energy in Turkey, Biomass and
Bioenergy, 36, 69-76, 2012
Biomass Energy in Turkey
Wood is used as a major resource for directly cooking and
heating in rural regions but its use for energy production
from modern biomass is rather new.
Only 43% of total recoverable biomass is consumed for
energy production.
7 Mteo
(19%)
4.6 Mteo
(12.5%)
5.7 Mteo
(15.6%)
4.4 Mteo
(12.2%)
8.6 Mteo
(23.8%) 2 Mteo
(5.6%)
4.1 Mteo
(11.3%)
Regional Distribution of Biomass:
Agricultural Biomass Potential of Turkey Regional Biomass Energy Potential of Turkey
28
Biogas Energy Potential of Turkey
Animal waste
Animal
number
Total amount of
manure (t/year)
Amount of available
biogas (m3/year)
Hard coal
equivalent
(t/year)
Sheep-Goat 38.030.000 26.621.000 1.544.018.000 1.389.616
Poultry 243.510.453 5.357.230 417.863.937 376.078
Total 292.594.453 71.772.630 3.275.097.137 2.947.588
Cow 11.054.000 39.794.400 1.313.215.200 1.181.894
The Amount of Biogas Available
29
Bioethanol
149,5 million
liter
(PAPDK)
Konya Sugar,
Tarkim,
Tezkim,
Eskisehir Sugar
Less than 30
million liter
Gasoline
2013 (%2)
2014 (%3)
Bioethanol / Biodiesel / Biogas
www.mmo.org.tr/resimler/dosya_ekler/dd924b618b4d692_ek.pdf
DEK TMK Energy Report, 2011
EPDK: Energy Market Requlatory Authority)
Installed
Capacity
Number of
Company
Production
(2011) Legislation
Biodiesel 1 Billion liter
(EPDK)
36 (with licence),
Production only 1
9,5 million
liter
2013 (%1)
2014 (%2)
2015 (%3)
Biogas 158 MW
(EPDK) 32 (mostly
landfill)
88,4 MW
(2011)
13,3 $cent/kWh
(10 years)
30
Landfill Based Power in Turkey
There have been 32 biomass plant licenses granted by EPDK,
with a total capacity of 158 MW.
80 MW of this capacity is in operation while 78 MW is under
construction.
The YEK Mechanism introduced a feed-in tariff of $0.133 per
kWh for biomass.
One of the biggest players on the landfill gas front is Ortadogu
Energy, producing electricity from Istanbul’s municipal waste.
For now the company has nearly 23 MW of production capacity
in operation and 13 MW under construction.
ITC-KA holds 4 landfill gas licenses in Adana, Ankara and
Konya.
The company has 58.64 MW of total capacity; 38.17 MW of this
is already in operation. Turkey’s Renewable Energy Sector from a Global Perspective, F. Sabuncu, M. Colakoglu,
www.pwc.com.tr
Landfill Power Plants
31 http://www.agentschapnl.nl/sites/default/files/Kansendossier%20Landfills%20Turkey_1.pdf
Landfill Power Plants
32 http://www.agentschapnl.nl/sites/default/files/Kansendossier%20Landfills%20Turkey_1.pdf
Biogas Power Plants in Turkey
Izaydas Biogas Power Plant (0,7 MW)
Pilot Biyogaz Tesis Çevrimi
Biogas Power Plants in Turkey
34 www.thebioenergysite.com/.../turkey-biofuels-..
Biodiesel Production in Turkey
35
Biodiesel Production in Turkey
36
Bioethanol Production in Turkey
37
Turkey EU USA Brazil China India
Number of plant 3 70 209 335 10 12
Production 2010
(million liter) 30 6500 49400 29700 7000 1900
Installed capacity
(million liter) 160 8536 54700 35700 8450 2000
www.dektmk.org.tr/upresimler/enerjikongresi12/89-DrFigenAr.pdf
Bioethanol Production in Turkey
38
Name Place Main Fuel Power (MWth) Power (MWe) LHV (kCal/kg) Fuel (kh/h) Year
Paymar Yag Hatay Cotton, vegatable oil, coal 8,3 - 2500 3800 2006
Trakya Birlik Bursa Sun flower waste, coal 5,5 - 2800 2140 2004
Caykur Pazar Cay Rize Tea waste, coal 10,4 - 2000 5650 2006
Akfa Cay Giresun Tea waste, coal 10,4 - 2000 5650 2007
Meray Yag Merzifon Sun flower waste, coal 6,9 - 2800 2650 2008
Vezirkopru Orman Samsun Forestry waste, coal 2X12,5 - 3200 2X4100 2008
Oyka Kagit Caycuma Forestry waste, coal 28 6 3200 8850 2008
Gitas Yag Konya Sun flower waste, coal 6,6 - 2800 2250 2009
Marmara Tarimsal Bandirma Sun flower waste, coal 8,4 - 2800 3210 2007
Bat Oil Georgia Sun flower waste 8,4 - 2800 3210 2008
http://bof.bartin.edu.tr/journal/1302-0943/2011/Cilt13/Sayi19/2011-06.pdf
Biomass Combustion in Turkey
Laboratory Scale CFB Combustion
Biomass Combustion in TUBITAK MRC
41
Biomass Combustion in TUBITAK MRC
CFB Gasifier (150 kWth)
BFB Gasifier 450 kWth)
Downdraft Gasifier (70 kg/h)
Downdraft
Gasifier
BFB Gasifier
18-19 Haziran 2013 Çorum-Afyon Semineri 42
Biomass Gasification System in TUBITAK MRC
A Research group from Ege University, Solar Energy Institute conducts research on biogas
production from animal manure, torrefaction, combustion/gasification of biomass, biodiesel
production (Prof. Dr. Gunnur Kocar, [email protected].
Research groups from Marmara Research Center of TÜBITAK conducts research from fuel
preparation to combustion and gasification of biomass, Berrin Engin, [email protected]
A research group from Ege University, Chemistry Department conducts research on pyrolysis of
agricultural and forestry wastes, industrial wastes (scrap tires, waste sludge etc.) in a fixed-bed
reactor; hydrothermal liquefaction and hydro carbonization of agricultural, animal and industrial
wastes; steam gasification of agricultural wastes (Prof. Dr. Jale YANIK [email protected])
A research group from Ege University, Chemical Engineering Department conducts research on
super critic water extraction of agricultural wastes and waste sludge (Prof. Dr. Levent BALLİCE
A research group from Anadolu University, Chemical Engineering Department conducts research
on pyrolysis of agricultural biomasses in a fixed-bed reactor (Prof. Dr. Ersan PÜTÜN
A research group from Marmara University, Mechanical Engineering Department conducts
research on biomass fuel characterisation, Prof. Dr. Sibel Ozdogan, [email protected]
A research group from Middle East Technical University, Environmental Engineering
Department, conducts research on combustion and Cofiring applications, Prof. Dr. Aysel Atimtay,
A research group from Istanbul Technical University, Chemical Engineering Department conducts
research n biomass gasification and gas cleaning, hydrogen production, biomass combustion,
Prof. Dr. Husnu Atakul, [email protected]
The Role of Turkish Universities in Biomass Energy
Thanks For Your Attention
44
